The Philippine presidential and vice presidential elections of 1992 were held on May 11, 1992.[1] This was the first general election held under the 1987 Constitution. An estimated 80,000 candidates ran for 17,000 posts from the presidency down to municipal councilors.
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Turnout | 75.5% ![]() | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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![]() Election results per province/city. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The new constitution limited the president to a single six-year term with no possibility of reelection, even if nonsuccessive.[2] Although some of President Corazon Aquino's advisers suggested that she could run for a second term,[3] as she was sworn in before the 1987 Constitution took effect, Aquino did not run again.[4]
In the presidential election, retired general Fidel Ramos of Lakas–NUCD narrowly defeated populist candidate Miriam Defensor Santiago of the People's Reform Party.[5] Ramos also got the lowest plurality in the Philippine electoral history, and beat the previous election for the closest margin of victory, percentage-wise (this record would later be beaten by the 2004 election).[6]
Santiago led the canvassing of votes for the first five days but then was overtaken by Ramos in a few days. Santiago cried fraud and filed an electoral protest citing power outages as evidence.[7] Various media personnel became witnesses to the fraud made in the election, where the phrase, 'Miriam won in the election, but lost in the counting' became popular.[8] However, her protest was eventually dismissed by the Supreme Court of the Philippines.[7]
The 1992 election was the second time both president and vice president came from different parties.[9] Movie actor and Senator Joseph Estrada, running with presidential candidate Eduardo Cojuanco, won a six-year term as Vice-President.[10]
Under the transitory provisions of the Constitution, 24 senators were elected in this election. The first 12 senators who garnered the highest votes would have six-year terms while the next 12 senators would have three-year terms.[11] Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino (LDP) got a large share in the Senate race.[12] Television personality and Quezon City Vice Mayor Vicente Sotto III (also known as Tito Sotto) got the highest number of votes.[13]
Debates
A debate was held between presidential candidates Salvador Laurel and Ramon Mitra Jr. on the ABS-CBN television program Magandang Gabi... Bayan on March 7, 1992.[14] It was considered an especially heated debate between the two candidates, with the Manila Standard noting the "barbs, insults, and witticisms" exchanged during the program.[14][15]
On March 15, the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) began its series of six presidential and vice-presidential debates held over the next six Sundays,[16] with the first debate held among presidential candidates Fidel V. Ramos, Miriam Defensor-Santiago, and Jovito Salonga, moderated by Ricardo Puno Jr. and broadcast live on GMA Network.[17] Estrada, then a presidential candidate, was scheduled to participate in the debate but had to withdraw due to a prior commitment.[18]
The second COMELEC-sponsored presidential debate was held on March 22 among Laurel, Mitra, and Eduardo Cojuangco Jr., moderated by Puno and broadcast live on RPN (now CNN Philippines).[19] The debate was also broadcast live on radio through the government-owned Radyo ng Bayan, but was interrupted 45 minutes into the debate when the station switched instead to a broadcast of a Lakas-NUCD rally in Dumaguete City led by President Aquino.[20]
The first vice-presidential debate as set by COMELEC was held on March 29 among Marcelo Fernan, Ramon Magsaysay Jr., and Vicente Magsaysay,[21] moderated by Mario C. Garcia and broadcast live on the government-owned PTV.[22]
Results
For President
Candidate | Party | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fidel V. Ramos | Lakas-NUCD | 5,342,521 | 23.58 | |
Miriam Defensor Santiago | People's Reform Party | 4,468,173 | 19.72 | |
Danding Cojuangco | Nationalist People's Coalition | 4,116,376 | 18.17 | |
Ramon Mitra Jr. | Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino | 3,316,661 | 14.64 | |
Imelda Marcos | Kilusang Bagong Lipunan | 2,338,294 | 10.32 | |
Jovito Salonga | Liberal Party | 2,302,124 | 10.16 | |
Salvador Laurel | Nacionalista Party | 770,046 | 3.40 | |
Total | 22,654,195 | 100.00 | ||
Valid votes | 22,654,195 | 93.40 | ||
Invalid/blank votes | 1,600,759 | 6.60 | ||
Total votes | 24,254,954 | 100.00 | ||
Registered voters/turnout | 32,141,079 | 75.46 | ||
Source: Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos. Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific. |
Breakdown
By region
Region | Ramos | Santiago | Cojuangco | Mitra | Marcos | Salonga | Laurel | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | |
Ilocos Region | 621,827 | 43.49 | 74,084 | 5.18 | 376,465 | 26.33 | 67,009 | 4.68 | 355,550 | 24.86 | 22,960 | 1.60 | 7,006 | 0.49 |
Cordillera Administrative Region | 76,643 | 18.14 | 66,348 | 15.71 | 89,441 | 21.17 | 76,224 | 18.04 | 65,969 | 15.62 | 45,133 | 10.68 | 2,542 | 0.60 |
Cagayan Valley | 110,237 | 13.52 | 46,378 | 5.58 | 282,798 | 34.06 | 91,970 | 11.07 | 241,125 | 29.04 | 56,447 | 6.79 | 1,167 | 0.14 |
Central Luzon | 703,089 | 27.56 | 526,734 | 20.64 | 768,166 | 30.11 | 225,253 | 8.84 | 140,730 | 5.51 | 184,943 | 7.23 | 2,197 | 0.08 |
National Capital Region | 679,171 | 20.53 | 990,288 | 29.94 | 572,301 | 17.30 | 193,398 | 5.84 | 379,846 | 11.47 | 438,048 | 13.24 | 54,273 | 1.64 |
Calabarzon | 431,989 | 17.23 | 490,569 | 19.57 | 411,879 | 19.22 | 295,095 | 11.77 | 135,772 | 5.41 | 284,145 | 11.33 | 457,147 | 18.23 |
Mimaropa | 96,708 | 15.63 | 82,029 | 13.26 | 92,416 | 14.94 | 235,465 | 38.07 | 31,909 | 5.15 | 54,611 | 8.83 | 25,296 | 4.09 |
Bicol Region | 292,720 | 19.72 | 246,842 | 16.62 | 235,195 | 15.84 | 296,891 | 20.00 | 87,664 | 5.90 | 272,771 | 18.37 | 52,275 | 3.52 |
Western Visayas | 326,701 | 16.03 | 1,240,002 | 60.87 | 253,649 | 12.44 | 134,834 | 6.61 | 20,130 | 0.98 | 50,954 | 2.50 | 10,581 | 0.51 |
Central Visayas | 618,520 | 35.24 | 168,240 | 9.58 | 244,732 | 13.94 | 545,245 | 31.07 | 54,063 | 3.08 | 88,068 | 5.00 | 35,841 | 2.04 |
Eastern Visayas | 254,258 | 22.90 | 49,021 | 4.41 | 87,285 | 7.86 | 192,090 | 17.30 | 346,121 | 31.18 | 173,478 | 15.62 | 7,735 | 0.69 |
Zamboanga Peninsula | 216,351 | 30.66 | 106,035 | 15.02 | 140,064 | 19.85 | 143,341 | 20.31 | 28,943 | 4.10 | 58,540 | 8.29 | 12,336 | 1.74 |
Northern Mindanao | 278,498 | 27.18 | 80,994 | 7.90 | 148,357 | 14.48 | 174,646 | 17.05 | 133,355 | 13.01 | 187,345 | 18.29 | 21,112 | 2.06 |
Davao Region | 262,650 | 26.01 | 86,598 | 8.57 | 152,240 | 15.07 | 193,339 | 19.14 | 148,748 | 14.73 | 154,130 | 15.26 | 12,021 | 1.19 |
Soccsksargen | 112,516 | 15.93 | 198,091 | 28.04 | 70,825 | 10.02 | 97,871 | 13.85 | 138,069 | 19.54 | 82,291 | 11.65 | 6,596 | 0.93 |
Caraga | 200,305 | 31.04 | 37,396 | 5.79 | 80,065 | 12.41 | 131,967 | 20.45 | 75,611 | 11.71 | 102,147 | 15.83 | 17,668 | 2.73 |
ARMM | 152,118 | 25.31 | 38,197 | 6.35 | 109,470 | 18.21 | 224,015 | 37.27 | 17,754 | 2.95 | 38,009 | 6.32 | 21,372 | 3.55 |
For Vice President
Summary
Candidate | Party | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Joseph Estrada | Nationalist People's Coalition | 6,739,738 | 33.01 | |
Marcelo Fernan | Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino | 4,438,494 | 21.74 | |
Emilio Osmeña | Lakas-NUCD | 3,362,467 | 16.47 | |
Ramon Magsaysay Jr. | People's Reform Party | 2,900,556 | 14.20 | |
Aquilino Pimentel Jr.[a] | Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan | 2,023,289 | 9.91 | |
Vicente Magsaysay | Kilusang Bagong Lipunan | 699,895 | 3.43 | |
Eva Estrada Kalaw | Nacionalista Party | 255,730 | 1.25 | |
Total | 20,420,169 | 100.00 | ||
Valid votes | 20,420,169 | 84.19 | ||
Invalid/blank votes | 3,834,785 | 15.81 | ||
Total votes | 24,254,954 | 100.00 | ||
Registered voters/turnout | 32,141,079 | 75.46 | ||
Source: Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos. Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific. |
- ^ Running mate of Jovito Salonga (Liberal Party)
See also
- Commission on Elections
- Politics of the Philippines
- Philippine elections
- President of the Philippines
- 9th Congress of the Philippines
- 1992 Philippine general election
References
- ^ "Phl presidential elections and the stock market". The Philippine Star. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
- ^ "THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES – ARTICLE VII". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
- ^ Jurado, Emil P. (25 July 1988). "Realignment of forces". Manila Standard. Retrieved November 8, 2018 – via Google News Archive.
- ^ Shenon, Philip. "Aquino Endorses Ex-Army Chief in Vote". Retrieved November 8, 2018.
- ^ "Ramos Is Declared New President 6 Weeks After Philippine Election". Retrieved November 8, 2018.
- ^ Singh, Daljit; Salazar, Lorraine Carlos (2006). Southeast Asian Affairs 2006. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 227. ISBN 9789812303738.
closest margin win 2004 election philippines.
- ^ a b Servando, Kristine F. "Miriam: I was cheated, but didn't call for people power". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
- ^ Wolfgang, Sachsenroeder (2018-05-30). Power Broking In The Shade: Party Finances And Money Politics In Southeast Asia. World Scientific. ISBN 9789813230750.
- ^ "Single ticket: How about voting for president and VP together?". Rappler. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
- ^ "Erap presidency redux". The Philippine Star. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
- ^ "Term of Office of Senators". senate.gov.ph. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
- ^ Banks, Arthur S.; Day, Alan J.; Muller, Thomas C.; 0, 0 (February 1, 2016). Political Handbook of the World 1998. Springer. ISBN 9781349149513.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
- ^ "Senators Profile - Vicente C. Sotto III". www.senate.gov.ph. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
- ^ a b Maragay, Fel V. (March 9, 1992). "Laurel, Mitra trade barbs in TV debate". Manila Standard. Kagitingan Publications, Inc. p. 5. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
- ^ "Give and take". Manila Standard. Kagitingan Publications, Inc. March 9, 1992. p. 8. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
- ^ "COMELEC Presidential/Vice Presidential Debates". Manila Standard. Kagitingan Publications, Inc. March 15, 1992. p. 11. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
- ^ Maragay, Fel V. (March 16, 1992). "Enlightening, but ho hum". Manila Standard. Kagitingan Publications, Inc. p. 3. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
- ^ Jurado, Emil P. V. (March 16, 1992). "The temporary insanity of senatorial candidates". Manila Standard. Kagitingan Publications, Inc. p. 10. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
- ^ Maragay, Fel V. (March 23, 1992). "Laurel loses points in the debate". Manila Standard. Kagitingan Publications, Inc. p. 2. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
- ^ "An interrupted debate". Manila Standard. Kagitingan Publications, Inc. March 23, 1992. p. 8. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
- ^ "Mismatch". Manila Standard. Kagitingan Publications, Inc. March 30, 1992. p. 8. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
- ^ "COMELEC Presidential/Vice Presidential Debates". Manila Standard. Kagitingan Publications, Inc. March 29, 1992. p. 7. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
External links
- The Philippine Presidency Project
- Official website of the Commission on Elections
- Official website of the House of Representatives
Further reading
- Fontaine, Roger W. (1992). "The Philippines: After Aquino". Asian Affairs: An American Review. 19 (3): 170–190. doi:10.1080/00927678.1992.9936959.
- Landé, Carl Herman (1996). Post-Marcos Politics: A Geographical and Statistical Analysis of the 1992 Presidential Election. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789813055209.