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Cantones suizosSchweizer Kantone   ( alemán )Cantons suisses   ( francés )Cantoni Svizzeri   ( italiano )Chantuns svizras   ( romanche )
  • También conocido como:
  • Stände, États, Stati
CategoríaEstado federado
LocalizaciónSuiza
Encontrado enPaís
Creado
  • siglo 13
Número26 cantones (desde 1979)
Poblaciones16.003 - 1.487.969
Áreas37 km 2 (14 millas cuadradas) - 7,105 km 2 (2,743 millas cuadradas)
Gobierno
Subdivisiones
Política de Suiza
Coat of Arms of Switzerland (Pantone).svg
Constitución
Consejo Federal
Asamblea Federal
  • Consejo de Estados ( miembros )
  • Consejo Nacional ( miembros )
  • Partidos politicos
Elecciones
  • Votación
  • Elecciones recientes
    • Federal: 2007
    • 2011
    • 2015
    • 2019
  • Referéndums
    • Obligatorio
    • Opcional
  • Iniciativa popular
Tribunales federales
  • Tribunal Supremo Federal
  • Tribunal Penal Federal
  • Tribunal Administrativo Federal
  • Tribunal Federal de Patentes
Relaciones Extranjeras
  • Unión Europea
divisiones administrativas
  • Cantones
  • Appenzell Ausserrhoden (AR)
  • Appenzell Innerrhoden (AI)
  • Aargau (AG)
  • Basilea-Landschaft (BL)
  • Basilea-Stadt (BS)
  • Berna (BE)
  • Friburgo (FR)
  • Ginebra (GE)
  • Glarus (GL)
  • Grisones (GR)
  • Jura (JU)
  • Lucerna (LU)
  • Neuchâtel (NE)
  • Nidwalden (NO)
  • Obwalden (OW)
  • Schaffhausen (SH)
  • Schwyz (SZ)
  • Solothurn (SO)
  • San Galo (SG)
  • Ticino (TI)
  • Turgovia (TG)
  • Uri (UR)
  • Valais (VS)
  • Vaud (VD)
  • Zug (ZG)
  • Zúrich (ZH)
  • Municipios
  • (Lista completa de municipios)
  • Aargau
  • Appenzell Innerrhoden
  • Appenzell Ausserrhoden
  • Basilea-Landschaft
  • Basilea-Stadt
  • Berna
  • Friburgo
  • Ginebra
  • Glarus
  • Graubünden
  • Jura
  • Alfalfa
  • Neuchâtel
  • Nidwalden
  • Obwalden
  • Schaffhausen
  • Schwyz
  • Solothurn
  • San Galo
  • Thurgau
  • Ticino
  • Uri
  • Valais
  • Vaud
  • Zug
  • Zürich
 Portal de Suiza
  • Otros paises
  • v
  • t
  • mi

Los 26 cantones de Suiza ( alemán : Cantón ; Francés : cantón ; italiana : cantone ; Sursilvan y Surmiran : Cantun ; vallader y Puter : Chantun ; Sutsilvan : Cantun ; Rumantsch Grischun : chantun ) son los estados miembros de la Confederación Suiza. El núcleo de la Confederación Suiza en la forma de los tres primeros aliados confederados solía denominarse Waldstätte . Dos períodos importantes en el desarrollo de la Antigua Confederación Suiza se resumen en los términos Acht Orte ("Ocho Cantones"; de 1353-1481) y Dreizehn Orte ("Trece Cantones", de 1513-1798). [1]

Cada cantón de la Antigua Confederación Suiza , anteriormente también Ort (antes de 1450), o Stand ("estado", de c. 1550), era un estado completamente soberano con sus propios controles fronterizos, ejército y moneda de al menos el Tratado. de Westfalia (1648) hasta el establecimiento del estado federal suizo en 1848, con un breve período de gobierno centralizado durante la República Helvética (1798-1803). El término Kanton se ha utilizado ampliamente desde el siglo XIX. [2]

El número de cantones se aumentó a 19 con la Ley de Mediación (1803), con el reconocimiento de los antiguos territorios sujetos como cantones plenos. El Tratado Federal de 1815 aumentó el número a 22 debido a la adhesión de antiguos Asociados de la Confederación Suiza . El cantón de Jura se adhirió como el cantón 23 con su secesión de Berna en 1979. [3] El número oficial de cantones se incrementó a 26 en la constitución federal de 1999 , que designó a los ex medio cantones como cantones.

Las áreas de los cantones varían de 37 km 2 ( cantón de Basilea-Stadt ) a 7.105 km 2 ( cantón de los Grisones ); las poblaciones (a partir de 2018) oscilan entre 16.000 ( cantón de Appenzell Innerrhoden ) y 1,5 millones ( cantón de Zürich ). Con muy pocas excepciones, la capital (sede del gobierno) de cada cantón es también la ciudad más grande.

Terminología [ editar ]

El término cantón , ahora también utilizado como término inglés para subdivisiones administrativas de otros países, se origina en el uso francés a finales del siglo XV (registrado en Friburgo en 1467), [4] de una palabra para "borde, esquina", en el tiempo de la traducción literal de la Edad moderna alto alemán ORT . [5] Después de 1490, cantón se utilizó cada vez más en documentos franceses e italianos para referirse a los miembros de la Confederación Suiza. [2] El uso inglés de cantón en referencia a la Confederación Suiza (en oposición al sentido heráldico ) data de principios del siglo XVII. [6]

En la Antigua Confederación Suiza, el término Ort (plural: Orte ) estaba en uso desde principios del siglo XV como término genérico para los cantones miembros. [2] Los cantones fundadores también se conocían específicamente como Waldstätte "asentamientos forestales", "cantones forestales" (singular: Waldstatt ). La fórmula Stette und Waldstette para los miembros de la confederación temprana se registró a mediados del siglo XIV, utilizada indistintamente con Stett und Lender ("ciudades y tierras", "cantones de la ciudad y cantones rurales") hasta finales del siglo XV. [7] Ort fue reemplazado cada vez más por Stand (plural:Stände ) "estate "alrededor de 1550, un término que implica libertad y soberanía. Abolido en la República Helvética, el término fue revivido en 1815 y sigue en uso hoy. [2]

El término francés cantón se adoptó en alemán después de 1648 , y luego solo se usó ocasionalmente hasta principios del siglo XIX: el uso prominente de Ort y Stand desapareció gradualmente en la Suiza de habla alemana desde la época de la República Helvética . Solo con el Acta de Mediación de 1803, German Kanton se convirtió en una designación oficial, retenida en la Constitución suiza de 1848. [2]

El término Stand ( francés : état , italiano : stato ) permanece como sinónimo y se refleja en el nombre de la cámara alta del Parlamento suizo, el Consejo de Estados ( alemán : Ständerat , francés : Conseil des États , italiano : Consiglio degli Stati , romanche : Cussegl dals Stadis ).

En la era moderna, desde que Neuchâtel dejó de ser un principado en 1848, se puede considerar que todos los cantones suizos tienen una forma de gobierno republicana . Algunos cantones se describen formalmente a sí mismos como repúblicas en sus constituciones. Esto se aplica en particular a los cantones de habla románica: Ginebra (formalmente République et canton de Genève "República y cantón de Ginebra"), Jura , Neuchâtel , Valais , [8] Vaud [9] y Ticino . [10]

Historia [ editar ]

Artículos principales: ocho cantones , trece cantones , restauración y regeneración en Suiza y Suiza como estado federal
Más información: Banderas y escudos de los cantones de Suiza
La "Confederación de los Trece Cantones " de la Antigua Confederación Suiza (1513-1798)

En el siglo XVI, la Antigua Confederación Suiza estaba compuesta por 13 aliados confederados soberanos (los Trece Cantones ; en alemán : Die Dreizehn Alten Orte ), y había dos tipos diferentes: cinco estados rurales (en alemán : Länder ) - Uri , Schwyz (que se convirtió en epónimo de la confederación), Unterwalden , Glarus , Appenzell - y ocho estados urbanos ( alemán : Städte ) - Zürich , Bern , Luzern , Zug, Basilea , Friburgo , Solothurn , Schaffhausen .

Aunque técnicamente formaban parte del Sacro Imperio Romano , se habían vuelto independientes de facto cuando los suizos derrotaron al emperador Maximiliano I en 1499 en Dornach. [11]

En el período moderno temprano, los aliados confederados individuales llegaron a ser vistos como repúblicas ; mientras que los seis aliados tradicionales tenían una tradición de democracia directa en la forma de Landsgemeinde , los estados urbanos operaban a través de la representación en los ayuntamientos, sistemas oligárquicos de facto dominados por familias del patriciado . [Nota 1] [ aclaración necesaria ]

El antiguo sistema fue abandonado con la formación de la República Helvética tras la invasión francesa de Suiza en 1798. Los cantones de la República Helvética tenían simplemente el estatus de una subdivisión administrativa sin soberanía. La República Helvética se derrumbó en cinco años, y la soberanía cantonal se restauró con la Ley de Mediación de 1803. Se restauró el estatus de Suiza como federación de estados, que en ese momento incluía 19 cantones (las seis adhesiones a los trece cantones modernos tempranos eran compuesto por antiguos asociados y territorios sujetos: St. Gallen , Grisons , Aargau , Thurgau , Ticino, Vaud ). Tres cantones occidentales adicionales, Valais , Neuchâtel y Ginebra , se adhirieron en 1815.

El proceso de "Restauración", completado en 1830, devolvió la mayor parte de los antiguos derechos feudales a los patriciados cantonales , lo que provocó rebeliones entre la población rural. El Partido Liberal Radical encarnó estas fuerzas democráticas pidiendo una nueva constitución federal. Esta tensión, junto con cuestiones religiosas ("cuestión de los jesuitas") se convirtió en un conflicto armado en la década de 1840, con la breve Guerra de Sonderbund . La victoria del partido radical dio lugar a la formación de Suiza como estado federal en 1848. Los cantones conservaron una soberanía de gran alcance, pero ya no se les permitió mantener ejércitos permanentes individuales o relaciones internacionales. Como las revoluciones de 1848en Europa Occidental había fracasado en otros lugares, Suiza durante finales del siglo XIX (y con la excepción de la Tercera República Francesa , hasta el final de la Primera Guerra Mundial ) se encontró como una república democrática aislada, rodeada por las monarquías restauradas de Francia , Italia , Austria-Hungría y Alemania .

Constituciones y poderes [ editar ]

Véase también: Lista de ejecutivos cantonales de Suiza y Lista de legislaturas cantonales de Suiza
The 22 cantonal coats of arms (all but Jura, with the half-cantons represented jointly) in stained glass set in the dome of the Federal Palace of Switzerland (c. 1900)

The Swiss Federal Constitution[12] declares the cantons to be sovereign to the extent that their sovereignty is not limited by federal law.[13] Areas specifically reserved to the Confederation are the armed forces, currency, the postal service, telecommunications, immigration into and emigration from the country, granting asylum, conducting foreign relations with sovereign states, civil and criminal law, weights and measures, and customs duties.

Each canton has its own constitution, legislature, executive, police and courts.[13] Similar to the Confederation, a directorial system of government is followed by the cantons.

Most of the cantons' legislatures are unicameral parliaments, their size varying between 58 and 200 seats. A few legislatures also involve or did involve general popular assemblies known as Landsgemeinden; the use of this form of legislature has declined: at present it exists only in the cantons of Appenzell Innerrhoden and Glarus. The cantonal executives consist of either five or seven members, depending on the canton.[14] For the names of the institutions, see the list of cantonal executives and list of cantonal legislatures.

The cantons retain all powers and competencies not delegated to the Confederation by the federal constitution or law: most significantly the cantons are responsible for healthcare, welfare, law enforcement, public education, and retain the power of taxation. Each canton defines its official language(s). Cantons may conclude treaties not only with other cantons but also with foreign states (respectively Articles 48 and 56 of the Federal Constitution).

The cantonal constitutions determine the internal organisation of the canton, including the degree of autonomy accorded to the municipalities, which varies but almost always includes the power to levy taxes and pass municipal laws; some municipalities have their own police forces.

As at the federal level, all cantons provide for some form of direct democracy. Citizens may demand a popular vote to amend the cantonal constitution or laws, or to veto laws or spending bills passed by the parliament. Other than in the instances of general popular assemblies in Appenzell Innerrhoden and Glarus, democratic rights are exercised by secret ballot. The right of foreigners to vote varies by canton, as does whether Swiss citizens living abroad (and registered to vote in a canton) can take part in cantonal voting.

Swiss citizens are citizens of a particular municipality (the place of origin) and the canton in which that municipality is part. Cantons therefore have a role in and set requirements for the granting of citizenship (naturalisation), though the process is typically undertaken at a municipal level and is subject to federal law.

Switzerland has only one federal public holiday (1 August); public holidays otherwise vary from canton to canton.

List[edit]

The cantons are listed in their order of precedence given in the federal constitution.[Note 2] This reflects the historical order of precedence of the Eight Cantons in the 15th century, followed by the remaining cantons in the order of their historical accession to the confederacy.[15]

Arms[16]CodeName in official language(s)Name in EnglishAs a Swiss canton sinceCapitalPopulation
[Note 3]		GDP (2017)[17]
in million CHF		GDP per
capita (2017)[18]
in CHF		Area (km2)Density
(per km2)[Note 4]		No. munic. (2018)[19]Official languages
1

      

ZHZürichZurich1351Zurich1,539,275[20]143,04495,6801,729701166German
2

      

BEBern; BerneBerne / Bern1353Berne / Bern1,039,474[21]78,27876,0855,960158347German, French
3

      

LULuzernLucerne1332Lucerne413,120[22]26,99266,6551,49423383German
4

      

URUriUri1291[Note 5]Altdorf36,703[23]1,90052,4681,0773320German
5

      

SZSchwyzSchwyz1291[Note 5]Schwyz160,480[24]9,44460,31390814330German
6

      

OWObwaldenObwald / Obwalden1291[Note 5] or 1315 (as part of Unterwalden)Sarnen37,930[25]2,51066,970491667German
7

      

NWNidwaldenNidwald / Nidwalden1291[Note 5] (as Unterwalden)Stans43,087[26]3,05071,32927613811German
8

      

GLGlarusGlarus1352Glaris / Glarus40,590[27]2,76468,671685513German
9

      

ZGZugZoug / Zug1352Zoug / Zug127,642[28]18,921151,74723941611German
10

      

FRFribourg; FreiburgFriburg / Fribourg1481Friburg / Fribourg321,783[29]18,63559,4441,671141136French, German
11

      

SOSolothurnSoleure / Solothurn1481Soleure / Solothurn275,247[30]17,70265,459790308109German
12

      

BSBasel-StadtBasle-City / Basel-City / Basel-Stadt1501 (as Basel until 1833/1999)Basle / Basel201,469[31]35,955185,826375,0723German
13

      

BLBasel-LandschaftBasle-Country / Basel-Country / Basel-Landschaft1501 (as Basel until 1833/1999)Liestal290,765[32]20,34771,06551850286German
14

      

SHSchaffhausenSchaffhouse / Schaffhausen1501Schaffhouse / Schaffhausen82,348[33]6,96385,89529824626German
15

      

ARAppenzell AusserrhodenAppenzell Outer-Rhodes / Appenzell Ausserrhoden1513 (as Appenzell until 1597/1999)Herisau[Note 6]55,445[34]3,08656,03824322020German
16

      

AIAppenzell InnerrhodenAppenzell Inner-Rhodes / Appenzell Innerrhoden1513 (as Appenzell until 1597/1999)Appenzell16,128[35]98961,633172876German
17

      

SGSt. GallenSt. Gall / St. Gallen1803[Note 7]St. Gall / St. Gallen510,734[36]36,79473,0592,03122277German
18

      

GRGraubünden; Grischun; GrigioniGrisons / Graubünden1803[Note 8]Chur199,021[37]14,02070,9097,10526108German, Romansh, Italian
19

      

AGAargauArgovia / Aargau1803[Note 9]Aarau685,845[38]41,59262,3371,404388212German
20

      

TGThurgauThurgovia / Thurgau1803[Note 10]Frauenfeld[Note 11]279,547[39]16,37460,14399222980German
21

      

TITicinoTessin / Ticino1803[Note 12]Bellinzona351,491[40]28,51280,5322,812110115Italian
22

      

VDVaudVaud1803[Note 13]Lausanne805,098[41]53,73168,1023,212188309French
23

      

VSValais; WallisWallis / Valais1815[Note 14]Sion345,525[42]18,40554,0835,22453126French, German
24

      

NENeuchâtelNeuchâtel1815/1857[Note 15]Neuchâtel176,496[43]15,43586,58480220631French
25

      

GEGenèveGeneva1815[Note 16]Geneva504,128[44]49,467100,4642821,44245French
26

      

JUJuraJura1979[Note 17]Delémont73,584[45]4,62963,2368398255French
-CHSchweizerische Eidgenossenschaft; Confédération suisse; Confederazione Svizzera; Confederaziun svizraSwiss Confederation1815/1848[Note 18](Berne / Bern)8,606,033[46]669,54279,21841,2911742,222German, French, Italian, Romansh

The two-letter abbreviations for Swiss cantons are widely used, e.g. on car license plates. They are also used in the ISO 3166-2 codes of Switzerland with the prefix "CH-" (Confœderatio Helvetica—Helvetian Confederation—Helvetia having been the ancient Roman name of the region). CH-SZ, for example, is used for the canton of Schwyz.

Half-cantons[edit]

Six of the 26 cantons are traditionally, but no longer officially, called "half-cantons" (German: Halbkanton, French: demi-canton, Italian: semicantone, Romansh: mez-chantun). In two instances (Basel and Appenzell) this was a consequence of a historic division, whilst in the case of Unterwalden a historic mutual association, resulting in three pairs of half-cantons. The other 20 cantons were, and in some instances still are[47]—though only in a context where it is needed to distinguish them from any half-cantons—typically termed "full" cantons in English.[48]

The first article of the 1848 and 1874 constitutions constituted the Confederation as the union of "twenty-two sovereign cantons", referring to the half-cantons as "Unterwalden (ob und nid dem Wald [‘above and beneath the woods’])", "Basel (Stadt und Landschaft [‘city and country’])" and "Appenzell (beider Rhoden [‘both Rhoden’])".[49] The 1874 constitution was amended to list 23 cantons with the accession of the Canton of Jura in 1978.

The historic half-cantons, and their pairings, are still recognizable in the first article of the Swiss Federal Constitution of 1999 by being joined to their other "half" with the conjunction "and":

The People and the cantons of Zürich, Bern, Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz, Obwalden and Nidwalden, Glarus, Zug, Fribourg, Solothurn, Basel-Stadt and Basel-Landschaft, Schaffhausen, Appenzell Ausserrhoden and Appenzell Innerrhoden, St. Gallen, Graubünden, Aargau, Thurgau, Ticino, Vaud, Valais, Neuchâtel, Geneva, and Jura form the Swiss Confederation.

— Article 1 of the Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation[50]

The 1999 constitutional revision retained the traditional distinction, on the request of the six cantonal governments, as a way to mark the historic association of the half-cantons to each other.[51] While the older constitutions referred to these states as "half-cantons", a term that remains in popular use, the 1999 revision and official terminology since then use the appellation "cantons with half of a cantonal vote".[52]

The ½, 1 and 2 francs coins as minted since 1874 represent the number of cantons by 22 stars surrounding the figure of Helvetia on the obverse. The design of the coins was altered to show 23 stars, including Jura, beginning with the 1983 batch. The design has remained unchanged since, and does not reflect the official number of "26 cantons" introduced in 1999.[53]

Caricature of the division of Basel, 1833

The reasons for the existence of the three pairs of half-cantons are varied:

  • Unterwalden never consisted of a single unified jurisdiction. Originally, Obwalden, Nidwalden, and the Abbey of Engelberg formed distinct communities. The collective term Unterwalden remains in use, however, for the area that partook in the creation of the original Swiss confederation in 1291 with Uri and Schwyz. The Federal Charter of 1291 called for representatives from each of the three "areas".[54][55]
  • The historical canton of Appenzell divided itself into "inner" and "outer" halves (Rhoden) as a consequence of the Reformation in Switzerland in 1597:[56] Appenzell Innerrhoden (Catholic) and Appenzell Ausserrhoden (Protestant).
  • The historical canton of Basel was divided in 1833 after the Basel countryside (which became the canton of Basel-Landschaft) declared its independence from the city of Basel (which became the canton of Basel-Stadt), following a period of protest and armed conflict about the under-representation of the more populous countryside in the canton's political system.

With their original circumstances of partition now a historical matter, the half-cantons are since 1848 equal to the other cantons in all but two respects:[57]

  • They elect only one member of the Council of States instead of two (Cst. art. 150 par. 2). This means there are a total of 46 seats in the council.
  • In popular referendums about constitutional amendments, which require for adoption a national popular majority as well as the assent of a majority of the cantons (Ständemehr / majorité des cantons), the result of the half-cantons' popular vote counts only one half of that of the other cantons (Cst. arts. 140, 142).[58] This means that for purposes of a constitutional referendum, at least 12 out of a total of 23 cantonal popular votes must support the amendment.[59]

Between 1831 and 1833 the canton of Schwyz divided into half-cantons: (Inner) Schwyz and the break-away Outer Schwyz; in this instance the half-cantons were forced by the Confederation to settle their disputes and re-unite.

In the 20th century, some Jurassic separatists suggested a new canton of Jura to be divided into half-cantons of North Jura and South Jura.[60] Instead, North Jura became the (full) canton of Jura while South Jura remains in the canton of Bern as the region of Bernese Jura.

Names in national languages[edit]

The name of each canton in its own official language is shown in bold.

AbbrEnglish[Note 19]GermanFrenchItalianRomansh
AGAargau; ArgoviaAargau (help·info)ArgovieArgoviaArgovia
AIAppenzell Innerrhoden; Appenzell Inner-RhodesAppenzell Innerrhoden (help·info)Appenzell Rhodes-IntérieuresAppenzello InternoAppenzell dadens
ARAppenzell Ausserrhoden; Appenzell Outer-RhodesAppenzell Ausserrhoden (help·info)Appenzell Rhodes-ExtérieuresAppenzello EsternoAppenzell dador
BSBasel-Stadt; Basle-CityBasel-Stadt (help·info)Bâle-VilleBasilea CittàBasilea-Citad
BLBasel-Landschaft; Basle-CountryBasel-Landschaft (help·info)Bâle-CampagneBasilea CampagnaBasilea-Champagna
BEBern; BerneBern (help·info)BerneBernaBerna
FRFribourg; Friburg[citation needed]Freiburg (help·info)FribourgFriburgoFriburg
GEGenève; GenevaGenf (help·info)GenèveGinevraGenevra
GLGlarus; Glaris[citation needed]Glarus (help·info)GlarisGlaronaGlaruna
GRGraubünden; GrisonsGraubünden (help·info)GrisonsGrigioniGrischun
JUJuraJura (help·info)JuraGiuraGiura
LULucerneLuzern (help·info)LucerneLucernaLucerna
NENeuchâtelNeuenburg (help·info)NeuchâtelNeuchâtelNeuchâtel
NWNidwalden; Nidwald[citation needed]Nidwalden (help·info)NidwaldNidvaldoSutsilvania
OWObwalden; Obwald[citation needed]Obwalden (help·info)ObwaldObvaldoSursilvania
SHSchaffhausen; SchaffhouseSchaffhausen (help·info)SchaffhouseSciaffusaSchaffusa
SZSchwyzSchwyz (help·info)Schwyz (or Schwytz)SvittoSviz
SOSolothurn; SoleureSolothurn (help·info)SoleureSolettaSoloturn
SGSt. Gallen; St GallSt. Gallen (help·info)Saint-GallSan GalloSon Gagl
TGThurgau; ThurgoviaThurgau (help·info)ThurgovieTurgoviaTurgovia
TITicino; TessinTessin (help·info)TessinTicinoTessin
URUriUri (help·info)UriUriUri
VSValais; WallisWallis (help·info)ValaisValleseVallais
VDVaudWaadt (help·info)VaudVaudVad
ZGZug; ZougZug (help·info)ZougZugoZug
ZHZürich; ZurichZürich (help·info)ZurichZurigoTuritg

Admission of new cantons[edit]

Main article: Territorial evolution of Switzerland

The enlargement of Switzerland by way of the admission of new cantons ended in 1815. The latest formal attempt considered by Switzerland was in 1919 from Vorarlberg but subsequently rejected. A few representatives submitted in 2010 a parliamentary motion to consider enlargement although it was widely seen as anti-EU rhetoric rather than a serious proposal.[61] The motion was eventually dropped and not even examined by the parliament.[62]

See also[edit]

  • Cantonal bank
  • Cantonal police
  • Data codes for Switzerland § Cantons
  • Flags and arms of cantons of Switzerland
  • List of Swiss cantons by GDP
  • List of cantons of Switzerland by elevation

Notes and references[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Zug was the exception in this, in being an urban state and still holding a Landsgemeinde. Jackson Spielvogel, Western Civilization: Volume I: To 1715, (Cengage 2008), p. 386
  2. ^ This is the order generally used in Swiss official documents. At the head of the list are the three city cantons that were considered preeminent in the Old Swiss Confederacy; the other cantons are listed in order of accession to the Confederation. This traditional order of precedence among the cantons has no practical relevance in the modern federal state, in which the cantons are equal to one another, although it still determines formal precedence among the cantons' officials (see Swiss order of precedence).
  3. ^ See references for dates
  4. ^ Per km2, based on 2000 population
  5. ^ a b c d founding forest-canton, foundation date traditionally given as either 1307, 1304 or 1291 (see Foundation of the Old Swiss Confederacy).
  6. ^ Seat of government and parliament is Herisau, the seat of the judicial authorities is Trogen
  7. ^ Act of Mediation; formed out of the Canton of Säntis and the northern half of the Canton of Linth.
  8. ^ Act of Mediation; formerly the Canton of Raetia, comprising the earlier Three Leagues.
  9. ^ Act of Mediation; created from the cantons of Aargau (canton of the Helvetic Republic, from territory previously controlled by Bern) and Baden (previously a Swiss condominium), together with Fricktal (before 1802 not Swiss territory).
  10. ^ Act of Mediation; coterminous with the canton of Thurgau of the Helvetic Republic (1798), formed from the county of Thurgau, a Swiss condominium.
  11. ^ Seat of parliament half-yearly alternates between Frauenfeld and Weinfelden
  12. ^ Act of Mediation; combining the former cantons of Bellinzona and Lugano; see Ennetbirgische Vogteien.
  13. ^ Act of Mediation, formerly Canton of Léman.
  14. ^ Restoration, until 1798 the Prince-bishopric of Sion and the République des Sept-Dizains, briefly annexed by France as Simplon département during 1810–1813.
  15. ^ claimed by Frederick William III of Prussia until the Neuchâtel Crisis of 1856–1857.
  16. ^ previously a free imperial city, annexed by France during 1798–1815.
  17. ^ seceded from Berne
  18. ^ The Restored Confederacy of 1815 had the modern borders and introduced the modern Swiss coat of arms, but the cantons remained largely sovereign, without a federal government or parliament. The federal constitution of 1848 introduced the Federal Assembly, Federal Council and the notion of federal citizenship.
  19. ^ The most commonly used forms in English are mostly adopted from either French or German; in some cases, there may have been a historical shift in preference, e.g. from the French form Berne to the German form Bern; in individual cases, the Latin form may be current, certainly in the case of Geneva and arguably for Argovia, Thurgovia. Actual anglicized forms have been used, for example Basle.

References[edit]

  1. ^ rendered "the 'confederacy of eight'" and "the 'Thirteen-Canton Confederation'", respectively, in: "Chronology" (official site). Berne, Switzerland: The Swiss Federal Administration. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d e Andreas Kley: Kantone in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland, 13 April 2016. "Die Bündnispartner der frühen Eidgenossenschaft wurden im 14. Jh. meist als Städte und Länder, ab der 1. Hälfte des 15. Jh. immer mehr als Orte bezeichnet."
  3. ^ François Schifferdecker, François Kohler: Jura (canton) in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland, 20 July 2015.
  4. ^ Comptes Trés. 129, Archives nat. ds Pat. Suisse rom., cited after TFLi.
  5. ^ "So werden die Cantons der Schweizer daselbst nur Orte, oder Ortschaften genannt. Das gleichbedeutende Canton stammet auf ähnliche Art von Kante, Ecke, ab, wie Ort von Ort, Ecke." Johann Christoph Adelung, Grammatisch-kritisches Wörterbuch der Hochdeutschen Mundart (1774–1786), s.v. "Der Ort". Old French canton "corner, angle" is a loan from Occitan, first recorded in the 13th century, in Occitan adopted from North Italian cantone, where the sense "portion of territory" alongside "edge, corner" developed from by the early 11th century (TFLi).
  6. ^ etymonline.com: "1530s, 'corner, angle,' [...] From 1570s as a term in heraldry and flag descriptions. From c. 1600 as 'a subdivision of a country;' applied to the sovereign states of the Swiss republic from 1610s."
  7. ^ Josef Wiget: Waldstätte in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland, 27 December 2014.
  8. ^ Constitution du Canton du Valais: "Le Valais est une république démocratique, souveraine […] incorporée comme Canton à la Confédération suisse."
  9. ^ Constitution du canton de Vaud: "Le Canton de Vaud est une république démocratique [… qui] est l'un des États de la Confédération suisse."
  10. ^ "Costituzione della Repubblica e Cantone del Ticino, del 4 luglio 1830" (in Italian). Swiss Federal Council. Le canton du Tessin est une république démocratique [… qui] est membre de la Confédération suisse et sa souveraineté n'est limitée que par la constitution fédérale."
  11. ^ "Switzerland/History/Shaking off the Empire" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 26 (11th ed.). 1911.
  12. ^ Official and updated Swiss Federal Constitution (English)
  13. ^ a b Cantons, In the Federal State since 1848 in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
  14. ^ Swiss Government website Archived 19 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine with links to each cantonal government, accessed 11 November 2008
  15. ^ "Regional Portraits: Cantons". Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Statistical Office. 2011. Archived from the original on 30 April 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
  16. ^ Cantonal coats of arms shown with cantonal heraldic colors (Standesfarben).Standesfarben were used to identify the (historical) cantons when the full banner was not available for display, although there is overlap; Unterwalden and Solothurn share the same colours, as do Basel and Appenzell, and with the accession of the modern cantons, Valais and Basel-City, and St. Gallen and Thurgau. Louis, Mühlemann, Wappen und Fahnen der Schweiz, 700 Jahre Confoederatio Helvetica, Lengnau, 3rd ed. 1991. Swiss Armed Forces, Fahnenreglement, Reglement 51.340 d (2013).[1]
  17. ^ Office, Federal Statistical. "Cantonal gross domestic product (GDP)". www.bfs.admin.ch. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  18. ^ Office, Federal Statistical. "Cantonal gross domestic product (GDP) per capita". www.bfs.admin.ch. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  19. ^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office. "Gemeinden - Suche | Applikation der Schweizer Gemeinden". www.agvchapp.bfs.admin.ch (in German). Retrieved 22 October 2018.
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  27. ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  28. ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  29. ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  30. ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  31. ^ Canton of Basel-Stadt Statistics, MS Excel document – T01.0.01 - Bevölkerungsstand 31 August 2020 numbers (in German) accessed 6 October 2020
  32. ^ Canton of Basel-Land Statistics, Wohnbevölkerung nach Nationalität und Konfession per 31. März 2020 (in German) accessed 28 July 2020
  33. ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  34. ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  35. ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  36. ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  37. ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  38. ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  39. ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  40. ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  41. ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  42. ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  43. ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  44. ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  45. ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  46. ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  47. ^ Welcome to the canton of Zug Official document published by the canton of Zug government (PDF)
  48. ^ Bhagwan and Bhushan" (2009) World Constitutions - A Comparative Study - Ninth Edition (page 311)
  49. ^ Bundesverfassung der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft vom 29. Mai 1874, Bundesverfassung der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft vom 12. September 1848 (in German); author's translation.
  50. ^ Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation of 18 April 1999, SR/RS 101 (E·D·F·I), art. 1 (E·D·F·I)
  51. ^ Felix Hafner / Rainer J. Schweizer in Ehrenzeller, Art. 1 N 2; Häfelin, N 966.
  52. ^ Felix Hafner / Rainer J. Schweizer in Ehrenzeller, Art. 1 N 10; Häfelin, N 963
  53. ^ Swissmint, Sterne auf Schweizer Münzen (2008), p. 4.
  54. ^ Pacte fédéral du 1er Archived 30 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine août 1291] sur Admin.ch "vallée inférieure d'Unterwald" signifie Nidwald.
  55. ^ Pacte fédéral du 1er août 1291 Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine sur Cliotexte
  56. ^ Réforme catholique, Contre-Réforme et scission Archived 20 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Article du dictionnaire historique de la Suisse
  57. ^ Häfelin, N 963, 967
  58. ^ Swiss Constitutional Law, Thomas Fleiner, Alexander Misic, Nicole Töpperwien, Kluwer Law International B.V., 2005, page 120
  59. ^ Häfelin, N 950
  60. ^ Bassand, Michel (1975). "The Jura Problem". Journal of Peace Research. Sage Publications. 12 (2: Peace Research in Switzerland): 139–150: 142. doi:10.1177/002234337501200206. JSTOR 423158. S2CID 111181454.
  61. ^ Renz, Fabian (11 June 2010). "SVP will der Schweiz Nachbargebiete einverleiben". Tages-Anzeiger. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
  62. ^ Baettig, Dominique (18 March 2010). "Pour une intégration facilitée de régions limitrophes en qualité de nouveaux cantons suisses". The Federal Assembly — The Swiss Parliament. Retrieved 11 July 2017. L'intervention est classée, l'auteur ayant quitté le conseil

Bibliography[edit]

  • Bernhard Ehrenzeller, Philipp Mastronardi, Rainer J. Schweizer, Klaus A. Vallender (eds.) (2002). Die schweizerische Bundesverfassung, Kommentar (in German). ISBN 3-905455-70-6.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link). Cited as Ehrenzeller.
  • Häfelin, Ulrich; Haller, Walter; Keller, Helen (2008). Schweizerisches Bundesstaatsrecht (in German) (7th ed.). Zürich: Schulthess. ISBN 978-3-7255-5472-0. Cited as Häfelin.

External links[edit]

  • Swissworld.org – The cantons of Switzerland
  • Swisskarte.ch – Maps of the Cantons of Switzerland
  • GeoPuzzle – Assemble cantons on a Swiss map
  • Badac – Database on Swiss cantons and cities (in French and German)