The government of El Salvador is a presidential representative democratic republic.
El Salvador elects its head of state – the President of El Salvador – directly through a fixed-date general election whose winner is decided by absolute majority. If an absolute majority (50% + 1) is not achieved by any candidate in the first round of a presidential election, then a run-off election is conducted 30 days later between the two candidates who obtained the most votes in the first round. The presidential period is five years. Consecutive re-election is not permitted, though previously elected presidents may run for a second, non-consecutive term.
Salvadorans also elect a single-chamber, unicameral national legislature – the Legislative Assembly of El Salvador – composed of 84 members (deputies). They are elected by open-list proportional representation for three-year terms, with the possibility of immediate re-election. All 84 seats in the Legislative Assembly are elected on the basis of 14 multi-member constituencies (corresponding to El Salvador's 14 departments). They range from 3-16 seats each according to department population size.
Contents
1 Political culture
2 Schedule
2.1 Election
2.2 Inauguration
3 Presidential elections
3.1 1915
3.2 1919
3.3 1923
3.4 1927
3.5 1931
3.6 1935
3.7 1939
3.8 1944
3.9 1945
3.10 1950
3.11 1956
3.12 1962
3.13 1967
3.14 1972
3.15 1977
3.16 1982
3.17 1984
3.18 1989
3.19 1994
3.20 1999
3.21 2004
3.22 2009
3.23 2014
3.24 2019
4 Legislative elections
4.1 1928
4.2 1931
4.3 1932
4.4 1936
4.5 1939
4.6 1944
4.7 1950
4.8 1952
4.9 1954
4.10 1956
4.11 1958
4.12 1960
4.13 1961
4.14 1964
4.15 1966
4.16 1968
4.17 1970
4.18 1972
4.19 1974
4.20 1976
4.21 1978
4.22 1982
4.23 1985
4.24 1988
4.25 1991
4.26 1994
4.27 1997
4.28 2000
4.29 2003
4.30 2006
4.31 2009
4.32 2012
4.33 2015
4.34 2018
4.35 2021
5 See also
6 References
Political culture[edit]
Further information: List of political parties in El Salvador
El Salvador has a multi-party system. Two political parties, the Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA) and the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN) have tended to dominate elections. ARENA candidates won four consecutive presidential elections until the election of Mauricio Funes of the FMLN in March 2009.
Geographically, the departments of the Central region, especially the capital and the coastal regions, known as departamentos rojos, or red departments, are relatively Leftist. The departamentos azules, or blue departments in the east, western and highland regions are relatively conservative.
Schedule[edit]
Election[edit]
Position
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Type
Gubernatorial (March) National Congress (March)
None
Presidential (March)
National Congress (March) Gubernatorial (March)
None
President and vice president
None
President and vice president
None
National Congress
All seats
None
All seats
None
Provinces, cities and municipalities
All positions
None
All positions
None
Inauguration[edit]
Position
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Type
Gubernatorial (June) National Congress (June)
None
Presidential (June) National Congress (June)
None
President and vice president
None
1 June
None
National Congress
1 May
None
1 May
None
Provinces, cities and municipalities
1 May
None
1 May
None
Presidential elections[edit]
1915[edit]
Main article: 1915 Salvadoran presidential election
Candidate
Party
Votes
%
Carlos Meléndez Ramirez
National Democratic Party
100
Invalid or blank votes
–
Total
100
Registered voters/turnout
?
?
Source:
1919[edit]
Main article: 1919 Salvadoran presidential election
Candidate
Party
Votes
%
Jorge Meléndez
National Democratic Party
185,492
100
Invalid or blank votes
–
Total
185,492
100
Registered voters/turnout
?
?
Source:
1923[edit]
Main article: 1923 Salvadoran presidential election
Candidate
Party
Votes
%
Alfonso Quiñónez Molina
National Democratic Party
100
Invalid or blank votes
–
Total
100
Registered voters/turnout
?
?
Source:
1927[edit]
Main article: 1927 Salvadoran presidential election
Candidate
Party
Votes
%
Pío Romero Bosque
National Democratic Party
192,860
100
Invalid or blank votes
–
Total
192,860
100
Registered voters/turnout
?
?
Source:
1931[edit]
Main article: 1931 Salvadoran general election
Candidate
Party
Votes
%
Arturo Araujo
Salvadoran Labor Party-National Republican Party
106,777
46.65
Alberto Gómez Zarate
Zaratista Party
64,280
28.09
Enrique Córdova
National Development Party
34,499
15.07
Antonio Claramount Lucero
Progressive Fraternal Party
18,399
8.04
Miguel Tomás Molina
Constitutional Party
4,911
2.15
Invalid or blank votes
–
Total
228,866
100
Registered voters/turnout
?
?
Source:
1935[edit]
Main article: 1935 Salvadoran presidential election
Candidate
Party
Votes
%
Maximiliano Hernández Martínez
National Pro Patria Party
329,555
100
Invalid or blank votes
–
Total
329,555
100
Registered voters/turnout
?
?
Source:
1939[edit]
Main article: 1939 Salvadoran presidential election
Candidate
Party
Votes
%
Maximiliano Hernández Martínez
National Pro Patria Party
210,810
100
Invalid or blank votes
–
Total
210,810
100
Registered voters/turnout
?
?
Source:
1944[edit]
Main article: 1944 Salvadoran presidential election
Candidate
Party
Votes
%
Maximiliano Hernández Martínez
National Pro Patria Party
100
Invalid or blank votes
–
Total
100
Registered voters/turnout
?
?
Source:
1945[edit]
Main article: 1945 Salvadoran presidential election
Candidate
Party
Votes
%
Salvador Castaneda Castro
Social Democratic Unification Party
312,754
99.70
Osmín Aguirre y Salinas
Social Democratic Party
690
0.22
Antonio Claramount Lucero
Progressive Fraternal Party
165
0.05
Arturo Romero
Democratic Union Party
55
0.02
Napoleón Viera Altamirano
Republican Social Front
29
0.01
José Cipriano Castro
Salvadoran People's Party
1
0.00
Invalid or blank votes
–
Total
313,694
100
Registered voters/turnout
?
?
Source:
1950[edit]
Main article: 1950 Salvadoran general election
Candidate
Party
Votes
%
Óscar Osorio
Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification
345,139
56.45
José Asencio Menéndez
Renovated Action Party
266,271
43.55
Invalid or blank votes
36,256
–
Total
647,666
100
Registered voters/turnout
?
?
Source:
1956[edit]
Main article: 1956 Salvadoran presidential election
Candidate
Party
Votes
%
José María Lemus
Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification
677,748
95.20
Rafael Carranza Anaya
Authentic Constitutional Party
22,659
3.18
Enrique Magaña Menéndez
Renovated Action Party
11,524
1.62
Invalid or blank votes
–
Total
711,931
100
Registered voters/turnout
?
?
Source:
1962[edit]
Main article: 1962 Salvadoran presidential election
Candidate
Party
Votes
%
Julio Adalberto Rivera Carballo
National Conciliation Party
368,801
100
Invalid or blank votes
31,317
–
Total
400,118
100
Registered voters/turnout
?
?
Source:
1967[edit]
Main article: 1967 Salvadoran presidential election
Candidate
Party
Votes
%
Fidel Sánchez Hernández
National Conciliation Party
267,447
54.37
Abraham Rodríguez Portillo
Christian Democratic Party
106,358
21.26
Fabio Castillo Figueroa
Renovated Action Party
70,978
14.43
Alvaro Magaña
Salvadoran Popular Party
47,111
9.58
Invalid or blank votes
–
Total
491,894
100
Registered voters/turnout
?
?
Source:
1972[edit]
Main article: 1972 Salvadoran presidential election
Candidate
Party
Votes
%
Arturo Armando Molina
National Conciliation Party
334,600
43.42
José Napoleón Duarte
National Opposing Union
324,756
42.14
José Antonio Rodríguez Porth
Salvadoran Popular Party
94,367
12.25
José Alberto Medrano
United Independent Democratic Front
16,871
2.19
Invalid or blank votes
35,763
–
Total
806,357
100
Registered voters/turnout
?
?
Source:
1977[edit]
Main article: 1977 Salvadoran presidential election
Candidate
Party
Votes
%
Carlos Humberto Romero
National Conciliation Party
812,281
67.30
Ernesto Antonio Claramount Roseville
National Opposing Union
394,661
32.70
Invalid or blank votes
–
Total
1,206,942
100
Registered voters/turnout
?
?
Source:
1982[edit]
Main article: 1982 Salvadoran presidential election
Candidate
Party
Votes
%
Álvaro Magaña
Democratic Action-National Conciliation Party-Christian Democratic Party
36
60.00
Hugo César Barrera
Nationalist Republican Alliance
17
28.33
Invalid or blank votes
7
–
Total
60
100
Registered voters/turnout
?
?
Source:
1984[edit]
Main article: 1984 Salvadoran presidential election
Candidate
Party
First round
Second round
Votes
%
Votes
%
José Napoleón Duarte
Christian Democratic Party
549,727
43.41
752,625
53.59
Roberto D'Aubuisson
Nationalist Republican Alliance
376,917
29.77
651,741
46.41
José Francisco Guerrero
National Conciliation Party
244,556
19.31
René Fortin Magaña
Democratic Action
43,939
3.47
Francisco Quiñones Avila
Popular Salvadoran Party
24,395
1.92
Roberto Escobar García
Salvadoran Authentic Institutional Party
15,430
1.22
Juan Ramón Rosales
Stable Republican Centrist Movement
6,645
0.52
Gilberto Trujillo
Popular Orientation Party
4,677
0.37
Invalid/blank votes
153,217
–
119,713
–
Total
1,419,503
100
1,524,079
100
Registered voters/turnout
?
?
?
?
Source:
1989[edit]
Main article: 1989 Salvadoran presidential election
Candidate
Party
Votes
%
Alfredo Cristiani
Nationalist Republican Alliance
505,370
53.8
Fidel Chávez Mena
Christian Democratic Party
342,732
36.5
Rafael Morán Castañeda
National Conciliation Party
38,218
4.1
Guillermo Ungo
Democratic Convergence
35,642
3.8
Julio Adolfo Rey Prendes
Authentic Democratic Christian Movement
9,300
1.0
Hugo Barrera
Popular Union
4,609
0.5
Ricardo Molina
Renovating Action Party
3,207
0.3
Invalid or blank votes
64,075
–
Total
1,003,153
100
Registered voters/turnout
?
?
Source:
1994[edit]
Main article: 1994 Salvadoran general election
Candidate
Party
First round
Second round
Votes
%
Votes
%
Armando Calderón Sol
Nationalist Republican Alliance
641,108
49.0
818,264
68.3
Rubén Zamora Rivas
Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front-Democratic Convergence
325,582
24.9
378,980
31.7
Fidel Chávez Mena
Christian Democratic Party
214,277
16.4
Roberto Escobar García
National Conciliation Party
70,504
5.4
Jorge Martínez
Movement of Unity
31,502
2.4
Edgardo Rodríguez Engelhard
Movement of National Solidarity
13,841
1.1
Rhina Victoria Escalante de Rey Prendes
Authentic Democratic Christian Movement
10,843
0.8
Invalid/blank votes
103,663
–
48,976
–
Total
1,411,320
100
1,246,220
100
Registered voters/turnout
?
?
?
?
Source:
1999[edit]
Main article: 1999 Salvadoran presidential election
Candidate
Party
Votes
%
Francisco Flores Pérez
Nationalist Republican Alliance
614,268
51.96
Facundo Guardado
Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front-Social Christian Union
343,472
29.05
Rubén Zamora
United Democratic Centre
88,640
7.50
Rodolfo Parker
Christian Democratic Party
67,207
5.68
Hernán Contreras
National Conciliation Party
45,140
3.82
Salvador Nelson García
Democratic Republican League
19,269
1.63
Francisco Ayala
Party of the United People and the New Deal
4,252
0.36
Invalid or blank votes
40,967
–
Total
1,223,215
100
Registered voters/turnout
?
?
Source:
2004[edit]
Main article: 2004 Salvadoran presidential election
Candidate
Party
Votes
%
Antonio Saca
Nationalist Republican Alliance
1,314,436
57.71
Schafik Handal
Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front
812,519
35.68
Héctor Silva Argüello
Christian Democratic Party
88,737
3.90
José Rafael Machuca Zelaya
National Conciliation Party
61,781
2.71
Invalid or blank votes
40,508
–
Total
2,277,473
100
Registered voters/turnout
3,442,330
67.30
Source:
2009[edit]
Main article: 2009 Salvadoran presidential election
Candidate
Party
Votes
%
Mauricio Funes
Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front
1,354,000
51.32
Rodrigo Ávila
Nationalist Republican Alliance
1,284,588
48.68
Invalid or blank votes
20,550
–
Total
2,638,588
100
Registered voters/turnout
4,294,849
61.90
Source: TSE 1, TSE 2 Archived 2009-03-25 at the Wayback Machine
2014[edit]
Main article: 2014 Salvadoran presidential election
Candidate
Party
First round
Second round
Votes
%
Votes
%
Salvador Sánchez Cerén
Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front
1,315,768
48.93
1,495,815
50.11
Norman Quijano
Nationalist Republican Alliance
1,047,592
38.96
1,489,451
49.89
Antonio Saca
Unity Movement
307,603
11.44
René Rodriguez Hurtado
Salvadoran Progressive Party
11,314
0.42
Óscar Lemus
Salvadoran Patriot Fraternity
6,659
0.25
Invalid/blank votes
34,310
–
19,579
–
Total
2,723,246
100
3,004,845
100
Registered voters/turnout
4,955,107
54.96
4,955,107
60.64
Source: TSE[1][2]
2019[edit]
Main article: 2019 Salvadoran presidential election
Candidate
Party
Votes
%
Nayib Bukele
Grand Alliance for National Unity
1,434,856
53.10
Carlos Calleja
Nationalist Republican Alliance
857,084
31.72
Hugo Martínez
Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front
389,289
14.41
Josué Alvarado
Vamos
20,763
0.77
Invalid or blank votes
31,186
–
Total
2,733,178
100
Registered voters/turnout
5,268,411
51.88
Source: TSE
Legislative elections[edit]
1928[edit]
Main article: 1928 Salvadoran legislative election
e • d Summary of the January 1928 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party
Votes
%
Seats
+/–
National Democratic Party (Partido Democrático Nacional)
100%
42
0
Totals
100.00%
42
—
1931[edit]
Main article: 1931 Salvadoran general election
e • d Summary of the 11-13 January 1931 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party
Votes
%
Seats
+/–
Salvadoran Labor Party (Partido de Labor Salvadoreño)
National Republican Party (Partido de Republicano Nacional)
Zaratista Party (Partido Zaratista)
National Development Party (Partido de Desarrollo Nacional)
34,960
3.76
0
Progressive Fraternal Party (Partido Fraternal Progresivo)
Constitutional Party (Partido Constitucional)
Totals
100.00%
42
—
1932[edit]
Main article: 1932 Salvadoran legislative election
The 1932 Salvadoran legislative election occurred between 3-5 January 1932 but the results were cancelled by President Maximiliano Hernández Martínez.[3] Further elections for 10-12 January were also cancelled.[4]
1936[edit]
Main article: 1936 Salvadoran legislative election
The 1936 Salvadoran legislative election occurred in January 1936 but no results were published.[5]
1939[edit]
Main article: 1939 Salvadoran Constitutional Assembly election
e • d Summary of the January 1939 Salvadoran Constitutional Assembly election results
Party
Votes
%
Seats
+/–
National Pro Patria Party (Partido Nacional Pro-Patria)
210,810
100%
42
42
Totals
210,810
100.00%
42
—
1944[edit]
Main article: 1944 Salvadoran Constitutional Assembly election
The 1944 Salvadoran Constitutional Assembly election occurred in January 1944 but no results were published.[6]
1950[edit]
Main article: 1950 Salvadoran general election
e • d Summary of the 26-29 March 1950 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party
Votes
%
Seats
+/–
Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification (Partido Revolucionario de Unificación Democrática)
345,139
56.45%
38
38
Renovated Action Party (Partido de Acción Renovado)
266,271
43.55%
14
14
Totals
647,666
100.00%
52
10
1952[edit]
Main article: 1952 Salvadoran legislative election
e • d Summary of the March 1952 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party
Votes
%
Seats
+/–
Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification (Partido Revolucionario de Unificación Democrática)
700,979
100%
54
16
Totals
700,979
100.00%
54
2
1954[edit]
Main article: 1954 Salvadoran legislative election
e • d Summary of the March 1954 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party
Votes
%
Seats
+/–
Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification (Partido Revolucionario de Unificación Democrática)
100%
54
0
Totals
100.00%
54
–
1956[edit]
Main article: 1956 Salvadoran legislative election
e • d Summary of the 15 May 1956 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party
Votes
%
Seats
+/–
Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification (Partido Revolucionario de Unificación Democrática)
552,000
94.4%
54
0
National Action Party (Partido de Acción Nacional)
33,000
5.6%
0
0
Totals
585,000
100.00%
54
–
1958[edit]
Main article: 1958 Salvadoran legislative election
e • d Summary of the 23 March 1958 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party
Votes
%
Seats
+/–
Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification (Partido Revolucionario de Unificación Democrática)
450,000
100%
54
0
Totals
450,000
100.00%
54
–
1960[edit]
Main article: 1960 Salvadoran legislative election
e • d Summary of the 24 April 1960 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party
Votes
%
Seats
+/–
Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification (Partido Revolucionario de Unificación Democrática)
368,545
87.7%
54
0
National Action Party (Partido de Acción Nacional)
51,557
12.3%
0
0
Totals
420,102
100.00%
54
–
1961[edit]
Main article: 1961 Salvadoran legislative election
e • d Summary of the 17 December 1961 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party
Votes
%
Seats
+/–
National Conciliation Party (Partido de Conciliación Nacional)
207,701
60.1%
54
54
Union of Democratic Parties (Unión de Partidos Democráticos)
64,916
18.8%
0
0
National Action Party (Partido de Acción Nacional)
49,300
14.3%
0
0
Authentic Constitutional Party (Partido Constitutcional Auténtico)
23,665
6.8%
0
0
Totals
345,582
100.00%
54
–
1964[edit]
Main article: 1964 Salvadoran legislative election
e • d Summary of the 8 March 1964 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party
Votes
%
Seats
+/–
National Conciliation Party (Partido de Conciliación Nacional)
176,620
58.6%
32
22
Christian Democratic Party (Partido Demócrata Cristiano)
77,315
26.1%
14
14
Renovating Action Party (Partido de Acción Renovando)
45,499
15.3%
6
6
Totals
269,434
100.00%
52
2
1966[edit]
Main article: 1966 Salvadoran legislative election
e • d Summary of the 13 March 1966 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party
Votes
%
Seats
+/–
National Conciliation Party (Partido de Conciliación Nacional)
207,586
53.6%
31
1
Christian Democratic Party (Partido Demócrata Cristiano)
120,645
31.2%
15
1
Renovating Action Party (Partido de Acción Renovando)
26,661
6.9%
4
2
Republican Party of National Evolution (Partido Republicano de Evolución Nacional)
22,960
5.9%
1
1
Salvadoran Popular Party (Partido Popular Salvadoreño)
9,303
2.4%
1
1
Totals
387,155
100.00%
52
–
1968[edit]
Main article: 1968 Salvadoran legislative election
e • d Summary of the 10 March 1968 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party
Votes
%
Seats
+/–
National Conciliation Party (Partido de Conciliación Nacional)
212,661
47.7%
27
4
Christian Democratic Party (Partido Demócrata Cristiano)
193,248
43.3%
19
4
Salvadoran Popular Party (Partido Popular Salvadoreño)
22,748
5.9%
4
3
National Revolutionary Movement (Movimiento Revolucionario Nacional)
17,449
3.9%
2
2
Totals
492,037
100.00%
52
–
1970[edit]
Main article: 1970 Salvadoran legislative election
e • d Summary of the 8 March 1970 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party
Votes
%
Seats
+/–
National Conciliation Party (Partido de Conciliación Nacional)
315,560
59.8%
34
7
Christian Democratic Party (Partido Demócrata Cristiano)
142,659
27.0%
16
3
Nationalist Democratic Union (Unión Democrático Nacional)
32,450
6.1%
1
1
Salvadoran Popular Party (Partido Popular Salvadoreño)
28,606
5.4%
1
3
National Revolutionary Movement (Movimiento Revolucionario Nacional)
8,832
1.7%
0
2
Totals
622,570
100.00%
52
–
1972[edit]
Main article: 1972 Salvadoran legislative election
e • d Summary of the 12 March 1972 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party
Votes
%
Seats
+/–
National Conciliation Party (Partido de Conciliación Nacional)
353,775
67.4%
39
5
National Opposing Union (Unión Nacional de Opuesto)
119,194
22.8%
8
9
Salvadoran Popular Party (Partido Popular Salvadoreño)
31,790
6.1%
4
3
United Independent Democratic Front (Frente Democrático Independiente Unido)
20,194
3.8%
1
1
Totals
634,651
100.00%
52
–
1974[edit]
Main article: 1974 Salvadoran legislative election
e • d Summary of the 10 March 1974 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party
Votes
%
Seats
+/–
National Conciliation Party (Partido de Conciliación Nacional)
36
3
National Opposing Union (Unión Nacional de Opuesto)
15
7
United Independent Democratic Front (Frente Democrático Independiente Unido)
1
0
Totals
100.00%
52
–
1976[edit]
Main article: 1976 Salvadoran legislative election
e • d Summary of the 14 March 1976 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party
Votes
%
Seats
+/–
National Conciliation Party (Partido de Conciliación Nacional)
52
18
Totals
100.00%
52
–
1978[edit]
Main article: 1978 Salvadoran legislative election
e • d Summary of the 12 March 1978 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party
Votes
%
Seats
+/–
National Conciliation Party (Partido de Conciliación Nacional)
766,673
90.3%
50
2
Salvadoran Popular Party (Partido Popular Salvadoreño)
82,535
9.7%
4
4
Totals
849,208
100.00%
54
2
1982[edit]
Main article: 1982 Salvadoran Constitutional Assembly election
e • d Summary of the 28 March 1982 Salvadoran Legislative Assembly election results
Party
Votes
%
Seats
+/–
Christian Democratic Party (Partido Demócrata Cristiano)
Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional)
804,760
36.76%
31
4
Grand Alliance for National Unity (Alianza por la Unidad Nacional)
210,101
9.6%
11
11
National Coalition (Concertación Nacional)1
157,074
7.18%
74
4
Party of Hope (Partido de la Esperanza)2
60,486
2.76%
14
4
Democratic Change (Cambio Democrático)
46,838
2.14%
1
0
National Liberal Party (Partido Nacional Liberal)
14,379
0.66%
0
0
People's Party (Partido Popular)
10,952
0.50%
0
0
Independents3
14,098
0.63%
0
0
Totals
2,215,589
100.00%
84
—
1Compared to National Conciliation Party in 2009. 2Compared to Christian Democratic Party in 2009. 3Five independent candidates. Percentage and votes are cumulative. 4A MP from Chalatenango that won, ran on a joint CN and PES ticket and got 17,072 votes, or 0.78% (counted here for CN). Source: Supreme Electoral Tribunal
2015[edit]
Main article: 2015 Salvadoran legislative election
2018[edit]
Main article: 2018 Salvadoran legislative election
2021[edit]
Main article: 2021 Salvadoran legislative election
See also[edit]
Politics of El Salvador
References[edit]
^"TSE El Salvador – Elecciones Presidenciales 2014 – Escrutinio Final". Archived from the original on March 6, 2014. Retrieved 2014-09-08.
^"TSE El Salvador – Segunda Elección Presidencial 2014 – Escrutinio Final". Archived from the original on March 16, 2014. Retrieved 2014-09-08.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^Lungo Uclés, Mario (1996) El Salvador in the eighties: counterinsurgency and revolution Philadelphia: Temple University Press, p 114
^Nohlen, D (2005) Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I, p 277 ISBN 978-0-19-928357-6
^Williams, Philip J. and Knut Walter (1997) Militarization and demilitarization in El Salvador's transition to democracy Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, p27
^Williams, Philip J. and Knut Walter (1997) Militarization and demilitarization in El Salvador's transition to democracy Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, p27
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