John Ernst Steinbeck Jr. ( / s t aɪ n b ɛ k / ; febrero 27, 1902 hasta diciembre 20, 1968 ) fue un escritor estadounidense y el 1962 Premio Nobel de Literatura ganador "por sus escritos realistas e imaginativos, ya que la combinación de practiquen el humor comprensivo y la percepción social aguda ". [2] Se le ha llamado "un gigante de las letras estadounidenses", [3] y muchas de sus obras se consideran clásicos de la literatura occidental. [4]
John Steinbeck | |
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Nació | John Ernst Steinbeck Jr. 27 de febrero de 1902 Salinas, California , EE. UU. |
Fallecido | 20 de diciembre de 1968 Nueva York , EE. UU. | (66 años)
Ocupación |
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Obras destacadas | De ratones y hombres (1937) Las uvas de la ira (1939) Al este del Edén (1952) [1] |
Premios notables | Premio Pulitzer de Ficción (1940) Premio Nobel de Literatura (1962) |
Esposos | Carol Henning ( m. 1930; div. 1943) Gwyn Conger ( m. 1943; div. 1948) |
Niños | |
Firma |
Durante su carrera como escritor, fue autor de 33 libros, uno de los cuales fue coautor junto con Edward Ricketts , que incluye 16 novelas, seis libros de no ficción y dos colecciones de cuentos . Es ampliamente conocido por las novelas cómicas Tortilla Flat (1935) y Cannery Row (1945), la épica multigeneracional East of Eden (1952) y las novelas The Red Pony (1933) y Of Mice and Men (1937). El premio Pulitzer -winning Las uvas de la ira (1939) [5] se considera obra maestra y parte de la de Steinbeck literaria estadounidense canon . [6] En los primeros 75 años después de su publicación, vendió 14 millones de copias. [7]
La mayor parte del trabajo de Steinbeck se desarrolla en el centro de California , particularmente en el Valle de Salinas y la región de la Cordillera de la Costa de California . Sus obras exploraron con frecuencia los temas del destino y la injusticia, especialmente cuando se aplica a los protagonistas oprimidos o de todos .
Vida temprana
Steinbeck nació el 27 de febrero de 1902 en Salinas, California . [8] Era de ascendencia alemana, inglesa e irlandesa. [9] Johann Adolf Großsteinbeck (1828-1913), abuelo paterno de Steinbeck, fue uno de los fundadores de Mount Hope , una colonia agrícola mesiánica de corta duración en Palestina que se disolvió después de que atacantes árabes mataron a su hermano y violaron a la esposa y madre ley. Llegó a los Estados Unidos en 1858, acortando el apellido a Steinbeck. La granja familiar en Heiligenhaus , Mettmann , Alemania, todavía se llama "Großsteinbeck".
Su padre, John Ernst Steinbeck (1862-1935), se desempeñó como tesorero del condado de Monterey . La madre de John, Olive Hamilton (1867-1934), ex maestra de escuela, compartía la pasión de Steinbeck por la lectura y la escritura. [10] Los Steinbeck eran miembros de la Iglesia Episcopal , [11] aunque Steinbeck más tarde se volvió agnóstico . [12] Steinbeck vivía en un pequeño valle rural (no más que un asentamiento fronterizo) ubicado en una de las tierras más fértiles del mundo, a unas veinticinco millas de la costa del Pacífico . Tanto el valle como la costa servirían de escenario para algunas de sus mejores obras de ficción. [13] Pasó los veranos trabajando en ranchos cercanos y luego con trabajadores migrantes en las granjas de remolacha azucarera de Spreckels . Allí conoció los aspectos más duros de la vida migrante y el lado más oscuro de la naturaleza humana, lo que le proporcionó material expresado en De ratones y hombres . Exploró sus alrededores, caminando a través de bosques, campos y granjas locales. [14] Mientras trabajaba en Spreckels Sugar Company, a veces trabajaba en su laboratorio, lo que le daba tiempo para escribir. Tenía una aptitud mecánica considerable y afición por reparar las cosas que tenía. [15]
Steinbeck se graduó de Salinas High School en 1919 y pasó a estudiar literatura inglesa en la Universidad de Stanford cerca de Palo Alto , y se fue sin un título en 1925. Viajó a la ciudad de Nueva York donde tomó trabajos ocasionales mientras intentaba escribir. Cuando no pudo publicar su trabajo, regresó a California y trabajó en 1928 como guía turístico y cuidador [15] en Lake Tahoe , donde conoció a Carol Henning, su primera esposa. [10] [15] [16] Se casaron en enero de 1930 en Los Ángeles, donde, con amigos, intentó ganar dinero fabricando maniquíes de yeso . [15]
Cuando se les acabó el dinero seis meses después debido a un mercado lento, Steinbeck y Carol se mudaron de regreso a Pacific Grove, California , a una cabaña propiedad de su padre, en la península de Monterey, a pocas cuadras de los límites de la ciudad de Monterey . El anciano Steinbecks le dio a John alojamiento gratis, papel para sus manuscritos y, a partir de 1928, préstamos que le permitieron escribir sin buscar trabajo. Durante la Gran Depresión , Steinbeck compró un bote pequeño y luego afirmó que podía vivir de los peces y cangrejos que recolectaba del mar, y verduras frescas de su jardín y granjas locales. Cuando esas fuentes fallaron, Steinbeck y su esposa aceptaron la asistencia social y, en raras ocasiones, robaron tocino del mercado de productos locales. [15] Cualquier comida que tenían, la compartían con sus amigos. [15] Carol se convirtió en el modelo de Mary Talbot en la novela Cannery Row de Steinbeck . [15]
En 1930, Steinbeck conoció al biólogo marino Ed Ricketts , quien se convirtió en un amigo cercano y mentor de Steinbeck durante la década siguiente, enseñándole mucho sobre filosofía y biología. [15] Ricketts, por lo general muy tranquilo, pero agradable, con una autosuficiencia interior y un conocimiento enciclopédico de diversos temas, se convirtió en el centro de atención de Steinbeck. Ricketts había tomado una clase universitaria de Warder Clyde Allee , un biólogo y teórico ecológico, quien luego escribiría un libro de texto clásico sobre ecología . Ricketts se convirtió en un defensor del pensamiento ecológico, en el que el hombre era solo una parte de una gran cadena del ser , atrapado en una red de vida demasiado grande para que él la pudiera controlar o comprender. [15] Mientras tanto, Ricketts operaba un laboratorio biológico en la costa de Monterey, vendiendo muestras biológicas de animales pequeños, peces, rayas, estrellas de mar, tortugas y otras formas marinas a escuelas y universidades.
Entre 1930 y 1936, Steinbeck y Ricketts se hicieron amigos íntimos. La esposa de Steinbeck comenzó a trabajar en el laboratorio como secretaria-contable. [15] Steinbeck ayudó de manera informal. [17] Formaron un vínculo común basado en su amor por la música y el arte, y John aprendió biología y la filosofía ecológica de Ricketts. [18] Cuando Steinbeck se enfadaba emocionalmente, Ricketts a veces le tocaba música. [19]
Carrera profesional
Escritura
La primera novela de Steinbeck, Cup of Gold , publicada en 1929, se basa libremente en la vida y muerte del corsario Henry Morgan . Se centra en el asalto y el saqueo de Morgan de la ciudad de Panamá , a veces conocida como la "Copa de Oro", y en las mujeres, más brillantes que el sol, que se dice que se encuentran allí. [20]
Entre 1930 y 1933, Steinbeck produjo tres obras más breves. Los pastos del cielo , publicado en 1932, consta de doce historias interconectadas sobre un valle cerca de Monterrey, que fue descubierto por un cabo español mientras perseguía esclavos indios fugitivos . En 1933, Steinbeck publicó The Red Pony , una historia de 100 páginas y cuatro capítulos que tejía recuerdos de la infancia de Steinbeck. [20] To a God Unknown , que lleva el nombre de un himno védico , [15] sigue la vida de un colono y su familia en California, representando a un personaje con una adoración primitiva y pagana de la tierra que trabaja. Aunque no había alcanzado el estatus de escritor conocido, nunca dudó de que alcanzaría la grandeza. [15]
Steinbeck logró su primer éxito de crítica con Tortilla Flat (1935), una novela ambientada en la posguerra de Monterey, California, que ganó la medalla de oro del California Commonwealth Club . [20] Retrata las aventuras de un grupo de jóvenes sin clases y por lo general sin hogar en Monterrey después de la Primera Guerra Mundial , justo antes de la prohibición de Estados Unidos . Se los retrata en una comparación irónica con los caballeros míticos en una búsqueda y rechazan casi todas las costumbres estándar de la sociedad estadounidense en el disfrute de una vida disoluta dedicada al vino, la lujuria, la camaradería y los pequeños robos. Al presentar el Premio Nobel de 1962 a Steinbeck, la Academia Sueca citó "cuentos picantes y cómicos sobre una banda de paisanos , individuos asociales que, en sus frenéticas juergas, son casi caricaturas de los Caballeros de la Mesa Redonda del Rey Arturo . Se ha dicho que en los Estados Unidos, este libro fue un antídoto bienvenido contra la tristeza de la depresión que prevalecía en ese momento ". [1] Tortilla Flat fue adaptada como una película de 1942 del mismo nombre , protagonizada por Spencer Tracy , Hedy Lamarr y John Garfield , un amigo de Steinbeck. [21] Con parte de las ganancias, construyó una casa-rancho de verano en Los Gatos . [ cita requerida ]
Steinbeck began to write a series of "California novels" and Dust Bowl fiction, set among common people during the Great Depression. These included In Dubious Battle, Of Mice and Men and The Grapes of Wrath. He also wrote an article series called The Harvest Gypsies for the San Francisco News about the plight of the migrant worker.
Of Mice and Men was a drama about the dreams of two migrant agricultural laborers in California. It was critically acclaimed[20] and Steinbeck's 1962 Nobel Prize citation called it a "little masterpiece".[1] Its stage production was a hit, starring Wallace Ford as George and Broderick Crawford as George's companion, the mentally childlike, but physically powerful itinerant farmhand Lennie. Steinbeck refused to travel from his home in California to attend any performance of the play during its New York run, telling director George S. Kaufman that the play as it existed in his own mind was "perfect" and that anything presented on stage would only be a disappointment. Steinbeck wrote two more stage plays (The Moon Is Down and Burning Bright).
Of Mice and Men was also adapted as a 1939 Hollywood film, with Lon Chaney, Jr. as Lennie (he had filled the role in the Los Angeles stage production) and Burgess Meredith as George.[22] Meredith and Steinbeck became close friends for the next two decades.[15] Another film based on the novella was made in 1992 starring Gary Sinise as George and John Malkovich as Lennie.
Steinbeck followed this wave of success with The Grapes of Wrath (1939), based on newspaper articles about migrant agricultural workers that he had written in San Francisco. It is commonly considered his greatest work. According to The New York Times, it was the best-selling book of 1939 and 430,000 copies had been printed by February 1940. In that month, it won the National Book Award, favorite fiction book of 1939, voted by members of the American Booksellers Association.[23] Later that year, it won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction[24] and was adapted as a film directed by John Ford, starring Henry Fonda as Tom Joad; Fonda was nominated for the best actor Academy Award. Grapes was controversial. Steinbeck's New Deal political views, negative portrayal of aspects of capitalism, and sympathy for the plight of workers, led to a backlash against the author, especially close to home.[25] Claiming the book both was obscene and misrepresented conditions in the county, the Kern County Board of Supervisors banned the book from the county's publicly funded schools and libraries in August 1939. This ban lasted until January 1941.[26]
Of the controversy, Steinbeck wrote, "The vilification of me out here from the large landowners and bankers is pretty bad. The latest is a rumor started by them that the Okies hate me and have threatened to kill me for lying about them. I'm frightened at the rolling might of this damned thing. It is completely out of hand; I mean a kind of hysteria about the book is growing that is not healthy."[27]
The film versions of The Grapes of Wrath and Of Mice and Men (by two different movie studios) were in production simultaneously, allowing Steinbeck to spend a full day on the set of The Grapes of Wrath and the next day on the set of Of Mice and Men.[citation needed]
Ed Ricketts
In the 1930s and 1940s, Ed Ricketts strongly influenced Steinbeck's writing. Steinbeck frequently took small trips with Ricketts along the California coast to give himself time off from his writing[28] and to collect biological specimens, which Ricketts sold for a living. Their coauthored book, Sea of Cortez (December 1941), about a collecting expedition to the Gulf of California in 1940, which was part travelogue and part natural history, published just as the U.S. entered World War II, never found an audience and did not sell well.[28] However, in 1951, Steinbeck republished the narrative portion of the book as The Log from the Sea of Cortez, under his name only (though Ricketts had written some of it). This work remains in print today.[29]
Although Carol accompanied Steinbeck on the trip, their marriage was beginning to suffer, and ended a year later, in 1941, even as Steinbeck worked on the manuscript for the book.[15] In 1942, after his divorce from Carol he married Gwyndolyn "Gwyn" Conger.[30]
Ricketts was Steinbeck's model for the character of "Doc" in Cannery Row (1945) and Sweet Thursday (1954), "Friend Ed" in Burning Bright, and characters in In Dubious Battle (1936) and The Grapes of Wrath (1939). Ecological themes recur in Steinbeck's novels of the period.[31]
Steinbeck's close relations with Ricketts ended in 1941 when Steinbeck moved away from Pacific Grove and divorced his wife Carol.[28] Ricketts' biographer Eric Enno Tamm notes that, except for East of Eden (1952), Steinbeck's writing declined after Ricketts' untimely death in 1948.[31]
1940s–1960s work
Steinbeck's novel The Moon Is Down (1942), about the Socrates-inspired spirit of resistance in an occupied village in Northern Europe, was made into a film almost immediately. It was presumed that the unnamed country of the novel was Norway and the occupiers the Nazis. In 1945, Steinbeck received the King Haakon VII Freedom Cross for his literary contributions to the Norwegian resistance movement.[32]
In 1943, Steinbeck served as a World War II war correspondent for the New York Herald Tribune and worked with the Office of Strategic Services (predecessor of the CIA).[33] It was at that time he became friends with Will Lang, Jr. of Time/Life magazine. During the war, Steinbeck accompanied the commando raids of Douglas Fairbanks, Jr.'s Beach Jumpers program, which launched small-unit diversion operations against German-held islands in the Mediterranean. At one point, he accompanied Fairbanks on an invasion of an island off the coast of Italy and used a Thompson submachine gun to help capture Italian and German prisoners. Some of his writings from this period were incorporated in the documentary Once There Was a War (1958).
Steinbeck returned from the war with a number of wounds from shrapnel and some psychological trauma. He treated himself, as ever, by writing. He wrote Alfred Hitchcock's movie, Lifeboat (1944), and the film, A Medal for Benny (1945), with screenwriter Jack Wagner about paisanos from Tortilla Flat going to war. He later requested that his name be removed from the credits of Lifeboat, because he believed the final version of the film had racist undertones. In 1944, suffering from homesickness for his Pacific Grove/Monterey life of the 1930s, he wrote Cannery Row (1945), which became so famous that in 1958 Ocean View Avenue in Monterey, the setting of the book, was renamed Cannery Row.
After the war, he wrote The Pearl (1947), knowing it would be filmed eventually. The story first appeared in the December 1945 issue of Woman's Home Companion magazine as "The Pearl of the World". It was illustrated by John Alan Maxwell. The novel is an imaginative telling of a story which Steinbeck had heard in La Paz in 1940, as related in The Log From the Sea of Cortez, which he described in Chapter 11 as being "so much like a parable that it almost can't be". Steinbeck traveled to Cuernavaca,[34] Mexico for the filming with Wagner who helped with the script; on this trip he would be inspired by the story of Emiliano Zapata, and subsequently wrote a film script (Viva Zapata!) directed by Elia Kazan and starring Marlon Brando and Anthony Quinn.
In 1947, Steinbeck made the first of many[quantify] trips to the Soviet Union, this one with photographer Robert Capa. They visited Moscow, Kyiv, Tbilisi, Batumi and Stalingrad, some of the first Americans to visit many parts of the USSR since the communist revolution. Steinbeck's 1948 book about their experiences, A Russian Journal, was illustrated with Capa's photos. In 1948, the year the book was published, Steinbeck was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters.
In 1952 Steinbeck's longest novel, East of Eden, was published. According to his third wife, Elaine, he considered it his magnum opus, his greatest novel.
In 1952, John Steinbeck appeared as the on-screen narrator of 20th Century Fox's film, O. Henry's Full House. Although Steinbeck later admitted he was uncomfortable before the camera, he provided interesting introductions to several filmed adaptations of short stories by the legendary writer O. Henry. About the same time, Steinbeck recorded readings of several of his short stories for Columbia Records; the recordings provide a record of Steinbeck's deep, resonant voice.
Following the success of Viva Zapata!, Steinbeck collaborated with Kazan on East of Eden, James Dean's film debut.
Travels with Charley: In Search of America is a travelogue of his 1960 road trip with his poodle Charley. Steinbeck bemoans his lost youth and roots, while dispensing both criticism and praise for America. According to Steinbeck's son Thom, Steinbeck made the journey because he knew he was dying and wanted to see the country one last time.[35]
Steinbeck's last novel, The Winter of Our Discontent (1961), examines moral decline in America. The protagonist Ethan grows discontented with his own moral decline and that of those around him.[36] The book has a very different tone from Steinbeck's amoral and ecological stance in earlier works such as Tortilla Flat and Cannery Row. It was not a critical success. Many reviewers recognized the importance of the novel, but were disappointed that it was not another Grapes of Wrath.[36] In the Nobel Prize presentation speech the next year, however, the Swedish Academy cited it most favorably: "Here he attained the same standard which he set in The Grapes of Wrath. Again he holds his position as an independent expounder of the truth with an unbiased instinct for what is genuinely American, be it good or bad."[1]
Apparently taken aback by the critical reception of this novel, and the critical outcry when he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962,[37] Steinbeck published no more fiction in the remaining six years before his death.
Nobel Prize
In 1962, Steinbeck won the Nobel Prize for literature for his "realistic and imaginative writing, combining as it does sympathetic humor and keen social perception." The selection was heavily criticized, and described as "one of the Academy's biggest mistakes" in one Swedish newspaper.[37] The reaction of American literary critics was also harsh. The New York Times asked why the Nobel committee gave the award to an author whose "limited talent is, in his best books, watered down by tenth-rate philosophising", noting that "[T]he international character of the award and the weight attached to it raise questions about the mechanics of selection and how close the Nobel committee is to the main currents of American writing. ... [W]e think it interesting that the laurel was not awarded to a writer ... whose significance, influence and sheer body of work had already made a more profound impression on the literature of our age".[37] Steinbeck, when asked on the day of the announcement if he deserved the Nobel, replied: "Frankly, no."[15][37] Biographer Jackson Benson notes, "[T]his honor was one of the few in the world that one could not buy nor gain by political maneuver. It was precisely because the committee made its judgment ... on its own criteria, rather than plugging into 'the main currents of American writing' as defined by the critical establishment, that the award had value."[15][37] In his acceptance speech later in the year in Stockholm, he said:
the writer is delegated to declare and to celebrate man's proven capacity for greatness of heart and spirit—for gallantry in defeat, for courage, compassion and love. In the endless war against weakness and despair, these are the bright rally flags of hope and of emulation. I hold that a writer who does not believe in the perfectibility of man has no dedication nor any membership in literature.
— Steinbeck Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech[38]
Fifty years later, in 2012, the Nobel Prize opened its archives and it was revealed that Steinbeck was a "compromise choice" among a shortlist consisting of Steinbeck, British authors Robert Graves and Lawrence Durrell, French dramatist Jean Anouilh and Danish author Karen Blixen.[37] The declassified documents showed that he was chosen as the best of a bad lot.[37] "There aren't any obvious candidates for the Nobel prize and the prize committee is in an unenviable situation," wrote committee member Henry Olsson.[37] Although the committee believed Steinbeck's best work was behind him by 1962, committee member Anders Österling believed the release of his novel The Winter of Our Discontent showed that "after some signs of slowing down in recent years, [Steinbeck has] regained his position as a social truth-teller [and is an] authentic realist fully equal to his predecessors Sinclair Lewis and Ernest Hemingway."[37]
Although modest about his own talent as a writer, Steinbeck talked openly of his own admiration of certain writers. In 1953, he wrote that he considered cartoonist Al Capp, creator of the satirical Li'l Abner, "possibly the best writer in the world today."[39] At his own first Nobel Prize press conference he was asked his favorite authors and works and replied: "Hemingway's short stories and nearly everything Faulkner wrote."[15]
In September 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson awarded Steinbeck the Presidential Medal of Freedom.[40]
In 1967, at the behest of Newsday magazine, Steinbeck went to Vietnam to report on the war. He thought of the Vietnam War as a heroic venture and was considered a hawk for his position on the war. His sons served in Vietnam before his death, and Steinbeck visited one son in the battlefield. At one point he was allowed to man a machine-gun watch position at night at a firebase while his son and other members of his platoon slept.[41]
Vida personal
Steinbeck and his first wife, Carol Henning, married in January 1930 in Los Angeles.[10] By 1940, their marriage was beginning to suffer, and ended a year later, in 1941.[15] In 1942, after his divorce from Carol, Steinbeck married Gwyndolyn "Gwyn" Conger.[30] With his second wife Steinbeck had two sons, Thomas ("Thom") Myles Steinbeck (1944–2016) and John Steinbeck IV (1946–1991).
In May 1948, Steinbeck returned to California on an emergency trip to be with his friend Ed Ricketts, who had been seriously injured when a train struck his car. Ricketts died hours before Steinbeck arrived. Upon returning home, Steinbeck was confronted by Gwyn, who asked for a divorce, which became final in August. Steinbeck spent the year after Ricketts' death in deep depression.
In June 1949, Steinbeck met stage-manager Elaine Scott at a restaurant in Carmel, California. Steinbeck and Scott eventually began a relationship and in December 1950 they married, within a week of the finalizing of Scott's own divorce from actor Zachary Scott. This third marriage for Steinbeck lasted until his death in 1968.[20]
In 1962, Steinbeck began acting as friend and mentor to the young writer and naturalist Jack Rudloe, who was trying to establish his own biological supply company, now Gulf Specimen Marine Laboratory in Florida. Their correspondence continued until Steinbeck's death.[42]
In 1966, Steinbeck traveled to Tel Aviv to visit the site of Mount Hope, a farm community established in Israel by his grandfather, whose brother, Friedrich Großsteinbeck, was murdered by Arab marauders in 1858 in what became known as the Outrages at Jaffa.[43]
Muerte y legado
John Steinbeck died in New York City on December 20, 1968, during the 1968 flu pandemic of heart disease and congestive heart failure. He was 66, and had been a lifelong smoker. An autopsy showed nearly complete occlusion of the main coronary arteries.[20]
In accordance with his wishes, his body was cremated, and interred on March 4, 1969[44] at the Hamilton family gravesite in Salinas, with those of his parents and maternal grandparents. His third wife, Elaine, was buried in the plot in 2004. He had written to his doctor that he felt deeply "in his flesh" that he would not survive his physical death, and that the biological end of his life was the final end to it.[28]
The day after Steinbeck's death in New York City, reviewer Charles Poore wrote in The New York Times: "John Steinbeck's first great book was his last great book. But Good Lord, what a book that was and is: The Grapes of Wrath." Poore noted a "preachiness" in Steinbeck's work, "as if half his literary inheritance came from the best of Mark Twain—and the other half from the worst of Cotton Mather." But he asserted that "Steinbeck didn't need the Nobel Prize—the Nobel judges needed him."
Steinbeck's incomplete novel based on the King Arthur legends of Malory and others, The Acts of King Arthur and His Noble Knights, was published in 1976.
Many of Steinbeck's works are required reading in American high schools. In the United Kingdom, Of Mice and Men is one of the key texts used by the examining body AQA for its English Literature GCSE. A study by the Center for the Learning and Teaching of Literature in the United States found that Of Mice and Men was one of the ten most frequently read books in public high schools.[45] Contrariwise, Steinbeck's works have been frequently banned in the United States. The Grapes of Wrath was banned by school boards: in August 1939, the Kern County Board of Supervisors banned the book from the county's publicly funded schools and libraries.[26] It was burned in Salinas on two different occasions.[46][47] In 2003, a school board in Mississippi banned it on the grounds of profanity.[48] According to the American Library Association Steinbeck was one of the ten most frequently banned authors from 1990 to 2004, with Of Mice and Men ranking sixth out of 100 such books in the United States.[49][50]
Literary influences
Steinbeck grew up in California's Salinas Valley, a culturally diverse place with a rich migratory and immigrant history. This upbringing imparted a regionalistic flavor to his writing, giving many of his works a distinct sense of place.[14][20] Salinas, Monterey and parts of the San Joaquin Valley were the setting for many of his stories. The area is now sometimes referred to as "Steinbeck Country".[28] Most of his early work dealt with subjects familiar to him from his formative years. An exception was his first novel, Cup of Gold, which concerns the pirate Henry Morgan, whose adventures had captured Steinbeck's imagination as a child.
In his subsequent novels, Steinbeck found a more authentic voice by drawing upon direct memories of his life in California. His childhood friend, Max Wagner, a brother of Jack Wagner and who later became a film actor, served as inspiration for The Red Pony. Later he used actual American conditions and events in the first half of the 20th century, which he had experienced first-hand as a reporter. Steinbeck often populated his stories with struggling characters; his works examined the lives of the working class and migrant workers during the Dust Bowl and the Great Depression.
His later work reflected his wide range of interests, including marine biology, politics, religion, history and mythology. One of his last published works was Travels with Charley, a travelogue of a road trip he took in 1960 to rediscover America.
Commemoration
Steinbeck's boyhood home, a turreted Victorian building in downtown Salinas, has been preserved and restored by the Valley Guild, a nonprofit organization. Fixed menu lunches are served Monday through Saturday, and the house is open for tours on Sunday afternoons during the summer.[51]
The National Steinbeck Center, two blocks away at 1 Main Street is the only museum in the U.S. dedicated to a single author. Dana Gioia (chair of the National Endowment for the Arts) told an audience at the center, "This is really the best modern literary shrine in the country, and I've seen them all." Its "Steinbeckiana" includes "Rocinante", the camper-truck in which Steinbeck made the cross-country trip described in Travels with Charley.
His father's cottage on Eleventh Street in Pacific Grove, where Steinbeck wrote some of his earliest books, also survives.[28]
In Monterey, Ed Ricketts' laboratory survives (though it is not yet open to the public) and at the corner which Steinbeck describes in Cannery Row, also the store which once belonged to Lee Chong, and the adjacent vacant lot frequented by the hobos of Cannery Row. The site of the Hovden Sardine Cannery next to Doc's laboratory is now occupied by the Monterey Bay Aquarium. In 1958 the street that Steinbeck described as "Cannery Row" in the novel, once named Ocean View Avenue, was renamed Cannery Row in honor of the novel. The town of Monterey has commemorated Steinbeck's work with an avenue of flags depicting characters from Cannery Row, historical plaques, and sculptured busts depicting Steinbeck and Ricketts.[28]
On February 27, 1979 (the 77th anniversary of the writer's birth), the United States Postal Service issued a stamp featuring Steinbeck, starting the Postal Service's Literary Arts series honoring American writers.[52]
Steinbeck was inducted in to the DeMolay International Hall of Fame in 1995.[53]
On December 5, 2007, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Steinbeck into the California Hall of Fame, located at the California Museum for History, Women and the Arts.[54] His son, author Thomas Steinbeck, accepted the award on his behalf.
To commemorate the 112th anniversary of Steinbeck's birthday on February 27, 2014, Google displayed an interactive doodle utilizing animation which included illustrations portraying scenes and quotes from several novels by the author.[55][56][57]
Steinbeck and his friend Ed Ricketts appear as fictionalized characters in the 2016 novel, Monterey Bay about the founding of the Monterey Bay Aquarium, by Lindsay Hatton (Penguin Press).[58]
In 2019 the Sag Harbor town board approved the creation of the John Steinbeck Waterfront Park across from the iconic town windmill. The structures on the parcel were demolished and park benches installed near the beach. The Beebe windmill replica already had a plaque memorializing the author whom wrote from a small hut overlooking the cove during his sojourn in the literary haven.
Puntos de vista religiosos
Steinbeck was affiliated to the St. Paul's Episcopal Church and he stayed attached throughout his life to Episcopalianism. Especially in his works of fiction, Steinbeck was highly conscious of religion and incorporated it into his style and themes. The shaping of his characters often drew on the Bible and the theology of Anglicanism, combining elements of Roman Catholicism and Protestantism.
Steinbeck distanced himself from religious views when he left Salinas for Stanford. However, the work he produced still reflected the language of his childhood at Salinas, and his beliefs remained a powerful influence within his fiction and non-fiction work. William Ray considered his Episcopal views are prominently displayed in The Grapes of Wrath, in which themes of conversion and self-sacrifice play a major part in the characters Casy and Tom who achieve spiritual transcendence through conversion.[59]
Puntos de vista políticos
Steinbeck's contacts with leftist authors, journalists, and labor union figures may have influenced his writing. He joined the League of American Writers, a Communist organization, in 1935.[60] Steinbeck was mentored by radical writers Lincoln Steffens and his wife Ella Winter. Through Francis Whitaker, a member of the Communist Party USA's John Reed Club for writers, Steinbeck met with strike organizers from the Cannery and Agricultural Workers' Industrial Union.[61] In 1939, he signed a letter with some other writers in support of the Soviet invasion of Finland and the Soviet-established puppet government.[62]
Documents released by the Central Intelligence Agency in 2012 indicate that Steinbeck offered his services to the Agency in 1952, while planning a European tour, and the Director of Central Intelligence, Walter Bedell Smith, was eager to take him up on the offer.[63] What work, if any, Steinbeck may have performed for the CIA during the Cold War is unknown.
Steinbeck was a close associate of playwright Arthur Miller. In June 1957, Steinbeck took a personal and professional risk by supporting him when Miller refused to name names in the House Un-American Activities Committee trials.[46] Steinbeck called the period one of the "strangest and most frightening times a government and people have ever faced."[46]
In 1963, Steinbeck visited the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic at the behest of John Kennedy. During his visit he sat for a rare portrait by painter Martiros Saryan and visited Geghard Monastery. Footage of this visit filmed by Rafael Aramyan was sold in 2013 by his granddaughter.[64]
In 1967, when he was sent to Vietnam to report on the war, his sympathetic portrayal of the United States Army led the New York Post to denounce him for betraying his liberal past. Steinbeck's biographer, Jay Parini, says Steinbeck's friendship with President Lyndon B. Johnson[65] influenced his views on Vietnam.[20] Steinbeck may also have been concerned about the safety of his son serving in Vietnam.[66]
Government harassment
Steinbeck complained publicly about government harassment.[67] Thomas Steinbeck, the author's eldest son, said that J. Edgar Hoover, director of the FBI at the time, could find no basis for prosecuting Steinbeck and therefore used his power to encourage the U.S. Internal Revenue Service to audit Steinbeck's taxes every single year of his life, just to annoy him. According to Thomas, a true artist is one who "without a thought for self, stands up against the stones of condemnation, and speaks for those who are given no real voice in the halls of justice, or the halls of government. By doing so, these people will naturally become the enemies of the political status quo."[68]
In a 1942 letter to United States Attorney General Francis Biddle, John Steinbeck wrote: "Do you suppose you could ask Edgar's boys to stop stepping on my heels? They think I am an enemy alien. It is getting tiresome."[69] The FBI denied that Steinbeck was under investigation.
Trabajos mayores
In Dubious Battle
In 1936, Steinbeck published the first of what came to be known as his Dustbowl trilogy, which included Of Mice and Men and The Grapes of Wrath. This first novel tells the story of a fruit pickers' strike in California which is both aided and damaged by the help of "the Party", generally taken to be the Communist Party, although this is never spelled out in the book.
Of Mice and Men
Of Mice and Men is a tragedy that was written as a play in 1937. The story is about two traveling ranch workers, George and Lennie, trying to earn enough money to buy their own farm/ranch. As it is set in 1930s America, it provides an insight into The Great Depression, encompassing themes of racism, loneliness, prejudice against the mentally ill, and the struggle for personal independence. Along with The Grapes of Wrath, East of Eden, and The Pearl, Of Mice and Men is one of Steinbeck's best known works. It was made into a movie three times, in 1939 starring Burgess Meredith, Lon Chaney Jr., and Betty Field, in 1982 starring Randy Quaid, Robert Blake and Ted Neeley, and in 1992 starring Gary Sinise and John Malkovich.
The Grapes of Wrath
The Grapes of Wrath is set in the Great Depression and describes a family of sharecroppers, the Joads, who were driven from their land due to the dust storms of the Dust Bowl. The title is a reference to the Battle Hymn of the Republic. Some critics found it too sympathetic to the workers' plight and too critical of capitalism,[70] but it found a large audience of its own. It won both the National Book Award and Pulitzer Prize for fiction (novels) and was adapted as a film starring Henry Fonda and Jane Darwell and directed by John Ford.
East of Eden
Steinbeck deals with the nature of good and evil in this Salinas Valley saga. The story follows two families: the Hamiltons – based on Steinbeck's own maternal ancestry[71] – and the Trasks, reprising stories about the Biblical Adam and his progeny. The book was published in 1952. It was made into a 1955 movie directed by Elia Kazan and starring James Dean.
Travels with Charley
In 1960, Steinbeck bought a pickup truck and had it modified with a custom-built camper top – which was rare at the time – and drove across the United States with his faithful "blue" standard poodle, Charley. Steinbeck nicknamed his truck Rocinante after Don Quixote's "noble steed". In this sometimes comical, sometimes melancholic book, Steinbeck describes what he sees from Maine to Montana to California, and from there to Texas and Louisiana and back to his home on Long Island. The restored camper truck is on exhibit in the National Steinbeck Center in Salinas.
Bibliografía
Title | Year | Category | ISBN |
---|---|---|---|
Cup of Gold | 1929 | Novel | 978-0-14-018743-4 |
The Pastures of Heaven | 1932 | Short stories | 978-0-14-018748-9 |
The Red Pony | 1933 | Novella | 978-0-14-017736-7 |
To a God Unknown | 1933 | Novel | 978-0-14-018751-9 |
Tortilla Flat | 1935 | Novel | 978-0-14-004240-5 |
In Dubious Battle | 1936 | Novel | 978-0-14-303963-1 |
Of Mice and Men | 1937 | Novella | 978-0-14-017739-8 |
The Long Valley | 1938 | Short stories | 978-0-14-018745-8 |
Their Blood is Strong | 1938 | Nonfiction | 978-0-930588-38-0 |
The Grapes of Wrath | 1939 | Novel | 978-0-14-303943-3 |
The Forgotten Village | 1941 | Film | 978-0-14-311718-6 |
Sea of Cortez: A Leisurely Journal of Travel and Research | 1941 | Nonfiction | 978-0-14-018744-1 |
The Moon Is Down | 1942 | Novel | 978-0-14-018746-5 |
Bombs Away: The Story of a Bomber Team | 1942 | Nonfiction | 978-0-14-310591-6 |
Cannery Row | 1945 | Novel | 978-0-14-017738-1 |
The Wayward Bus | 1947 | Novel | 978-0-14-243787-2 |
The Pearl | 1947 | Novella | 978-0-14-017737-4 |
A Russian Journal | 1948 | Nonfiction | 978-0-14-118019-9 |
Burning Bright | 1950 | Novella | 978-0-14-303944-0 |
The Log from the Sea of Cortez | 1951 | Nonfiction | 978-0-14-018744-1 |
East of Eden | 1952 | Novel | 978-0-14-018639-0 |
Sweet Thursday | 1954 | Novel | 978-0-14-303947-1 |
The Short Reign of Pippin IV: A Fabrication | 1957 | Novel | 978-0-14-303946-4 |
Once There Was A War | 1958 | Nonfiction | 978-0-14-310479-7 |
The Winter of Our Discontent | 1961 | Novel | 978-0-14-303948-8 |
Travels with Charley: In Search of America | 1962 | Nonfiction | 978-0-14-005320-3 |
America and Americans | 1966 | Nonfiction | 978-0-670-11602-7 |
Journal of a Novel: The East of Eden Letters | 1969 | Nonfiction | 978-0-14-014418-5 |
Viva Zapata! | 1975 | Film | 978-0-670-00579-6 |
Steinbeck: A Life in Letters | 1975 | Nonfiction | 978-0-14-004288-7 |
The Acts of King Arthur and His Noble Knights | 1976 | Fiction | 978-0-14-310545-9 |
Working Days: The Journals of The Grapes of Wrath | 1989 | Nonfiction | 978-0-14-014457-4 |
Steinbeck in Vietnam: Dispatches from the War | 2012 | Nonfiction | 978-0-8139-3403-7 |
Filmografia
- 1939—Of Mice and Men—directed by Lewis Milestone, featuring Burgess Meredith, Lon Chaney, Jr., and Betty Field
- 1940—The Grapes of Wrath—directed by John Ford, featuring Henry Fonda, Jane Darwell and John Carradine
- 1941—The Forgotten Village—directed by Alexander Hammid and Herbert Kline, narrated by Burgess Meredith, music by Hanns Eisler
- 1942—Tortilla Flat—directed by Victor Fleming, featuring Spencer Tracy, Hedy Lamarr and John Garfield
- 1943—The Moon is Down—directed by Irving Pichel, featuring Lee J. Cobb and Sir Cedric Hardwicke
- 1944—Lifeboat—directed by Alfred Hitchcock, featuring Tallulah Bankhead, Hume Cronyn, and John Hodiak
- 1944—A Medal for Benny—directed by Irving Pichel, featuring Dorothy Lamour and Arturo de Cordova
- 1947—La Perla (The Pearl, Mexico)—directed by Emilio Fernández, featuring Pedro Armendáriz and María Elena Marqués
- 1949—The Red Pony—directed by Lewis Milestone, featuring Myrna Loy, Robert Mitchum, and Louis Calhern
- 1952—Viva Zapata!—directed by Elia Kazan, featuring Marlon Brando, Anthony Quinn and Jean Peters
- 1955—East of Eden—directed by Elia Kazan, featuring James Dean, Julie Harris, Jo Van Fleet, and Raymond Massey
- 1957—The Wayward Bus—directed by Victor Vicas, featuring Rick Jason, Jayne Mansfield, and Joan Collins
- 1961—Flight—featuring Efrain Ramírez and Arnelia Cortez
- 1962—Ikimize bir dünya (Of Mice and Men, Turkey)
- 1972—Topoli (Of Mice and Men, Iran)
- 1982—Cannery Row—directed by David S. Ward, featuring Nick Nolte and Debra Winger
- 1992—Of Mice and Men—directed by Gary Sinise and starring John Malkovich and Gary Sinise
- 2016—In Dubious Battle—directed by James Franco and featuring Franco, Nat Wolff and Selena Gomez
Ver también
- Pigasus – A personal stamp used by Steinbeck.
Referencias
- ^ a b c d The Swedish Academy cited The Grapes of Wrath and The Winter of Our Discontent most favorably.
"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1962: Presentation Speech by Anders Österling, Permanent Secretary of the Swedish Academy". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on April 19, 2008. Retrieved April 21, 2008. - ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1962". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on October 21, 2008. Retrieved October 17, 2008.
- ^ "Swedish Academy reopens controversy surrounding Steinbeck's Nobel prize". The Guardian. January 3, 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2019.
- ^ "Who, what, why: Why do children study Of Mice and Men?". BBC News. BBC. March 25, 2011. Archived from the original on January 7, 2015. Retrieved December 6, 2014.
- ^ "Novel". The Pulitzer Prizes. Archived from the original on August 21, 2008.
- ^ Bryer, R. Jackson (1989). Sixteen Modern American Authors, Volume 2. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. p. 620. ISBN 978-0-8223-1018-1.
- ^ Chilton, Martin. "The Grapes of Wrath: 10 surprising facts about John Steinbeck's novel". Telegraph (London). Archived from the original on December 13, 2014. Retrieved December 6, 2014.
- ^ "John Steinbeck Biography". Biography.com website. A&E Television Networks. February 6, 2018. Retrieved February 26, 2018.
- ^ "Okie Faces & Irish Eyes: John Steinbeck & Route 66". Irish America. June 2007. Archived from the original on November 21, 2012. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
- ^ a b c "John Steinbeck Biography". Archived from the original on March 5, 2010. Retrieved April 14, 2010.. National Steinbeck Centre
- ^ Alec Gilmore. John Steinbeck's View of God Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. gilco.org.uk
- ^ Jackson J. Benson (1984). The true adventures of John Steinbeck, writer: a biography. Viking Press. p. 248. ISBN 978-0-670-16685-5.
Ricketts did not convert his friend to a religious point of view—Steinbeck remained an agnostic and, essentially, a materialist—but Ricketts's religious acceptance did tend to work on his friend, ...
- ^ John Steinbeck (1993). Of Mice and Men. Penguin Books. p. 0. ISBN 978-0-14-017739-8.
- ^ a b Introduction to John Steinbeck, The Long Valley, pp. 9–10, John Timmerman, Penguin Publishing, 1995
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Jackson J. Benson, The True Adventures of John Steinbeck, Writer New York: The Viking Press, 1984. ISBN 978-0-14-014417-8, pp. 147, 915a, 915b, 133
- ^ Introduction to 'The Grapes of Wrath' Penguin edition (1192) by Robert DeMott
- ^ Jackson J. Benson, The True Adventures of John Steinbeck, Writer New York: The Viking Press, 1984. ISBN 978-0-14-014417-8, p. 196
- ^ Jackson J. Benson, The True Adventures of John Steinbeck, Writer New York: The Viking Press, 1984. ISBN 978-0-14-014417-8, p. 197
- ^ Jackson J. Benson, The True Adventures of John Steinbeck, Writer New York: The Viking Press, 1984. ISBN 978-0-14-014417-8, p. 199
- ^ a b c d e f g h Jay Parini, John Steinbeck: A Biography, Holt Publishing, 1996
- ^ Railsback, Brian E.; Meyer, Michael J. (2006). A John Steinbeck Encyclopedia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 387. ISBN 978-0-313-29669-7.
- ^ "Of Mice and Men (1939)". The Internet Movie Database. January 12, 1940. Archived from the original on October 30, 2007. Retrieved October 10, 2007.
- ^ "1939 Book Awards Given by Critics: Elgin Groseclose's 'Ararat' is Picked as Work Which Failed to Get Due Recognition", The New York Times, February 14, 1940, p. 25. ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times (1851–2007).
- ^ "Novel" Archived August 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine (Winners 1917–1947). The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved January 28, 2012.
- ^ Keith Windschuttle (June 2, 2002). "Steinbeck's myth of the Okies". Archived from the original on February 4, 2004. Retrieved August 10, 2005.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link). The New Criterion.
- ^ a b "Steinbecks works banned". Archived from the original on October 5, 2006. Retrieved June 4, 2006.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link). pacific.net.au
- ^ Steiner, Bernd (November 2007). A Survey on John Steinbeck's "The Grapes of Wrath". GRIN Verlag. p. 6. ISBN 978-3-638-84459-8. Retrieved February 26, 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g Susan Shillinglaw (2006). "A Journey into Steinbeck's California". Roaring Forties Press. Cite journal requires
|journal=
(help) - ^ A website devoted to Sea of Cortez literature, with information on Steinbeck's expedition. Archived July 20, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved July 6, 2009.
- ^ a b Fensch, Thomas (2002). Steinbeck and Covici. New Century exceptional lives. New Century Books. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-930751-35-7.
- ^ a b Bruce Robison, "Mavericks on Cannery Row," American Scientist, vol. 92, no. 6 (November–December 2004), p. 1: a review of Eric Enno Tamm, Beyond the Outer Shores: The Untold Odyssey of Ed Ricketts, the Pioneering Ecologist who Inspired John Steinbeck and Joseph Campbell Archived June 4, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Four Walls Eight Windows, 2004.
- ^ "THE MOON IS DOWN by John Steinbeck on Sumner & Stillman". Sumner & Stillman.
- ^ Introduction to The Moon Is Down (Penguin) published 1995, by Donald V. Coers
- ^ Title: Cuernavaca, Mexico, 1945 - Mrs. Stanford Steinbeck, Gwyndolyn, Thom and John Steinbeck Collection: California Faces: Selections from The Bancroft Library Portrait Collection Owning Institution: UC Berkeley, Bancroft Library Source: Calisphere Date of access: January 13, 2019 00:16 Permalink: https://calisphere.org/item/ark:/13030/tf6q2nb5mz/
- ^ Steinbeck knew he was dying Archived September 27, 2007, at archive.today," September 13, 2006. Audio interview with Thom Steinbeck
- ^ a b Cynthia Burkhead, The students companion to John Steinbeck, Greenwood Press, 2002, p. 24 ISBN 978-0-313-31457-5
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Alison Flood (January 3, 2013). "Swedish Academy reopens controversy surrounding Steinbeck's Nobel prize". The Guardian. Archived from the original on July 13, 2013. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
- ^ Steinbeck Nobel Prize Banquet Speech Archived January 9, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Nobelprize.org (December 10, 1962). Retrieved August 26, 2011.
- ^ "ASIFA-Hollywood Animation Archive: Biography: Al Capp 2- A CAPPital Offense". Archived from the original on March 24, 2009. Retrieved November 18, 2009.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link). animationarchive.org (May 2008).
- ^ "Remarks at the Presentation of the 1964 Presidential Medal of Freedom Awards. | The American Presidency Project". www.presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
- ^ Steinbeck, A Life in Letters.
- ^ Manning, Thomas; North, Suzanne Matos; Adler, Brian (2005). "Hidden Treasure: The Steinbeck-Rudloe Letters". Steinbeck Studies. 16 (1): 108–118. doi:10.1353/stn.2007.0014. S2CID 146337768. Project MUSE 212985.
- ^ Perry, Yaron (2004). "John Steinbeck's Roots in Nineteenth-Century Palestine". Steinbeck Studies. 15 (1): 46–72. doi:10.1353/stn.2004.0018. S2CID 144101837. Project MUSE 172416.
- ^ Burial in timeline at this site, taken from '''Steinbeck: A Life in Letters'''. Steinbeck.org. Retrieved on August 26, 2011.
- ^ Books taught in Schools Archived October 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Center for the Learning and Teaching of Literature. Retrieved 2007.
- ^ a b c Jackson J. Benson, John Steinbeck, Writer: A Biography, Penguin, 1990 ISBN 978-0-14-014417-8
- ^ The Grapes of Wrath Burnt in Salinas Archived October 29, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, National Steinbeck Centre. Retrieved 2007.
- ^ Steinbecks work banned in Mississippi 2003 Archived October 18, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, American Library Association. Retrieved 2007.
- ^ "Steinbeck 10 most banned list". Archived from the original on July 15, 2004. Retrieved October 5, 2007.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link), American Library Association.
- ^ "100 Most Frequently banned books in the U.S." Archived from the original on March 23, 2008. Retrieved July 22, 2008., American Library Association. Retrieved 2007.
- ^ "John Steinbeck's Home and Birthplace". Archived from the original on October 16, 2006. Retrieved October 3, 2007.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link), Information Point. Retrieved 2007.
- ^ "Pulitzer Prize-Winning Author Gets 'Stamp of Approval'". United States Postal Service. February 21, 2008. Archived from the original on March 26, 2008. Retrieved March 15, 2008.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on July 10, 2017. Retrieved July 10, 2017.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ Steinbeck inducted into California Hall of Fame Archived September 28, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, California Museum. Retrieved 2007.
- ^ Laura Stampler (February 27, 2014). "Google Doodle Celebrates John Steinbeck". Time Inc. Archived from the original on August 27, 2016. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
- ^ Alison Flood (February 27, 2014). "John Steinbeck: Google Doodle pays tribute to author on 112th anniversary". The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 4, 2014. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
- ^ Carolyn Kellogg (February 27, 2014). "Google Doodle celebrates the work of John Steinbeck". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 8, 2014. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
- ^ "Penguin Press - Penguin Books USA". Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 6, 2016.
- ^ Ray, William (December 11, 2013). "John Steinbeck, Episcopalian: St. Paul's, Salinas, Part One". Steinbeck Review. 10 (2): 118–140. doi:10.5325/steinbeckreview.10.2.0118. S2CID 142177070. Project MUSE 530751.
- ^ Dave Stancliff (February 24, 2013). "Remembering John Steinbeck, a great American writer". Times-Standard. Archived from the original on June 29, 2014. Retrieved June 28, 2014.
- ^ Steinbeck and radicalism Archived February 4, 2004, at the Wayback Machine New Criterion. Retrieved 2007.
- ^ "Terijoen hallitus sai outoa tukea" [The Terijoki Government received odd support]. Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). November 29, 2009.
- ^ Brian Kannard, Steinbeck: Citizen Spy, Grave Distractions, 2013 ISBN 978-0-9890293-9-1, pp. 15–17. The correspondence is also available at "Archived copy". Archived from the original on March 1, 2014. Retrieved October 1, 2013.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ Coe, Alexis. "Recent Acquisitions: John Steinbeck's Cold War Armenian Legacy". SF Weekly. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
- ^ Jeanette Rumsby (2016). "Steinbeck's Influences". Steinbeck in the Schools. San Jose State University. Retrieved January 12, 2019.
- ^ Gladstein, Mimi R.; Meredith, James H. (March 2011). "John Steinbeck and the Tragedy of the Vietnam War". Steinbeck Review. 8 (1): 39–56. doi:10.1111/j.1754-6087.2011.01137.x.
- ^ https://www.biographyonline.net/writers/john-steinbeck.html accessed January 12, 2019
- ^ Huffington Post, September 27, 2010, John Steinbeck, Michael Moore, and the Burgeoning Role of Planetary Patriotism Archived September 30, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Steinbeck Political Beliefs Archived October 22, 2005, at the Wayback Machine, Smoking Gun Part 1. Retrieved 2007.
- ^ "The Grapes of Wrath: Literary Criticism & Critical Analysis". Study.com.
- ^ Nolte, Carl (February 24, 2002). "In Steinbeck Country". Archived from the original on September 22, 2017.
Sources
- DeMott, Robert and Steinbeck, Elaine A., eds. John Steinbeck, Novels and Stories 1932–1937 (Library of America, 1994) ISBN 978-1-883011-01-7
- DeMott, Robert and Steinbeck, Elaine A., eds. John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath and Other Writings 1936–1941 (Library of America, 1996) ISBN 978-1-883011-15-4
- DeMott, Robert, ed. John Steinbeck, Novels 1942–1952 (Library of America, 2002) ISBN 978-1-931082-07-5
- DeMott, Robert and Railsback, Brian, eds. John Steinbeck, Travels With Charley and Later Novels, 1947–1962 (Library of America, 2007) ISBN 978-1-59853-004-9
- Benson, Jackson J. (ed.) The Short Novels Of John Steinbeck: Critical Essays with a Checklist to Steinbeck Criticism. Durham: Duke UP, 1990 ISBN 978-0-8223-0994-9.
- Davis, Robert C. The Grapes of Wrath: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982. PS3537 .T3234 G734
- French, Warren. John Steinbeck's Fiction Revisited. NY: Twayne, 1994 ISBN 978-0-8057-4017-2.
- Hughes, R. S. John Steinbeck: A Study of the Short Fiction. R.S. Hughes. Boston : Twayne, 1989. ISBN 978-0-8057-8302-5.
- Meyer, Michael J. The Hayashi Steinbeck Bibliography, 1982–1996. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 1998 ISBN 978-0-8108-3482-8.
- Benson, Jackson J. Looking for Steinbeck's Ghost. Reno: U of Nevada P, 2002 ISBN 978-0-87417-497-7.
- Ditsky, John. John Steinbeck and the Critics. Rochester, NY: Camden House, 2000 ISBN 978-1-57113-210-9.
- Heavilin, Barbara A. John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath: A Reference Guide. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2002 ISBN 978-0-313-31837-5.
- Li, Luchen. ed. John Steinbeck: A Documentary Volume. Detroit: Gale, 2005 ISBN 978-0-7876-8127-2.
- Steinbeck, John Steinbeck IV and Nancy (2001). The Other Side of Eden: Life with John Steinbeck. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-57392-858-8
- Tamm, Eric Enno (2005). Beyond the Outer Shores: The Untold Odyssey of Ed Ricketts, the Pioneering Ecologist who Inspired John Steinbeck and Joseph Campbell. Thunder's Mouth Press. ISBN 978-1-56025-689-2.
- Benson, Jackson J. "John Steinbeck, Writer" Penguin Putnam Inc., second edition, New York, 1990, 0-14-01.4417X,
- Steigerwald, Bill. Dogging Steinbeck: Discovering America and Exposing the Truth about 'Travels with Charley.' Kindle Edition. 2013.
Further reading
- Nathaniel Benchley (Fall 1969). "John Steinbeck, The Art of Fiction No. 45". The Paris Review. Fall 1969 (48).
- George Plimpton and Frank Crowther (Fall 1975). "John Steinbeck, The Art of Fiction No. 45 (Continued)". The Paris Review. Fall 1975 (63).
enlaces externos
- Works by John Steinbeck at Faded Page (Canada)
- National Steinbeck Center in Salinas, California
- FBI file on John Steinbeck
- The Steinbeck Quarterly journal
- John Steinbeck Biography Early Years: Salinas to Stanford: 1902–1925 from National Steinbeck Center
- Western American Literature Journal: John Steinbeck
- Cuernavaca, Mexico, 1945 - Mrs. Stanford Steinbeck, Gwyndolyn, Thom and John Steinbeck
- John Steinbeck on Nobelprize.org
Libraries
- John Steinbeck Collection, 1902–1979
- Wells Fargo John Steinbeck Collection, 1870–1981
Videos
- Nobel Laureate page
- "Writings of John Steinbeck" from C-SPAN's American Writers: A Journey Through History
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