Cronología de la historia rumana

Timeline of the history of Romania

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Esta es una línea de tiempo de la historia de Rumania , que comprende importantes cambios legales y territoriales y eventos políticos en Rumania y sus estados predecesores. Para leer sobre los antecedentes de estos eventos, consulte Historia de Rumania .

1er milenio antes de Cristo

Siglo V aC

Año	Fecha	Evento
440 a. C.		Herodoto en Historias es el primero en mencionar que los dacios viven en el territorio de la actual Rumanía. [1] [2]
Siglo quinto		Charnabon , rey de los Getae .
Siglo quinto		El casco Geto-Dacian de Peretu .

Siglo IV aC

Año	Fecha	Evento
		Cothelas , rey de los Getae . [3]
339		Rex Histrianorum, gobernando Histria, es mencionado por Trogus Pompeius și Justinus [ cita requerida ] .
4to siglo		El casco plateado Getae de Agighiol .
4to siglo		El casco Geto-Dacian de Coțofenești .
4to siglo		El casco de Geto-Dacian de Iron Gates .
4to siglo		El casco Geto-Dacian de Făcău-Bulbucata. [4] [5]

Siglo III aC

Año	Fecha	Evento
		El rey Dromichaetes gobernaba a ambos lados del río Danubio . [6]
		El rey Moskon gobernaba la zona norte de Dobruja . [7] [se necesita una mejor fuente ]

Siglo II a. C.

Año	Fecha	Evento
200 aC		El rey Rhemaxos protegió las colonias griegas en Dobruja . [8] [9]

Siglo I aC

Año	Fecha	Evento
100 a. C.		El rey Dicomes gobernó Dacia . [10]
		El rey Rholes gobernó Dobruja . [ cita requerida ]
		El rey Dapyx gobernaba Dobruja . [ cita requerida ]
82 a. C.		El rey Burebista gobierna Dacia . (hasta 44 a . C. ) [ cita requerida ]
44 a. C.		Deceneus es sumo sacerdote de Dacia . (hasta el 27 a . C. ) [ cita requerida ]
40 a. C.		El rey Cotiso gobernaba Banat y Oltenia . (hasta el año 9 a . C. ) [ cita requerida ]
29 a. C.		El rey Zyraxes gobernaba el norte de Dobruja . (hasta el 27 a . C. ) [ cita requerida ]
9 aC		El rey Comosicus gobernaba Dacia . (hasta AD 30) [ cita requerida ]

1er milenio

Siglo I

Año	Fecha	Evento
30		El rey Scorilo gobernaba Dacia . (a 70) [ cita requerida ]
68		King Duras ruled Dacia. (to 87)[citation needed]
86		Roman Emperor Domitian loses war with the Kingdom of Dacia. (to 88)[citation needed]
87		King Decebalus ruled Dacia. (to 106)[citation needed]

2nd century

Year	Date	Event
101		First war between the Roman Empire and Dacia which ended in an unfavorable peace treaty for emperor Trajan. (to 102)[citation needed]
105		Peace broken, King Decebalus loses Second Dacian War, the south-west part of Dacia becomes a Roman province. (to 106)[citation needed]
170		The Costoboci tribe invades Roman territory.[11][12][13][12][14][15] Meeting little opposition, they swept through and raided the provinces of Moesia Inferior, Moesia Superior, Thracia, Macedonia and Achaea.[16][15][17] (to 171)
177		Written on bronze tablets, the Roman laws of Troesmis attest the joint rule of Roman emperors Marcus Aurelius and Commodus.[18][19] (to 180)
200		Pieporus is king over the Dacian Costoboci (see Costoboci#Onomastics).[20][21][better source needed]
		Tribal king Tarbus is mentioned by Dio Cassius without having his origin specified. Some authors consider a possible Dacian ethnicity[22][23]

3rd century

Year	Date	Event
260		After the defeat and capture of Roman emperor Valerian, Dacian general Regalianus became Roman emperor for a brief period.[24]
271		Roman withdrawal from Dacia occurs under Roman emperor Aurelianus after 169 years of rule. (to 275)[citation needed]

4th century

Year	Date	Event
305	May	Galerius, born in Serdica[25] (Sofia, Bulgaria), whose mother had fled from Dacia Traiana, becomes and rules as Roman Emperor. He is also awarded six Carpicus Maximus titles after winning six battles against the Carps.[26] Galerius died in late April or early May 311[27] from a horribly gruesome disease described by Eusebius[28] and Lactantius,[29] possibly some form of bowel cancer, gangrene or Fournier gangrene. (to 311)
308		Dacian-born Maximinus II (Galerius' nephew) becomes Roman Emperor. He competed with Licinius in the Civil wars of the Tetrarchy. He ruled together with other Roman Emperors as per the Civil wars of the Tetrarchy.[citation needed] (to 313)
		Licinius I, born to peasant family which had fled from Dacia Traiana,[30][31] becomes Roman Emperor of the eastern part of the Roman Empire. He was the childhood friend of the Roman Emperor Galerius. (to 324)
311		Galerius signs the Edict of Serdica (modern day Sofia, Bulgaria) thus officially ending the Diocletianic persecution of Christianity in the East two years before the Edict of Milan being the first edict legalizing Christianity.[32]
313		Shortly before Maximinus II's death at Tarsus, while previously persecuting Christians and opposing the Edict of Serdica, he issued an edict of tolerance on his own, granting Christians the rights of assembling, of building churches, and the restoration of their confiscated properties.[33]
	February	Licinius I co-authored the Edict of Milan with Roman Emperor Constantine I thus bestowing legal status on the Christian religion. Christianity was later made the official religion of the Roman Empire under Roman Emperor Theodosius I in 380.
		According to Lactantius' literary chronicle De mortibus Persecutorum, Galerius affirms his Dacian (Thracian[25]) identity by avowing himself the enemy of the Roman name once made emperor, even proposing that the empire should be called the "Dacian Empire". He exhibited anti-Roman attitude as soon as he had attained the highest power, treating the Roman citizens with ruthless cruelty, like the conquerors treated the conquered, all in the name of the same treatment that the victorious Trajan had applied to the conquered Dacians, forefathers of Galerius, two centuries before.[34][35] (to 316)
317		Roman emperor Constantine I the Great is awarded the title Carpicus Maximus after winning a battle against the Carps.[36]
	March 1	Licinius II (Licinius I's son) serves in the Eastern Roman Empire with the rank of Caesar as per the inscription "LICINIUS IUNior NOBilissimus CAESar" which translates as 'Licinius Junior Most Noble Caesar'. (to 324)
324		Constantine I defeats Licinius I at the Battle of Chrysopolis and becomes Roman Emperor during the Civil wars of the Tetrarchy.
325		Licinius I is hanged by Constantine due to being accused of conspiring to raise troops among the barbarians.[37]
326		Licinius II is killed by the Roman Emperor Constantine, probably in the context of the execution of Caesar Crispus.[38]
333		The Itinerarium Burdigalense mentions Troesmis.[39] (to 334)
353		The Roman soldier and historian Ammianus Marcellinus places the Carps as living inside the Roman Empire.[40] (to 378)
370		Alaric I is born on Peuce Island, Dobruja, modern-day Romania. He later led the Goths in the Sack of Rome (410).
381		The Byzantine chronicler Zosimus records an invasion over the Danube by a barbarian coalition of Huns, Scirii and what he terms Karpodakai, or Carpo-Dacians, as being defeated by emperor Theodosius.[41]
390		The Notitia Dignitatum mentions the presence of the commander of the Roman Legion Legio II Herculia in Troesmis.[42][43][44][45][46]
393		A coin bearing the name of the Western Roman Emperor Honorius was found in a grave at Troesmis.[47] (to 395)
400		Tabula Peutingeriana shows about 88 localities, the names of some of which were still Dacian at the time of its compiling as they end in -dava. 20 of them are still inhabited today, and 6 of them still retain the same name, or, incorporate their original names into their current name.
		A paleo-Christian basilica was discovered in Niculițel in the spot named "La Plăcintă". Coins from between 330–354 were discovered, as were 5th century modifications to the basilica. While a specific end date for the use of the basilica could not be determined, a couple of 10th century submerged dwellings were discovered as having been dug in the NV corner of the nave which concludes that the basilica was in disarray by the 10th century. Under the altar there is a crypt which housed the bones of the martyrs whose names were written on the sidewalls.[48][49][50][51][52] (to 600)
		A paleo-Christian basilica was discovered in the Adamclisi fortress.[53] (to 600)

5th century

Year	Date	Event
466		Aethicus Ister from Histria in Dobruja finishes his trip around the world.[54]
500		A 5th century burial contained a Roman type brooch.[55][56]
		At Napoca, cross-dating using pottery remains infers a post-Roman date for the construction of a Roman styled porticus.[55][56]
		At Porolissum, red-slipped ware (terra sigillata Porolissensis) has been found in a post-Roman (re)construction phase of the forum.[55][56]
		At Potaissa, burials containing iron buckles, flint-steel, gold and silver jewelry, amber and embroidery beads have been excavated.[55][56]
		A 5th–6th century small basilica was discovered in the west sector of the Tomis citadel in modern-day Constanța.[57][51][58] (to 600)
		A 5th–6th century bigger basilica was discovered in the west sector of the Tomis citadel in modern-day Constanța.[59][51][60] (to 600)
		Another 5th–6th century Christian basilica was discovered in the Tomis citadel, modern-day Constanța.[61][51][62] (to 600)
		A crypt is all that is left of a paleo-Christian basilica discovered at Tomis. Three enclosures for the remains of saints were discovered.[63][51][64] (to 600)
		A 5th–6th century Christian basilica was discovered in 2012 at Noviodunum. According to the archeologist Florin Topoleanu, the population of 5th century Noviodunum was Christian.[65] (to 600)
		Blachernae was a suburb of Constantinople. The Romanian philologist Ilie Gherghel, wrote a study about Blachernae and concluded that it possibly derived from the name of a Vlach (sometimes written as Blach or Blasi), who came to Constantinople from the lower Danube, a region named today Dobruja.[66] Gherghel compared data from old historians like Genesios and from the Greek lexicon Suidas and mentioned the existence of a small colony of Vlachs in the area of today Blachernae. Similar opinions were sustained by Lisseanu.[67]

6th century

Year	Date	Event
513		Blachernae appeared in a work by Theophanes Confessor in connection with a revolt of Flavius Vitalianus against Anastasius I Dicorus, Emperor in 513.[68]
571		A bronze coin from the time of the Eastern Roman Emperor Justin II was discovered at Troesmis.[47] (to 573)
587		First written record about a Romance language spoken in Southeastern Europe: a Byzantine soldier, native to Thrace (in present-day Bulgaria, Greece or Turkey), shouted at his companion "torna, torna fratre" ("turn around, turn around, brother") during a Byzantine campaign against the Avars invading the Balkan Peninsula.[69][70][71]
588		Troesmis was inhabited until 593.[72][47][73] Byzantine coins were discovered here and dated between 588–593 during the reign of Byzantine emperor Maurice.[74][75][76] (to 593)
600		Procopius mentions forts[where?] with names such as Skeptekasas, Burgulatu, Loupofantana and Gemellomountes. Modern authors claim these as Romanian names: Seven House, Broad City, Wolf's Well and Twin Mountains.[77][78]

7th century

Year	Date	Event
681		Formation of the First Bulgarian Empire (681–1018), including the lands east and south of the Carpathians[79]
700		The Ravenna Cosmography mentions Troesmis.[39][42][43][44][45]
		Ananias of Shirak, a 7th-century Armenian geographer described the "large country of Dacia" as inhabited by Slavs who formed "twenty-five tribes".[80][81][82]
		Some authors state that Troesmis was inhabited until the end of the 7th century based on archeological evidence.[83][47]

8th century

Year	Date	Event
800		Cremation cemeteries of the "Nuşfalau-Someşeni group" were discovered in northwestern Transylvania, with their 8th- and 9th-century tumuli.[84][85][86]
		Ten 8th century graves of adults with bracelets from Troesmis were discovered in 1977.[87][47]

9th century

Year	Date	Event
805		Around 805, the Bulgarian khan Krum defeated the Avar Khaganate to destroy the remainder of the Avars, conquered Pannonia and Transilvania, spreading from the middle Danube to the Dnieper and from Odrin to the Tatra Mountains. The Ongal was the traditional Bulgar name for the area north of the Danube across the Carpathians covering Transylvania and along the Danube into eastern Pannonia.[88][89][90] This resulted in the establishment of a common border between the Frankish Empire and Bulgaria.[89][90][91]
824		The Fourth Section of the Royal Frankish Annals mentions the Abodrites who lived in "Dacia on the Danube as neighbors of the Bulgars" sent envoys to Emperor Louis the Pious in 824, complaining "about vicious aggression by the Bulgars"[92] and seeking the emperor's assistance against them, according to the Royal Frankish Annals.[93][94] The Abodrites inhabited the lands along either the Timiș or the Tisza rivers.[95][96]
890		Menumorut, Glad, and the Vlach Gelou are the rulers of Crișana, Banat, and Transylvania when the Magyars invaded the territoriy, according to the Gesta Hungarorum.[97][98]
900		Fine, gray vessels were also unearthed in the 9th-century "Blandiana A"[99] cemeteries in the area of Alba-Iulia, which constitutes a "cultural enclave" in Transylvania.[100][101] Near these cemeteries, necropolises of graves with west–east orientation form the distinct "Ciumbrud group".[102][99][103] Female dress accessories from "Ciumbrud graves" are strikingly similar to those from Christian cemeteries in Bulgaria and Moravia.[102][103]

10th century

Year	Date	Event
906		Menumorut dies and is succeeded by his son-in-law, Zoltán of Hungary, according to the Gesta Hungarorum.[citation needed]
943		An Old Slavonic (Old Bulgarian[104]) inscription found among the remains of Trajan's Wall in Dobruja bears the name of župan Demetrius.[105]
969		The "Western part" of Troesmis is supposed to have been rebuilt and used again during the reign of the Eastern Roman Emperor John I Tzimiskes based on archaeological discoveries.[106][47][better source needed]
976		The Greek historian John Skylitzes mentions the word βλάχοι (Vlachs) in his work Synopsis of Histories.[107][108]
983		Ibn al-Nadīm published in 938 the work Kitāb al-Fihrist mentioning "Turks, Bulgars and Vlahs" (using Blagha for Vlachs)[109][110]
1000		According to the Arab chronicler Mutahhar al-Maqdisi, "They say that in the Turkic neighbourhood there are the Khazars, Russians, Slavs, Waladj, Alans, Greeks and many other peoples."[111]
		Another župan by the name of George is possibly mentioned in an inscription in the Murfatlar Cave Complex, in Dobruja.[citation needed] The Complex is a relict from a widespread monastic phenomenon in a 10th century Bulgaria.[112]
		The Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII mentions Troesmis.[39]

2nd millennium

11th century

Year	Date	Event
1010		Coins and follis notes from Troesmis have been discovered.[47] (to 1020)
1018		The "Blökumenn" (often identified as Vlachs) are mentioned in a later source as fighting in Kievan Rus'.[113][114] (to 1019)
1050		The Swedish Runestone G134 mentions the ethnonym Blakumen as it recorded the death of Hróðfúss who was treacherously killed by Vlachs while travelling abroad.[115][116]
1066		Byzantine writer Kekaumenos, author of the Strategikon, described a 1066 Roman (Vlach) revolt in northern Greece.[117]
1100		An 11th century byzantine settlement was discovered at Argamum.[118]

12th century

Year	Date	Event
1113		The Russian Primary Chronicle, written in ca. 1113, recorded that nomad Hungarians drove away the Vlachs and took their lands.[119][120]
1164		Prince Andronikos Komnenos, son of (list of byzantine emperors) John II Komnenos, was apprehended by Vlachs in his escape taking the road towards Galitza/Galicia.[121]
1166		Byzantine historian John Kinnamos described Leon Vatatzes' military expedition along the northern Danube, where Vatatzes mentioned the participation of Vlachs in battles with the Magyars (Hungarians) in 1166.[122][123]
1185		Ivan Asen I of Bulgaria and Peter II of Bulgaria, described unanimously by chronicles written in the late 12th and early 13th centuries as Vlachs,[124] rebelled against byzantine authority and restored the Second Bulgarian Empire as co-rulers, founding the Asen dynasty.[125]
1196		Kaloyan of Bulgaria, younger brother of Ivan Asen I of Bulgaria and Peter II of Bulgaria, became Emperor of Bulgaria. (to October 1207)[126]
1197		Dobromir Chrysos was a leader of the Vlachs and Bulgarians in eastern Macedonia during the reign of Byzantine emperor Alexios III Angelos. According to Niketas Choniates, a 12th-century Greek byzantine government official, Dobromir was Vlach by birth.[127]
1200		Benjamin of Tudela of the Kingdom of Navarre was one of the first writers to use the word Vlachs for a Romance-speaking population.[128]

13th century

Year	Date	Event
1204	November 8	A papal legate delivered a royal crown to Kaloyan of Bulgaria and crowned him "King of the Bulgarians and Vlachs".
1213		An army of Vlachs, Transylvanian Saxons, and Pechenegs, led by Ioachim of Sibiu, attacked the Bulgarians and Cumans that were from Vidin[citation needed].
1222		Țara Făgărașului was mentioned in documents as Terra Blacorum[citation needed].
1224		The Diploma Andreanum was issued by Andrew II of Hungary granting provisional autonomy to colonial Germans residing in the present-day area of Sibiu.
1224		Țara Făgărașului was mentioned in documents as Silva Blacorum[citation needed].
1230		Adventure 22 of The Nibelungenlied states that a certain Duke Ramunnch from Wallachia was present at Atilla's wedding with 700 men riding "as swiftly as flying birds".[129][130]
1241		The Persian chronicle Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh mentions several rulers from Wallachia such as Bezerenbam and Mişelav and the country of Ilaut.[131][132][133][unbalanced opinion?]
1247		The diploma of King Béla IV of Hungary issued on July 2, 1247 mentions the local rulers knyaz John, knyaz Farcaş, voivode Litovoi and voivode Seneslau.[134] Seneslau and Litovoi are expressly said to be Vlachs (Olati) in the king's diploma.[134]
1252		Țara Făgărașului was mentioned in documents as Terra Olacorum[citation needed].
1277		Bărbat succeeds his brother Litovoi as ruler of Oltenia after the later was killed during a battle with the Hungarian army. (to 1280)
1288		First evidence of Diet in Transylvania[citation needed].
1290		According to legend and the 17th century Cantacuzino Annals, Radu Negru founded Wallachia.
1300		Simon of Keza states in his Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum that the Vlachs remained in Pannonia.[135][136]

14th century

Year	Date	Event
1310		Basarab I's rule starts and lasts until 1351/1352.
1330		Basarab I of Wallachia wins the Battle of Posada against Charles I Robert of Hungary.
1332		Thocomerius is named in a diploma of Charles I of Hungary[134] as being the father of Basarab I. Certain historians such as Vlad Georgescu and Marcel Popa believe him to have been a voievode in Wallachia having succeeded Bărbat who ruled around 1278.[137][138]
1340		During the reign of Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria (1331–1371) the control over powerful vassals, such as the rulers of Wallachia and Dobruja, who pursued their own foreign policies, was hardly stronger.[139] The Principality of Karvuna or Despotate of Dobruja (Bulgarian: Добруджанско деспотство or Карвунско деспотство; Romanian: Despotatul Dobrogei or Țara Cărvunei) split off from the Second Bulgarian Empire in the region of modern Dobruja and Northeast Bulgaria[140]
1400		Vlach settlements existed throughout much of today's Croatia,[141] but centres of population were focused around the Velebit and Dinara mountains and along the Krka and Cetina rivers.[141]
		The Flateyjarbók preserves the 13th century biography of King Olaf II of Norway which amongst other things records the adventures of a Norwegian prince Eymund in the saga Eymundar þáttr hrings, who informs Jarizleifr of the departure of Jarizleifr's brother, Burizlaf, to Tyrkland, and added that Burizlaf was preparing to attack Jarizleifr with a huge army formed by Tyrkir, Blökumen and other peoples.[142]

15th century

Year	Date	Event
1437		The Transylvanian peasant revolt broke out at Bobâlna.
1438		The Unio Trium Nationum pact was signed as a reaction to the Transylvanian peasant revolt at Bobâlna.
1465	October 14	Radu cel Frumos issues a writ from his residence in Bucharest.
1476		The Polish chronicler Jan Długosz remarked in 1476 that Moldavians and Wallachians "share a language and customs".[143]

16th century

Year	Date	Event
1514		György Dózsa led a peasant's revolt in Transylvania against Hungarian nobles.
1521		Neacșu's letter is one of the oldest surviving documents written in the Romanian language.
1532		Francesco della Valle writes that "they name themselves Romei in their own language" ("si dimandano in lingua loro Romei") and, he also cites the expression "Do you know Romanian?" ("se alcuno dimanda se sano parlare in la lingua valacca, dicono a questo in questo modo: Sti Rominest ? Che vol dire: Sai tu Romano?").[144]
1534		Tranquillo Andronico remarks that ""Vlachs now name themselves Romanians (Valachi nunc se Romanos vocant).[145]
1542		The Transylvanian Szekler Johann Lebel wrote that "the Vlachs name each other Romuini".[146]
1554		The Polish chronicler Stanislaw Orzechowski mentions that "in their language, the vlachs name themselves romini".[147]
1563		An Acts of the Apostles book is printed by the printer Coresi from Brașov in Romanian, though written with the Cyrillic alphabet at the time.
1570		The Croatian Ante Verančić specifies that "the vlachs from Transylvania, Moldova and Transalpina name themselves Romans".[148]
1574		Pierre Lescalopier writes that "those that live in Moldova, Wallachia and most of Transylvania consider themselves as being descendants of Romans and name their language romanian".[149]
1575		Ferrante Capecci, after travelling through Wallachia, Transylvania and Moldova, mentions that the dwellers of these lands are named "romanesci".[150]
1580		The Orăștie Palia is the oldest translation of the Pentateuch written in the Romanian language.[151]
1600		Wallachian prince Mihai Viteazul briefly imposes his rule over the other two historic principalities inhabited by Romanians – Transylvania and Moldavia.

17th century

Year	Date	Event
1601		The assassination of Mihai Viteazul ends the union between Transylvania, Moldova and Wallachia that had been established one year prior.
		After the assassination of Mihai Viteazu, the Hungarian-origin Transylvanian noblemen swear allegiance to Rudolph II, the Habsburg Emperor. Giorgio Basta's terror regime commences.[editorializing]
1605		Stephen Bocskay becomes Prince of Transylvania guaranteeing religious freedom and broadening Transylvania's independence.
1606		The Treaty of Vienna gives constitutional and religious rights and privileges to all Hungarian-speaking Transylvanians but none to Romanian-speaking people. The treaty guarantees the right of Transylvanians to elect their own independent princes in the future.
1613		Gabriel Bethlen becomes Prince of Transylvania succeeding to Gabriel Báthory. Under Bethlen's rule, the principality experiences a golden age. He promoted agriculture, trade, and industry, sank new mines, sent students abroad to Protestant universities, and prohibited landlords from denying an education to children of serfs.[editorializing]
1618		Transylvania take part to Thirty Years' War. Gabriel Bethlen invades Hungary and proclaims himself as King of Hungary.
1621		On December 31, Peace of Nikolsburg ends the war between Transylvania and Habsburgs. The conditions of Treaty of Vienna signed in 1606 are reinforced.
1632		The first war between Wallachia, led by Matei Basarab, and Moldavia led by Vasile Lupu.
1640		Grigore Ureche, in his The Chronicles of the land of Moldavia states that the language spoken by Moldavians is an amalgam of Latin, French, Greek, Polish, Turkish, Serbian, and so on, though assuming the preponderance of the Latin influence and claims that, at a closer look, all Latin words could be understood by Moldavians.[152]
1648		Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years' War. Transylvania is mentioned as a sovereign state.
1653		The second war between Matei Basarab and Vasile Lupu ends with the Moldavian throne being given to Gheorghe Ştefan.
1655		Seimeni revolt begins.
1657		George II Rákóczi invades Poland only to be defeated. The Ottoman Empire take advantage of the new situation and restore the military power in Transylvania.
1661		In April Prince Kemény proclaims the secession of Transylvania from the Ottomans and appeals to help from the Habsburg Monarchy. He was not aware of the secret agreement between the Habsburg Empire and Ottomans and the move will end his reign. Transylvania becomes a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire.
1682		The capital of Transylvania is moved to Sibiu (then Nagyszeben);
1683		The defeat of Ottoman armies in Battle of Vienna means the end of Ottoman rule over Transylvania. The Roman Catholic Church becomes official church in Transylvania in a move directed by the Habsburgs to weak the noblemen estates, which were both Roman Catholic and Protestant.
1692		The Habsburgs control over Transylvania is consolidated even more and the princes are replaced with governors named directly by the Habsburg Emperors, who themselves become Princes of Transylvania.
1698		Bucharest becomes capital of Wallachia. Until then the capital was in Târgoviște. Constantin Brâncoveanu's 16-year reign commences during which period Wallachia enjoys a golden age.
1699		The Emperor Leopold I decrees Transylvania's Orthodox Church to be one with the Roman Catholic Church, by joining the newly created Romanian Greek-Catholic Church.
		Martinus Szent-Ivany mentions that the Vlachs use the following phrases "Si noi sentem Rumeni" meaning "we are Romanians too" and "Noi sentem di sange Romena", meaning "We are of Roman blood".[153]

18th century

Year	Date	Event
1711		Transylvania's direct-autonomy to Habsburg Empire ends, as the region comes under the administrative area of Hungary.
1714		Constantin Brâncoveanu and his sons are executed in Istanbul at the order of Sultan Ahmed III because they did not renounce their Christian faith. The sultan also did not agree with Brâncoveanu's alliance with the Habsburg and Russian empire.
1715		The Phanariote period starts. Nicholas Mavrocordatos becomes the first Phanariote prince of Wallachia. The influence of Ottoman Empire is greater than ever.
1716		The Habsburg Empire invades Wallachia during the Austro-Turkish War.
1718		Oltenia becomes part of the Habsburg Empire.
1739		Oltenia is reconquered by the Ottomans.
1746		Constantine Mavrocordatos abolishes enacts measures effectively abolishing serfdom in Wallachia and creates a more effective central administrative apparatus.
1749		Serfdom is abolished in Moldavia.
1765		The Grand Principality of Transylvania is proclaimed, consisting of a special separate status within the Habsburg Empire originally granted in 1691. This was however just a mere formality, as Transylvania is still an administrative area of Hungary.[citation needed]
1768		Wallachia is occupied by Russia during the Fifth Russo-Turkish War.
1784		The Revolt of Horea, Cloşca and Crişan starts in November and lasts until February in 1785. The main demands were related to the existence feudal serfdom and the lack of political equality between Romanians and other ethnicities of Transylvania.
1791		Romanian-speaking Transylvanians petition to Emperor Leopold II for recognition as the fourth nation of Transylvania and for religious equality. Their demands are rejected and their old marginalised status is reinforced;

19th century

Year	Date	Event
1801		Russia assumes a protective right over Romanian-speaking Christians in the Danubian lands and soon began to increase its influence in the region.
1802		Sámuel Teleki, then Chancellor of Transylvania, inaugurates the first library in Transylvania and present-day Romania. On December 15, János Bolyai is born in Cluj Napoca. Today the town's main university is named after him and Victor Babeş.
1806		Following the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire, the Habsburg Empire is reorganised and becomes the Austrian Empire.
		Wallachia is occupied by Russia.
1813		Caragea's plague claims 60,000 deaths in Wallachia during 1813 and 1814.
1817		Mihail Kogălniceanu is born. He will play a major role in the politics of Romania in second half of the 19th century;
1818		Ion Caragea adopts the first modern code of law in Wallachia.
1821		Following the death of Alexandros Soutzos a boyar regency is established.
		The anti-boyar and anti-Phanariote uprising takes place being led by Tudor Vladimirescu. On 28 May, a treaty is signed between Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire ending the war with Bessarabia becoming part of the Russian Empire.
		The Phanariote rule ends. Moldavia is occupied by Alexander Ypsilantis's Filiki Eteria during the Greek War of Independence.
1822		Ionică Tăutu, representing a group of low-ranking boyars in Moldavia, proposes a constitutional project with republican and liberal principles;
1826		Local leaders in Moldavia are allowed to govern by the Ottoman Empire and Russian Empire.
1829		Following the Treaty of Adrianople, without overturning Ottoman suzerainty, places Wallachia and Moldavia under Russian empire military rule until Turkey pays an indemnity. Wallachia gains the rayas of Turnu, Giurgiu and Brăila, Russia annexes the Danube estuary.
		The seventh Russo-Turkish War brings Pavel Kiselyov at the leadership of Moldavia;
1834		Regulamentul Organic, a quasi-constitutional organic law is enforced in Wallachia and Moldavia. Sfatul Boieresc, the first Legislative Assembly in Wallachia is established.
		Regulamentul Organic, a quasi-constitutional organic law is enforced in Wallachia and Moldavia. Sfatul Boieresc, the first Legislative Assembly in Wallachia is established Mihail Sturdza, a man with unionist ideas, becomes Prince of Moldavia.
1844		The enslavement of Romani people ends.
1847		A custom union[clarification needed] with Wallachia is established.
1848		The Revolution are very active in this part of Europe. The Hungarians demand more rights, including a provision on the union between Transylvania and Hungary. The Romanian-speaking Transylvanians carry their own parallel revolution led by Avram Iancu, which opposed the union with Hungary.
		The Revolutions of 1848 spreads in Wallachia where the Romanian-speaking Wallachians try to overrule the Russian Empire's administration, demand the abolition of boyar privilege and a land reform. The revolutionaries are successful enough to create a provisional government in June and forced Gheorghe Bibescu, the Prince of Wallachia, to abdicate and leave into exile. A series of reforms follow the protests, the abolition of Roma slavery being one of them.
		The Revolutions of 1848 reach Moldavia but are less successful than in Wallachia, as the revolts are quickly suppressed.
1849		The revolt led by Avram Iancu obtains some rights for the Romanian-speaking Transylvanians, in spite of strong opposition from Hungary.
		Grigore Alexandru Ghica becomes prince of Moldavia. He introduces important administrative reforms and promotes economic development and education.
1850		Mihai Eminescu, regarded today[by whom?] as the most famous and influential Romanian poet is born.[citation needed]
1854		The first railway line through Romania's present-day territory opens on August 20 and between Oraviţa in Banat and Baziaş.
		The Russian Empire protectorate ends. It is followed by an Ottoman occupation for several months and then a two-year-long Austrian occupation;
1856		Wallachia and Moldavia are brought under the influence of the Western European powers under the provisions of the Treaty of Paris.
		The end of the Crimean War heralds the end of Russia dominance in Moldovia.
1859		The National Party is founded. Its leader, Alexandru Ioan Cuza will play a major role in the formation of Romania just three years later.
		Alexandru Ioan Cuza is elected Prince of Moldavia on January 5. Three weeks later he is also elected Prince of Wallachia, thus achieving a de facto union of the two principalities under the name of Romania.
1860		University of Iaşi is established, as the first institution of higher education in Romanian language with faculties of literature, philosophy, law, science and medicine and schools in music and art. The Romanian Army is founded. Romania switches from Cyrillic script to the Latin script that is still in use today.
1861		On February 5, the 1859 union is formally declared and a new country, Romania is founded. The capital city is chosen to be Bucharest. On December 23, Abdülaziz, the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire officially recognizes the union but only for the duration of Cuza's reign.
		The Transylvanian Association for the Literature and Culture of the Romanians is founded in Sibiu, as the first cultural association of the Romanian-speaking Transylvanians.
1862		The Government of Romania is formed with Alexandru Constantin Moruzi as the first ever Prime Minister.
1863		Alexandru Ioan Cuza promulgates the Agrarian Reform in which the majority of the land is transferred into the property of those who worked it. As there was not enough land, the Secularization of monastery estates in Romania, in which large estates owned by the Romanian Orthodox Church are transferred under state ownership and than to private property, takes place. This was an important turning point in the history of Romania, as it marked the almost disappearance of the Boyar class, leaving the country to look towards capitalism and industrialization.
1864		The Parliament of Romania is formed. A tuition-free, compulsory public education for primary schools is introduced in Romania for the first time. Also a Criminal Code and a Civil Code, both based on the Napoleonic Code, are introduced.
1865		On January 1, Casa de Economii şi Consemnaţiuni, the first bank of Romania, is established. On June 19 Evangelis Zappas, one of the richest men in the world at that date dies at the age of 65. Born in the Ottoman Empire in today's Greece he lived in Romania most of his life.
		Romania becomes the first European country to abolish the death penalty.[154] This, however, did not last, it is now abolished in Romania since 1990.[155]
1866		On February 22, Alexandru Ioan Cuza is forced to sign his abdication, which was mainly caused by the Agrarian Reform from 1863 that made him many enemies[citation needed]. Due to the country's political troubles and its financial collapse, the Parliament takes the decision to place a foreign price on the vacant throne. On March 26, Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen becomes Prince of Romania as Carol. Originally, the offer was made to Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders but he refused. On April 1, the Romanian Academy is established. On July 1, the first constitution of Romania is ratified.
1867		On April 22 the Leu currency is adopted.
		Austria-Hungary is formed as a result of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise to replace the Austrian Empire. Transylvania becomes integrated part of Hungary.
1869		The Bucharest – Giurgiu railway works are concluded after four years and the line become the first of this kind[clarification needed] in Romania. However, it is not the first railway built on the present territory of Romania. The first railway was built in 1854 in Banat.
1870		The short-lived Republica Ploieşti is formed in the city of Ploieşti as part of a revolt against the Prince.
1877		On April 16, Romania and the Russian Empire sign a treaty under which Russian troops are allowed to pass through Romanian territory, with the condition to respect the integrity of Romania. On 21 May, the Parliament of Romania declare the independence of the country. In the fall Romania join the Russo-Turkish War on the Russian Empire side. In November, deeply defeated in the Battle of Plevna, the Ottoman Empire request an armistice.
1878		Romania independence is recognised by the Central Powers on July 13. Following the Treaty of Berlin, Romania now include territories of Northern Dobruja, the Danube Delta, and Insula Şerpilor. In return the southern counties of Bassarabia are returned to Russian Empire.
1880		National Bank of Romania is established in April. The bank's first governor was Eugeniu Carada. Căile Ferate Române, Romania's state-owned railway company starts its operations.
1881	March 26	Carol I is crowned as King. His wife Elisabeth becomes Queen. Romania becomes kingdom.
	12 May	The National Party of Romanians in Transylvania is formed as the first party of the Romanians in Transylvania.
	August 19	George Enescu is born.
1882		The Stock Exchange opens in Bucharest.
1884		The first ever telephone in Romania is installed.
1885		Patriarch Joachim IV signs the recognition of the autocephalous status of the Romanian Orthodox Church that granted it equal rights with those of the other orthodox churches.
1886		The construction of the Athenaeum begins. Although the work would continue until 1897, the first concert took place in 1886 and it was performed by Bucharest Philharmonic Orchestra.
1889		Mihai Eminescu dies aged 39.
1892		The Transylvanian Memorandum is signed by the leaders of the Romanians to the Austro-Hungarian Emperor Franz Joseph, asking for equal ethnic rights with the Hungarians, and demanding an end to persecutions and Magyarization attempts. The memorandum was forwarded to the Hungarian Parliament and the results was that the Romanian leaders are sentenced to long terms in prison.
1894		Leaders of the Transylvanian Romanians who sent a Memorandum to the Austrian Emperor demanding national rights for the Romanians are found guilty of treason.
1895		King Carol I Bridge is inaugurated on September 26. At the time it was the longest in Europe and second longest in the world.
1896		The construction of Port of Constanţa begins. Since then it has been the most important port in Romania. In May, cinema arrives in Romania for the first time.[citation needed]
1897		Bram Stoker publishes his most famous novel, Dracula, whose titular character is based on Vlad Tepes, a Romanian ruler.
1900		The Post Palace is inaugurated. Today it houses the National Museum of Romanian History.

20th century

Year	Date	Event
1904		The first refinery, a Romanian-American joint venture is founded and to process oil produced in the Prahova River valley.
1906		Traian Vuia Achieved a short hop of 20 Meters at 1 Meter height in his aircraft Vuia I.
		Aurel Popovici, a Transylvanian lawyer and politician, proposes the federalization of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy into the so-called United States of Greater Austria under the model of United States of America with a total of 15 component states, Transylvania being one of them.
1907		Violent peasant revolts crush throughout Romania, thousands of persons killed.
1913		At the end of the Balkan Wars, Romania acquire the southern part of the Dobruja from Bulgaria.
	April 1	The Parliament votes to enact the law of the military aviation[clarification needed], Romania being the fifth nation in the world to have an air force.
1914	October 10	Carol I dies and is succeeded by his nephew, Ferdinand, who becomes the second King of Romania as Ferdinand I. His wife, Maria becomes queen.
		Transylvania enters World War I on the Austro-Hungarian side.
1916		Despite choosing to stay away from the war, the death of King Carol I and the course of events made Romania to change its view and decide to switch sides in favor of the Entente, demanding the territory of Transylvania. The demands of the Romanian Government were accepted and following the First Treaty of Bucharest. Romania declare war to the Central Powers on August 27 and launches attacks through the Southern Carpathians and into Transylvania. Poorly trained and equipped, the Romanian Army cannot face the power of the German, Bulgarian and Ottoman armies and Bucharest is lost in December. Iaşi becomes temporarily the capital city of Romania.
1917	August 6	The Battle of Mărăşeşti, the retreat of the Russian Army from Romania left the Romanians no choice but to ask for peace. (to September 8)
1918		In January USA President Woodrow Wilson requests autonomy for the ethnic groups of Austria-Hungary. Between March 26 and 28 a Congress of Nationalities of Austria-Hungary takes place in Rome when a motion is passed, demanding the recognition of the right of each nation to constitute into a national state, which would stay independent, or would unite with its already existing national state. On December 1 the assembly of the delegates of ethnic Romanians[clarification needed] held in Alba Iulia declare the Union of Transylvania with Romania.
		The Second Treaty of Bucharest is signed on 7 May. However, after a successful offensive by the Entente on the Thessaloniki front puts out of the war, Romania re-enters the war on November 10. On November 28 the Romanian representatives of Bucovina voted for union with the Kingdom of Romania, followed by the proclamation of the union of Transylvania with the Kingdom of Romania on December 1, by the representatives of Transylvanian Romanians and of the Transylvanian Saxons gathered at Alba Iulia. Both proclamations were not, however, yet recognized by the Entente powers.
1919		Béla Kun, the leader of the Hungarian Soviet Republic, decides to attack Romania to regain the lost territories in Transylvania without any success. The counter-offensive led to the occupation of the Hungarian capital Budapest in August by the Romanian Army putting an end to the self-proclaimed Hungarian Soviet Republic. In meantime, the union proclamations of Bucovina, Basarabia and Transylvania are officially recognized by the Treaty of Versailles and later by the Treaty of Trianon and the Kingdom of Romania expands its borders.
1920	January 20	Romania becomes a founding member of League of Nations. The CFRNA (French-Romanian Company for Air Navigation) is established, becoming the first airline in Romania.
1921	April 23	Romania and Czechoslovakia sign a peace treaty in Bucharest. It will be followed by a similar treaty between Romania and Yugoslavia signed it Belgrade one month later. A new land reform takes place, suggested by King Ferdinand I, who wanted to repay the soldiers and their families for sacrifices made during the war[citation needed].
1922		King Ferdinand I and Queen Maria are crowned in Alba Iulia as King and Queen of all Romanians.
1925		The Romanian Orthodox Church is officially recognized[clarification needed].
1927	July 20	King Ferdinand I dies and Mihai I, his grandson, becomes the third King of Romania after his father Carol renounced to his rights to the throne in two years earlier.
	July 24	On July 24, the Iron Guard is formed by Corneliu Zelea Codreanu. The Iron Guard will play a major role in the Romanian political and social system over the next decade and a half.
1929		The worldwide Great Depression affects Romania as well.
1930	June	Carol II returns to Romania on June 7 and is proclaimed King one day later, thus becoming the fourth King of Romania and the first born in Romania. The Societatea Anonimă Română de Telefoane is established and Romania starts to use landline telephone on a wide scale.
1933	December	On December 10, Ion Duca, Prime Minister of Romania at the time, bans the Iron Guard. On December 29, Ion Duca is assassinated by members of the paramilitary organization.
1937		A new palace is built to replace the old residence of the heads of states of Romania, which has been in use for over a century. Today the National Museum of Art of Romania is located in the palace.
1938		In a bid for political unity against the fascist movement known as the Iron Guard, which was gaining popularity, Carol II dismissed the government headed by Octavian Goga. The activity of the Romanian Parliament and of all political parties was suspended and the country is governed by royal decree. Miron Cristea, the first Patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church become Prime Minister on February 11.
1939		Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union sign the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, in which the Soviet side claims Basarabia. The territory is given to the Soviet Union together with the northern part of Bucovina one year later.
	September 21	Armand Călinescu, Prime Minister of Romania, is assassinated by the Iron Guard.
1940		On June 27, following an ultimatum issued by the Soviet Union, Romania loses Basarabia. On August 30, under the Second Vienna Award, Romania loses the northern part of Transylvania to Hungary. Only one week later the Kadrilater/Southern Dobruja is lost to Bulgaria. On September 4, Horia Sima, leader of the Iron Guard, and Ion Antonescu, a Romanian Army General, Prime Minister of Romania at that date, form the "National Legionary State" in Romania, forcing the abdication of King Carol II. Mihai I becomes king for the second time two days later. On October 8, Nazi troops begin crossing into Romania. On November 23, Romania joins the Axis Powers.
1941	January 21	A rebellion organized by the Iron Guard takes place in Bucharest. Later known as the Bucharest pogrom, it was a reaction to the decision made by Ion Antonescu to cut off the privileges of the Iron Guard[citation needed]. During the rebellion, 125 Jews and 30 army soldiers were killed. After order is restored, the Iron Guard is banned. (to January 23)
	June 22	Romania joins Operation Barbarossa, attacking the Soviet Union hoping to recover the lost territories of Basarabia and Bucovina. Later, Romania annexes Soviet lands immediately east of the Dnister.
1943		Romania becomes a target of Allied aerial bombardment.[citation needed]
1944		On August 23, King Mihai leads a successful coup with support from opposition politicians and the army. Ion Antonescu is arrested. On September 12, an Armistice Agreement is signed with the Allied powers. Romania join the Allied powers. In October Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, proposed an agreement with Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin on how to split up Eastern Europe into spheres of influence after the war. The Soviet Union were offered a 90% share of influence in Romania.[citation needed] Battle of Romania begins.
1945		On March 1, Petru Groza becomes the first Communist Prime Minister of Romania after Nicolae Rădescu was forced to submit his resignation by the Soviet Union's deputy People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs, Andrei Y. Vishinsky. Later on that year Romania takes part in the Battle on Budapest as well as the Battle on Prague. Despite joining only the Allies only in August 1944, Romania had an important contribution to shortening WWII by six months, according to Sir Winston Churchill[verification needed].
1946		The Romanian Communist Party wins the elections amid unrest and allegations of electoral fraud by opposition groups and the government of the United Kingdom.
1947		Following the abdication of Mihai I, the People's Republic of Romania is declared on December 30 against the majority of people who supported the monarchy. The new leader of Romania becomes Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party;
1948		A new constitution is ratified on April 13. Two months later, on June 11 all banks and major enterprises are nationalized. During the year, also in the years to come, many pre-war politicians, businessmen, priests and even ordinary people are thrown in prisons. On August 30, following the model of Soviet NKVD, the Romanian secret police is formed;
1949		A forced collectivization, in which the agriculture is organized under the socialist model, comes into force. Romania join Comecon. The construction of Danube-Black Sea Canal starts. The canal was the most known labour camp in the history of Romania;
1951		During the night of June 18 the third-largest mass deportation in modern Romanian history takes place. Some 45,000 people are taken from their homes and deported to the Bărăgan plain;
1952		The Hungarian Autonomous Province, the one and only autonomous province in modern Romania, is created. It will be disestablished in 1968. The second Communist constitution is ratified;
1953		The Danube-Black Sea Canal is halted and the labour camp disestablishedied Iuliu Maniu dies in Sighet prison;
1954		SovRoms, joint ventures between Romania and Soviet Union are formed. They will prove their inefficiency for Romania from the first day of establishment and most of them will be dissolved in 1956;
1955		Romania joins the Warsaw Pact. On February 14, a group of Romanian anti-Communists occupies the Romanian embassy in Berne demanding the release from prisons of many public personalities. With the help of the Swiss police, the order is re-established two days later. On December 14, Romania join the United Nations;
1956		On October 28 a radio station calling itself "Romania of the future. The voice of resistance" begins broadcasting on different wavelengths. Many protests, especially amongst students, follows in November. On December 31, Televiziunea Română start to broadcast first programmes;
1957		ARO is established in Câmpulung-Muscel and start to manufacture off-road vehicles. ARO IMS become the first car built in Romania after World War II. Over the next three decades ARO will be a landmark of Romania.
1958		The Soviet Union Army leave Romania after fourteen years of occupation;
1959		On July 28, the Ioanid Gang carries out the most famous bank robbery ever to occur in a Communist state;
1960		Oliviu Beldeanu, the leader of the group that occupied the Romanian embassy in Bern five years earlier, is executed in Bucharest;
1965		On March 19, Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej dies and Nicolae Ceauşescu is elected General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party and becomes the state leader. The official name of the country is changed into The Socialist Republic of Romania. The third Communist constitution is ratified;
1966		Intreprinderea de Autoturisme Piteşti is established. Two years later Romania start the mass production, the first mass production of a car – Dacia 1100. Nicolae Ceauşescu orders that the abortion decree signed in 1957 to be reversed and new policies to increase birth rate and fertility rate are introduced. The policy fails, as the population begins to swell, accompanied by rising poverty and increased homelessness children in the urban areas;
1968		Romania refuse to participate in the invasion of Czechoslovakia. Nicolae Ceauşescu openly condemns the action, thus he becomes a Western world favourite. Richard Nixon's visit to Romania was the first by an American president to a Communist country. The Patriotic Guards are formed as an additional defence force in case of an attack from the outside;
1972		In order to develop a "multilaterally socialist society", Nicolae Ceauşescu starts urban planning, following the ideologies of North Korea. The face of the country is completely changed in the years to come;
1974		Nicolae Ceauşescu becomes the first President of Romania. Romania become the first country in the Eastern Bloc ever to establish economic relations with the European Community. The Generalised System of Preferences is signed, followed by an Agreement on Industrial Products in 1980.
1976		At the age of 14, Nadia Comăneci becomes one of the stars of the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal. During the team portion of the competition, her routine on the uneven bars is scored at a 10.0. It is the first time in modern Olympic gymnastics history that the score had ever been awarded. Over the next years, Nadia will become one of the best known Romanians in the world;
		The Danube-Black Sea Canal project restarts;
1977		On 4 March 21:20 local time, an earthquake occurs with a magnitude of 7.4 and epicentre in Vrancea at a depth of 94 kilometres. The earthquake killed about 1,570 people and injured more than 11,000. Total damages are estimated at more than two billion dollars. On 1 July 35,000 out of 90,000 miners in Jiu Valley decide to stop working. Their protest is the biggest of this kind in Communist Romania before the 1989 revolution. The strike only ends when Nicolae Ceauşescu intervened in person.
1978		Ion Mihai Pacepa, a senior officer in Securitate, defected to the United States becoming the highest ranking defector from the Eastern Bloc;
1980		Construction of the Cernavodă Nuclear Power Plant begins. The fourth Communist constitution is ratified;
1981		The 1981 Summer Universiade becomes the most important sport event ever to be hosted by Romania. Dumitru Prunariu becomes the first Romanian in space;
1983		As part of the urban planning programme, significant portions of the historic centre of Bucharest are demolished in order to accommodate standardized apartment blocks and government buildings, including the grandiose Centrul Civic and the palatial House of the People, the second largest government building in the world;
1984		Romania is, alongside People's Republic of China and Yugoslavia, one of the three Communist countries to take part to the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, USA. The Danube-Black Sea Canal is finally completed after nearly four decades;
1986		On 7 May, Steaua București win the European Cup and become the first football team from a Communist country to win the trophy;
1987		In a climate of economic depression and food shortages a rebellion erupts on November 15 in the city of Braşov. Over 300 protesters are arrested for hooliganism.
1989		On December 16, protests break out in Timișoara. Five days later Nicolae Ceaușescu organises a mass meeting in Bucharest. The jeers and whistles soon erupt into a riot, as the crowd takes to the streets, placing the capital in turmoil. Nicolae Ceaușescu and his wife leave Bucharest putting an end to four decades of Communist rule in Romania. On December 25, after a short trial, Nicolae Ceauşescu and his wife are executed.
		The National Salvation Front (FSN) take the power during the Romanian Revolution. The leader is elected Ion Iliescu. The new name of the republic becomes Romania;
1990		On 20 May, free elections are held in Romania for the first time after fifty years. FSN, which became a political party, win the elections. Ion Iliescu is elected the second President of Romania. Before and after the elections, a protest initiated by the students and professors of University of Bucharest, which was also supported by many intellectuals, demanded that former members of the Romanian Communist Party, which included Ion Iliescu, should be banned from elections. The protest was ended by the intervention of the miners from Jiu Valley, brought to Bucharest by Iliescu himself in what is remembered as the June 1990 Mineriad;
1991		A new constitution is ratified;
1992		Elections are held and Ion Iliescu wins a second mandate. Privatization of the industry starts;
1993		Romania apply to become a member of the European Union. The first wireless telephony system becomes active;
1995		The Stock Exchange reopens in Bucharest;
1996		Emil Constantinescu becomes the third President of Romania;
1997		Romania join the countries able to use GSM telephony;
2000		Ion Iliescu returns to power after winning the elections;

3rd millennium

21st century

Year	Date	Event
2004		Romania joins the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Traian Băsescu becomes the fourth President of Romania.
2007		On January 1, Romania join the European Union, together with Bulgaria. Traian Băsescu was temporarily suspended for alleged constitutional violations and replaced with Nicolae Văcăroiu.
2008		In February the Government overrule court decision that commission investigating Communist-era secret police is illegal. For two days, starting on April 2, Romania host 2008 NATO summit. Legislative election are held on November 30. Emil Boc becomes the new Prime Minister following the elections.
2009		Badly affected by the Late-2000s recession, the International Monetary Fund and other lenders agree to provide Romania a rescue package worth 20bn Euros. A Government crisis begins in April when the Social Democratic Party pulls out of ruling coalition, leaving Prime Minister Emil Boc at head of minority government, which subsequently loses a confidence vote in parliament. On December 6, Traian Băsescu is re-elected as president for a second mandate after marginally winning the presidential election in front of Mircea Geoană.
2013		Large protests against Prime Minister Victor Ponta. (to 2014)
2014	December 21	Klaus Iohannis becomes the fifth President of Romania, who is also the first ethnic German President of Romania.

See also

Cities in Romania

• Timeline of Bucharest
• Timeline of Cluj-Napoca
• Timeline of Iași
• Timeline of Sibiu

Further reading

• William Henry Overall, ed. (1870). "Danubian Principalities". Dictionary of Chronology. London: William Tegg. hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t9m32q949 – via Hathi Trust.
• Henry Smith Williams, ed. (1908). "Chronological Summary of the History of the Balkan States and Modern Greece: Rumania". Historians' History of the World. 24. London: Hooper & Jackson. pp. 240–3. hdl:2027/njp.32101063964728.
• Benjamin Vincent (1910), "Roumania", Haydn's Dictionary of Dates (25th ed.), London: Ward, Lock & Co., hdl:2027/loc.ark:/13960/t89g6g776 – via Hathi Trust
• "Romania". Political Chronology of Europe. Europa Publications. 2003. pp. 197–205. ISBN 978-1-135-35687-3.
• David Turnock (2006). "Chronology: Romania". The Economy of East Central Europe, 1815-1989: Stages of Transformation in a Peripheral Region. Routledge. p. 440+. ISBN 978-1-134-67876-1.

References

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2. Herodotus & 440 BC, 4.93–4.97. sfn error: no target: CITEREFHerodotus440_BC (help)
3. Atlas of Classical History by R. Talbert, 1989, page 63, "Getae under Cothelas"
4. https://www.academia.edu/25500761/Civilizaţia_geto-dacică_I_._Arme_şi_echipamente_din_patrimoniul_Muzeului_Naţional_de_Istorie_a_României
5. https://identitatea.ro/coiful-de-lupta-antic-geto-dacic/
6. Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean, 2007, Index Dromichaetes King of the Getians
7. Radu Ocheşeanu, Monedele basileului Moskon aflate în colecţiile Muzeului de arheologie Constanţa (=Coins of Basileus Moskon in the collections of the Archaeological Museum at Constantza), în Pontica 3 (1970), p. 125-128.
8. Kurt W. Treptow and Ioan Bolovan in "A history of Romania – East European Monographs", 1996, ISBN 9780880333450, page 17 "..Two inscriptions discovered at Histria indicate that Geto-Dacian rulers (Zalmodegikos and later Rhemaxos) continued to exercise control over that city-state around 200 BC ...."
9. The Hellenistic Age from the Battle of Ipsos to the Death of Kleopatra VII by Stanley M. Burstein, 1985, Index Rhemaxos Getic or Scythian ruler
10. Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean, 2007, page 47, "Dicomes of the Getians"
11. Cortés 1995, pp. 191–193. sfn error: no target: CITEREFCortés1995 (help)
12. Kovács 2009, p. 198. sfn error: no target: CITEREFKovács2009 (help)
13. Birley 2000, p. 168. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBirley2000 (help)
14. Schiedel 1990. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchiedel1990 (help)
15. Croitoru 2009, p. 402. sfn error: no target: CITEREFCroitoru2009 (help)
16. Birley 2000, p. 165. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBirley2000 (help)
17. Johnson 2011, p. 206. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJohnson2011 (help)
18. "România furată. Cine are interesul să continue furturile din siturile arheologice".
19. Cristina-Georgeta Alexandrescu, Christian Gugl, Troesmis și romanii la Dunărea de Jos. Proiectul Troesmis 2010–2013
20. Wilhelm Tomachek in "Les restes de la langue dace" published in "Le Muséon By Société des lettres et des sciences, Louvain, Belgium, page 407 "Pieporus, prince des daces Costoboces..."
21. Gudmund Schütte in Ptolemy's maps of northern Europe, H. Hagerup, 1917 page 82 "historical king Pieporus. The same author Schütte in "Our forefathers" published by University Press, 1929 page 74 "The North Dacian tribes of the Koistobokoi and Karpoi unlike the rest of Dacia escaped the Roman conquest of AD 105..."
22. Wilhelm Tomachek (1883): "Les restes de la langue dace" published in "Le Muséon By Société des lettres et des sciences, Louvain, Belgium, page 409
23. Batty, Roger (2007): Rome and the Nomads: the Pontic-Danubian realm in antiquity, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-814936-0, ISBN 978-0-19-814936-1, page 366
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25. Eutropius. Breviarivm historiae romanae, IX, 22 (in Latin)
26. CIL III.6979
27. Corcoran, Simon, The empire of the tetrarchs: imperial pronouncements and government, AD 284–324, p. 187
28. Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiae 352–356
29. Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 33
30. Jones, A.H.M.; Martindale, J.R. (1971). The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Vol. I: AD260-395. Cambridge University Press. p. 509.
31. DiMaio, Michael, Jr. (February 23, 1997). "Licinius (308–324 A.D.)". De Imperatoribus Romanis.
32. Edward Gibbon (January 1, 2008). The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Cosimo, Inc. pp. 132–. ISBN 978-1-60520-122-1.
33. Ecclesiastical History, X, 7–11
34. Leadbetter, William Lewis (2009). Galerius and the Will of Diocletian (eBook). p. number unavailable in preview. ISBN 9781135261320. Retrieved September 21, 2018 – via Google Books. Lactantius, for example, noted that Galerius intended to change the name of the Empire from "Roman" to "Dacian", and was an enemry of tradition and culture (22.4).
35. Schaff, Philip (1885). "Ante-Nicene Fathers Volume 7" (eBook). Christian Classics Ethereal Library. p. Chapter 27. Retrieved September 21, 2018. Long ago, indeed, and at the very time of his obtaining sovereign power, he (Galerius) had avowed himself the enemy of the Roman name; and he proposed that the empire should be called, not the Roman, but the Dacian empire
36. CIL VIII.8412
37. Gibbon, Edward (1776). "Chapter XIV". The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Vol. II.
38. Grant, Michael (1993). The Emperor Constantine. London. pp. 47–48. ISBN 0-7538-0528-6.
39. Laura-Diana Cizer, Toponimia județului Tulcea: considerații sincronice și diacronice, 303 pag., Editura Lumen, 2012
40. Ammianus XXVIII.1.5; XXVII.5.5
41. Zosimus, Historia Nova, IV (114)
42. "P. Ovidius Naso, Ex Ponto, book 4, poem 9".
43. Ovid de Ponto Containing foure books of elegies. Written by him in Tomos, a citie of Pontus, in the foure last yeares of his life, and so dyed there in the seaventh yeare of his banishment from Rome. Translated by W.S.
44. TOCILESCU 1883a, p. 101
45. Gheorghe Mănucu-Adameșteanu, Comuna Turtucoaia, punct Iglița, cetățile Troesmis est și Troesmis vest. Considerații privind locuirea medio – bizantină din secolele X-XIII
46. NDOr. 39, 23 and 29: Trosmis, 31: Iprosmis
47. https://revistapontica.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/pontica-43-pag-435-469.pdf
48. "Archaeological Excavations in Romania, 1983 – 2012, Preliminary Archaeological Reports, Archaeological Excavation Report". CIMEC. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
49. "The paleo-Christian basilica from Niculiţel". National Archaeological Record of Romania. Romanian Ministry of Culture. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
50. Lista monumentelor istorice 2004, MO nr. 646 bis/16/07/2004, Ordinul ministrului culturii şi cultelor nr. 2.314/2004, vol. III, 2004, 2271, poz. 283 [Ordin MCC] (site record source)
51. DMASI, Proiectul Listei Monumentelor Istorice, 1991 [Proiect LMI] (site record source)
52. Baumann, Victor Henrich, Cronica cercetărilor arheologice din România. Campania 1994, CIMEC-Institutul de Memorie Culturală, Bucureşti, 1995, http://cronica.cimec.ro/detail.asp?k=127 [Publicaţie]
53. "National Archaeological Record of Romania". CIMEC. Romanian Ministry of Culture. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
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55. worldhistory.org
56. DUMITRU, A. (April 28, 2011). Dacia. Ancient History Encyclopedia
57. "The small basilica from Tomis". National Archaeological Record of Romania. Romanian Ministry of Culture. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
58. Lista Monumentelor Istorice, MO nr. 646 bis/16/07/2004, Ordinul ministrului culturii şi cultelor nr. 2.314/2004, vol. II, București, 2004, p. 931, poz. 3 [Ordin MCC] (site record source)
59. "The big basilica at Tomis". National Archaeological Record of Romania. Romanian Ministry of Culture. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
60. Lista Monumentelor Istorice, MO nr. 646 bis/16/07/2004, Ordinul ministrului culturii şi cultelor nr. 2.314/2004, vol. II, București, 2004, p. 931, poz. 2 [Ordin MCC] (site record source)
61. "The Christian Basilica at Tomis". National Archaeological Record of Romania. Romanian Ministry of Culture. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
62. Lista Monumentelor Istorice, MO nr. 646 bis/16/07/2004, Ordinul ministrului culturii şi cultelor nr. 2.314/2004, vol. II, București, 2004, p. 931, poz. 4 [Ordin MCC] (site record source)
63. "The paleo-Christian crypt of the basilica from Tomis-Constanța". National Archaeological Record of Romania. Romanian Ministry of Culture. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
64. Lista Monumentelor Istorice, MO nr. 646 bis/16/07/2004, Ordinul ministrului culturii şi cultelor nr. 2.314/2004, vol. II, București, 2004, p. 934, poz. 24 [Ordin MCC] (site record source)
65. Manolache, Dumitru (November 23, 2016). "The 5th–6th century Christian basilica at Noviodunum". Ziarul Lumina. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
66. Gherghel 1920, pp. 4–8 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGherghel1920 (help)
67. G. Popa Lisseanu, Continuitatea românilor în Dacia, Editura Vestala, Bucuresti, 2014, p.78
68. Theophanes Confessor. In: Fontes Historiae Daco-Romanae, București, Institutul de studii Sud-Est Europene, 1970, p.599
69. Georgescu, Vlad (1991). The Romanians: A History. Ohio State University Press. p. 13. ISBN 0-8142-0511-9.
70. Mihăescu, H. (1993). La Romanité dans le Sud-Est de L'Europe (in French). Editura Academiei Române. p. 421. ISBN 97-3270-342-3.
71. Opreanu, Coriolan Horaţiu (2005). "The North-Danube Regions from the Roman Province of Dacia to the Emergence of the Romanian Language (2nd–8th Centuries AD)". In Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Bolovan, Ioan (eds.). History of Romania: Compendium. Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies). p. 129. ISBN 978-973-7784-12-4.
72. BOGDAN-CĂTĂNICIU 1984, p. 49.
73. For the campaigns of Byzantine emperor Maurice see CURTA 2006, p. 87 – 88 şi 104.
74. CHIRIAC, BOUNEGRU 1973 – 1975, p. 102, catalog 7.
75. OBERL^NDER-T]RNOVEANU 1980, p. 274, catalog 177.
76. Pentru campanile lui Mauriciu vezi CURTA 2006, p. 87 – 88 şi 104.
77. "History of Vlachs".
78. Jorga, N. (1924). "La " Romania " danubienne et les barbares au VIe siècle". Revue Belge de Philologie et d'Histoire. 3: 35–50. doi:10.3406/rbph.1924.6272.
79. "Euratlas Periodis Web - Map of Europe in Year 700".
80. Spinei 2009, pp. 80–81.
81. Bóna 1994, pp. 98–99. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBóna1994 (help)
82. The Geography of Ananias of Şirak (L1881.3.9), p. 48.
83. BAUMANN 1980, p. 169 – 172. De la Cetatea de Est mai putem aminti încă o monedă de la acest împărat, emisiune din 568/569, cf. POPESCU, IACOB, GEORGESCU 1996, p. 94, catalog 79.
84. Bărbulescu 2005, p. 197. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBărbulescu2005 (help)
85. Bóna 1994, pp. 101–102. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBóna1994 (help)
86. Kristó 2003, p. 35. sfn error: no target: CITEREFKristó2003 (help)
87. VASILIU 1980, p. 218 – 220
88. Fine 1991, p. 94. sfn error: no target: CITEREFFine1991 (help)
89. "Krum | Bulgar khan".
90. Ian Mladjov, "Trans‐Danubian Bulgaria: Reality and Fiction", in Byzantine Studies/Etudes Byzantines, n.s. 3, 1998 [2000], 85–128.
91. Essential History of Bulgaria in Seven Pages, p. 3, Lyubomir Ivanov, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, 2007
92. Royal Frankish Annals (year 824), p. 116.
93. Curta 2006, p. 153. sfn error: no target: CITEREFCurta2006 (help)
94. Sălăgean 2005, p. 134. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSălăgean2005 (help)
95. Bóna, István (2001). "From Dacia to Erdőelve: Transylvania in the period of the Great Migrations (271–896); Southern Transylvania under Bulgar rule". Columbia University Press. Retrieved November 11, 2014.
96. Curta 2006, p. 159. sfn error: no target: CITEREFCurta2006 (help)
97. Madgearu, Alexandru (2005). The Romanians in the Anonymous Gesta Hungarorum: Truth and fiction. Romanian Cultural Institute, Center for Transylvanian Studies. ISBN 973-7784-01-4.
98. Macartney, C. A. (1953). The Medieval Hungarian Historians: A Critical & Analytical Guide. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-08051-4.
99. Opreanu 2005, p. 122.
100. Fiedler 2008, p. 159. sfn error: no target: CITEREFFiedler2008 (help)
101. Madgearu 2005b, p. 68. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMadgearu2005b (help)
102. Fiedler 2008, p. 161. sfn error: no target: CITEREFFiedler2008 (help)
103. Madgearu 2005b, p. 134. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMadgearu2005b (help)
104. "Bulgaria - the first Bulgarian empire".
105. Ovidiu Drimba – Istoria culturii şi civilizaţiei româneşti, Editura Ştiinţifică şi Pedagogică, Bucureşti, 1987, vol.2, pg.404
106. BARNEA, ŞTEFĂNESCU 1971, p. 80.
107. Spinei, Victor (2009). The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth Century (Print Book on Google Books). Brill. p. 102. ISBN 9789047428800. Retrieved September 21, 2018 – via Google Books. The account of the rebellion of the Comitopouloi related in the chronicle of John Skylitzes, written in the late eleventh century, includes one of the earliest attestations of the Vlachs south of the Danube.
108. Skylitzes, John (976). A Synopsis of Byzantine History 811–1057 (eBook). p. 312. ISBN 9781139489157. Retrieved September 21, 2018 – via Google Books. Of these four brothers David died right away killed between Kastoria and Prespa, at a place called Kalasdrys (beautiful oaks), by some vagabond Vlachs.
109. Ibn al Nadim, al-Fihrist. English translation: The Fihrist of al-Nadim. Editor și traducător: B. Dodge, New York, Columbia University Press, 1970, p. 37 with n.82
110. Spinei, Victor, The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth Century. Brill. 2009, p.83
111. A. Decei, V. Ciocîltan, "La mention des Roumains (Walah) chez Al-Maqdisi,"in Romano-arabica I, Bucharest, 1974, pp. 49–54
112. Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250, Florin Curta, Cambridge University Press, 2006, ISBN 0521815398, p. 232.
113. Egils saga einhenda ok Ásmundar berserkjabana, in Drei lygisogur, ed. Å. Lagerholm (Halle/Saale, 1927), p. 29
114. V. Spinei, The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth Century, Brill, 2009, p. 106, ISBN 9789047428800
115. Pritsak 1981, p. 344. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPritsak1981 (help)
116. Jesch 2001, p. 257. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJesch2001 (help)
117. G. Murnu, Când si unde se ivesc românii întâia dată în istorie, în "Convorbiri Literare", XXX, pp. 97–112
118. "Situl arheologic de la Jurilovca-Orgame/Argamum – Capul Dolojman". National Archaeological Record of Romania. Romanian Ministry of Culture. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
119. Samuel Hazzard Cross et Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor (English), The Russian Primary Chronicle. Laurentian Text, The Medieval Academy of America, CambridgeMassachusetts, 2012, p.62
120. C. A. Macartney, The Habsburg Empire: 1790–1918, Faber & Faber, September 4, 2014, paragraf.185
121. Cinnamus, John (1836). Ioannis Cinnami Epitome Rerum ab Ioanne et Manuele Comnenis Gestarum [Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus by John Kinnamos]. Translated by Brand, C.M. New York (published 1976).
122. A. Decei, op. cit., p. 25.
123. V. Spinei, The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta From the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth Century, Brill, 2009, p.132, ISBN 9789004175365
124. Vásáry 2005, pp. 36–37.
125. Curta 2006, pp. 358–359, 379. sfn error: no target: CITEREFCurta2006 (help)
126. Madgearu 2016, p. 112. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMadgearu2016 (help)
127. Paul Stephenson, Byzantium's Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900–1204, Cambridge University Press, 29 iun. 2000, p.307
128. "Tudela".
129. "UNESCO-Weltdokumentenerbe Nibelungenlied".
130. "The Nibelungenlied, by an Unknown Author".
131. Xenopol, p. 552.
132. C-tin C Giurescu, Istoria Românilor, Ed. ALL Educațional, București, 2003, p. 281
133. Djuvara, cited article.
134. Vásáry, István. Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365.
135. Simon de Kéza, Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum, IV,
136. G. Popa-Lisseanu, Izvoarele istoriei Românilor, IV, Bucuresti, 1935, p. .32
137. Georgescu, Vlad (1991). The Romanians: A History.
138. Treptow, Kurt W.; Popa, Marcel. Historical Dictionary of Romania.
139. Fine, Late Medieval Balkans, p. 366.
140. Delev, Petǎr; Valeri Kacunov; Plamen Mitev; Evgenija Kalinova; Iskra Baeva; Bojan Dobrev (2006). "19. Bǎlgarija pri Car Ivan Aleksandǎr". Istorija i civilizacija za 11. klas (in Bulgarian). Trud, Sirma.
141. Mužić (Vjekoslav Klaić) 2010, p. 14. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMužić_(Vjekoslav_Klaić)2010 (help)
142. Eymund's Saga (ch. 8.), pp. 79–80.
143. The Annals of Jan Długosz ISBN 19-0101-900-4, p. 593
144. "...si dimandano in lingua loro Romei...se alcuno dimanda se sano parlare in la lingua valacca, dicono a questo in questo modo: Sti Rominest ? Che vol dire: Sai tu Romano?..." in: Claudiu Isopescu, Notizie intorno ai romeni nella letteratura geografica italiana del Cinquecento, in Bulletin de la Section Historique, XVI, 1929, p. 1- 90
145. Tranquillo Andronico in Endre Veress', Fontes rerum transylvanicarum: Erdélyi történelmi források, Történettudományi Intézet, Magyar Tudományos Akadémia, Budapest, 1914, S. 204
146. "Ex Vlachi Valachi, Romanenses Italiani,/Quorum reliquae Romanensi lingua utuntur.../Solo Romanos nomine, sine re, repraesentantes./Ideirco vulgariter Romuini sunt appelanti", Ioannes Lebelius, De opido Thalmus, Carmen Istoricum, Cibinii, 1779, p. 11 – 12
147. "qui eorum lingua Romini ab Romanis, nostra Walachi, ab Italis appellantur" St. Orichovius, Annales polonici ab excessu Sigismundi, in I. Dlugossus, Historiae polonicae libri XII, col 1555
148. "...Valacchi, qui se Romanos nominant..." "Gens quae ear terras (Transsylvaniam, Moldaviam et Transalpinam) nostra aetate incolit, Valacchi sunt, eaque a Romania ducit originem, tametsi nomine longe alieno..." De situ Transsylvaniae, Moldaviae et Transaplinae, in Monumenta Hungariae Historica, Scriptores; II, Pesta, 1857, p. 120
149. "Tout ce pays: la Wallachie, la Moldavie et la plus part de la Transylvanie, a esté peuplé des colonies romaines du temps de Trajan l’empereur… Ceux du pays se disent vrais successeurs des Romains et nomment leur parler romanechte, c'est-à-dire romain … " în Voyage fait par moy, Pierre Lescalopier l’an 1574 de Venise a Constantinople, în: Paul Cernovodeanu, Studii și materiale de istorie medievală, IV, 1960, p. 444
150. "Anzi essi si chiamano romanesci, e vogliono molti che erano mandati quì quei che erano dannati a cavar metalli..." în: Maria Holban, Călători străini despre Țările Române, București, Editura Stiințifică, 1970, vol. II, p.158 – 161
151. Palia de la Orǎștie (1581–1582), Bucharest, 1968
152. Grigore Ureche, Ch. For our Moldavian language, in Chronicles of the land of Moldavia, available at Wikisource
153. "Valachos...dicunt enim communi modo loquendi: Sie noi sentem Rumeni: etiam nos sumus Romani. Item: Noi sentem di sange Rumena: Nos sumus de sanguine Romano" Martinus Szent-Ivany, Dissertatio Paralimpomenica rerum memorabilium Hungariae, Tyrnaviae, 1699, p. 39
154. "Abolirea pedepsei cu moartea în Principatele Române în secolul al XIX-lea". Historia. Adevărul Holding 2018. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
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External links

• "Romania Profile: Timeline". BBC News. November 5, 2019.