Sir Keith Jacka Holyoake , KG , GCMG , CH , QSO , PC ( / h oʊ l i oʊ k / ; 11 febrero 1904-8 diciembre 1983) fue el 26 Primer Ministro de Nueva Zelanda , que sirve por un período breve en 1957 y luego de 1960 a 1972, y también el decimotercer gobernador general de Nueva Zelanda , sirviendo de 1977 a 1980. Es el único político neozelandés hasta la fecha que ha ocupado ambos cargos. [a]
El muy honorable Sir Keith Holyoake KG , GCMG , CH , QSO | |
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13 ° gobernador general de Nueva Zelanda | |
En el cargo 26 de octubre de 1977 - 25 de octubre de 1980 | |
Monarca | Isabel II |
Primer ministro | Robert Muldoon |
Precedido por | Denis Blundell |
Sucesor | David Beattie |
26 ° Primer Ministro de Nueva Zelanda | |
En el cargo 12 de diciembre de 1960 - 7 de febrero de 1972 | |
Monarca | Isabel II |
Gobernador general | Charles Lyttelton Bernard Fergusson Arthur Porritt |
Diputado | Jack Marshall |
Precedido por | Walter Nash |
Sucesor | Jack Marshall |
En el cargo 20 de septiembre de 1957-12 de diciembre de 1957 | |
Monarca | Isabel II |
Gobernador general | Charles Lyttelton |
Diputado | Jack Marshall |
Precedido por | Sidney Holanda |
Sucesor | Walter Nash |
15 ° Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores | |
En el cargo 12 de diciembre de 1960 - 8 de diciembre de 1972 | |
Primer ministro | Él mismo Jack Marshall |
Precedido por | Walter Nash |
Sucesor | Norman Kirk |
17 ° líder de la oposición | |
En el cargo 12 de diciembre de 1957-12 de diciembre de 1960 | |
Primer ministro | Walter Nash |
Precedido por | Walter Nash |
Sucesor | Walter Nash |
Primer Viceprimer Ministro de Nueva Zelanda | |
En el cargo 13 de noviembre de 1954-20 de septiembre de 1957 | |
Primer ministro | Sidney Holanda |
Precedido por | Oficina creada |
Sucesor | Jack Marshall |
19 ° Ministro de Agricultura | |
En el cargo 13 de diciembre de 1949-26 de septiembre de 1957 | |
Primer ministro | Sidney Holanda |
Precedido por | Ted Cullen |
Sucesor | Sidney Smith |
Miembro de Parlamento de Nueva Zelandapara Pahiatua | |
En el cargo 25 de septiembre de 1943-10 de marzo de 1977 | |
Precedido por | Alfred Ransom |
Sucesor | John Falloon |
Miembro de Parlamento de Nueva Zelandapara Motueka | |
En el cargo 1 de diciembre de 1932-15 de octubre de 1938 | |
Precedido por | George Black |
Sucesor | Jerry Skinner |
Detalles personales | |
Nació | Pahiatua , Wairarapa , Nueva Zelanda | 11 de febrero de 1904
Fallecido | 8 de diciembre de 1983 Wellington , Nueva Zelanda | (79 años)
Partido político | Reform National (después de 1936) |
Esposos) | Norma Janet Ingram ( m. 1934) |
Niños | 5 |
Padres | Henry Victor Holyoake Esther Eves |
Parientes | Ken Comber (yerno) |
Holyoake nació cerca de Pahiatua en la región de Wairarapa . Dejó la educación formal a los 12 años para ayudar en la granja familiar. Antes de ingresar a la política, participó activamente en varias asociaciones agrícolas locales. Holyoake fue elegido por primera vez al Parlamento en 1932, en representación del conservador Partido de la Reforma . Desempeñó un papel fundamental en la formación del Partido Nacional en 1936. Perdió su escaño dos años después, pero fue destinado al asiento seguro de Pahiatua , que ocupó desde 1943. Tras la primera victoria electoral de National, Holyoake ingresó al gabinete en 1949. En 1954, fue nombrado primer viceprimer ministro de Nueva Zelanda , bajo Sidney Holland . Holyoake se convirtió en líder del Partido Nacional y primer ministro dos meses antes de las elecciones de 1957 , después de la renuncia de Holanda debido a problemas de salud. Tras una derrota electoral, se desempeñó como líder de la oposición durante tres años antes de que National regresara al poder en 1960.
El gobierno de Holyoake reescribió el código legal penal, aprobando la Ley de Crímenes de 1961 . Una de las principales características de esta ley fue la abolición de la pena capital , aunque solo diez diputados nacionales votaron a favor de su abolición. Entre muchas reformas conservadoras, su gobierno introdujo una forma de "sindicalismo voluntario". En política exterior, Holyoake apoyó a Estados Unidos y envió tropas a Vietnam . Holyoake llevó a su partido a cuatro victorias electorales consecutivas (no superadas desde entonces). En 1972, dimitió como Primer Ministro para facilitar la sucesión de su adjunto y amigo, Jack Marshall .
En 1977, el gobierno nacional de Robert Muldoon nombró a Holyoake como gobernador general, lo que generó controversia ya que los opositores argumentaron que un ex político no debería ocupar el cargo no partidista. El mandato de Holyoake se limitó a tres años, no a los cinco habituales. En 1980, se convirtió en Caballero de la Orden de la Jarretera , un raro honor. [1]
Holyoake es hasta la fecha el tercer primer ministro de Nueva Zelanda con más años de servicio (poco menos de 12 años), solo superado por los 13 años de Richard Seddon y los casi 13 de William Massey ; también fue el primero en nacer en el siglo XX. [2] Holyoake era conocido por su estilo diplomático y su voz " delicada ". También era conocido con cariño (o burlonamente) como Kiwi Keith , un nombre que se le dio en la infancia para distinguirlo de un primo australiano con el mismo nombre. [2]
Vida temprana
Holyoake nació en Mangamutu , [2] a poca distancia de Pahiatua , una ciudad en la región de Wairarapa de Nueva Zelanda , hijo de Henry Victor Holyoake y Esther Eves. [3] Los bisabuelos de Holyoake, Richard y Eliza Holyoake, se establecieron en Riwaka cerca de Motueka en 1843, y sus bisabuelos maternos, William y Sarah Eves, llegaron a Nelson en 1842. [4] Familiares del secularista del siglo XIX George Holyoake , [5] los Holyoake tenían una pequeña tienda general en Mangamutu, y luego vivieron durante un tiempo tanto en Hastings como en Tauranga , antes de establecerse en la granja familiar en Riwaka, tras la muerte del abuelo de Holyoake en 1913. [3]
Holyoake se crió en la iglesia de los Hermanos de Plymouth y su vida social cuando era niño era muy restringida. [4] A los 12 años, habiendo dejado la escuela después de la muerte de su padre, Holyoake trabajó en la granja familiar de lúpulo y tabaco en Riwaka. Su madre se había formado como maestra de escuela y continuó su educación en casa. Después de hacerse cargo de la gestión de la finca, se involucró en varias asociaciones agrícolas locales, algo que aumentó su interés por la política. [3]
Carrera política temprana
New Zealand Parliament | ||||
Years | Term | Electorate | Party | |
1932–1935 | 24th | Motueka | Reform | |
1935–1936 | 25th | Motueka | Reform | |
1936–1938 | Changed allegiance to: | National | ||
1943–1946 | 27th | Pahiatua | National | |
1946–1949 | 28th | Pahiatua | National | |
1949–1951 | 29th | Pahiatua | National | |
1951–1954 | 30th | Pahiatua | National | |
1954–1957 | 31st | Pahiatua | National | |
1957–1960 | 32nd | Pahiatua | National | |
1960–1963 | 33rd | Pahiatua | National | |
1963–1966 | 34th | Pahiatua | National | |
1966–1969 | 35th | Pahiatua | National | |
1969–1972 | 36th | Pahiatua | National | |
1972–1975 | 37th | Pahiatua | National | |
1975–1977 | 38th | Pahiatua | National |
The Reform Party, which had strong rural support, selected Holyoake as its candidate for the Motueka seat in the 1931 election. The incumbent MP, George Black, held the seat, but died the following year. Holyoake was the Reform Party's candidate in the resulting by-election in 1932, and was successful. He became the youngest Member of Parliament at the time, at the age of 28.[2] In 1935, he was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal.[6]
In the 1935 election, Holyoake retained his seat under the motto "Follow England and Vote Holyoake"[2] despite a massive swing against the United–Reform Coalition. In the aftermath of this election, he played a key role in transforming the coalition into the modern National Party. He very quickly gained considerable respect from his colleagues, and was regarded as a rising star in the new party. The 1937 electoral redistribution was unfavourable for him and when the boundary changes applied at the 1938 election, Holyoake lost his seat to a rising star of the governing Labour Party, Jerry Skinner.[7] Holyoake had been discussed as a possible successor to the party's conscientious but lack-lustre leader, Adam Hamilton, but without being an MP, this was no longer considered an option.[8]
In 1943 he returned to Parliament as MP for Pahiatua, having been lined up by National for that nomination. In 1946, he became the party's deputy Leader.[9]
Primer gobierno nacional: 1949-1957
National won the 1949 election and formed the First National Government, new Prime Minister Sidney Holland appointed Holyoake as Minister of Agriculture. Holyoake was also for a year (1949–50) Minister for Scientific and Industrial Research, and was Minister of Marketing until the department was abolished in 1953.[3]
As Minister of Agriculture for eight years Holyoake enhanced his reputation as a level-headed good administrator. Farm mechanisation was encouraged, the "extermination policy" achieved nearly eliminated the rabbit pest. Dismantling of marketing producer controls was completed.[3]
Holyoake twice went to London to re-negotiate price levels on meat and wool products,[3] and in 1955 attended the Food and Agricultural Organisation conference in Rome. On his return to New Zealand he visited India and the Soviet Union to seek alternative markets for New Zealand, although his trip bore little fruit.[3] In 1957 he led a delegation seeking to protect New Zealand's access to the British market without notable success.[3]
As Deputy leader of the National Party, Holyoake was acting prime minister whenever Holland was overseas. In recognition of this was made a member of the Privy Council in 1954, only after the 1954 election Holland made him the first person to be formally appointed Deputy Prime Minister.[3]
First period as prime minister
Holyoake became Prime Minister two months before the 1957 election, when outgoing Prime Minister Sidney Holland retired due to ill-health, and also became Minister of Māori Affairs on the retirement of Ernest Corbett. The election was won by the Walter Nash-led Labour Party by a margin of two seats. Holyoake became Leader of the Opposition for the next three years.
Segundo gobierno nacional: 1960-1972
In the 1960 election, the National Party returned to power and formed the Second National Government. Historians attribute the victory to Holyoake's skilful campaigning, particularly his attacks on Minister of Finance Arnold Nordmeyer's so-called "Black Budget" of 1958, which had increased taxes on petrol, cigarettes and liquor.[2]
Second period as prime minister
The Holyoake government implemented numerous reforms of the public services and government institutions: for example, it created the Office of the Ombudsman and numerous quasi-autonomous non-governmental organisations, and strengthened parliamentary scrutiny of the executive.[3] Public broadcasting was removed from direct government oversight and placed under corporation control.[10] Holyoake's government rewrote the criminal legal code, passing the Crimes Act 1961; the Act abolished capital punishment, though only ten National MPs voted for its abolition.[11] In 1969, the Security Intelligence Service (SIS) was formally acknowledged to exist, and its minister, the prime minister, publicly acknowledged. That same year the New Zealand Parliament passed an Act covering the agency's functions and responsibilities: the New Zealand Security Intelligence Service Act.[12]
In 1960, the Holyoake government published the "Hunn Report", a wide-ranging summary of Māori assets, and the state of Māori in New Zealand at the time.[13] The report was a damning indictment of past governments' neglect of Māori within society, and Holyoake endeavoured to act on its findings. By embracing the No Maoris – No Tour cause, Holyoake ended the practice of an apartheid sporting body dictating the racial composition of New Zealand rugby teams touring in South Africa.[14] In a 1966 speech directed at the South African authorities, Holyoake delicately defended the principle of racial equality, stating "in this country we are one people; as such we cannot as a nation be truly represented in any sphere by a group chosen on racial lines".[15][14]
Holyoake accepted the post-war consensus. He believed in the necessity of a mixed economy, championing a Keynesian strategy of public investment to maintain demand and pursuing corporatist policies. However, as an anti-socialist,[11] Holyoake sought to reduce the role of trade unions in industrial relations. The National government introduced a form of voluntary unionism,[16] though the majority of industrial workplaces remained unionised; the policy was hotly debated within caucus, with Holyoake's deputy, Jack Marshall, and Tom Shand, favouring the retention of compulsory unionism.[17] His government's industrial policy brought Holyoake into conflict with union leaders, such as Fintan Patrick Walsh.[18]
Holyoake's government was comfortably re-elected for a second consecutive term in 1963. Holyoake's second term featured by a long period of prosperity and economic expansion. However, moves by the United Kingdom to join the European Economic Community challenged his government.[2] Holyoake deliberately played down the issue, and chose not to vocally oppose British membership of the EEC. A significant step towards diversification was a limited free trade agreement with Australia, negotiated in 1965 by Holyoake's minister of overseas trade, Jack Marshall, who later also negotiated the terms of the arrangements for New Zealand under which Britain joined the EEC.[3]
More controversial were the Holyoake government's relations with the United States at the start of the Vietnam War. The National government's initial response was carefully considered and characterised by Holyoake's cautiousness towards the entire Vietnam question. The fundamental issues, Holyoake said, were simple: "Whose will is to prevail in South Vietnam the imposed will of the North Vietnamese communists and their agents, or the freely expressed will of the people of South Vietnam?"[19] His government preferred minimal involvement, with other South East Asian deployments already having a strain on the New Zealand Defence Force. New Zealand's alliance with the United States was an issue in the 1966 election, which the National Party won on the back of.[2]
Beginning in mid-1960s, the New Zealand government protested against French nuclear weapons testing in the Pacific region.[20] In 1963, Holyoake announced the policy of banning the storage or testing of nuclear weapons within New Zealand territory.[3]
As the prime minister during the Apollo 11 moon landing, he contributed to messages from 73 world leaders that were etched into a silicon disk left on the surface of the moon. The disk was left in the Sea of Tranquility by Buzz Aldrin.[21]
Holyoake led his party to a narrow and unexpected victory in the 1969 election. Two years prior Holyoake appointed a rising backbencher, Robert Muldoon as Minister of Finance in 1967, although ranked him lowly in his Cabinet. In response to falling wool prices and balance of payment problems, Muldoon introduced mini-budgets with Holyoake's approval.[2]
The National government was humiliated in early 1970 in a disastrous by-election.[3] Having already received the customary Companion of Honour, Holyoake was knighted as a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George in the 1970 Queen's Birthday Honours.[22] Political commentators speculated about when Holyoake would retire, and by the early 1970s his closest allies, including Jack Marshall, were privately encouraging him to step down. The government was perceived as careworn—two of its strongest ministers had died, and the party caucus was increasingly divided. After more than a decade in power, Holyoake's dogged conservatism appeared out of touch with an increasingly liberal society.[11] However, it was not until 1972 that he resigned to ease the succession for Marshall. By then he had become the senior statesman of the Commonwealth. Holyoake remained in Cabinet as Minister of Foreign Affairs until National lost office at the end of the year.[3]
Jubilación
When National under Marshall was defeated at the 1972 election, Holyoake remained prominent in opposition. Marshall retained him on the frontbench and appointed him Shadow Minister of Foreign Affairs.[23] He became doubtful of Marshall's chance to regain government with time and threw his influence with the caucus behind Marshall's deputy Muldoon. In 1974 Marshall resigned as leader after realising that many of his colleagues (including Holyoake) no longer had confidence in him and Muldoon was elected in his place.[24] Holyoake played an active part in the campaign for the 1975 election, which saw National regain power again under Muldoon. Muldoon appointed Holyoake to the specially-created sinecure of Minister of State.[3]
Gobernador general
In 1977, Holyoake was unexpectedly and controversially appointed Governor-General of New Zealand by Queen Elizabeth II on the advice of the then Prime Minister Robert Muldoon. The announcement was made by the Queen at the end of her tour of New Zealand on 7 March 1977, from the Royal Yacht HMY Britannia in Lyttelton Harbour.[25]
This choice was deemed controversial by some, as Holyoake was a sitting Cabinet minister and a former prime minister. Many opponents of Muldoon's government claimed that it was a political appointment. The Leader of the Opposition, Bill Rowling (himself a former prime minister) stated that he would remove Holyoake as governor-general if the Labour Party won the 1978 election,[26] and openly suggested that he would have appointed Sir Edmund Hillary as governor-general.[27] That suggestion was, in turn, criticised by the government, as Hillary had backed Labour in 1975 as part of the "Citizens for Rowling" campaign.[28]
As a result of the appointment, Holyoake resigned from Parliament, leading to the Pahiatua by-election of 1977. He was succeeded from his seat by John Falloon.
Holyoake's conduct while in office, however, was acknowledged to be fair and balanced. In particular, Holyoake refused to comment on the 1978 general election, which gave Labour a narrow plurality of votes but a majority of seats in parliament to National.[29] Social Credit leader Bruce Beetham said Holyoake as governor-general had "...a scrupulous impartiality that confounded the critics of his appointment".[2] His term as governor-general was only for three years, on account of his age. Usually, governors-general serve for five years, but Holyoake was the oldest governor-general to date (at 73 years old). His term ended in 1980.[30]
Muerte
Holyoake died on 8 December 1983, aged 79, in Wellington. His state funeral took place on 13 December 1983 in Wellington Cathedral of St Paul.[31]
Vida personal
Holyoake twice married Norma Janet Ingram: first in a civil ceremony on 24 September 1934, and again on 11 January 1935 at their Presbyterian church in Motueka. The couple had five children: two sons and three daughters.[32] His daughter Diane married National MP Ken Comber.[33] In the 1980 Queen's Birthday Honours, Norma, Lady Holyoake, was appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George, for public services since 1935.[34]
Decoraciones, premios y membresías
- Member of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council (PC), 1954 New Years Honours List
- Freeman of the City of London
- Doctor of Laws, Honoris Causa, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
- Doctor of Laws (Agric), Honoris Causa, Seoul National University, South Korea
- Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH), 1963 New Years Honours List
- Knight of the Most Venerable Order of St John of Jerusalem (KStJ)
- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG), 1970
- Companion of the Queen's Service Order
- Knight of the Order of the Garter (KG), 1980
Brazos
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Notas al pie
Notes
- ^ Sir George Grey served as both Governor of New Zealand and Premier of New Zealand in the 19th century, but Holyoake is the only person to have served in both capacities since the viceregal post was renamed governor-general upon New Zealand becoming a dominion in 1907.
References
- ^ "Keith Holyoake". nzhistory.govt.nz. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Richard Wolfe (2005). Battlers, Bluffers and Bully-boys. Random House New Zealand.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Wood, G. A. "Holyoake, Keith Jacka". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
- ^ a b Gustafson 2007, pp. 2.
- ^ Geering, Lloyd. "In praise of the secular, part 3 of 4: The value of being secular" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 January 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
- ^ "Official jubilee medals". The Evening Post. CXIX (105). 6 May 1935. p. 4. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
- ^ Gustafson 1986, p. 32. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFGustafson1986 (help)
- ^ Gustafson 1986, pp. 32f. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFGustafson1986 (help)
- ^ Riches, Christopher; Kavanagh, Dennis (2013). A Dictionary of Political Biography. Oxford University Press. p. 406. ISBN 9780192518439.
- ^ Parliamentary Debates; Volume 349. House of Representatives: New Zealand Parliament. 1966. p. 29.
- ^ a b c Gustafson 2007.
- ^ "New Zealand Security Intelligence Service Act 1969 No 24 (as at 13 July 2011), Public Act – New Zealand Legislation". legislation.govt.nz. 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
The New Zealand Security Intelligence Service to which this Act applies is hereby declared to be the same Service as the Service known as the New Zealand Security Service which was established on 28 November 1956.
- ^ "The Hunn Report | NZETC". nzetc.victoria.ac.nz. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
- ^ a b "'Politics and sport don't mix'". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
- ^ Richards, Trevor Lawson (1999). Dancing on Our Bones: New Zealand, South Africa, Rugby and Racism. Bridget Williams Books. p. 34. ISBN 9781877242007.
- ^ Parliamentary Debates, Volume 329. New Zealand Parliament. p. 3683.
- ^ Gustafson 2007, p. 152.
- ^ Gustafson 2007, p. 97.
- ^ Larsen, Lieutenant General Stanley Robert (2014). Vietnam Studies – Allied Participation in Vietnam [Illustrated Edition]. Pickle Partners Publishing. ISBN 9781782893714.
- ^ "Nuclear testing in the Pacific". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 3 July 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
- ^ "Apollo 11 Goodwill Messages" (PDF) (Press release). NASA. 13 July 1969. p. 28. 69-83F.
- ^ "No. 45119". The London Gazette (3rd supplement). 5 June 1970. p. 6405.
- ^ "Marshall lines up his men". Auckland Star. 2 February 1973. p. 2.
- ^ Gustafson 2000, p. 144.
- ^ McLean 2006, p. 297.
- ^ McLean 2006, p. 299.
- ^ Rowling: The man and the myth by John Henderson, Australia New Zealand Press, 1980.
- ^ Ross Doughty (1977). The Holyoake years. Feilding.
- ^ McLean 2006, p. 301.
- ^ McLean 2006, p. 303.
- ^ "The state funeral of the Right Honourable Sir Keith Holyoake, Tuesday, 13 December 1983, 11 a.m., Wellington Cathedral". 1983. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
- ^ Wood, G. A. (2000). "Holyoake, Keith Jacka". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
- ^ Gustafson, Barry (1986). The First 50 Years: A History of the New Zealand National Party. Reed Methuen. p. 304. ISBN 9780474001772.
- ^ "No. 48214". The London Gazette (3rd supplement). 14 June 1980. p. 39.
Referencias
- Gustafson, Barry (1986). The First 50 Years: A History of the New Zealand National Party. Auckland: Reed Methuen. ISBN 0-474-00177-6.
- Gustafson, Barry (2000). His Way: A Biography of Robert Muldoon. Auckland: Auckland University Press. ISBN 978-1-86940-236-5.
- Gustafson, Barry (2007). Kiwi Keith: a biography of Keith Holyoake. Auckland: Auckland University Press. ISBN 978-1-86940-400-0.
- McLean, Gavin (November 2006). The Governors: New Zealand's Governors and Governors-General. Dunedin: Otago University Press. ISBN 1-877372-25-0.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
enlaces externos
- Governor-General's website profile
- Biography in 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand
New Zealand Parliament | ||
---|---|---|
Preceded by George Black | Member of Parliament for Motueka 1932–1938 | Succeeded by Jerry Skinner |
New constituency | Member of Parliament for Pahiatua 1943–1977 | Succeeded by John Falloon |
Government offices | ||
Preceded by Sidney Holland | Prime Minister of New Zealand 1957 1960–1972 | Succeeded by Walter Nash |
Preceded by Walter Nash | Succeeded by Jack Marshall | |
New title | Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand 1954–1957 | |
Preceded by Sir Denis Blundell | Governor-General of New Zealand 1977–1980 | Succeeded by Sir David Beattie |