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Paraecuestre
Más alto órgano de gobiernoFederación Internacional de Deportes Ecuestres (FEI)
Caracteristicas
ContactoNo
Miembros del equipoindividual y en equipo a nivel internacional
Género mixtosí
Tipoal aire libre o interior
Equipocaballo
Lugar de eventosDoma: campo interior o exterior con tierra o pie similar adecuado para el caballo, Conducción combinada: campo natural al aire libre para la fase de campo a través
Presencia
País o RegiónMundial
Paralímpico1996

La paraecuestre es un deporte ecuestre regido por la Federación Internacional de Deportes Ecuestres (FEI), e incluye dos eventos competitivos: uno es la doma paraecuestre , que se lleva a cabo bajo las mismas reglas básicas que la doma convencional, pero con jinetes divididos en diferentes grados de competencia basados ​​en sus habilidades funcionales. [1] El otro es la conducción paraecuestre, que opera bajo las mismas reglas básicas que la conducción combinada, pero coloca a los competidores en varios grados según sus habilidades funcionales. [2]

Historia [ editar ]

Los primeros Juegos Paralímpicos oficiales se celebraron en Roma en 1960 . [3] Inicialmente, los Juegos estaban abiertos solo a atletas en sillas de ruedas; en los Juegos de Verano de 1976 , los atletas con diferentes discapacidades fueron incluidos por primera vez en los Juegos Paralímpicos de Verano. [4] A los competidores con clasificación de parálisis cerebral se les permitió competir en los Juegos Paralímpicos por primera vez en los Juegos Paralímpicos de Verano de 1984 . [5] En los Juegos Paralímpicos de Verano de 1992, todos los tipos de discapacidad fueron elegibles para participar, y la clasificación se llevó a cabo a través del Comité Paralímpico Internacional, y la clasificación se realizó según el tipo de discapacidad funcional. [6]

La doma paraecuestre se agregó al programa de los Juegos Paralímpicos en los Juegos Paralímpicos de Verano de 1996 . [7] La FEI incluyó el deporte paraecuestre bajo su paraguas en 2006. Los ciclistas con discapacidades físicas pueden competir en el mismo equipo que las personas con discapacidad visual. [8]

Eventos [ editar ]

Hay dos eventos paraecuestres separados sancionados por FEI, el organismo rector del deporte. Son paradoma y paracaidismo. [9]

Paradoma [ editar ]

Los eventos de doma clásica incluyen "Pruebas de solo caminar" para el Grado 1, con trabajo de trote permitido en estilo libre, y "Pruebas de caminata y trote" para el Grado 2. Los eventos de doma clásica abiertos a la clasificación de Grado 3 incluyen "Caminar y trotar pero galope permitido en Estilo libre". Los eventos de doma clásica abiertos a la clasificación de Grado 4 incluyeron "Caminata, Trote y Galope y pueden mostrar trabajo lateral en Estilo Libre". En estos tres grados, los participantes utilizan una arena de 40 x 20 metros. Los eventos de doma clásica abiertos a la clasificación de Grado 5 incluyeron "Caminata, Trote, Galope, Medias piruetas al galope, 3 y 4 cambios de secuencia y trabajo lateral". En el quinto grado, los participantes suben a la arena de 60 x 20 metros. [10] Todos los eventos de clase son de género mixto. [11]

Para las competiciones de equipos nacionales como los Juegos Paralímpicos, cada equipo consta de tres corredores, uno de los cuales debe ser un corredor de Grado 1, Grado 2 o Grado 3. [12] A partir de 2012 , las personas con discapacidades físicas y visuales son elegibles para competir. [13]

Para-conducción [ editar ]

El otro evento paraecuestre es el paracaidismo. [14] Anteriormente se llamaba Carriage Driving. [9] Todos los eventos de clase son de género mixto. [11]

Equipo [ editar ]

El deporte es el que presenta una de las tasas más altas de lesiones y enfermedades entre todos los deportes paralímpicos. [15] Por esta razón, gran parte del equipamiento para el deporte se desarrolla teniendo esto en cuenta. [16] Gran parte del equipo utiliza velcro y bandas de goma para que las cosas se puedan romper fácilmente y proteger al ciclista durante una caída. [16] También hay un equilibrio constante en el desarrollo de equipos para ecuestres para asegurar que el jinete mantenga el control y que no sea arrastrado por el caballo. [16] Una de las adaptaciones hechas a los sillines para paraecuestres es el acolchado adicional. Una de las empresas que se especializa en la fabricación de sillas de montar para personas con discapacidad es Superacor, Inc. [16] Además de los sillines, los jinetes paraecuestres pueden utilizar alguna otra forma de acolchado, como una cubierta de vellón para el sillín. [dieciséis]

Los competidores paraecuestres tienen tanto una clase como un número de perfil de discapacidad. El número de perfil influye en el equipamiento que puede utilizar un ciclista, con diferencias de equipamiento existentes en la misma clase. [9]

Grandes competiciones [ editar ]

Juegos Paralímpicos [ editar ]

Los Juegos Paralímpicos albergan una competencia de doma paraecuestre , y lo han hecho desde 1996. [1] [17] Los Juegos Paralímpicos son el segundo evento ecuestre más grande del mundo, solo detrás de los Juegos Olímpicos. [17]

Es el único deporte del programa Paralímpico que incluye un animal vivo. [dieciséis]

Representación de los medios [ editar ]

Históricamente, los medios de comunicación han tratado a los jinetes paraecuestres como "supercrips". [18] La cobertura de los medios sugiere que estos ciclistas se destacan en su deporte a pesar de que tienen una discapacidad. Sus habilidades de conducción rara vez se consideran por sus propios méritos dado su tipo de discapacidad. [18] Cuando aparecen en los informes de los medios, rara vez se los representa compitiendo en sus caballos. En cambio, se representan en salas de tachuelas, fuera de un entorno competitivo. [18]

En ecuestre sin discapacidad [ editar ]

Liz Hartel was 1952 Summer Olympics competitor who was post polio and had a disability. She won a silver at those Games in the dressage competition.[11]

Para-equestrian competitors, such as gold medalist Lee Pearson, have expressed frustration when competing against able-bodied competitors because these able-bodied competitors often do not want to compete in the same class as some one with a disability.[18]

Para-equestrian classification[edit]

Main article: Para-equestrian classification

The classification system for para-equestrian sport is a graded system based on the degree of physical or visual disability and handled at the international level by the FEI.[19] The sport has eligible classifications for people with physical and vision disabilities.[19][20] The sport is open to competitors with impaired muscle power, athetosis, impaired passive range of movement, hypertonia, limb deficiency, ataxia, leg length difference, short stature, and vision impairment.[15][21] They are grouped into five different classes to allow fair competition. These classes are Grade I, Grade II, Grade III, Grade IV and Grade V.[21] The para-equestrian classification does not consider the gender of the rider, as equestriennes compete in mixed gender competitions.[11] Internationally, classification is handled by FEI.[17]

History[edit]

In 1983, classification for cerebral palsy competitors in this sport was done by the Cerebral Palsy-International Sports and Recreation Association (CP-ISRA).[22] They defined cerebral palsy as a non-progressive brain legion that results in impairment. People with cerebral palsy or non-progressive brain damage were eligible for classification by them. The organisation also dealt with classification for people with similar impairments. For their classification system, people with spina bifida were not eligible unless they had medical evidence of loco-motor dysfunction. People with cerebral palsy and epilepsy were eligible provided the condition did not interfere with their ability to compete. People who had strokes were eligible for classification following medical clearance. Competitors with multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy and arthrogryposis were not eligible for classification by CP-ISRA, but were eligible for classification by International Sports Organisation for the Disabled for the Games of Les Autres.[23] The system used for equestrian by the CP-ISRA was originally created for field athletics events.[24]

Because of issues in objectively identifying functionality that plagued the post Barcelona Games, the IPC unveiled plans to develop a new classification system in 2003. This classification system went into effect in 2007, and defined ten different disability types that were eligible to participate on the Paralympic level. It required that classification be sport specific, and served two roles. The first was that it determined eligibility to participate in the sport and that it created specific groups of sportspeople who were eligible to participate and in which class. The IPC left it up to International Federations, in this case FEI, to develop their own classification systems within this framework, with the specification that their classification systems use an evidence based approach developed through research.[15] The fourth edition of FEI's classification system guide was published in January 2015.[9]

Classification process and governance[edit]

Classification at the national level is handled by different organizations. For example, Australian para-equestrian sport and classification is managed by the national sport federation with support from the Australian Paralympic Committee.[25] There are three types of classification available for Australian competitors: Provisional, national and international. The first is for club level competitions, the second for state and national competitions, and the third for international competitions.[26]

During classification, classifiers look at several things including a rider's mobility, strength and coordination.[17] After riders are classified, they are giving both a classification and a profile. This profile a number 1 to 39 for para-dressage and 1 to 32 for para-driving. This profile impacts what adaptive equipment riders can use.[9]

Para-dressage classification[edit]

Para-dressage has five different classes: Grade 1, Grade 2, Grade 3, Grade 4 and Grade 5

The FEI defines this classification as "Grade I. At this level the rider will ride a walk only test. Grade 2, the rider will ride walk with some trot work excluding medium trot."[27] Federation Equestre International defines Grade 3 as "At this level the rider will ride a novice level test excluding canter."[27] Federation Equestre International defines Grade 4 as "At this level the rider will ride a novice level test."[27] The Australian Paralympic Committee defined this classification as: "Grade 4: Athletes with a physical disability or vision impairment. Riders with moderate unilateral impairment, moderate impairment in four limbs or severe arm impairment. In day to day life, riders are usually ambulant but some may use a wheelchair for longer distances or due to lack of stamina. Riders with a vision impairment who compete in this class have total loss of sight in both eyes (B1)."[28] Federation Equestre International defines Grade 5 as "At this level the rider will ride an elementary/medium level test"[27] The Australian Paralympic Committee defined this classification as: "Grade V:, Athletes with a physical disability or vision impairment. Riders have a physical impairment in one or two limbs (for example limb loss or limb deficiency), or some degree of visual impairment (B2)."[28]

Para-driving classification[edit]

Para-driving utilizes a different classification system than para-dressage events, and includes only two classes: Grade I and Grade II.[9] Grade 1 is for people who use a wheelchair on a daily basis, and have limited trunk functionality and impairments in their upper limbs. It also includes people who have the ability to walk but have impairments in all of their limbs. The third class of riders it includes is people with severe arm impairments[9] Grade II is for riders who are higher functioning than Grade I riders but who would otherwise be at disadvantage when competing against able-bodied competitors.[9]

See also[edit]

  • Para-equestrian classification
  • Equestrian at the 1984 Summer Paralympics
  • Equestrian at the 1996 Summer Paralympics
  • Equestrian at the 2000 Summer Paralympics
  • Equestrian at the 2004 Summer Paralympics
  • Equestrian at the 2008 Summer Paralympics

See also[edit]

  • Riding for the Disabled Association
  • Therapeutic horseback riding
  • Equestrian at the Summer Paralympics

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b "About Para Equestrian Dressage". International Federation for Equestrian Sports. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
  2. ^ "About Para Equestrian Driving". International Federation for Equestrian Sports. Archived from the original on 1 May 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
  3. ^ "Paralympics traces roots to Second World War". Canadian Broadcasting Centre. 2008-09-05. Retrieved 2010-04-14.
  4. ^ "History of the Paralympic Movement". Canadian Paralympic Committee. Archived from the original on 2009-08-02. Retrieved 2010-04-07.
  5. ^ DePauw, Karen P; Gavron, Susan J (1995). Disability and sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. p. 85. ISBN 0873228480. OCLC 31710003.
  6. ^ DePauw, Karen P; Gavron, Susan J (1995). Disability and sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. p. 128. ISBN 0873228480. OCLC 31710003.
  7. ^ "Guide to the Paralympic Games – Sport by sport guide" (PDF). London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. 2011. p. 32. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
  8. ^ Ian Brittain (4 August 2009). The Paralympic Games Explained. Taylor & Francis. pp. 97–98. ISBN 978-0-415-47658-4. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h "PARA-EQUESTRIAN CLASSIFICATION MANUAL, Fourth Edition" (PDF). FEI. FEI. January 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 30, 2016. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
  10. ^ "What is Para-Equestrian?". Equestrian.org.au. 2010-01-01. Retrieved 2012-06-18.
  11. ^ a b c d Vanlandewijck, Yves C.; Thompson, Walter R. (2011-07-13). Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science, The Paralympic Athlete. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781444348286.
  12. ^ "FEI Para-Equestrian Dressage World Team Ranking 2013" (PDF). FEI. 2012. p. 1. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  13. ^ "Layman's Guide to Paralympic Classification" (PDF). Bonn, Germany: International Paralympic Committee. p. 7. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
  14. ^ "Main Driving". 2011-11-30. Retrieved 2016-07-22.
  15. ^ a b c Vanlandewijck, Yves C.; Thompson, Walter R. (2016-06-01). Training and Coaching the Paralympic Athlete. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781119045120.
  16. ^ a b c d e f Jenkins, Mike (2003-07-23). Materials in Sports Equipment. Elsevier. ISBN 9781855738546.
  17. ^ a b c d "About Para-Equestrian Dressage". 2012-07-31. Archived from the original on 2014-03-22. Retrieved 2016-07-22.
  18. ^ a b c d Nosworthy, Cheryl (2014-08-11). A Geography of Horse-Riding: The Spacing of Affect, Emotion and (Dis)ability Identity through Horse-Human Encounters. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 9781443865524.
  19. ^ a b "Guide to the Paralympic Games – Appendix 1" (PDF). London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. 2011. p. 42. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
  20. ^ Ian Brittain (4 August 2009). The Paralympic Games Explained. Taylor & Francis. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-415-47658-4. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
  21. ^ a b "Equestrian Classification & Categories". www.paralympic.org. Retrieved 2016-07-22.
  22. ^ Cerebral Palsy-International Sports and Recreation Association (1983). Classification and sport rules manual (Third ed.). Wolfheze, the Netherlands: CP-ISRA. p. 1. OCLC 220878468.
  23. ^ Cerebral Palsy-International Sports and Recreation Association (1983). Classification and sport rules manual (Third ed.). Wolfheze, the Netherlands: CP-ISRA. pp. 7–8. OCLC 220878468.
  24. ^ Cerebral Palsy-International Sports and Recreation Association (1983). Classification and sport rules manual (Third ed.). Wolfheze, the Netherlands: CP-ISRA. pp. 4–6. OCLC 220878468.
  25. ^ "Summer Sports". Homebush Bay, New South Wales: Australian Paralympic Committee. 2012. Archived from the original on 15 August 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
  26. ^ "What is Classification?". Sydney, Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  27. ^ a b c d "Equestrian sports for elite athletes with disabilities worldwide — Classification". FEI (International Federation for Equestrian Sports) PARA-Equestrian Committee. 2012. Archived from the original on 7 August 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  28. ^ a b "Equestrian". Australian Paralympic Committee. 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2012.