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Este artículo documenta los objetos astronómicos más distantes descubiertos y verificados hasta ahora, y los períodos de tiempo en los que fueron clasificados así.

Las distancias a objetos remotos, distintos de los de las galaxias cercanas, casi siempre se infieren midiendo el corrimiento al rojo cosmológico de su luz. Por su naturaleza, los objetos muy distantes tienden a ser muy tenues y estas determinaciones de distancia son difíciles y están sujetas a errores. Una distinción importante es si la distancia se determina mediante espectroscopia o mediante una técnica fotométrica de corrimiento al rojo . El primero es generalmente más preciso y también más confiable, en el sentido de que los corrimientos al rojo fotométricos son más propensos a ser incorrectos debido a la confusión con fuentes de corrimiento al rojo más bajas que tienen espectros inusuales. Por esa razón, un corrimiento al rojo espectroscópicoconvencionalmente se considera necesario para que la distancia de un objeto se considere definitivamente conocida, mientras que los desplazamientos al rojo determinados fotométricamente identifican fuentes "candidatas" muy distantes. Aquí, esta distinción se indica mediante un subíndice "p" para los desplazamientos al rojo fotométricos.

Objetos notablemente distantes [ editar ]

1 Gly (gigalight-year) = mil millones de años luz .

Objetos astronómicos más distantes con determinaciones de corrimiento al rojo espectroscópicas
NombreDesplazamiento al rojo
(z)		Distancia de recorrido de la luz §
( Gly ) [1]		TipoNotas
Distant galaxy GN-z11 in GOODS-N image by HST.jpgGN-z11z = 11,0913.39GalaxiaGalaxia confirmada [2]
Hubble and ALMA image of MACS J1149.5+2223.jpgMACS1149-JD1z = 9,1113.26GalaxiaGalaxia confirmada [3]
EGSY8p7 por el Hubble y Spitzer.jpgEGSY8p7z = 8,6813.23GalaxiaGalaxia confirmada [4]
Artist’s impression of the remote dusty galaxy A2744 YD4.jpgA2744 YD4z = 8,3813.20GalaxiaGalaxia confirmada [5]
MACS0416 Y1z = 8,3113.20GalaxiaGalaxia confirmada [6]
Most distant Gamma-ray burst.jpgGRB 090423z = 8,213.18Explosión de rayos gamma[7] [8]
Galaxy-EGS-zs8-1-20150505.jpgEGS-zs8-1z = 7,7313.13GalaxiaGalaxia confirmada [9]
z7 GSD 3811z = 7,6613.11GalaxiaGalaxy [10]
J0313-1806z = 7,64Quásar[11] [12]
z8 GND 5296z = 7,5113.10GalaxiaConfirmed galaxy[13][14]
A1689-zD1z = 7.513.10GalaxyGalaxy[15]
GS2_1406z = 7.45213.095GalaxyGalaxy[16]
SXDF-NB1006-2z = 7.21513.07GalaxyGalaxy[17][18]
GN-108036z = 7.21313.07GalaxyGalaxy[18][19]
BDF-3299z = 7.10913.05Galaxy[20]
ULAS J1120+0641z = 7.08513.05Quasar[21]
A1703 zD6z = 7.04513.04Galaxy[18]
BDF-521z = 7.00813.04Galaxy[20]
G2-1408z = 6.97213.03Galaxy[18][22]
IOK-1z = 6.96413.03Galaxy[18][23] Lyman-alpha emitter[24]
LAE J095950.99+021219.1z = 6.94413.03GalaxyLyman-alpha emitter — Faint galaxy[25]
PSO J172.3556+18.7734z = 6.82QuasarCurrently the most distant known radio-loud quasar. [26]

§ The tabulated distance is the light travel distance, which has no direct physical significance. See discussion at distance measures and Observable Universe

As of 2012, there were about 50 possible objects z = 8 or farther, and another 100 candidates at z = 7, based on photometric redshift estimates released by the Hubble eXtreme Deep Field (XDF) project from observations made between mid-2002 and December 2012.[27] Not everything is included here.[27]

Notable candidates for most distant astronomical objects, based on photometric redshift estimates
NameRedshift
(z)		Light travel distance§
(Gly)		TypeNotes
UDFj-39546284zp≅11.9?13.37ProtogalaxyThis is a candidate protogalaxy,[28][29][30][31] although recent analyses have suggested it is likely to be a lower redshift source.[32][33]
MACS0647-JDzp≅10.713.3GalaxyCandidate most distant galaxy, which benefits by being magnified by the gravitational lensing effect of an intervening cluster of galaxies.[34][35]
SPT0615-JDz = 9.913.27Galaxy[36]
A2744-JDzp≅9.813.2GalaxyGalaxy is being magnified and lensed into three multiple images, geometrically supporting its redshift. Faintest known galaxy at z~10.[37][38]
MACS1149-JD1zp≅9.613.2[39]Candidate galaxy or protogalaxy[40]
GRB 090429Bzp≅9.413.14[41]Gamma-ray burst[42] The photometric redshift in this instance has quite large uncertainty, with the lower limit for the redshift being z>7.
UDFy-33436598zp≅8.613.1Candidate galaxy or protogalaxy[43]
UDFy-38135539zp≅8.613.1Candidate galaxy or protogalaxyA spectroscopic redshift of z = 8.55 was claimed for this source in 2010,[44] but has subsequently been shown to be mistaken.[45]
BoRG-58zp≅813Cluster or protoclusterProtocluster candidate[46]

§ The tabulated distance is the light travel distance, which has no direct physical significance. See discussion at distance measures and Observable Universe

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.


List of most distant objects by type[edit]

Most distant object by type
TypeObjectRedshiftNotes
Any astronomical object, no matter what typeGN-z11z = 11.09With an estimated light-travel distance of about 13.4 billion light-years (and a proper distance of approximately 32 billion light-years (9.8 billion parsecs) from Earth due to the Universe's expansion since the light we now observe left it about 13.4 billion years ago), astronomers announced it as the most distant astronomical galaxy known, as of March 2016.[47][note 1]
See also: List of galaxies
Galaxy or protogalaxy
Galaxy clusterCL J1001+0220z≅2.506As of 2016[48]
See also: List of galaxy clusters
Galaxy superclusterComa Supercluster
See also: List of superclusters
QuasarJ0313-1806z = 7.54[49]
See also: List of quasars
Black hole[49]
Star or protostar or post-stellar corpse
(detected by an event)		Progenitor of GRB 090423z = 8.2[7][8] Note, GRB 090429B has a photometric redshift zp≅9.4,[50] and so is most likely more distant than GRB 090423, but is lacking spectroscopic confirmation.
See also: List of gamma-ray bursts
Estimated an approximate distance of 13 billion lightyears from Earth
Star or protostar or post-stellar corpse
(detected as a star)		SDSS J1229+112255 Mly (17 Mpc)The blue supergiant is illuminating a nebula in the tidal tail of galaxy IC 3418.[51]

This record is superseded by a star at redshift z=1.5 (4.4 Gpc) that is being lensed by the galaxy cluster MACS J1149.5+2223.[52]

StarMACS J1149 Lensed Star 1 (or Icarus)z = 1.49
9.0 Gly		Most distant individual (actually, blue supergiant) star detected (April, 2018)[53][54][55][56]
Star cluster
System of star clustersGlobular cluster system in elliptical galaxy behind NGC 63971.2 Gly[57][58][59][60][61]
X-ray jetPJ352–15 quasar jetz = 5.831
12.7 Gly[62]		The previous recordholder was at 12.4Gly.[63][64]
MicroquasarXMMU J004243.6+4125192.5 MlyFirst extragalactic microquasar discovered[65][66][67]
PlanetSWEEPS-11 / SWEEPS-0427,710 ly[68]
  • An analysis of the lightcurve of the microlensing event PA-99-N2 suggests the presence of a planet orbiting a star in the Andromeda Galaxy.[69]
  • A controversial microlensing event of lobe A of the double gravitationally lensed Q0957+561 suggests that there is a planet in the lensing galaxy lying at redshift 0.355 (3.7 Gly).[70][71]
Most distant event by type
TypeEventRedshiftNotes
Gamma-ray burstGRB 090423z = 8.2[7][8] Note, GRB 090429B has a photometric redshift zp≅9.4,[50] and so is most likely more distant than GRB 090423, but is lacking spectroscopic confirmation.
See also: List of gamma-ray bursts
Core collapse supernovaSN 1000+0216z = 3.8993[72]
See also: List of most distant supernovae
Type Ia supernovaSN UDS10Wilz = 1.914[73]
See also: List of supernovae
Type Ia supernovaSN SCP-0401
(Mingus)		z = 1.71First observed in 2004, it was not until 2013 that it could be identified as a Type-Ia SN.[74][75]
See also: List of supernovae
Cosmic DecouplingCosmic Background Radiation creationz~1000 to 1089[76][77]

Timeline of most distant astronomical object recordholders[edit]

Objects in this list were found to be the most distant object at the time of determination of their distance. This is frequently not the same as the date of their discovery.

Distances to astronomical objects may be determined through parallax measurements, use of standard references such as cepheid variables or Type Ia supernovas, or redshift measurement. Spectroscopic redshift measurement is preferred, while photometric redshift measurement is also used to identify candidate high redshift sources. The symbol z represents redshift.

Most Distant Object Titleholders (not including candidates based on photometric redshifts)
ObjectTypeDateDistance
(z = Redshift) 		Notes
GN-z11Galaxy2016–Presentz = 11.09[78]
EGSY8p7Galaxy2015 − 2016z = 8.68[78][79][80][81]
Progenitor of GRB 090423 / Remnant of GRB 090423Gamma-ray burst progenitor / Gamma-ray burst remnant2009 − 2015z = 8.2[8][82]
IOK-1Galaxy2006 − 2009z = 6.96[82][83][84][85]
SDF J132522.3+273520Galaxy2005 − 2006z = 6.597[85][86]
SDF J132418.3+271455Galaxy2003 − 2005z = 6.578[86][87][88][89]
HCM-6AGalaxy2002 − 2003z = 6.56The galaxy is lensed by galaxy cluster Abell 370. This was the first non-quasar galaxy found to exceed redshift 6. It exceeded the redshift of quasar SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0 of z = 6.28[87][88][90][91][92][93]
SDSS J1030+0524
(SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0)		Quasar2001 − 2002z = 6.28[94][95][96][97][98][99]
SDSS 1044-0125
(SDSSp J104433.04-012502.2)		Quasar2000 − 2001z = 5.82[100][101][98][99][102][103][104]
SSA22-HCM1Galaxy1999 − 2000z>=5.74[105][106]
HDF 4-473.0Galaxy1998 − 1999z = 5.60[106]
RD1 (0140+326 RD1)Galaxy1998z = 5.34[107][108][109][106][110]
CL 1358+62 G1 & CL 1358+62 G2Galaxies1997 − 1998z = 4.92These were the most remote objects discovered at the time. The pair of galaxies were found lensed by galaxy cluster CL1358+62 (z = 0.33). This was the first time since 1964 that something other than a quasar held the record for being the most distant object in the universe.[108][111][112][109][106][113]
PC 1247-3406Quasar1991 − 1997z = 4.897[100][114][115][116][117]
PC 1158+4635Quasar1989 − 1991z = 4.73[100][117][118][119][120][121]
Q0051-279Quasar1987 − 1989z = 4.43[122][118][121][123][124][125]
Q0000-26
(QSO B0000-26)		Quasar1987z = 4.11[122][118][126]
PC 0910+5625
(QSO B0910+5625)		Quasar1987z = 4.04This was the second quasar discovered with a redshift over 4.[100][118][127][128]
Q0046–293
(QSO J0048-2903)		Quasar1987z = 4.01[122][118][127][129][130]
Q1208+1011
(QSO B1208+1011)		Quasar1986 − 1987z = 3.80This is a gravitationally-lensed double-image quasar, and at the time of discovery to 1991, had the least angular separation between images, 0.45 ″.[127][131][132]
PKS 2000-330
(QSO J2003-3251, Q2000-330)		Quasar1982 − 1986z = 3.78[127][133][134]
OQ172
(QSO B1442+101)		Quasar1974 − 1982z = 3.53[135][136][137]
OH471
(QSO B0642+449)		Quasar1973 − 1974z = 3.408Nickname was "the blaze marking the edge of the universe".[135][137][138][139][140]
4C 05.34Quasar1970 − 1973z = 2.877Its redshift was so much greater than the previous record that it was believed to be erroneous, or spurious.[137][141][142][143]
5C 02.56
(7C 105517.75+495540.95)		Quasar1968 − 1970z = 2.399[113][143][144]
4C 25.05
(4C 25.5)		Quasar1968z = 2.358[113][143][145]
PKS 0237-23
(QSO B0237-2321)		Quasar1967 − 1968z = 2.225[141][145][146][147][148]
4C 12.39
(Q1116+12, PKS 1116+12)		Quasar1966 − 1967z = 2.1291[113][148][149][150]
4C 01.02
(Q0106+01, PKS 0106+1)		Quasar1965 − 1966z = 2.0990[113][148][149][151]
3C 9Quasar1965z = 2.018[148][152][153][154][155][156]
3C 147Quasar1964 − 1965z = 0.545[157][158][159][160]
3C 295Radio galaxy1960 − 1964z = 0.461[106][113][161][162][163]
LEDA 25177 (MCG+01-23-008)Brightest cluster galaxy1951 − 1960z = 0.2
(V = 61000 km/s)		This galaxy lies in the Hydra Supercluster. It is located at B1950.0 08h 55m 4s +03° 21′ and is the BCG of the fainter Hydra Cluster Cl 0855+0321 (ACO 732).[106][163][164][165][166][167][168]
LEDA 51975 (MCG+05-34-069)Brightest cluster galaxy1936 –z = 0.13
(V = 39000 km/s)		The brightest cluster galaxy of the Bootes Cluster (ACO 1930), an elliptical galaxy at B1950.0 14h 30m 6s +31° 46′ apparent magnitude 17.8, was found by Milton L. Humason in 1936 to have a 40,000 km/s recessional redshift velocity.[167][169][170]
LEDA 20221 (MCG+06-16-021)Brightest cluster galaxy1932 –z = 0.075
(V = 23000 km/s)		This is the BCG of the Gemini Cluster (ACO 568) and was located at B1950.0 07h 05m 0s +35° 04′[169][171]
BCG of WMH Christie's Leo ClusterBrightest cluster galaxy1931 − 1932z =
(V = 19700 km/s)		[171][172][173][174]
BCG of Baede's Ursa Major ClusterBrightest cluster galaxy1930 − 1931z =
(V = 11700 km/s)		[174][175]
NGC 4860Galaxy1929 − 1930z = 0.026
(V = 7800 km/s)		[175][176][177]
NGC 7619Galaxy1929z = 0.012
(V = 3779 km/s)		Using redshift measurements, NGC 7619 was the highest at the time of measurement. At the time of announcement, it was not yet accepted as a general guide to distance, however, later in the year, Edwin Hubble described redshift in relation to distance, which became accepted widely as an inferred distance.[176][178][179]
NGC 584
(Dreyer nebula 584)		Galaxy1921 − 1929z = 0.006
(V = 1800 km/s)		At the time, nebula had yet to be accepted as independent galaxies. However, in 1923, galaxies were generally recognized as external to the Milky Way.[167][176][178][180][181][182][183]
M104 (NGC 4594)Galaxy1913 − 1921z = 0.004
(V = 1180 km/s)		This was the second galaxy whose redshift was determined; the first being Andromeda – which is approaching us and thus cannot have its redshift used to infer distance. Both were measured by Vesto Melvin Slipher. At this time, nebula had yet to be accepted as independent galaxies. NGC 4594 was measured originally as 1000 km/s, then refined to 1100, and then to 1180 in 1916.[176][180][183]
Arcturus
(Alpha Bootis)		Star1891 − 1910160 ly
(18 mas)
(this is very inaccurate, true=37 ly)		This number is wrong; originally announced in 1891, the figure was corrected in 1910 to 40 ly (60 mas). From 1891 to 1910, it had been thought this was the star with the smallest known parallax, hence the most distant star whose distance was known. Prior to 1891, Arcturus had previously been recorded of having a parallax of 127 mas.[184][185][186][187]
Capella
(Alpha Aurigae)		Star1849 - 72 ly
(46 mas)		[188][189][190]
Polaris
(Alpha Ursae Minoris)		Star1847 - 184950 ly
(80 mas)
(this is very inaccurate, true=~375 ly)		[191][192]
Vega
(Alpha Lyrae)		Star (part of a double star pair)1839 - 18477.77 pc
(125 mas)		[191]
61 CygniBinary star1838 − 18393.48 pc
(313.6 mas)		This was the first star other than the Sun to have its distance measured.[191][193][194]
UranusPlanet of the Solar System1781 − 183818 AUThis was the last planet discovered before the first successful measurement of stellar parallax. It had been determined that the stars were much farther away than the planets.
SaturnPlanet of the Solar System1619 − 178110 AUFrom Kepler's Third Law, it was finally determined that Saturn is indeed the outermost of the classical planets, and its distance derived. It had only previously been conjectured to be the outermost, due to it having the longest orbital period, and slowest orbital motion. It had been determined that the stars were much farther away than the planets.
MarsPlanet of the Solar System1609 − 16192.6 AU when Mars is diametrically opposed to EarthKepler correctly characterized Mars and Earth's orbits in the publication Astronomia nova. It had been conjectured that the fixed stars were much farther away than the planets.
SunStar3rd century BC — 1609380 Earth radii (very inaccurate, true=16000 Earth radii) Aristarchus of Samos made a measurement of the distance of the Sun from the Earth in relation to the distance of the Moon from the Earth. The distance to the Moon was described in Earth radii (20, also inaccurate). The diameter of the Earth had been calculated previously. At the time, it was assumed that some of the planets were further away, but their distances could not be measured. The order of the planets was conjecture until Kepler determined the distances from the Sun of the five known planets that were not Earth. It had been conjectured that the fixed stars were much farther away than the planets.
MoonMoon of a planet3rd century BC20 Earth radii (very inaccurate, true=64 Earth radii) Aristarchus of Samos made a measurement of the distance between the Earth and the Moon. The diameter of the Earth had been calculated previously.

  • z represents redshift, a measure of recessional velocity and inferred distance due to cosmological expansion
  • mas represents parallax, a measure of angle and distance can be determined through trigonometry

List of objects by year of discovery that turned out to be most distant[edit]

This list contains a list of most distant objects by year of discovery of the object, not the determination of its distance. Objects may have been discovered without distance determination, and were found subsequently to be the most distant known at that time. However, object must have been named or described. An object like OJ 287 is ignored even though it was detected as early as 1891 using photographic plates, but ignored until the advent of radiotelescopes.

Examples
Year of recordModern
light travel distance (Mly)		ObjectTypeDetected usingFirst record by (1)
9642.5[195]Andromeda GalaxySpiral galaxynaked eyeAbd al-Rahman al-Sufi[196]
16543Triangulum GalaxySpiral galaxyrefracting telescopeGiovanni Battista Hodierna[197]
177968[198]Messier 58Barred spiral galaxyrefracting telescopeCharles Messier[199]
178576.4[200]NGC 584GalaxyWilliam Herschel
1880s206 ± 29[201]NGC 1Spiral galaxyDreyer, Herschel
19592,400[202]3C 273QuasarParkes Radio TelescopeMaarten Schmidt, Bev Oke[203]
19605,000[204]3C 295Radio galaxyPalomar ObservatoryRudolph Minkowski
Data missing from table
200913,000[205]GRB 090423Gamma-ray burst progenitorSwift Gamma-Ray Burst MissionKrimm, H. et al.[206]

See also[edit]

  • Age of the universe
  • List of largest cosmic structures
  • List of exoplanet extremes
  • List of astronomical objects

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ At first glance, the distance of 32 billion light-years (9.8 billion parsecs) might seem impossibly far away in a Universe that is only 13.8 billion (short scale) years old, where a light year is the distance light travels in a year, and where nothing can travel faster than the speed of light. However, because of the expansion of the universe, the distance from GN-z11 to Earth has expanded during the 13.4 billion years it took the light to reach us. At the time the light was emitted this proper distance would have been only 2.6 billion light-years, measured today the expanded distance is 32 billion light-years. See: Size of the observable universe, Misconceptions about the size of the Observable universe, and Measuring distances in expanding space.

References[edit]

  1. ^ Light travel distance was calculated from redshift value using cosmological calculator, with parameters values as of 2015: H0=67.74 and OmegaM=0.3089 (see table in Lambda-CDM model article).
  2. ^ P. A. Oesch, G. Brammer, P. G. van Dokkum, G. D. Illingworth, R. J. Bouwens, I. Labbe, M. Franx, I. Momcheva, M. L. N. Ashby, G. G. Fazio, V. Gonzalez, B. Holden, D. Magee, R. E. Skelton, R. Smit, L. R. Spitler, M. Trenti, S. P. Willner (2016). "A Remarkably Luminous Galaxy at z = 11.1 Measured with Hubble Space Telescope Grism Spectroscopy". The Astrophysical Journal. 819 (2): 129. arXiv:1603.00461. Bibcode:2016ApJ...819..129O. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/819/2/129. S2CID 119262750.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  3. ^ T. Hashimoto, N. Laporte, K. Mawatari, R. S. Ellis, A. K. Inoue, E. Zackrisson, G. Roberts-Borsani, W. Zheng, Y. Tamura, F. E. Bauer, T. Fletcher, Y. Harikane, B. Hatsukade, N. H. Hayatsu, Y. Matsuda, H. Matsuo, T. Okamoto, M. Ouchi, R. Pello, C. Rydberg, I. Shimizu, Y. Taniguchi, H. Umehata, N. Yoshida (2019). "The Onset of Star Formation 250 Million Years After the Big Bang". Nature. 557 (7705): 312–313. arXiv:1805.05966. Bibcode:2018Natur.557..392H. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0117-z. PMID 29765123. S2CID 21702406.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  4. ^ Adi Zitrin, Ivo Labbe, Sirio Belli, Rychard Bouwens, Richard S. Ellis, Guido Roberts-Borsani, Daniel P. Stark, Pascal A. Oesch, Renske Smit (2015). "Lyman-alpha Emission from a Luminous z = 8.68 Galaxy: Implications for Galaxies as Tracers of Cosmic Reionization". The Astrophysical Journal. 810 (1): L12. arXiv:1507.02679. Bibcode:2015ApJ...810L..12Z. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/810/1/L12. S2CID 11524667.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  5. ^ Laporte, N.; Ellis, R. S.; Boone, F.; Bauer, F. E.; Quénard, D.; Roberts-Borsani, G. W.; Pelló, R.; Pérez-Fournon, I.; Streblyanska, A. (2017). "Dust in the Reionization Era: ALMA Observations of a z = 8.38 Gravitationally Lensed Galaxy". The Astrophysical Journal. 832 (2): L21. arXiv:1703.02039. Bibcode:2017ApJ...837L..21L. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aa62aa. S2CID 51841290.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  6. ^ Tamura, Y.; Mawatari, K.; Hashimoto, T.; Inoue, A. K.; Zackrisson, E.; Christensen, L.; Binggeli, C; Matsuda, Y.; Matsuo, H.; Takeuchi, T. T.; Asano, R. S.; Sunaga, K.; Shimizu, I.; Okamoto, T.; Yoshida, N.; Lee, M.; Shibuya, T,; Taniguchi, Y.; Umehata, H.; Hatsukade, B.; Kohno, K.; Ota, K. (2017). "Detection of the Far-infrared [O III] and Dust Emission in a Galaxy at Redshift 8.312: Early Metal Enrichment in the Heart of the Reionization Era". The Astrophysical Journal. 874 (1): 27. arXiv:1806.04132. Bibcode:2019ApJ...874...27T. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab0374. S2CID 55313459.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  7. ^ a b c NASA, "New Gamma-Ray Burst Smashes Cosmic Distance Record", 28 April 2009
  8. ^ a b c d Tanvir, N. R.; Fox, D. B.; Levan, A. J.; Berger, E.; Wiersema, K.; Fynbo, J. P. U.; Cucchiara, A.; Krühler, T.; Gehrels, N.; Bloom, J. S.; Greiner, J.; Evans, P. A.; Rol, E.; Olivares, F.; Hjorth, J.; Jakobsson, P.; Farihi, J.; Willingale, R.; Starling, R. L. C.; Cenko, S. B.; Perley, D.; Maund, J. R.; Duke, J.; Wijers, R. A. M. J.; Adamson, A. J.; Allan, A.; Bremer, M. N.; Burrows, D. N.; Castro-Tirado, A. J.; et al. (2009). "A gamma-ray burst at a redshift of z~8.2". Nature. 461 (7268): 1254–7. arXiv:0906.1577. Bibcode:2009Natur.461.1254T. doi:10.1038/nature08459. PMID 19865165. S2CID 205218350.
  9. ^ P. A. Oesch, P. G. van Dokkum, G. D. Illingworth, R. J. Bouwens, I. Momcheva, B. Holden, G. W. Roberts-Borsani, R. Smit, M. Franx, I. Labbe, V. Gonzalez, D. Magee (2015). "A Spectroscopic Redshift Measurement for a Luminous Lyman Break Galaxy at z = 7.730 using Keck/MOSFIRE". The Astrophysical Journal. 804 (2): L30. arXiv:1502.05399. Bibcode:2015ApJ...804L..30O. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/804/2/L30. S2CID 55115344.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  10. ^ Song, M.; Finkelstein, S. L.; Livermore, R. C.; Capak, P. L.; Dickinson, M.; Fontana, A. (2016). "Keck/MOSFIRE Spectroscopy of z = 7–8 Galaxies: Lyman-alpha Emission from a Galaxy at z = 7.66". The Astrophysical Journal. 826 (2): 113. arXiv:1602.02160. Bibcode:2016ApJ...826..113S. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/826/2/113. S2CID 51806693.
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