1876

This article is about the year 1876. For the novel by Gore Vidal, see 1876 (novel).

Calendar year

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	18th century 19th century 20th century
Decades:	1850s 1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s
Years:	1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879

1876 in topic
Humanities
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By country
Australia – Belgium – Brazil – Bulgaria – Canada – Denmark – France – Germany – Mexico – New Zealand – Norway – Philippines – Portugal – Russia – South Africa – Spain – Sweden – United Kingdom – United States – Venezuela
Other topics
Rail transport – Science – Sports
Lists of leaders
Sovereign states – State leaders – Territorial governors – Religious leaders
Birth and death categories
Births – Deaths
Establishments and disestablishments categories
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v t e

1876 in various calendars

Gregorian calendar	1876 MDCCCLXXVI
Ab urbe condita	2629
Armenian calendar	1325 ԹՎ ՌՅԻԵ
Assyrian calendar	6626
Bahá'í calendar	32–33
Balinese saka calendar	1797–1798
Bengali calendar	1283
Berber calendar	2826
British Regnal year	39 Vict. 1 – 40 Vict. 1
Buddhist calendar	2420
Burmese calendar	1238
Byzantine calendar	7384–7385
Chinese calendar	乙亥年 (Wood Pig) 4572 or 4512     — to — 丙子年 (Fire Rat) 4573 or 4513
Coptic calendar	1592–1593
Discordian calendar	3042
Ethiopian calendar	1868–1869
Hebrew calendar	5636–5637
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1932–1933
- Shaka Samvat	1797–1798
- Kali Yuga	4976–4977
Holocene calendar	11876
Igbo calendar	876–877
Iranian calendar	1254–1255
Islamic calendar	1292–1293
Japanese calendar	Meiji 9 (明治９年)
Javanese calendar	1804–1805
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 12 days
Korean calendar	4209
Minguo calendar	36 before ROC 民前36年
Nanakshahi calendar	408
Thai solar calendar	2418–2419
Tibetan calendar	阴木猪年 (female Wood-Pig) 2002 or 1621 or 849     — to — 阳火鼠年 (male Fire-Rat) 2003 or 1622 or 850

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1876 (MDCCCLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1876th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 876th year of the 2nd millennium, the 76th year of the 19th century, and the 7th year of the 1870s decade. As of the start of 1876, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Calendar year

Events

January–March

• January 1
  • The Reichsbank opens in Berlin.
  • The Bass Brewery Red Triangle becomes the world's first registered trademark symbol.^[1]
• February 2 – The National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs is formed at a meeting in Chicago; it replaces the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players. Morgan Bulkeley of the Hartford Dark Blues is selected as the league's first president.
• February 2 – Third Carlist War – Battle of Montejurra: The new commander General Fernando Primo de Rivera marches on the remaining Carlist stronghold at Estella, where he meets a force of about 1,600 men under General Carlos Calderón, at nearby Montejurra. After a courageous and costly defence, Calderón is forced to withdraw.
• February 14 – Alexander Graham Bell applies for a patent for the telephone, as does Elisha Gray.
• February 19 – Third Carlist War: Government troops under General Primo de Rivera drive through the weak Carlist forces protecting Estella, and take the city by storm.
• February 22 – Johns Hopkins University is founded in Baltimore.
• February 24 – The first stage production of the verse-play Peer Gynt by Henrik Ibsen premieres, with incidental music by Edvard Grieg, in Oslo (then called Christiania), Norway.
• February 26 – The Japanese force the Korean government to sign the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876 (having brought a fleet to Incheon, the port of modern-day Seoul), opening three ports to Japanese trade and forcing Korea's Joseon dynasty to cease considering itself a tributary of China. On China's urging, Korea also signs treaties with the European powers, in an effort to counterbalance Japan.
• February 28 – Third Carlist War: The Carlist forces do not succeed, and the promises are never fulfilled. The Carlist pretender Carlos, Duke of Madrid, goes into exile in France, bringing the conflict to an end after four years.
• February–March – The Harvard Lampoon humor magazine is founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
• Spring – Thousands of Plains Indians in the United States travel to an encampment of the Sioux chief Sitting Bull in the region of the Little Bighorn River, creating the last great gathering of native peoples on the Great Plains.^[2]
• March – American librarian Melvil Dewey first publishes the Dewey Decimal Classification system.^[3]
• March 2 – United States Secretary of War William Belknap resigns his office in the wake of the trader post scandal. He is later impeached by the US House of Representatives.
• March 7 – Alexander Graham Bell is granted a United States patent for the telephone.^[4]
• March 10 – Alexander Graham Bell makes the first successful telephone call, saying "Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you".
• March 20 – Through constitutional reform taking legal effect, Louis De Geer becomes the first Prime Minister of Sweden.

April–June

• April 16 – The April Uprising in Bulgaria occurs.
• April 17 – Friends Academy is founded by Gideon Frost at Locust Valley, New York.
• May – April Uprising (Bulgaria): Batak massacre – Bulgarians in Batak are massacred by Ottoman troops. The number of victims ranges from 3,000 to 5,000, depending on the source.
• May 1
  • The Royal Titles Act 1876 confers the title Empress of India upon Queen Victoria.
  • The Settle–Carlisle Railway in England is opened to passenger traffic (it opened to goods traffic in 1875).
• May 10
  • The Centennial Exposition begins in Philadelphia.
  • A major pharmaceutical brand, Eli Lilly, founded in Indiana, United States.^{[page needed]}
• May 11/12 – Berlin Memorandum: Germany, Russia and Austria-Hungary propose an armistice between Turkey and its insurgents.
• May 16
  • British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli rejects the Berlin Memorandum.
  • German American "Napoleon of crime" Adam Worth steals Gainsborough's Portrait of Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire a London gallery three weeks after its sale at Christie's for 10,000 guineas, the highest price ever paid for a painting at auction at this time.^[5] It is not recovered until 1901.
• May 17 – Nicolaus Otto files his patent for the four-stroke cycle internal combustion engine.^[6]
• May 18 – Wyatt Earp starts work in Dodge City, Kansas, serving under Marshal Larry Deger.
• May 29 – The United States Senate votes 37 to 29 that US Secretary of War William Belknap cannot be barred from trial and impeachment, despite being a private citizen.
• May 30 – Abdülaziz is deposed by his nephew Murad V as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire on the grounds of mismanaging the economy; 6 days later, Abdülaziz is found dead at the Çırağan Palace in Istanbul and 93 days later Murad is deposed by Abdul Hamid II on the grounds of mental illness.
• June 4 – The Transcontinental Express arrives in San Francisco via the First Transcontinental Railroad, 83 hours and 39 minutes after having left New York City.
• June 17 – American Indian Wars: Battle of the Rosebud – 1,500 Sioux and Cheyenne, led by Crazy Horse, beat back General George Crook's forces at Rosebud Creek in Montana Territory.
• June 19 – Jászkunság, the last remnant of Kunság within Austria-Hungary, is disestablished.
• June 25/26 – American Indian Wars: Battle of the Little Bighorn. 300 men of the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment under Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer are wiped out by 5,000 Lakota, Cheyenne and Arapaho, led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse.

July – September

Punch cartoon from June 17. Russia preparing to let slip the "Dogs of War", its imminent engagement in the growing Balkan conflict between Slavic states and Turkey, while policeman John Bull (Britain) warns Russia to take care. The Slavic states of Serbia and Montenegro would declare war on Turkey two weeks later.

• July 1 – Serbia declares war on the Ottoman Empire.
• July 2 – Montenegro declares war on the Ottoman Empire.
• July 4 – The United States Centennial is celebrated across the country.
• July 8 – Reichstadt Agreement: Russia and Austria-Hungary agree on partitioning the Balkan Peninsula.
• July 13 – The prosecution of Arthur Tooth, an Anglican clergyman, for using ritualist practices begins.
• August 1
  • Colorado is admitted as the 38th U.S. state.
  • The United States Senate votes to acquit former Secretary of War William Belknap of all impeachment charges relating to the trader post scandal.
• August 8 – Thomas Edison receives a patent for his mimeograph.
• August 13 – Richard Wagner inaugurates the Bayreuth Festival.
• August 31 – Murad V, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, is deposed and succeeded by his brother Abdul Hamid II.
• September 5 – Gladstone publishes his Bulgarian Horrors pamphlet.
• September 7 – In Northfield, Minnesota, Jesse James and the James–Younger Gang attempt to rob the town's bank, but are surrounded by an angry mob and nearly wiped out.
• September 12 – King Leopold II of Belgium hosts the Brussels Geographic Conference, on the subject of colonizing and exploring central Africa. By the event's conclusion, a new international body named the International African Association (indirect forerunner of the modern Congo state) is established.

October–December

• October 4 – Texas A&M University opens for classes.
• October 6 – The American Library Association is founded in Philadelphia.
• October 26 – José María Iglesias (1823-1891) begins his disputed presidency of Mexico.^[7]
• October 31 – The great 1876 Bengal cyclone strikes the coast of modern-day Bangladesh, killing 200,000.
• November 1 – The British Colony of New Zealand dissolves its 9 provinces, and replaces them with 63 counties.
• November 4 – The long-awaited First Symphony of Johannes Brahms has its première at Karlsruhe, under the baton of Otto Dessoff.
• November 7
  • U.S. presidential election, 1876: After long and heated disputes, Rutherford B. Hayes is eventually declared the winner over Samuel Jones Tilden.
  • A failed grave robbery of the Lincoln Tomb takes place on this same night.
• November 10 – The Centennial Exposition ends in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
• November 23 – Corrupt Tammany Hall leader William Marcy Tweed (better known as Boss Tweed) is delivered to authorities in New York City, after being captured in Spain.
• November 25 – American Indian Wars: Dull Knife Fight – In retaliation for the dramatic American defeat at the Battle of the Little Bighorn, United States Army troops under General Ranald S. Mackenzie sack Chief Dull Knife's sleeping Cheyenne village at the headwaters of the Powder River (the soldiers destroy all of the villagers' winter food and clothing, and then slash their ponies' throats).
• November 29 – Porfirio Díaz becomes President of Mexico.
• December – The first American edition of Mark Twain's The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is published by the American Publishing Company; a British edition has appeared in early June in London with the first review appearing on June 24 in a British magazine.
• December 2 – Chugai Economic Daily, as predecessor of Nikkei Economic Daily (Nihon Keizai Shinbun), is first issued in Tokyo, Japan.^[8]
• December 5 – The Brooklyn Theatre fire kills at least 278, possibly more than 300.
• December 6 – The first cremation in the United States takes place, in a crematory built by Francis Julius LeMoyne at North Franklin Township, Washington County, Pennsylvania.
• December 23 – Constantinople Conference opens.
• December 29 – The Ashtabula River railroad disaster occurs in Ohio when a bridge collapses leaving 92 dead.

Date unknown

• The Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–79, which will claim 30 million lives and become the 5th worst famine in recorded history, begins after the droughts of the previous year.
• Tanzimat ends in the Ottoman Empire.
• Heinz Tomato Ketchup is introduced.
• Adolphus Busch's brewery, Anheuser-Busch in St. Louis, Missouri, first markets Budweiser, a pale lager, as a nationally sold beer.
• Charles Wells opens his brewery, based in Bedford, England.
• In Düsseldorf, German company Henkel is founded.
• Lyford House, by Richardson Bay, Tiburon, California, is constructed.
• Construction of Spandau Prison in Berlin is completed.
• Samurai are banned from carrying swords in Japan, and their stipends are replaced by a one-time grant of income-bearing bonds.
• The Conchological Society of Great Britain & Ireland is founded.
• Lars Magnus Ericsson starts a small mechanical workshop April 1 in Stockholm and partners up with Carl Johan Andersson April 27, Sweden, dealing with telegraphy equipment, which grows into the worldwide company Ericsson.
• Heinrich Schliemann begins excavation at Mycenae.
• Stockport Lacrosse Club, thought to be the oldest existing lacrosse club in the world, is founded at Cale Green Cricket Club in Davenport (they still play there in the 21st century).
• Star Oil Company, as predecessor of Chevron, an energy product and sales brand on worldwide, founded in California, United States.^{[page needed]}

Births

January–March

Konrad Adenauer

Otto Diels

Pope Pius XII

Óscar R. Benavides

• January 5 – Konrad Adenauer, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1967)
• January 8 – Arturs Alberings, Prime Minister of Latvia (d. 1934)
• January 12
  • Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari, Italian composer (d. 1948)
  • Jack London, American author (d. 1916)
• January 20 – Józef Hofmann, Polish pianist (d. 1967)
• January 22 – Bess Houdini, wife, stage partner of Harry Houdini (d. 1943)
• January 23 – Otto Diels, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1954)
• January 24 – Theodor Tobler, Swiss chocolatier, founder of Toblerone (d. 1941)
• January 29 – Havergal Brian, British composer (d. 1972)
• February 8 – Paula Modersohn-Becker, German painter (d. 1907)
• February 12 – Thubten Gyatso, 13th Dalai Lama (d. 1933)
• February 16
  • Mack Swain, American actor (d. 1935)
  • G. M. Trevelyan, British historian (d. 1962)
• February 19 – Constantin Brâncuși, Romanian sculptor (d. 1957)
• February 23 – Senjūrō Hayashi, Japanese general and politician, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1943)
• March 1 – Henri de Baillet-Latour, Belgian International Olympic Committee president (d. 1942)
• March 2 – Pope Pius XII (d. 1958)
• March 3 – Georges Guillain, French neurologist (d. 1961)
• March 4
  • Léon-Paul Fargue, French poet (d. 1947)
  • Theodore Hardeen, Hungarian magician and stunt performer, founder of the Magician's Guild (d. 1945)
• March 10 – Ernst Tandefelt, Finnish nobleman, assassin of Minister Ritavuori (d. 1948)
• March 11 – Carl Ruggles, American composer (d. 1971)
• March 15 – Óscar R. Benavides, 67th and 76th President of Peru (d. 1945)
• March 21 – Walter Tewksbury, American athlete (d. 1968)
• March 26 – Prince William of Wied, sovereign Prince of Albania (d. 1945)
• March 31 – Borisav "Bora" Stanković, Serbian writer (d. 1927)

April–June

• April 1
  • Peter Strasser, German naval officer, airship commander (d. 1918)
  • James Young Deer, Native American film producer (d. 1946)
• April 3 – Margaret Anglin, Canadian stage actress (d. 1958)
• April 4
  • Bolesław Roja, Polish general (d. 1940)
  • Maurice de Vlaminck, French painter, poet (d. 1958)
• April 9 – Ettore Bastico, Italian field marshal (d. 1972)
• April 11
  • Paul Henry, Irish artist (d. 1958)
  • Torine Torines, Swedish mechanic (d. 1944)
• April 14 – Sir Murray Bisset, South African cricketer, Governor of Southern Rhodesia (d. 1931)
• April 22 – Róbert Bárány, Hungarian physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1936)
• April 23 – Mary Ellicott Arnold, American social activist, writer (d. 1968)
• April 24 – Erich Raeder, German admiral (d. 1960)
• April 26 – Mariam Thresia Chiramel, Indian Catholic professed religious and stigmatist (d. 1926)
• May 10
  • Ivan Cankar, Slovenian writer (d. 1918)
  • Shigeru Honjō, Japanese general (d. 1945)
• May 18 – Hermann Müller, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1931)
• May 27 – Sir William Stanier, English steam locomotive engineer (London, Midland and Scottish Railway) (d. 1965)
• June 4 – Clara Blandick, American actress (d. 1962)
• June 5
  • Isaac Heinemann, German-born Israeli scholar, professor of classical literature (d. 1957)
  • Tony Jackson, American jazz musician (d. 1920)
• June 13 – William Sealy Gosset, English chemist (d. 1937)
• June 19 – Sir Nigel Gresley, English steam locomotive engineer (Flying Scotsman & Mallard) (d. 1941)
• June 21 – Swami Kalyandev, Indian supercentenarian (d. 2004)
• June 22 – Madeleine Vionnet, French fashion designer (d. 1975)

July–September

Wilhelm Cuno

Alphaeus Philemon Cole

Mata Hari

James Scullin

• July 2 – Wilhelm Cuno, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1933)
• July 6 – Luis Emilio Recabarren, Chilean politician, founder of the Communist Party of Chile. (d. 1924)
• July 8 – Alexandros Papanastasiou, 2-time Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1936)
• July 12
  • Max Jacob, French poet (d. 1944)
  • Alphaeus Philemon Cole, American artist, engraver and etcher (d. 1988)
• July 13 – Archduchess Maria Annunciata of Austria (d. 1961)
• July 16
  • Victor van Strydonck de Burkel, Belgian general (d. 1961)
  • Alfred Stock, German chemist (d. 1946)
• July 19
  • Ignaz Seipel, 4th Chancellor of Austria (d. 1932)
  • Joseph Fielding Smith, 10th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 1972)
• July 29 – Maria Ouspenskaya, Russian actress, acting teacher (d. 1949)
• August 7 – Mata Hari, Dutch exotic dancer, spy (d. 1917)
• August 15 – Stylianos Gonatas, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1966)
• August 17
  • Eric Drummond, 16th Earl of Perth, British politician (d. 1951)
  • Henri Winkelman, Dutch general (d. 1952)
• August 25 – Eglantyne Jebb, English co-founder of the Save the Children Fund, champion of children's human rights (d. 1928)
• September 1 – Harriet Shaw Weaver, English political activist (d. 1961)
• September 5 – Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb, German field marshal (d. 1956)
• September 6 – John James Rickard Macleod, Scottish-born physician and physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1935)
• September 7 – Francesco Buhagiar, 2nd Prime Minister of Malta (d. 1934)
• September 13 – Sherwood Anderson, American writer (d. 1941)
• September 15 – Bruno Walter, German conductor (d. 1962)
• September 16 – Marvin Hart, American boxer (d. 1931)
• September 18 – James Scullin, 9th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1953)
• September 22 – André Tardieu, 3-time Prime Minister of France (d. 1945)
• September 23
  • Moshe Zvi Segal, Israeli linguist, Talmudic scholar, and Israel Prize recipient (d. 1968)
  • Brudenell White, Australian general (d. 1940)
• September 26
  • Syed Ghulam Bhik Nairang, Indian/Pakistani Muslim leader, poet (d. 1952)
  • Edith Abbott, American social worker, educator, and author (d. 1957)
• September 29 – Charlie Llewellyn, first non-white South African Test cricketer (d. 1964)

October–December

Adolf Windaus

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

• October 2 – Arnold Peter Møller, Danish shipping magnate (d. 1965)
• October 7 – Louis Tancred, South African cricketer (d. 1934)
• October 11 – Karl Leopold von Möller, German Politician, Journalist and Writer (d. 1943)
• October 13 – Rube Waddell, American baseball player (d. 1914)
• October 21 – Sir Fraser Russell, South African-born Governor of Southern Rhodesia (d. 1952)
• October 29 – Anton Boisen, American founder of the clinical pastoral education movement (d. 1965)
• November 2
  • Alfred S. Alschuler, American architect (d. 1940)
  • William Haywood, British architect (d. 1957)
• November 3 – Rupert D'Oyly Carte, English hotelier, theatre owner and impresario (d. 1948)
• November 7
  • Adolf von Brauchitsch, German general (d. 1935)
  • Culbert Olson, Governor of California (d. 1962)
  • Charlie Townsend, English cricketer (d. 1958)
• November 17 – August Sander, German photographer (d. 1964)
• November 23 – Manuel de Falla, Spanish composer (d. 1946)
• November 24 – Walter Burley Griffin, American architect (d. 1937)
• November 26 - Janet (Jessy) Thomson Philip, School Secretary at the London School for Economics (d. 1959)
• December 9 – Berton Churchill, Canadian actor (d. 1940)
• December 12 – Alvin Kraenzlein, American athlete (d. 1928)
• December 20 – Walter Sydney Adams, American astronomer (d. 1956)
• December 21 – Jack Lang, Australian politician (d. 1975)
• December 25
  • Adolf Windaus, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1959)
  • Muhammad Ali Jinnah, founder, first governor general of Pakistan (d. 1948)
• December 29
  • Pablo Casals, Catalan cellist (d. 1973)
  • Lionel Tertis, English violist (d. 1975)

Date Unknown

Manhattan construction

• Victoria Hayward, Bermudan-born travel writer and journalist (d. 1956)
• Alice Emma Ives, American playwright (d. 1930)
• Petro Trad, 5th President and 14th Prime Minister of Lebanon (d. 1947)
• Abd Allah Siraj, Prime Minister of Jordan (d. 1949)
• Emile Berliner is credited for the invention of the microphone while working with Alexander Graham Bell.^[9]

Deaths

January–June

General George Armstrong Custer

• January 10 – Gordon Granger, American General (b. 1822)
  • Reverdy Johnson, American politician (b. 1796)
• January 15 – Eliza McCardle Johnson, First Lady of the United States (b. 1810)
• February 18 – Charlotte Cushman, American actress (b. 1816)
• February 24 – Joseph Jenkins Roberts, 2-time President of Liberia (b. 1809)
• March 29 – Karl Ferdinand Ranke, German educator (b. 1806)
• April 9 – Charles Goodyear, American politician (b. 1804)
• May 7 – William Buell Sprague, American clergyman, author (b. 1795)
• May 8 – Truganini, Tasmanian language=Aboriginal woman (b. c. 1812)
• May 24 – Henry Kingsley, English novelist (b. 1830)
• May 26 – František Palacký, Czech historian, politician (b. 1798)
• June 1 – Hristo Botev, Bulgarian revolutionary (b. 1848)
• June 4 – Abdülaziz, 32nd Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (b. 1830)
• June 6 – Auguste Casimir-Perier, French diplomat (b. 1811)
• June 7 – Josephine of Leuchtenberg, Queen of Sweden and Norway (b. 1807)
• June 8 – George Sand, French writer (b. 1804)
• June 21 – Antonio López de Santa Anna, 11-time President of Mexico (b. 1794)^[10]
• June 25 – George Armstrong Custer, U.S. Army general (in battle) (b. 1839)
• June 27 – Harriet Martineau, British social theorist, writer (b. 1802)

July–December

Wild Bill Hickok

• July 1
  • Mikhail Bakunin, Russian revolutionary, anarchist (b. 1814)
  • Wilhelm von Ramming, Austrian general (b. 1815)
• August 2 – Wild Bill Hickok, American gunfighter, entertainer (b. 1837)
• September 5 – Manuel Blanco Encalada, Spanish-Chilean admiral and politician, 1st President of Chile (b. 1790)
• September 27 – Braxton Bragg, American Confederate Civil War general (b. 1817)
• October 1 – James Lick, American land baron (b. 1796)
• November 16 – Karl Ernst von Baer, Estonian-German scientist, explorer (b. 1792)
• November 18 – Narcisse Virgilio Díaz, French painter (b. 1807)
• December 29 – Titus Salt, English woollen manufacturer, philanthropist (b. 1803)
• December 31 – Catherine Labouré, French visionary, saint (b. 1806)

Date Unknown

• Anna Volkova, Russian chemist (b. 1800)

References

1. "United Kingdom Intellectual Property Office".
2. Powers, Thomas. "How the Battle of Little Bighorn Was Won". Smithsonian Magazine.
3. Dewey, Melvil (1876). A Classification and Subject Index for Cataloguing and Arranging the Books and Pamphlets of a Library. OCLC 78870163. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
4. Patent #174,466.
5. Macintyre, Ben (July 31, 1994). "The Disappearing Duchess". The New York Times. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
6. van Dulken, Stephen (2001). Inventing the 19th Century. London: British Library. pp. 104–5. ISBN 0-7123-0881-4.
7. "JOSÉ MARÍA IGLESIAS". Calderon Presidency de la Republica (in Spanish). Archived from the original on May 30, 2019. Retrieved June 8, 2019.
8. ja:日本経済新聞#沿革 (Japanese language). Retrieved 2017-10-03.
9. "Birth of the Microphone: How Sound Became Signal". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
10. "Biografía de Antonio López de Santa Anna" (in Spanish). Mexico Desconocido. June 21, 2010. Retrieved May 30, 2019.

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