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Dominio de unión de zinc integrasa
PDB 1wjd EBI.jpg
estructura en solución del dominio de unión zn n-terminal de la integrasa del vih-1 (forma e), rmn, 38 estructuras
Identificadores
SímboloIntegrase_Zn
PfamPF02022
InterProIPR003308
SCOP21wjb / SCOPe / SUPFAM
Estructuras proteicas disponibles:
Pfam  estructuras / ECOD  
PDBRCSB PDB ; PDBe ; PDBj
PDBsumresumen de estructura
Dominio central de integrasa
PDB 1c1a EBI.jpg
Estructura cristalina de la integrasa de dos dominios RSV.
Identificadores
Símbolorve
PfamPF00665
Clan pfamCL0219
InterProIPR001584
SCOP22itg / SCOPe / SUPFAM
Estructuras proteicas disponibles:
Pfam  estructuras / ECOD  
PDBRCSB PDB ; PDBe ; PDBj
PDBsumresumen de estructura
Dominio de unión al ADN de la integrasa
Estructura cristalina de la integrasa de dos dominios RSV.
Identificadores
SímboloIN_DBD_C
PfamPF00552
InterProIPR001037
SCOP21ihw / SCOPe / SUPFAM
Estructuras proteicas disponibles:
Pfam  estructuras / ECOD  
PDBRCSB PDB ; PDBe ; PDBj
PDBsumresumen de estructura

Retroviral integrase (IN) is an enzyme produced by a retrovirus (such as HIV) that integrates—forms covalent links between—its genetic information into that of the host cell it infects.[1] Retroviral INs are not to be confused with phage integrases (recombinases), such as λ phage integrase, as discussed in site-specific recombination.

The macromolecular complex of an IN macromolecule bound to the ends of the viral DNA ends has been referred to as the intasome; IN is a key component in this and the retroviral pre-integration complex.[clarification needed][2]

Structure[edit]

All retroviral IN proteins contain three canonical domains, connected by flexible linkers:[3][non-primary source needed]

  • an N-terminal HH-CC zinc-binding domain (a three-helical bundle stabilised by coordination of a Zn(II) cation)
  • a catalytic core domain (RNaseH fold)
  • a C-terminal DNA-binding domain (SH3 fold).

Crystal and NMR structures of the individual domains and 2-domain constructs of integrases from HIV-1, HIV-2, SIV, and Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) have been reported, with the first structures determined in 1994.[citation needed] Biochemical data and structural data suggest that retroviral IN functions as a tetramer (dimer-of-dimers), with all three domains being important for multimerisation and viral DNA binding.[citation needed] In addition, several host cellular proteins have been shown to interact with IN to facilitate the integration process: e.g., the host factor, human chromatin-associated protein LEDGF, tightly binds HIV IN and directs the HIV pre-integration complex towards highly expressed genes for integration.[citation needed]

Human foamy virus (HFV), an agent harmless to humans, has an integrase similar to HIV IN and is therefore a model of HIV IN function; a 2010 crystal structure of the HFV integrase assembled on viral DNA ends has been determined.[4][non-primary source needed][5][6]

Function and mechanism[edit]

Integration occurs following production of the double-stranded linear viral DNA by the viral RNA/DNA-dependent DNA polymerase reverse transcriptase.[citation needed]

The main function of IN is to insert the viral DNA into the host chromosomal DNA, a step that is essential for HIV replication. Integration is a "point of no return" for the cell, which becomes a permanent carrier of the viral genome (provirus). Integration is in part responsible for the persistence of retroviral infections.[citation needed] After integration, the viral gene expression and particle production may take place immediately or at some point in the future, the timing of which depends on the activity of the chromosomal locus hosting the provirus.[citation needed]

Vis-a-vis mechanism, known retroviral INs catalyzes two reactions:[citation needed]

  • 3'-processing, in which two or three nucleotides are removed from one or both 3' ends of the viral DNA to expose an invariant CA dinucleotide at both 3'-ends of the viral DNA.
  • the strand transfer reaction, in which the processed 3' ends of the viral DNA are covalently ligated to host chromosomal DNA.

Both reactions are catalysed in the same active site, and involve transesterification that does not involve a covalent protein-DNA intermediate (in contrast to Ser/Tyr recombinase-catalyzed reactions.[citation needed]

In HIV[edit]

HIV Integrase shown in its full structure with its catalytic amino acids shown in ball and stick form.

HIV integrase is a 32 kDa protein produced from the C-terminal portion of the Pol gene product, and is an attractive target for new anti-HIV drugs.[citation needed]

In November 2005, data from a phase 2 study of an investigational HIV integrase inhibitor, MK-0518, demonstrated that the compound has potent antiviral activity.[7][8] On October 12, 2007, the Food and Drug Administration (U.S.) approved the integrase inhibitor Raltegravir (MK-0518, brand name Isentress).[9] The second integrase inhibitor, elvitegravir, was approved in the U.S. in August 2012.[10]

See also[edit]

  • Site-specific recombinase technology

References[edit]

  1. ^ Beck, B. J.; Freudenreich, Oliver; Worth, Jonathan L. (2010-01-01), Stern, Theodore A.; Fricchione, Gregory L.; Cassem, Ned H.; Jellinek, Michael S. (eds.), "26 - Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome", Massachusetts General Hospital Handbook of General Hospital Psychiatry (Sixth Edition), Saint Louis: W.B. Saunders, pp. 353–370, doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-1927-7.00026-1, ISBN 978-1-4377-1927-7, retrieved 2021-04-06
  2. ^ Masuda T (January 1, 2011). "Non-Enzymatic Functions of Retroviral Integrase: The Next Target for Novel Anti-HIV Drug Development". Frontiers in Microbiology. 2: 210. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2011.00210. PMC 3192317. PMID 22016749.
  3. ^ Lodi PJ, Ernst JA, Kuszewski J, Hickman AB, Engelman A, Craigie R, et al. (August 1995). "Solution structure of the DNA binding domain of HIV-1 integrase". Biochemistry. 34 (31): 9826–33. doi:10.1021/bi00031a002. PMID 7632683.
  4. ^ Hare S, Gupta SS, Valkov E, Engelman A, Cherepanov P (March 2010). "Retroviral intasome assembly and inhibition of DNA strand transfer". Nature. 464 (7286): 232–6. Bibcode:2010Natur.464..232H. doi:10.1038/nature08784. PMC 2837123. PMID 20118915.
  5. ^ See the PDB-101 link at the end of the article for the overall assembly.
  6. ^ "Scientists say crack HIV/AIDS puzzle for drugs". Reuters. January 31, 2010.
  7. ^ Morales-Ramirez JO, Teppler H, Kovacs C, et al. Antiretroviral effect of MK-0518, a novel HIV-1 integrase inhibitor, in ART-naïve HIV-1 infected patients. Program and abstracts of the 10th European AIDS Conference; November 17–20, 2005; Dublin, Ireland. Abstract LBPS1/6. Online summary: http://clinicaloptions.com/HIV/Conference%20Coverage/Dublin%202005/Capsules/LBPS1-6.aspx Archived 2006-10-29 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ Savarino A (December 2006). "A historical sketch of the discovery and development of HIV-1 integrase inhibitors". Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 15 (12): 1507–22. doi:10.1517/13543784.15.12.1507. PMID 17107277.
  9. ^ "FDA approves drug that fights HIV in new way - CNN.com". CNN. October 12, 2007. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
  10. ^ Sax PE, DeJesus E, Mills A, Zolopa A, Cohen C, Wohl D, et al. (June 2012). "Co-formulated elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir versus co-formulated efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir for initial treatment of HIV-1 infection: a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial, analysis of results after 48 weeks". Lancet. 379 (9835): 2439–2448. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60917-9. PMID 22748591.

External links[edit]

  • PDB-101 Molecule of the Month: 135 HIV Integrase
  • Integrases at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)