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Unos 80 submarinos enanos japoneses tipo D ("Koryu") en un dique seco en Kure , 19 de octubre de 1945

Un submarino enano (también llamado mini submarino ) es cualquier submarino de menos de 150 toneladas, [1] normalmente operado por una tripulación de uno o dos, pero a veces hasta 6 o 9, con poco o ningún alojamiento a bordo. Normalmente trabajan con buques nodriza, desde los que se botan y recuperan y que proporcionan alojamiento a la tripulación y al personal de apoyo.

Se han construido tanto submarinos enanos militares como civiles. Los militares trabajan con barcos de superficie y otros submarinos como barcos nodriza. Los tipos militares civiles y no combatientes generalmente se denominan sumergibles y normalmente funcionan con barcos de superficie.

La mayoría de los primeros submarinos ahora se considerarían submarinos enanos, como el USS  Holland  (SS-1) de la Armada de los Estados Unidos y el HMS  Holland 1 de la Armada Real Británica .

Submarinos militares [ editar ]

Usos [ editar ]

Tripulación de un submarino enano de clase X británico , parte de la Flota de Submarinos del Pacífico Británico

Los submarinos enanos son más conocidos por la penetración de puertos, aunque solo dos barcos de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, el X-craft británico y el fallido submarino Welman , fueron diseñados específicamente con esto en mente. Los submarinos japoneses de clase Ko-hyoteki fueron diseñados originalmente para participar en acciones decisivas de la flota. Sin embargo, cuando las circunstancias cambiaron, se les asignó la tarea de penetrar en el puerto. Los diversos diseños de Alemania de la Segunda Guerra Mundial se diseñaron principalmente para atacar a los barcos aliados en las playas y puertos de desembarco, aunque el Seehund tenía un alcance lo suficientemente grande como para atacar a los barcos del estuario del Támesis.

Los submarinos enanos también se han utilizado en funciones de apoyo. Las X-craft se utilizaron para el reconocimiento, y el Seehund se utilizó para transportar suministros. También se han construido varios submarinos enanos modernos para el rescate submarino.

Armamento [ editar ]

Los submarinos enanos suelen estar armados con torpedos y minas en forma de, por ejemplo, cargas laterales desmontables y secciones de morro. Alternativamente, pueden funcionar como vehículos de reparto de nadadores para llevar a los hombres rana a las proximidades de sus objetivos, que luego son atacados con minas de lapa .

Civil [ editar ]

En el uso civil, los submarinos enanos generalmente se denominan sumergibles ; Los sumergibles comerciales se utilizan, por ejemplo, en el mantenimiento subacuático, la exploración, la arqueología y la investigación científica. Otros sumergibles disponibles comercialmente se comercializan como atracciones turísticas novedosas y como licitaciones especializadas para propietarios de yates adinerados. Además, un número creciente de submarinistas aficionados construyen sumergibles como pasatiempo. [2] [3]

Tipos por nación [ editar ]

Bélgica [ editar ]

  • FNRS-2 sumergible de investigación pionera

Colombia [ editar ]

  • SX506, un submarino enano de 70 toneladas con tripulación de 5 hombres diseñado por el constructor naval italiano Cosmos como un desarrollo del anterior SX404 por la misma empresa. El desplazamiento es de 58/70 t (en superficie / sumergido), la longitud es de 23 m, la manga es de 2 m, el calado es de 4 my la velocidad es de 8.5 / 7 kn (en superficie / sumergido). A una velocidad de 7 nudos, el alcance es de 1200/60 nmi (emergido / sumergido). La carga útil incluye torpedos conectados externamente y vehículos de reparto de nadadores, y se pueden transportar hasta 8 buzos además de la tripulación de 5 hombres. [4]

Finlandia [ editar ]

  • MIR para investigación y rescate submarino

Francia [ editar ]

  • Sumergible de investigación de segunda generación FNRS-4
  • Nautile research sumergible a una profundidad de 6 kilómetros

Francia también adquirió varios submarinos enanos alemanes al final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial.

Alemania [ editar ]

El submarino enano alemán Seehund , con un torpedo

La mayoría de los submarinos enanos alemanes se desarrollaron a finales de la Segunda Guerra Mundial en un intento de detener la invasión aliada de Europa y se utilizaron más tarde para interrumpir sus líneas de suministro. Como resultado, los submarinos se dedicaron principalmente a ataques en aguas abiertas en lugar de penetrar en puertos. [5] [6]

  • Biber (324 construido por AG Weser de Bremen) [5] [7]
  • Torpedo Delphin (2 construidos) para 2 hombres y 5 toneladas con una velocidad máxima de 20 nudos (37 km / h) y un radio sumergido de 30 millas náuticas (56 km) a 3 nudos (5,6 km / h). [5] [7]
  • Hai (submarino enano) prototipo de Marder mejorado. [5] [7]
  • Submarino Hecht tipo XXVIIA de 12 toneladas para 2 hombres con 1 mina o 1 torpedo fuera de borda a una distancia de 38 millas a 4 nudos. [8]
  • Marder (~ 300 construidos) similar a Neger con aparato de respiración para permitir el funcionamiento sumergido. [5] [7]
  • Molch Segunda Guerra Mundial (1944-1945) con motor completamente eléctrico. Submarino enano. Total 393 construidos. [5]
  • Schwertwal (Grampus) Diseñado como un barco enano súper rápido tipo Walter, pero el prototipo no estaba completo cuando se hundió en mayo de 1945. [5]
  • Neger (~ 200 construidos) Torpedo de 5 toneladas para 1 hombre con torpedo G7E colgado. Velocidad máxima de 20 nudos y alcance de 30 millas a 3 nudos. [5] [7]
  • Seehund type XXVIIB [9] El submarino enano más exitoso de la Kriegsmarine. El despliegue operativo tuvo lugar entre enero de 1945 y abril de 1945. [5]
  • El prototipo V.80 de 76 toneladas y 4 hombres se completó en 1940 para probar el sistema de propulsión de turbina con engranajes Walther. El alcance fue de 50 millas náuticas (93 km) a 28 nudos (52 km / h). [10]
  • Submarino enano de posguerra clase Orca : 13,27 metros x 2,1 metros Submarino enano de 5 hombres con una profundidad máxima de 100, una velocidad máxima bajo el agua de 5 nudos, un alcance máximo de 150 millas náuticas, una resistencia máxima de 4 días y una carga útil máxima de 250 kg. Los periscopios incluyen cámara de televisión, comunicación HF / HF y antena GPS. También hay una cámara de televisión subacuática y un sonar para evitar obstáculos con un alcance efectivo de 200 m. El submarino enano de baja firma magnética y acústica desplaza 28 t, impulsado por dos motores eléctricos magnéticos permanentes computarizados que impulsan una hélice de un solo eje de baja cavitación y bajo ruido, que está controlada por un sistema de control fly-by-wire que generalmente se adopta para aviones . El casco de presión es un diseño modular que consta de cuatro módulos que permiten un fácil transporte y mantenimiento. [11]

India [ editar ]

La Armada de la India planea adquirir dos submarinos enanos a un costo estimado de ₹ 2000 Crores para su uso como vehículos de reparto de nadadores . [12] Estos submarinos serán utilizados para realizar operaciones especiales bajo el agua por MARCOS . [13] Ambos submarinos serán construidos por Hindustan Shipyard Limited . [12]

Indonesia [ editar ]

La Armada de Indonesia ha mostrado cierto interés en tener un nuevo submarino de clase Midget, construido por astilleros locales, para patrullas costeras en lugar de aguas abiertas. El submarino fue diseñado hace varios años por un oficial de submarinistas retirado de la Armada de Indonesia, el coronel (Ret) Ir. R. Dradjat Budiyanto, Msc. El proyecto del experimento enano implica la construcción de un submarino, designado MIDGET IM X −1, que pesará entre 150 y 250 toneladas, con un diseño de estructura tubular de 24 a 30 metros de largo y cuatro tubos de torpedo. Los submarinos tendrán un mínimo de 8 a 10 miembros de la tripulación, incluidos los oficiales. Tendrán un mástil optrónico no penetrante del casco de 40 km de alcance como periscopio de ataque y un periscopio de navegación de 20 km de alcance.

Indonesian defence minister Purnomo Yusgiantoro has backed the project. Construction should commence at the Indonesian PT.PAL INDONESIA shipyard by late 2011, and will take about three or four years to complete. If this schedule is met, the Indonesian Navy expects to be commissioning the first Midget Class submarine in 2014.

Iran[edit]

  • Ghadir
  • Nahang

Italy[edit]

An Italian CB-class submarine in the Nikola Tesla Technical Museum in Zagreb, Croatia
  • Siluro a Lenta Corsa (SLC), also known as Maiale (pig), a low speed human torpedo. On December 3, 1941, Sciré departed La Spezia carrying three Maiale to conduct what became the Raid on Alexandria (1941). At the island of Leros in the Aegean Sea, six Decima Flottiglia MAS crewmen came aboard, including Lieutenant Luigi Durand de la Penne. On December 18 Sciré released the manned torpedoes 1.3 miles from Alexandria commercial harbor, and they entered the harbor when the British opened the boom defence to let three of their destroyers pass. After many difficulties, de la Penne and his crewmate Emilio Bianchi successfully attached a limpet mine under HMS Valiant, but had to surface as they attempted to leave and were captured. They refused to answer when questioned and were detained in a compartment aboard Valiant. Fifteen minutes before the explosion, de la Penne asked to speak to the Valiant's captain and informed him of the imminent explosion but refused to give other information. He was returned to the compartment and neither he or Bianchi were injured by the detonation of the mine. The other four torpedo-riders were also captured, but their mines sank Valiant, the battleship Queen Elizabeth, the Norwegian tanker Sagona and badly damaged the destroyer HMS Jervis. The two battleships sank in only a few feet of water and were subsequently re-floated. Nevertheless, they were out of action for over a year.
  • Bathyscaphe Trieste was first to explore the Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench
  • CA type First series was a 2-man midget submarine the second series carried a crew of three.[14]
  • CB type 45 ton 4 man design first introduced in 1941[14]
  • CE2F/X100 post-war torpedo chariot
  • MG 120: MG 120 Shallow water attack submarine (SWATS) is a development of MG 110 in Pakistani service with the displacement is increased to 130 t submerged, range is 1600 nmi @ 7 kn surfaced, 60 nmi @ 4.5 kn submerged, and the number of divers carried is drastically increased to 15.[15]
  • MG 130: MG 130 is a development of MG 120 with AIP module called UAPE (Underwater Auxiliary Propulsion Engine) based on a closed circuit diesel fueled by liquid oxygen, which provides an underwater range of 400 nmi (740 km).[15]

Japan[edit]

Japanese Type A Midget Submarine recovered in 1960 off Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
  • Type A Kō-hyōteki-class midget submarines were used in the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor, the 1942 attack on Sydney Harbour, and the 1942 Allied attack on Diego Suarez Harbor,[16] in which the type 97 torpedo was used operationally. The wreckage of one of the submarines sunk at Pearl Harbor was located by NOAA's Hawaii Undersea Research Laboratory (HURL) in August 2002.[17] Photographic analysis conducted by the United States Naval Institute in 1999 indicated that one of the five Ko-hyoteki-class submarines managed to enter Pearl Harbor, and successfully fired a torpedo into USS West Virginia. On 29 May 1942, one of two midget submarines managed to enter the Diego Suarez harbor and fire two torpedoes. One torpedo seriously damaged the battleship HMS Ramillies, while the second sank the oil tanker British Loyalty (6,993 tons).
DSV Shinkai
  • Type B Kō-hyōteki-class Midget Ha 45 prototype built 1942 to test Type A improvements.[18]
  • Type C Kō-hyōteki-class Midget Ha 62–76 similar to Type A with crew of 3 and radius increased to 350 nautical miles (650 km) at 6 knots (11 km/h) surfaced or 120 nautical miles (220 km) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h) submerged.[18]
  • Type D Kō-hyōteki-class, also called Kōryū class (115 completed) improved Type C with crew of 5 and radius increased to 1,000 miles (1,600 km) at 8 knots (15 km/h) surfaced and 320 miles (510 km) at 16 knots (30 km/h) submerged.[19]
  • Kairyū-class submarine
  • Kaiten submarine suicide torpedo.
  • DSV Shinkai research submersible, capable of diving to a depth of 6.5 kilometres (4.0 miles)

North Korea[edit]

  • Yugo-class submarine
  • Yono-class submarine (see also ROKS Cheonan sinking)

South Korea[edit]

  • S.X.756: Developed by Italian shipbuilder Cosmos as a successor of earlier S.X.506 midget submarine in Colombian service. Length is increased to 25.2 m and beam is increased to 2.1 m in comparison to its predecessor S.X.506, and displacement is increased to 73/80 t (surfaced/submerged). Crew is increased by one to a total of 6, but the total number of divers carried remained the same at 8. Range is 1600 nmi @ 6 kn surfaced, and 60 nmi @ 4 kn submerged, and payload remains the same.[4]
  • Dolgorae class midget sub

Pakistan[edit]

  • MG 110 class midget submarine: Developed by Italian shipbuilder Cosmos as a successor of earlier S.X.756 midget submarine in South Korean service. MG 110 is a slightly enlarged version of S.X.756 with length increased to 27.28 m, diameter increased to 2.3 m, and displacement increased to 102/110 t (surfaced/submerged). Range is 1200 nm surfaced, and the submerged range remain the same. Payload and crew are also identical to that of its predecessor S.X.756 midget submarine.[4]


China[edit]

  • Type 7103 DSRVs
  • Osprey class submersibles
  • Sea Pole class bathyscaphe
  • Dragon class bathyscaphe
  • Harmony class bathyscaphe
  • Mobile diving bell
  • QSZ-II submersible

Poland[edit]

  • Blotniak
  • Living torpedoes

Taiwan[edit]

  • 2 Italian Cos.Mo.S CE2F/X100 post-war torpedo chariots
  • 2 Italian Cos.Mo.S S.X.404 midget submarines: S-1 Haijiao (海蛟), S-2 Hailong (海龍), in service from October 8, 1969 to November 1, 1973. S.X.404 is a 70-ton 4-man crew submarine design by Cosmos. Four were sold to Colombia and two to Taiwan in the 1970s.[20] Displaced is 40/70 t (surfaced/submerged), speed is 11/6.5 kn (surfaced/submerged), range is 1200/60 nmi (surfaced/submerged) @ respective maximum speed. Payload included externally attached torpedoes or mines, or swimmer delivery vehicles.[4]

Romania[edit]

  • CB class, during World War II, Romania owned five midget submarines.[21]

Russia[edit]

  • In the late 19th century Russia built a class of treadle powered submarines 4.5 meters in length designed by Stefan Drzewiecki they were withdrawn from service in 1886.[22]
  • APL and Pygmy projects – two boats were constructed in 1935-1936, tested, but later abandoned [23]
  • Losos class submarine

Spain[edit]

Foca I (SA-41) and Foca II (SA-42) at Cartagena
  • Foca class submarine (design begun in 1957, entering service in 1962): A total of 2 units built, SA 41 & SA 42. Displacement is 16/20 t (surfaced/submerged), with a crew of 3, and armed with two 21 in torpedo tubes. Stricken in 1971.[24] Not to be confused with World War II era Italian Foca-class submarine.
  • Tiburón class submarine (design begun in 1958, entering service in 1964): A total of 2 units built, SA 51 & SA 52. Displacement is 78/81 t (surfaced/submerged), with a crew of 5, and armed with two 21 in torpedo tubes. Stricken in 1971.[24]

Sweden[edit]

  • Spiggen II class midget submarine: 6 man crew midget sub displaces 14 t when submerged, with 5 kn speed and endurance of 2 weeks. Length: 11 m, beam: 1.4 m, height: 1.7 m.[11]
  • Sea Dagger midget submarine developed by Kockums: a midget submarine of modular design with length of 16 – 20 m depending on various configurations totaling 4, including training, reconnaissance, diver delivery and small attack versions. All versions are consisted of 3 modules, two of which are identical for all versions, the bow and stern modules. The midsection has 4 modules to choose from, each for a specific mission. All versions lack the sail.[25]
  • UVS-1300 Malen Originally built for navy purposes as sonar target. Midget submarine: 4 man crew midget sub displaces 11 t when submerged, with 5 kn speed and endurance of at least 1 week depending on fuel carried. Length: 10 m, beam: 1.4 m, height: 1.7 m.[26]

Turkey[edit]

The Turkish navy has evaluated two midget submarine designs from German firm ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems, Type 200 and Type 300 classes:

  • Type 200: Displacement: 200 t surfaced, length: 25 m, beam: 4.2 m, draft 3.1 m, speed: 8 kn surfaced, range: 2100 nmi @ 8 kn surfaced, endurance: 2 weeks, armament: 2 21-in torpedo tubes with a maximum of 4 torpedoes, crew: 6 + 12 divers.[27]
  • Type 300: Displacement: 300 t surfaced, length: 30 m, beam: 4.2 m, draft 3.1 m, speed: 12 kn surfaced, range: 3100 nmi @ 8 kn surfaced, endurance: 2 weeks, armament: 2 21-in torpedo tubes with a maximum of 6 torpedoes, crew: 12.[27]

United Kingdom[edit]

X24 a British X class submarine on display at the Royal Navy Submarine Museum

The Royal Navy has used a number of midget submarines. Most were developed during the Second World War. The decommissioning of the Stickleback class 1958–early 1960s marked the end of midget submarines designed for combat in the Royal Navy.

  • Sleeping Beauty Motorized Submersible Canoe (MSC): developed by Special Operations Executive Station IX during the Second World War.
  • Chariot manned torpedo: the British developed two types of manned torpedoes; the Chariot Mark I, of 1.6 ton, and the Chariot Mark II, of 2.3 ton. Sixty-four units were built.[28]
  • Stickleback class: a post Second World War development of the XE class.
  • X class: used to attack German warships in the north of Norway. One notable target of a successful attack was the battleship Tirpitz. The submarines had a crew of three (plus a diver) and carried two large mines containing Amatol – one on each side. Their strategy was to lay mines on the sea bottom beneath the target, set a time fuse, and leave.
  • XE class: used in the Far East against Japan, where they carried out a number of attacks and special missions.
  • Welman submarine: a single-person submersible widely considered a failure.[29]
  • Welfreighter: a Station IX-developed special operations submersible with two crew and up to four passengers, designed to resemble a motorboat when surfaced. Over 100 were produced, beginning in September 1944; the extent of operational use is unclear.[30][31]

United States[edit]

The US X-1 at sea
  • Advanced SEAL Delivery System: canceled in 2009 due to cost overruns and reliability issues, and the only sub was destroyed in a fire in 2008.[32]
  • Aluminaut: the first aluminium submarine, used to recover sunken items, including DSV Alvin and an unarmed nuclear bomb.
  • Bathyscaphe Trieste II (DSV-1): a sister ship to the Swiss-built Bathyscaphe Trieste
  • DSV Alvin (DSV-2): performed thousands of dives, including one that explored the wreck of the RMS Titanic.[33]
  • Nemo (DSV-5): an acronym for Naval Experimental Manned Observatory, a test vehicle operated by the Navy from 1970 to 1986. Nemo was a spherical submersible with a transparent acrylic hull, and its primary purpose was to evaluate the utility of the panoramic vision enabled by its design. Nemo was found to be an effective observation platform, despite not being able to hover in place, and acrylic-hulled submersibles have continued to be built and operated in the US.[34]
  • DSRV-1 Mystic: a Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle formerly operated by the US Navy. Mystic was replaced by the Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System (SRDRS) in 2008 and donated to the Naval Undersea Museum.[35]
  • Dry Combat Submersible (DCS): a US Navy submarine under development by Lockheed Martin for transporting Navy SEALs to and from a mission site. It is the planned replacement for the cancelled Advanced SEAL Delivery System.[36]
  • USS X-1: an experimental US Navy midget submarine of the 1950s, used to explore how to defend harbors against attacks by very small submarines.[37]

Former Yugoslavia[edit]

  • Una-class midget submarine. After the Yugoslav Wars, both Croatia and FR Yugoslavia held examples. Length: 18 m, beam: 3.7 m, diameter: 2.5 m, displacement: 76 t surfaced, 90 t submerged, crew: 4 + 6 divers. Surfaced and submerged speed is 4 kn for both, and the range is 200 nmi surfaced, 50 nm submerged both @ 4 kn. M-100 lacks sail and its battery can only be charged when surfaced. Up to 4 R-1 swimmer delivery vehicle (SDV)s or two light (400 mm) torpedoes can be carried.[4]
  • Type M-100D class midget submarine. Development of Type M-100 Una class. Displacement is increased to around 88/100 t (surfaced/submerged), and the length is increased to approximately 21 m, beam is increased to 4.42 m, and diameter to 2.7 m. Speed is increased to 8/11 kn (surfaced/submerged), and range is increased to 550 nmi surfaced @ 10 kn when surfaced, and that of submerged remains the same as its predecessor M-100 Una class while the payload and crew also remain unchanged. A sail is added and its battery can be charged while submerged.[4]

See also[edit]

  • Royal Navy Submarine Museum
  • Wet sub
  • Narco-submarine
  • Coastal submarine

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Is the U.S. Prepared to Face Midget Subs?". 24 May 2010.
  2. ^ "Personal Submersibles project page". www.psubs.org. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
  3. ^ "More Euro-Subs ..." www.euronaut.org. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Wertheim, Eric (2007). naval institute guide to combat fleets of the world 15th edition. ISBN 9781591149552. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Helgason, Guðmundur. "Midget submarines - U-boat Types - German U-boats of WWII - Kriegsmarine". uboat.net. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  6. ^ "German Midget submarine operations - U-boat Operations - uboat.net". uboat.net.
  7. ^ a b c d e Lenton, H.T. GERMAN WARSHIPS of the Second World War Arco Publishing (1976) pp. 285–286
  8. ^ Taylor, J.C. German Warships of World War II Doubleday & Company (1967) p. 109
  9. ^ Taylor, J.C. German Warships of World War II Doubleday & Company (1967) p.110
  10. ^ Lenton, H.T. GERMAN WARSHIPS of the Second World War Arco Publishing (1976) p.212
  11. ^ a b Watts, Anthony J (2001). "Submarines". Jane's Underwater Warfare Systems, 2001-02 edition. IHS Inc (formally Jane's Information Group Inc. ISBN 978-0710623331.
  12. ^ a b Datta, Sujan (26 October 2014). "'Midgets' on navy mind". The Telegraph. New Delhi. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  13. ^ "6 Made-in-India Submarines for Navy for 53,000 Crores".
  14. ^ a b Kemp, Paul (1996). Underwater Warriors. Arms & Armour Press. pp. 55–57. ISBN 1-85409-228-6.
  15. ^ a b "By sea & stealth: maritime special forces tend to arrive in hostile territory by sea and by stealth, but where once they would be delivered by rubber dinghies from a submarine now they are using Special Delivery Vehicles (SDV) and even midget submarines". Retrieved December 1, 2005.
  16. ^ Hearst Magazines (May 1942). "Jap Sub Had Guard to Cut Net in Harbor". Popular Mechanics. Popular Mechanics Magazine. Hearst Magazines. pp. 71–. ISSN 0032-4558. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
  17. ^ "NOAA's Hawaii Undersea Research Laboratory (HURL)". Retrieved 11 November 2014.
  18. ^ a b Watts, Anthony J. Japanese Warships of World War II Doubleday & Company (1967) p.213
  19. ^ Watts, Anthony J. Japanese Warships of World War II Doubleday & Company (1967) p.216
  20. ^ Kemp, Paul (1996). Underwater Warriors. Arms & Armour Press. pp. 225–228. ISBN 1-85409-228-6.
  21. ^ Robert Gardiner, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922-1946, Naval Institute Press, 1980, pp. 311 and 361
  22. ^ Preston, Antony (2001). The Royal Navy Submarine Service A Centennial History. Conway Maritime Press. p. 19. ISBN 0-85177-891-7.
  23. ^ "Project APL. Deepstorm.ru". Retrieved 11 November 2014.
  24. ^ a b "Spanish Foca & Tiburón midget subs". Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  25. ^ "Sea Dagger midget sub". Retrieved 11 November 2014.
  26. ^ "UVS-1300 Malen". Retrieved 12 December 2014.
  27. ^ a b Funnell, Clifford (2009). "Submarines". Jane's Underwater Warfare Systems, 2009-10 edition. IHS Inc (formally Jane's Information Group Inc. ISBN 978-0710629029.
  28. ^ Hobson, Robert (2004). Chariots of War. Ulric Publishing, pp. 61 & 62. ISBN 0-9541997-1-5
  29. ^ Kemp, Paul (1996). Underwater Warriors. Arms & Armour Press. p. 158. ISBN 1-85409-228-6.
  30. ^ Preston, Antony (2001). The Royal Navy Submarine Service: A Centennial History. Conway Maritime Press. p. 129. ISBN 0-85177-891-7.
  31. ^ Colville, Tom. "Welfreighter". Archived from the original on 2005-09-22. Retrieved 2008-06-29.
  32. ^ Cole, William (25 July 2009). "Prototype mini-sub shelved". DMZ Hawai'i. Archived from the original on 6 September 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2018 – via Honolulu Star Advertiser.
  33. ^ Kaharl, Victoria A. (1 October 1990). Water Baby: The Story of Alvin. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 0-19-506191-8.
  34. ^ Pike, John (7 July 2011). "Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle DSRV". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  35. ^ Ryan, Mary (2011). "Rescuing Submariners: From DSRVs to the SRDRS" (PDF). Undersea Quarterly. Naval Undersea Museum Foundation. 15 (2): 1–6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-25.
  36. ^ McRaven, William (March 14, 2015). Hearing on National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2015 and Oversight of Previously Authorized Programs before the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, Second Session (PDF). Subcommittee on Intelligence, Emerging Threats and Capabilities Hearing on Fiscal Year 2015 National Defense Authorization Budget Request from the U.S. Special Operations Command and Posture of the U.S. Special Operations Forces. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
  37. ^ "Navy Tests First Midget Submarine As Close In Weapon. Popular Mechanics, February 1956, p. 124, bottom of page.