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Los siguientes eventos ocurrieron en noviembre de 1923 :
1 de noviembre de 1923 (jueves)
- El industrial siderúrgico encarcelado Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach firmó un acuerdo con el gobierno francés que establece las condiciones en las que las minas de Krupp en el Ruhr reanudarían su funcionamiento. [1]
- Estonia y Letonia firmaron un tratado defensivo. [2] [3]
- Se funda la aerolínea finlandesa Finnair .
- Nacido: Victoria de los Ángeles , cantante, en Barcelona , España (m. 2005); Gordon R. Dickson , escritor de ciencia ficción, en Edmonton , Alberta , Canadá (m. 2001)
2 de noviembre de 1923 (viernes)
- Tres miembros socialistas del gabinete de Gustav Stresemann dimitieron en protesta por la negativa del gobierno a frenar los poderes del régimen dictatorial en Baviera . [4] [5]
- El Reichsbank emitió un billete de banco de 100 billones de marcos. [6]
- David Lloyd George pronunció un discurso final en el Metropolitan Opera House al finalizar su gira por América del Norte. Lloyd George defendió el Tratado de Versalles como "el mejor tratado que podría haberse negociado en las circunstancias de ese momento" y dijo que no era el tratado el responsable de los problemas actuales de Europa, sino "la integridad de la victoria. fue la victoria más completa que se haya ganado casi nunca en guerras entre grandes naciones. Alemania-Austria fueron destrozados, desmoralizados, desarmados, postrados; los dejamos como criaturas con el lomo roto en el camino para que cualquier carro las atropellara ". Añadió que a Europa se le debe dar "la convicción de que el derecho es supremo sobre la fuerza. ¿Quién debe hacerlo? Sólo hay dos países en la Tierra que pueden establecer esa convicción, y esos son los Estados Unidos de América y el Imperio Británico. A menos que ya está hecho, no sé qué va a pasar ". [7] [8] [9]
- Nacido: Cesare Rubini , jugador de baloncesto y entrenador, en Trieste , Italia (f. 2011)
3 de noviembre de 1923 (sábado)
- El príncipe heredero Gustav Adolf de Suecia se casó con Louise Mountbatten en St James's Palace . [10]
- El presidente alemán Friedrich Ebert rechazó la solicitud de poderes dictatoriales del general Hans von Seeckt . [5]
- 2 murieron y 150 resultaron heridos en disturbios como resultado de la huelga de la policía victoriana en Melbourne , Australia. [11]
- El equipo de baloncesto negro New York Renaissance jugó su primer partido, derrotando a un equipo universitario blanco 28 a 22. [12]
- Nacido: Tomás Ó Fiaich , prelado católico, en Cullyhanna , Irlanda del Norte (m. 1990)
4 de noviembre de 1923 (domingo)
- Grupos nacionalistas, incluidos monárquicos y nazis, desfilaron en Munich durante una ceremonia en memoria de los muertos en la guerra en la que se colocó una piedra angular para un nuevo monumento. El príncipe heredero Rupprecht , Otto von Lossow y Eugen von Knilling estuvieron entre los asistentes. [13] Adolf Hitler planeó aprovechar esta ocasión para lanzar un golpe de Estado secuestrando a los líderes bávaros y declarando una revolución desde el puesto de revisión, pero abandonó el plan después de ver la gran presencia policial en la escena. [14]
- El gobierno australiano hizo un llamamiento para que los hombres en edad militar se inscribieran como agentes especiales cuando la huelga de la policía de Victoria entraba en su cuarto día completo. [11] La huelga se fue apagando gradualmente con la contratación de estos Especiales. [15]
5 de noviembre de 1923 (lunes)
- Una turba de berlineses pobres y desempleados irrumpió en la Grenadierstrasse y atacó a los judíos a los que culpaban por los altos precios de los alimentos. [dieciséis]
- Se celebró un plebiscito sobre la prohibición en la provincia canadiense de Alberta . La prohibición fue derrotada con casi el 58% de los votos.
- El juicio del asesino de Vatslav Vorovsky comenzó en Lausana . [17]
- William S. Coburn, figura prominente del Ku Klux Klan, fue asesinado a tiros en su oficina en Atlanta por un miembro de una facción rival del Klan. [18]
- Nacido: Kay Lionikas , jugador de béisbol, en New Brunswick, Nueva Jersey (m. 1978)
- Fallecimiento: Lim Chin Tsong , 56, magnate chino birmano
6 de noviembre de 1923 (martes)
- El motín de Cracovia tuvo lugar en Cracovia , Polonia.
- Los disturbios y el saqueo de tiendas continuaron en Berlín. [19]
7 de noviembre de 1923 (miércoles)
- La Conferencia Imperial aprobó un plan de tarifas proteccionista que daría un trato favorable a los bienes del Imperio. [20]
- La Conferencia Imperial también aceptó, en forma modificada, un plan estadounidense para frustrar el manejo del ron por los barcos británicos. Otorgaría a los Estados Unidos la autoridad para registrar e incautar barcos británicos sospechosos de contener alcohol de contrabando dentro de una cierta proximidad a las costas estadounidenses, mientras que a los barcos británicos a cambio se les permitiría llevar licor a los puertos estadounidenses bajo sello cuando estén destinados al consumo de salida. [21]
8 de noviembre de 1923 (jueves)
- El Beer Hall Putsch comenzó en Munich , Alemania. [22] [23] [24]
- La Conferencia Imperial terminó con un acuerdo de que a los Dominios se les permitiría firmar sus propios tratados con países extranjeros. [25]
- Nacimiento: Jack Kilby , ingeniero eléctrico y ganador del Premio Nobel de Física (m. 2005)
- Fallecimiento: John Davey , 77, cirujano de árboles
9 de noviembre de 1923 (viernes)
- Gustav Ritter von Kahr renunció a su apoyo a Hitler, emitiendo una declaración a las 7:45 am en su nombre, Lossow y von Seisser de que sus promesas habían sido extorsionadas bajo coacción y eran "nulas y sin efecto". [22] [26]
- Con el golpe de estado estancado, Ludendorff encabezó una marcha organizada apresuradamente a las 11:00 am con 2.000 hombres en el centro de Munich , hasta que la policía disparó contra los golpistas y los dispersó. 4 oficiales estatales y 16 nazis murieron en el tiroteo. Ludendorff fue arrestado, pero Hermann Göring y Hitler estaban entre los que escaparon. [22] [23]
- El Partido Nazi fue prohibido en toda Alemania. [27]
- David Lloyd George desembarcó en Southampton y se dirigió a la derecha en la lucha de Stanley Baldwin 's proteccionista política de tarifas, que Lloyd George llamó 'una, locura ininteligible inefable.' [28]
- Nacido: James Schuyler , poeta, en Chicago (m. 1991)
- Murió: Max Erwin von Scheubner-Richter , 39, el nazi de más alto rango asesinado en el Beer Hall Putsch
10 de noviembre de 1923 (sábado)
- In a radio broadcast, former President Woodrow Wilson calls the country's isolationist attitude after the war "cowardly and dishonorable."[29]
- Erich Ludendorff was released on parole when he gave his word that he would not participate in any more revolutionary activities. Reports circulated that he had committed suicide immediately thereafter.[30][31]
- Crown Prince Wilhelm of Germany ended his exile in the Netherlands and crossed back onto German soil. Dutch authorities had informed him that he would not be allowed to return to Holland as a refugee again. Wilhelm went straight to Hanover and visited retired Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg.[32]
11 de noviembre de 1923 (domingo)
- Bavarian police found Hitler hiding in the attic of the country home of his friend Ernst Hanfstaengl and arrested him.[22][23][24]
- Chancellor Gustav Stresemann said that the return of Crown Prince Wilhelm was a matter of internal policy and could not be refused.[5]
12 de noviembre de 1923 (lunes)
- The new flag of the Soviet Union was adopted. Its design of a solid red field with a gold hammer, sickle and star in the upper hoist corner would be used with only a couple of minor variations until the USSR's dissolution in 1991.
- The historical drama film Under the Red Robe, starring Robert B. Mantell as Cardinal Richelieu, was released.
- The drama film Flaming Youth, starring Colleen Moore and Milton Sills, was released.
- Born: Charlie Mariano, jazz saxophonist, in Boston, Massachusetts (d. 2009); Richard Venture, actor, in New York City
13 de noviembre de 1923 (martes)
- France agreed to allow for the appointment of an experts' committee to investigate Germany's capability to pay its reparations.[25][33]
- The Argonne Cross Memorial was dedicated at Arlington National Cemetery.
- Born: Linda Christian, film actress, in Tampico, Mexico (d. 2011)
14 de noviembre de 1923 (miércoles)
- Germany suspended the payment of its reparations, explaining that France and Belgium had broken the Treaty of Versailles by occupying the Ruhr and that payment would not resume until they left.[34][35]
- General Hans von Seeckt ordered that after tomorrow, all Berlin cafés, halls and cabarets must freely admit the city's poor and cold in order to warm themselves. Failure to comply would mean the government would use the establishments exclusively as warming halls.[36]
- Died: Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover, 78
15 de noviembre de 1923 (jueves)
- Germany's hyperinflation peaked, at 4.2 trillion to the U.S. dollar.[37]
- Germany stopped printing the essentially worthless mark.[38]
- Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach was released from prison by the French.[34]
- California Senator Hiram Johnson announced that he would challenge Calvin Coolidge for the 1924 Republican nomination for president. Johnson, unlike Coolidge, was staunchly opposed to U.S. entry into the World Court.[39]
- Died: Mohammad Yaqub Khan, 73 or 74, former Emir of Afghanistan
16 de noviembre de 1923 (viernes)
- British Parliament was dissolved as Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin called a snap election to be held in three week's time, explaining he wanted a mandate before implementing a new protectionist tariff policy.[40]
- A Swiss court acquitted Maurice Conradi of the assassination of Vatslav Vorovsky, angering the Soviet Union.[2]
- Benito Mussolini said in a Senate speech that "The Italian government cannot give its approval to any further occupation of German territory. One must have the courage to say that the German people cannot be destroyed. They are a people which has known civilization and which may tomorrow be an integral part of European civilization."[41]
17 de noviembre de 1923 (sábado)
- 24 were reported killed in food riots in the Ruhr.[42]
- Zev was awarded a controversial win over In Memoriam in a $30,000 horse race at Churchill Downs. Photographs and newsreel footage of the extremely close finish suggest that In Memoriam actually won by a nose.[43][44]
- Born: Mike Garcia, baseball player, in San Gabriel, California (d. 1986); Aristides Pereira, 1st President of Cape Verde, in Boa Vista, Cape Verde (d. 2011)
18 de noviembre de 1923 (domingo)
- The Parliament of Italy passed the Acerbo Law, automatically giving the first-place party in an election a two-thirds majority of seats as long as it received at least 25 percent of the vote. The remaining one-third of seats were to be shared among the other parties proportionally.[45]
- A parliamentary election was held in Bulgaria; the new Democratic Alliance won a majority of seats.
- Born: Alan Shepard, first American astronaut, in Derry, New Hampshire (d. 1998)
19 de noviembre de 1923 (lunes)
- Oklahoma Governor Jack C. Walton was convicted by the state senate on eleven charges of corruption and abuse of power and removed from office.[46][47]
- Born: František Sláma, cellist, in Herálec, Czechoslovakia (d. 2004)
- Died: John Wesley Gilbert, 59, African-American archaeologist and professor
20 de noviembre de 1923 (martes)
- The German mark was pegged to the Rentenmark at a trillion to one, solving the hyperinflation crisis and returning Germany to the gold standard.[38]
- Born: Nadine Gordimer, writer and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2014)
- Died: Rudolf Havenstein, 66, German lawyer and president of the Reichsbank
21 de noviembre de 1923 (miércoles)
- Frank Goddard defeated Jack Bloomfield at the Royal Albert Hall to reclaim the vacant British heavyweight boxing title.[48]
- Born: Big John Greer, blues saxophonist and singer, in Hot Springs, Arkansas (d. 1972)
22 de noviembre de 1923 (jueves)
- Stage performer Mabelle Corey was granted a divorce from industrialist William Ellis Corey in Paris court.[49]
- Born: Arthur Hiller, television and film director, in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
23 de noviembre de 1923 (viernes)
- Gustav Stresemann resigned as German Chancellor after losing a vote of confidence.[25]
- The Communist Party of Germany was banned following the Hamburg Uprising.[50][51]
- Born: Billy Haughton, harness driver and trainer, in Gloversville, New York (d. 1986); Julien J. LeBourgeois, vice admiral, in Southern Pines, North Carolina (d. 2012)
- Died: Oscar Marx, 57, mayor of Detroit 1913–1918
24 de noviembre de 1923 (sábado)
- The Army–Navy Game ended in a 0–0 tie. 66,000 came out to watch the game which was played under muddy conditions at the Polo Grounds in New York City.[52]
- The new Governor of Oklahoma Martin E. Trapp came out in support of an act regulating secret organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan.[53]
25 de noviembre de 1923 (domingo)
- German President Friedrich Ebert asked Heinrich Albert to become chancellor and form a cabinet.[54]
- Born: Mauno Koivisto, 9th President of Finland, in Turku, Finland (d. 2017)
26 de noviembre de 1923 (lunes)
- The comedy play Meet the Wife, starring Mary Boland, opened on Broadway.
- Born: Pat Phoenix, actress, in Fallowfield, Greater Manchester, England (d. 1986)
27 de noviembre de 1923 (martes)
- Friedrich Ebert turned to Adam Stegerwald to become chancellor after Heinrich Albert was unable to form a government.[55]
- Born: Duilio Marzio, actor, in Buenos Aires, Argentina (d. 2013); J. Ernest Wilkins, Jr., nuclear scientist, engineer and mathematician, in Chicago, Illinois (d. 2011)
28 de noviembre de 1923 (miércoles)
- Adam Stegerwald notified President Ebert that he was unable to form a cabinet.[56]
- The David Belasco and Tom Cushing stage production Laugh, Clown, Laugh! opened at the Belasco Theatre on Broadway, starring Lionel Barrymore and Irene Fenwick.[57] The play was adapted into a film of the same name in 1928.
29 de noviembre de 1923 (jueves)
- Wilhelm Marx accepted an offer from President Ebert to form a cabinet.[58]
- The German comedy film The Little Napoleon was released. Marlene Dietrich made her film debut in a small role.
- Born: Frank Reynolds, television journalist, in East Chicago, Indiana (d. 1983); Wade Walker, American football player and coach, in Mocksville, North Carolina (d. 2013)
30 de noviembre de 1923 (viernes)
- Wilhelm Marx became the new Chancellor of Germany.
- Two committees were established to examine Germany's capability to pay reparations.[2]
- Died: Martha Mansfield, 24, American actress (toxemia and burns after costume caught on fire)
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