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El emblema del Patrimonio Mundial se utiliza para identificar bienes protegidos por la Convención del Patrimonio Mundial e inscritos en la Lista oficial del Patrimonio Mundial. [1]

Un sitio del Patrimonio Mundial es un lugar emblemático o un área protegida legalmente por una convención internacional administrada por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO) . Los sitios del Patrimonio Mundial son designados por la UNESCO por tener importancia cultural, histórica, científica o de otro tipo. Se considera que los sitios contienen " patrimonio cultural y natural de todo el mundo que se considera de valor excepcional para la humanidad ". [2]Para ser seleccionado, un sitio del Patrimonio Mundial debe ser de alguna manera un hito único que sea geográfica e históricamente identificable y que tenga un significado cultural o físico especial. Por ejemplo, los sitios del Patrimonio Mundial pueden ser ruinas antiguas o estructuras históricas, edificios, ciudades, [a] desiertos, bosques, islas, lagos, monumentos, montañas o áreas silvestres. [5] [6] Un sitio del Patrimonio Mundial puede significar un logro notable de la humanidad y servir como evidencia de nuestra historia intelectual en el planeta, o puede ser un lugar de gran belleza natural. [7] En junio de 2020, existían un total de 1.121 sitios del Patrimonio Mundial (869 culturales, 213 naturales y 39 mixtos) en 167 países . Con 55 áreas seleccionadas,China e Italia son los países con más sitios en la lista. [8]

Los sitios están destinados a la conservación práctica para la posteridad, que de otro modo estaría sujeta a riesgo de intrusión humana o animal, acceso no supervisado, incontrolado o sin restricciones, o amenaza de negligencia administrativa local. Los sitios están demarcados por la UNESCO como zonas protegidas. [2] La lista de Sitios del Patrimonio Mundial es mantenida por el Programa del Patrimonio Mundial administrado por el Comité del Patrimonio Mundial de la UNESCO , compuesto por 21 "Estados Partes" que son elegidos por su Asamblea General. [9]El programa cataloga, nombra y conserva sitios de importancia cultural o natural excepcional para la cultura y el patrimonio común de la humanidad. El programa comenzó con la "Convención sobre la protección del patrimonio cultural y natural del mundo", [10] que fue aprobada por la Conferencia General de la UNESCO el 16 de noviembre de 1972. Desde entonces, 193 Estados Partes han ratificado la convención, convirtiéndola en una de los acuerdos internacionales más reconocidos y el programa cultural más popular del mundo. [11]

Historia [ editar ]

Origen [ editar ]

En 1954, el gobierno de Egipto decidió construir la nueva Presa Alta de Asuán , cuyo futuro embalse resultante eventualmente inundaría una gran parte del valle del Nilo que contiene tesoros culturales del antiguo Egipto y la antigua Nubia . En 1959, los gobiernos de Egipto y Sudán solicitaron a la UNESCO que los ayudara a proteger y rescatar los monumentos y sitios en peligro de extinción. En 1960, el Director General de la UNESCO lanzó la Campaña internacional para salvar los monumentos de Nubia. [12]Este llamamiento resultó en la excavación y registro de cientos de sitios, la recuperación de miles de objetos, así como el rescate y reubicación a terrenos más altos de varios templos importantes. Los más famosos son los complejos de templos de Abu Simbel y Philae . La campaña terminó en 1980 y se consideró un éxito. Para agradecer a los países que contribuyeron especialmente al éxito de la campaña, Egipto donó cuatro templos; el Templo de Dendur se trasladó al Museo Metropolitano de Arte de Nueva York, el Templo de Debod al Parque del Oeste de Madrid, el Templo de Taffeh al Rijksmuseum van Oudhedenen Leiden, y el templo de Ellesyia al Museo Egizio en Turín. [13]

El proyecto costó 80 millones de dólares (equivalente a 248,24 millones de dólares en 2019), de los cuales 40 millones se recaudaron en 50 países. [14] El éxito del proyecto dio lugar a otras campañas de salvaguardia, como salvar Venecia y su laguna en Italia, las ruinas de Mohenjo-daro en Pakistán y los complejos del templo de Borobodur en Indonesia. Luego, junto con el Consejo Internacional de Monumentos y Sitios , la UNESCO inició un proyecto de convención para proteger el patrimonio cultural. [14]

Convención y antecedentes [ editar ]

Convención sobre la Protección del Patrimonio Cultural y Natural del Mundo
Firmado16 de noviembre de 1972
LocalizaciónParís, Francia
Eficaz17 de diciembre de 1975
Condición20 ratificaciones
Ratificadores193 (189 estados miembros de la ONU más las Islas Cook , la Santa Sede , Niue y Palestina )
DepositarioDirector General de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura
IdiomasÁrabe, español, francés, inglés y ruso

La convención (el documento firmado de acuerdo internacional ) que guía el trabajo del Comité del Patrimonio Mundial se desarrolló durante un período de siete años (1965-1972).

Estados Unidos inició la idea de salvaguardar lugares de gran importancia cultural o natural. Una conferencia de la Casa Blanca en 1965 pidió un "Fondo del Patrimonio Mundial" para preservar "las magníficas áreas naturales y escénicas del mundo y los sitios históricos para el presente y el futuro de toda la ciudadanía del mundo". La Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza elaboró ​​propuestas similares en 1968, que se presentaron en 1972 a la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Medio Humano en Estocolmo . [15] En el marco del Comité del Patrimonio Mundial, los países signatarios deben producir y presentar informes periódicos de datos.proporcionar al comité una descripción general de la implementación de la Convención del Patrimonio Mundial en cada nación participante y una "instantánea" de las condiciones actuales en los bienes del Patrimonio Mundial.

Sobre la base del proyecto de convención que había iniciado la UNESCO, finalmente todas las partes acordaron un solo texto, y la Conferencia General de la UNESCO aprobó la "Convención sobre la protección del patrimonio mundial, cultural y natural" el 16 de noviembre de 1972. [ 15] La Convención entró en vigor el 17 de diciembre de 1975. A junio de 2020, ha sido ratificada por 193 Estados Partes: [16] 189 Estados miembros de la ONU , 2 Estados observadores de la ONU (la Santa Sede y el Estado de Palestina ) y 2 estados en libre asociación con Nueva Zelanda (las Islas Cook y Niue). Solo cuatro estados miembros de la ONU no han ratificado la convención: Liechtenstein , Nauru , Somalia y Tuvalu . [17]

Objetivos y resultados positivos [ editar ]

Al asignar lugares como Patrimonio de la Humanidad, la UNESCO quiere ayudar a transmitirlos a las generaciones futuras. Su motivación es que “el patrimonio es nuestro legado del pasado, con lo que vivimos hoy” y que tanto el patrimonio cultural como el natural son “fuentes insustituibles de vida e inspiración”. [2] La misión de la UNESCO con respecto al Patrimonio Mundial consta de ocho subobjetivos. Estos incluyen fomentar el compromiso de los países y la población local con la conservación del Patrimonio Mundial de diversas formas, proporcionando asistencia de emergencia para los sitios en peligro, ofreciendo asistencia técnica y formación profesional, y apoyando las actividades de concienciación pública de los Estados Partes. [2]

Ser incluido en la lista de Patrimonio de la Humanidad puede afectar positivamente al sitio, su entorno y las interacciones entre ellos. Un sitio listado obtiene reconocimiento internacional y protección legal, y puede obtener fondos, entre otros, del Fondo del Patrimonio Mundial para facilitar su conservación bajo ciertas condiciones. [18] La UNESCO reconoce las restauraciones de los cuatro sitios siguientes entre sus historias de éxito: Angkor en Camboya, la ciudad vieja de Dubrovnik en Croacia, la mina de sal de Wieliczka cerca de Cracovia en Polonia y el área de conservación de Ngorongoro en Tanzania. [19] Además, la población local alrededor de un sitio puede beneficiarse de un aumento significativo de los ingresos por turismo. [20]Cuando existen interacciones significativas entre las personas y el entorno natural, estos pueden reconocerse como "paisajes culturales". [B]

Proceso de nominación [ editar ]

A country must first list its significant cultural and natural sites into a document known as the Tentative List. A country may not nominate sites that have not been first included on its Tentative List. Next, it can place sites selected from that list into a Nomination File, which is evaluated by the International Council on Monuments and Sites and the World Conservation Union. These bodies then make their recommendations to the World Heritage Committee. The Committee meets once a year to determine whether or not to inscribe each nominated property on the World Heritage List; sometimes it defers its decision or requests more information from the country which nominated the site. There are ten selection criteria – a site must meet at least one to be included on the list.[21]

Criterios de selección [ editar ]

Hasta 2004, había seis criterios para el patrimonio cultural y cuatro para el patrimonio natural. En 2005, esto se modificó para que ahora solo haya un conjunto de diez criterios. Los sitios nominados deben tener un "valor universal excepcional" y cumplir al menos uno de los diez criterios. [7] Estos criterios se han modificado o enmendado varias veces desde su creación.

Cultural [ editar ]

Sitio No. 252: Taj Mahal , un ejemplo de un sitio de patrimonio cultural
  1. "Para representar una obra maestra del genio creativo humano"
  2. "To exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning or landscape design"
  3. "To bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization which is living or which has disappeared"
  4. "To be an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in human history"
  5. "To be an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, land-use, or sea-use which is representative of a culture (or cultures), or human interaction with the environment especially when it has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change"
  6. "To be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance"[c]

Natural[edit]

Site No. 156: Serengeti National Park, an example of a natural heritage site
Site No. 274: Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu, an example of a mixed heritage site
  1. "to contain superlative natural phenomena or areas of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance"
  2. "to be outstanding examples representing major stages of earth's history, including the record of life, significant on-going geological processes in the development of landforms, or significant geomorphic or physiographic features"
  3. "to be outstanding examples representing significant on-going ecological and biological processes in the evolution and development of terrestrial, fresh water, coastal and marine ecosystems and communities of plants and animals"
  4. "to contain the most important and significant natural habitats for in-situ conservation of biological diversity, including those containing threatened species of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science or conservation"
    5. [7]

Extensions and other modifications[edit]

A country may request to extend or reduce the boundaries, modify the official name, or change the selection criteria of one of its already listed sites. Any proposal for a significant boundary change or to modify the site's selection criteria must be submitted as if it were a new nomination, including first placing it on the Tentative List and then onto the Nomination File.[21] A request for a minor boundary change, one that does not have a significant impact on the extent of the property or affect its "outstanding universal value", is also evaluated by the advisory bodies before being sent to the committee. Such proposals can be rejected by either the advisory bodies or the Committee if they judge it to be a significant change instead of a minor one.[21] Proposals to change a site's official name are sent directly to the committee.[21]

Endangerment[edit]

Main articles: List of World Heritage in Danger and Former UNESCO World Heritage Sites

A site may be added to the List of World Heritage in Danger if conditions threaten the characteristics for which the landmark or area was inscribed on the World Heritage List. Such problems may involve armed conflict and war, natural disasters, pollution, poaching, or uncontrolled urbanisation or human development. This danger list is intended to increase international awareness of the threats and to encourage counteractive measures. Threats to a site can be either proven imminent threats or potential dangers that could have adverse effects on a site.[22]

The state of conservation for each site on the danger list is reviewed yearly; after this, the Committee may request additional measures, delete the property from the list if the threats have ceased or consider deletion from both the List of World Heritage in Danger and the World Heritage List.[21] Only two sites have ever been delisted: the Arabian Oryx Sanctuary in Oman and the Dresden Elbe Valley in Germany. The Arabian Oryx Sanctuary was directly delisted in 2007, instead of first being put on the danger list, after the Omani government decided to reduce the protected area's size by 90 per cent.[23] The Dresden Elbe Valley was first placed on the danger list in 2006 when the World Heritage Committee decided that plans to construct the Waldschlösschen Bridge would significantly alter the valley's landscape. In response, Dresden City Council attempted to stop the bridge's construction. However, after several court decisions allowed the building of the bridge to proceed, the valley was removed from the World Heritage List in 2009.[24]

The first global assessment to quantitatively measure threats to Natural World Heritage Sites found that 63 per cent of sites have been damaged by increasing human pressures including encroaching roads, agriculture infrastructure and settlements over the last two decades.[25][26] These activities endanger Natural World Heritage Sites and could compromise their unique values. Of the Natural World Heritage Sites that contain forest, 91 per cent experienced some loss since 2000. Many of them are more threatened than previously thought and require immediate conservation action.[25]

Furthermore, the destruction of cultural assets and identity-establishing sites is one of the primary goals of modern asymmetrical warfare. Therefore, terrorists, rebels and mercenary armies deliberately smash archaeological sites, sacred and secular monuments and loot libraries, archives and museums. The UN, United Nations peacekeeping and UNESCO in cooperation with Blue Shield International are active in preventing such acts. "No strike lists" are also created to protect cultural assets from air strikes.[27][28][29][30] However, only through cooperation with the locals can the protection of World Heritage Sites, archaeological finds, exhibits and archaeological sites from destruction, looting and robbery be implemented sustainably. The founding president of Blue Shield International Karl von Habsburg summed it up with the words: “Without the local community and without the local participants, that would be completely impossible”.[31][32]

Critique[edit]

Despite the successes of World Heritage listing in promoting conservation, the UNESCO-administered project has attracted criticism. This was caused by perceived under-representation of heritage sites outside Europe, disputed decisions on site selection and adverse impact of mass tourism on sites unable to manage rapid growth in visitor numbers.[33][34] A large lobbying industry has grown around the awards because World Heritage listing can significantly increase tourism returns. Site listing bids are often lengthy and costly, putting poorer countries at a disadvantage. Eritrea's efforts to promote Asmara are one example.[35] In 2016, the Australian government was reported to have successfully lobbied for Great Barrier Reef conservation efforts to be removed from a UNESCO report titled "World Heritage and Tourism in a Changing Climate". The Australian government's actions were in response to their concern about the negative impact that an "at risk" label could have on tourism revenue at a previously designated UNESCO World Heritage Site.[36][37] Several listed locations such as George Town in Penang, Casco Viejo in Panama and Hội An in Vietnam have struggled to strike the balance between the economic benefits of catering to greatly increased visitor numbers and preserving the original culture and local communities that drew the recognition.[20][38]

Statistics[edit]

Main article: List of World Heritage Sites by year of inscription
UNESCO World Heritage Sites

The World Heritage Committee has divided the world into five geographic zones which it calls regions: Africa, Arab states, Asia and the Pacific, Europe and North America, and Latin America and the Caribbean. Russia and the Caucasus states are classified as European, while Mexico and the Caribbean are classified as belonging to the Latin America and Caribbean zone. The UNESCO geographic zones also give greater emphasis on administrative, rather than geographic associations. Hence, Gough Island, located in the South Atlantic, is part of the Europe and North America region because the British government nominated the site.

The table below includes a breakdown of the sites according to these zones and their classification as of June 2020:[8][39]

Zone/regionCulturalNaturalMixedTotalPercentage
Africa53385968.56%
Arab states7853867.67%
Asia and the Pacific189671226823.91%
Europe and North America453651152947.19%
Latin America and the Caribbean9638814112.58%
Total869213391,121100%

Countries with 15 or more sites[edit]

See also: World Heritage Sites by country

Countries with 15 or more World Heritage Sites as of October 2020:

List of World Heritage Sites in SwedenList of World Heritage Sites in PolandList of World Heritage Sites in PortugalList of World Heritage Sites in TurkeyList of World Heritage Sites in GreeceList of World Heritage Sites in CanadaList of World Heritage Sites in AustraliaList of World Heritage Sites in BrazilList of World Heritage Sites in JapanList of World Heritage Sites in the United StatesList of World Heritage Sites in IranList of World Heritage Sites in RussiaList of World Heritage Sites in the United KingdomList of World Heritage Sites in MexicoList of World Heritage Sites in IndiaList of World Heritage Sites in FranceList of World Heritage Sites in GermanyList of World Heritage Sites in SpainList of World Heritage Sites in ItalyList of World Heritage Sites in China

See also[edit]

  • GoUNESCO – initiative to promote awareness and provide tools for laypersons to engage with heritage
  • Index of conservation articles
  • Lists of World Heritage Sites
  • Memory of the World Programme
  • UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists
  • Ramsar Convention - international agreement on wetlands recognition

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ In 1978 two entire cities have been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site: first Quito in Ecuador, and later Kraków in Poland.[3][4]
  2. ^ This type of recognition exists since 1992.[7]
  3. ^ The World Heritage Committee considers that this criterion should preferably be used in conjunction with other criteria.[7]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "World Heritage Emblem". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 1 June 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d "World Heritage". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 5 July 2020.
  3. ^ Hetter, Katia (16 June 2014). "Exploring the world's first 12 heritage sites". CNN. Archived from the original on 26 May 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  4. ^ "World Heritage List (ordered by year)". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 26 May 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  5. ^ Sullivan, Ann Marie (2016). "Cultural Heritage & New Media: A Future for the Past". John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law. 15: 604–46.
  6. ^ Allan, James R.; Kormos, Cyril; Jaeger, Tilman; Venter, Oscar; Bertzky, Bastian; Shi, Yichuan; MacKey, Brendan; Van Merm, Remco; Osipova, Elena; Watson, James E.M. (2018). "Gaps and opportunities for the World Heritage Convention to contribute to global wilderness conservation". Conservation Biology. 32 (1): 116–126. doi:10.1111/cobi.12976. PMID 28664996. S2CID 28944427.
  7. ^ a b c d e "Criteria for Selection". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 12 June 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2006.
  8. ^ a b "World Heritage List (ordered by region)". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 5 July 2020.
  9. ^ "The World Heritage Committee". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2006.
  10. ^ "Convention Concerning the Protection of World's Cultural and Natural Heritage" (PDF). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  11. ^ Edmondson, Jordan & Prodan 2020, p. 144.
  12. ^ "Monuments of Nubia-International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  13. ^ "The Rescue of Nubian Monuments and Sites". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  14. ^ a b "The World Heritage Convention – Brief History / Section "Preserving cultural heritage"". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 26 May 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
  15. ^ a b "The World Heritage Convention – Brief History / Section "Linking the protection of cultural and natural heritage"". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 26 May 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
  16. ^ "States Parties – UNESCO World Heritage Centre". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 26 May 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  17. ^ "Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage: Treaty status". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  18. ^ "Funding". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 30 May 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  19. ^ "Success stories - successful restorations". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 30 May 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  20. ^ a b Maurel, Chloé (11 January 2017). "The unintended consequences of UNESCO World Heritage listing". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 27 May 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
  21. ^ a b c d e "The Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 14 July 2017. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
  22. ^ "World Heritage in Danger". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
  23. ^ "Oman's Arabian Oryx Sanctuary : first site ever to be deleted from UNESCO's World Heritage List". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 28 June 2007. Archived from the original on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
  24. ^ "Dresden is deleted from UNESCO's World Heritage List". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 25 June 2009. Archived from the original on 7 July 2017. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
  25. ^ a b Allan, James R.; Venter, Oscar; Maxwell, Sean; Bertzky, Bastian; Jones, Kendall; Shi, Yichuan; Watson, James E.M. (2017). "Recent increases in human pressure and forest loss threaten many Natural World Heritage Sites" (PDF). Biological Conservation. 206: 47–55. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2016.12.011.
  26. ^ Venter, Oscar; Sanderson, Eric W.; Magrach, Ainhoa; Allan, James R.; Beher, Jutta; Jones, Kendall R.; Possingham, Hugh P.; Laurance, William F.; Wood, Peter; Fekete, Balázs M.; Levy, Marc A.; Watson, James E. M. (2016). "Sixteen years of change in the global terrestrial human footprint and implications for biodiversity conservation". Nature Communications. 7: 12558. Bibcode:2016NatCo...712558V. doi:10.1038/ncomms12558. PMC 4996975. PMID 27552116.
  27. ^ Stone, Peter (2 February 2015). "Monuments Men: protecting cultural heritage in war zones". Apollo – The International Art Magazine. Archived from the original on 26 May 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  28. ^ Baig, Mehroz (12 May 2014). "When War Destroys Identity". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 26 May 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  29. ^ "UNESCO Director-General calls for stronger cooperation for heritage protection at the Blue Shield International General Assembly". UNESCO. 13 September 2017. Archived from the original on 26 May 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  30. ^ O’Keefe et al. 2016.
  31. ^ Matz, Christoph (28 April 2019). "Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon" [Karl von Habsburg on a mission in Lebanon]. Kronen Zeitung (in German). Archived from the original on 26 May 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  32. ^ "Action plan to preserve heritage sites during conflict". United Nations peacekeeping. 12 April 2019. Archived from the original on 27 May 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  33. ^ Barron, Laignee (30 August 2017). "'Unesco-cide': does world heritage status do cities more harm than good?". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 27 May 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
  34. ^ Vallely, Paul (7 November 2008). "The Big Question: What is a World Heritage Site, and does the accolade make a difference?". The Independent. Archived from the original on 27 October 2016.
  35. ^ T.G. (20 July 2016). "Modernist masterpieces in unlikely Asmara". The Economist. Archived from the original on 15 July 2017.
  36. ^ Slezak, Michael (26 May 2016). "Australia scrubbed from UN climate change report after government intervention". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 27 October 2016.
  37. ^ Hasham, Nicole (17 September 2015). "Government spent at least $400,000 lobbying against Great Barrier Reef 'danger' listing". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 28 December 2016.
  38. ^ Caust, Jo (10 July 2018). "Is UNESCO World Heritage status for cultural sites killing the things it loves?". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 30 May 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  39. ^ UNESCO World Heritage Centre. "World Heritage List Statistics". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 5 July 2020.

Bibliography[edit]

  • Edmondson, Ray; Jordan, Lothar; Prodan, Anca Claudia (2020). The UNESCO Memory of the World Programme: Key Aspects and Recent Developments. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature Switzerland AG. p. 144. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-18441-4. ISBN 978-3-030-18440-7.
  • O’Keefe, Roger; Péron, Camille; Musayev, Tofig; Ferrari, Gianluca (2016). Protection of Cultural Property. Military Manual (PDF). Sanremo: UNESCO. ISBN 978-92-3-100184-0.

External links[edit]

Library resources about
World Heritage Site
  • Online books
  • Resources in your library
  • Resources in other libraries
  • UNESCO World Heritage portal – Official website (in English and French)
    • The World Heritage List – Official searchable list of all Inscribed Properties
    • KML file of the World Heritage List – Official KML version of the list for Google Earth and NASA Worldwind
    • UNESCO Information System on the State of Conservation of World Heritage properties – Searchable online tool with over 3,400 reports on World Heritage Sites
    • Official overview of the World Heritage Forest Program
    • Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage – Official 1972 Convention Text in seven languages
      • The 1972 Convention at Law-Ref.org – Fully indexed and crosslinked with other documents
  • Protected Planet – View all Natural World Heritage Sites in the World Database on Protected Areas
  • World Heritage Site – Smithsonian Ocean Portal
  • UNESCO chair in ICT to develop and promote sustainable tourism in World Heritage Sites
  • UNESCO World Heritage Sites showcased in Google Arts & Culture