Los Juegos Panamericanos 2015 (en francés : Jeux Panaméricains de 2015 ), oficialmente los XVII Juegos Panamericanos y comúnmente conocidos como los Juegos Panamericanos de Toronto 2015 (en francés: Jeux panaméricains de 2015 à Toronto ), fueron un importante evento multideportivo internacional. celebrados en la tradición de los Juegos Panamericanos , regidos por la Organización Deportiva Panamericana (PASO). Los juegos se llevaron a cabo del 10 al 26 de julio de 2015 en Toronto , Ontario., Canadá; Las rondas preliminares en ciertos eventos comenzaron el 7 de julio de 2015. Estos fueron los terceros Juegos Panamericanos organizados por Canadá y los primeros en la provincia de Ontario. Los Juegos se llevaron a cabo en lugares de Toronto y en otras diecisiete comunidades de Golden Horseshoe . [1] Los Juegos Panamericanos y Parapanamericanos 2015 fueron organizados por el Comité Organizador de Toronto para los Juegos Panamericanos y Parapanamericanos 2015 (TO2015).
Ciudad anfitriona | Toronto , canadá | ||
---|---|---|---|
Lema | Unidos jugamos | ||
Naciones | 41 | ||
Atletas | 6.132 | ||
Eventos | 364 en 36 deportes | ||
Apertura | 10 de julio | ||
Clausura | 26 de julio | ||
Abierto por | |||
Caldera | |||
Estadio | Cúpula Pan Am | ||
|
Los Juegos acogieron a 6.132 atletas que representan a 41 Comités Olímpicos Nacionales (CON) en las Américas, marcando el evento multideportivo más grande organizado en Canadá, en términos de atletas que compiten. [2] Un récord del 45 por ciento de los competidores eran mujeres, la mayor cantidad en cualquier evento multideportivo. [3] Se disputaron 364 eventos en 36 deportes, que incluyeron los 28 deportes disputados en los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 2016 ; ciertos deportes también sirvieron como vías de clasificación para estos Juegos Olímpicos. El slalom de canoa y el golf debutaron en los Juegos Panamericanos, así como en las competencias femeninas de béisbol , canoa C-1 y rugby a siete .
En 2019, el comité organizador informó que los juegos se quedaron por debajo del presupuesto por $ 38 millones y dejaron un legado sólido para la región con un fondo heredado de más de $ 60 millones para mantener estas estructuras durante un período de veinte años después de la celebración de los Juegos (es decir, , hasta 2035). [4]
Proceso de licitación
El Comité Olímpico Canadiense eligió a Toronto y la región circundante como candidato canadiense. Ninguna otra ciudad canadiense tuvo la oportunidad de participar en una carrera nacional y, por lo tanto, Toronto fue seleccionada sin votación. [5] El interés de Toronto en la licitación se produjo después de no poder conseguir los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1996 y los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 2008 , que se llevaron a cabo en Atlanta y Beijing , respectivamente.
El 23 de febrero de 2009, el Ayuntamiento de Toronto y el Ayuntamiento de Hamilton aprobaron la oferta y confirmaron sus intenciones de apoyar la organización exitosa del evento. [6] El documento oficial del libro de ofertas fue presentado a la Organización Deportiva Panamericana (PASO) el 27 de mayo de 2009. [7]
PASO realizó una visita de evaluación a Toronto entre el 30 y el 31 de agosto de 2009. El equipo analizó las características de la ciudad candidata y proporcionó sus comentarios a los miembros votantes de PASO. El comité de evaluación estuvo encabezado por Julio Maglione , miembro del COI en representación de Uruguay y director de la Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA), la federación internacional de natación. Después de la visita, Maglione dijo que "Toronto tiene todas las condiciones para ser sede de los Juegos Panamericanos". [8]
Toronto ganó el proceso de licitación para albergar los Juegos Panamericanos y Parapanamericanos por votación de la Organización Deportiva Panamericana el 6 de noviembre de 2009, en la Sesión de PASO celebrada en Guadalajara , México. El resultado fue anunciado por el presidente de PASO, Mario Vázquez Raña . [9] Toronto se enfrentó a otros dos finalistas preseleccionados Lima , Perú (que luego ganó los derechos para albergar los Juegos Panamericanos de 2019 ) y Bogotá , Colombia. Toronto obtuvo 33 votos, mientras que las ciudades candidatas Lima y Bogotá recibieron 11 y 7 votos, respectivamente. [10] El entonces alcalde de Toronto , Rob Ford y ministro de Canadá para el Deporte Bal Gosal recibió la bandera de la Organización Deportiva Panamericana durante la ceremonia de clausura de los Juegos Panamericanos 2011 en Guadalajara, México. [11]
Ciudad | NOC | La ronda 1 |
---|---|---|
Toronto | Canadá | 33 |
Lima | Perú | 11 |
Bogotá | Colombia | 7 |
Desarrollo y preparación
Sedes
Los Juegos Panamericanos de 2015 utilizaron una combinación de nuevas sedes, instalaciones existentes y temporales, algunas de ellas en lugares conocidos como Exhibition Place . Después de los Juegos, algunas de las nuevas instalaciones se reutilizarán en su forma de tiempo de juego, mientras que otras se redimensionarán. Para la competición se utilizaron un total de 30 sedes de competición en 14 municipios. Diez de estos lugares fueron de nueva construcción, mientras que quince fueron renovados para albergar los juegos. [12]
Toronto fue una de las ciudades más pobladas de la historia para albergar los Juegos Panamericanos. En julio, Toronto tiene una temperatura promedio promedio de 22.3 ° C (72.1 ° F) y un promedio máximo por la tarde de 26.6 ° C (79.9 ° F) La humedad promedio es del 74 por ciento, y la ciudad (área del centro) tiene un promedio de cinco días con el temperatura superior a 30 ° C (86 ° F) y alrededor de 65 milímetros (2,6 pulgadas) de precipitación, en su mayoría breves períodos de chubascos y, a veces, tormentas eléctricas. La elevación de Toronto es de 112 m (367 pies 5+1 ⁄ 2 pulgada) sobre el nivel del mar en promedio, aunque la ciudad tiene muchas colinas empinadas y barrancos . [13]
En enero de 2012, el Comité Organizador de Toronto para los Juegos Panamericanos y Parapanamericanos 2015 (TO2015) anunció que el sesenta por ciento de las sedes que se habían propuesto se eliminarían a favor de un sistema de agrupamiento visto en otros eventos multideportivos como el 2012. Juegos Olímpicos de verano en Londres . [14]
Las ceremonias de apertura y clausura se llevaron a cabo en el Rogers Center (rebautizado como "Pan Am Dome" debido a las reglas de patrocinio ). Algunas de las sedes de competencia en el área de Toronto incluyeron BMO Field (renombrado como "Estadio de Exhibición" debido a las reglas de patrocinio), los Campos Panamericanos / Parapanamericanos , el Enercare Center y el Toronto Pan Am Sports Center . Las sedes de competencia fuera de la ciudad de Toronto incluyeron Tim Hortons Field en Hamilton , Hershey Centre , Markham Pan Am Centre en Markham , GM Centre en Oshawa y el Royal Canadian Henley Rowing Course en St. Catharines . [12]
Financiación
El Comité Organizador de Toronto 2015 y tres jurisdicciones del gobierno iban a gastar alrededor de CA $ 672 millones en la mejora y construcción de nuevas sedes en la región. [15] Se gastarían CA $ 760 millones adicionales en gastos operativos como la gestión del lugar y la comercialización. [15] Se esperaba que el gobierno federal canadiense proporcionara CA $ 500 millones en fondos para los juegos, mientras que la contribución de la ciudad de Toronto sería CA $ 86 millones. Otros municipios que acogen eventos deportivos eran para cubrir CA $ 205 millones de los costos. Todos los costos restantes fueron cubiertos por el Gobierno de Ontario . Se esperaba que los ingresos de los juegos cubrieran el diez por ciento del costo de organizar los juegos. [16] El comité organizador esperaba generar CA $ 172 millones en ingresos. Además, se destinarían 709 millones de dólares canadienses a la construcción de una aldea de atletas en el área de West Don Lands de Toronto. Otros CA $ 239 millones se presupuestaron en seguridad, mientras que los costos de transporte fueron de alrededor de CA $ 90 millones. [17] En 2014, el gobierno de Ontario proporcionó CA $ 74 millones adicionales para expandir el relevo de la antorcha, proporcionar transmisión adicional en vivo de eventos y otras características. [16] Por lo tanto, se esperaba que el total gastado fuera de CA $ 2.570 millones, el costo más alto de un solo Juegos Panamericano. [dieciséis]
En 2016, la auditora general de Ontario, Bonnie Lysyk, emitió un informe que sugería que los juegos estaban por encima del presupuesto en CA $ 342 millones. [18]
Infraestructura
El Union Pearson Express , un enlace ferroviario del aeropuerto desde el Aeropuerto Internacional Toronto Pearson a Union Station , comenzó el servicio de tiempo completo el 6 de junio de 2015. [19] Los juegos crearon una fecha límite para un proyecto que había estado estancado durante años. [20] Además, una nueva estación de tren GO Transit en Hamilton en James Street North abrió a tiempo para los juegos. [21]
En octubre de 2013, se anunció una expansión del sitio de Pan Am para ayudar a completar 250 kilómetros (160 millas) en brechas en el Trans Canada Trail de Ontario y conectar comunidades desde Ottawa a Windsor y Fort Erie a Huntsville a tiempo para los juegos. Se esperaba que las conexiones al Waterfront Trail se expandieran y completaran los huecos en el sendero. La Premier de Ontario, Kathleen Wynne, anunció que "la provincia está invirtiendo más de $ 3,5 millones en Senderos Panamericanos / Parapanamericanos para ayudar a crear un sendero continuo de más de 2.000 kilómetros (1.200 millas)". [22]
Pueblo de los atletas
La Villa del Atleta estaba ubicada en West Don Lands a lo largo de Front Street entre Bayview Avenue y Cherry Street. Tenía capacidad para albergar a 10,000 atletas y oficiales durante los Juegos Panamericanos y Parapanamericanos y luego de los juegos se convertirá en vivienda. El desarrollo iba a obtener la certificación LEED Gold. [23]
En conjunto con la organización The 519 y el vecindario LGBT Church y Wellesley , el evento también albergó la primera Casa del Orgullo para atletas y turistas LGBT en los Juegos Panamericanos. [24]
Voluntarios
El comité organizador esperaba que se necesitaran 23.000 voluntarios para los Juegos Panamericanos y Parapanamericanos. [25] Más de 63.000 solicitantes solicitaron convertirse en voluntarios. [26]
Venta de entradas
La venta de entradas comenzó en septiembre de 2014. Se esperaba que los Juegos tuvieran 1,4 millones de entradas a la venta, con más del 75 por ciento de ellas a un precio inferior a CA $ 45 . El primer tramo de billetes se asignaría mediante un sistema de lotería. [27] [28] Se vendieron más de un millón de entradas. [29]
cuenta regresiva
La cuenta regresiva de un año tuvo lugar en Nathan Phillips Square en el centro de Toronto el 10 de julio de 2014, en la que se dio a conocer un reloj de cuenta regresiva. Un Circo del Sol rendimiento también se llevó a cabo allí. [30]
Medallas
En octubre de 2013, se anunció que las medallas para los juegos serían producidas y diseñadas por la Royal Canadian Mint . [31] En septiembre de 2014, se anunció que el proveedor de los minerales crudos utilizados en las medallas (más de 4.000 en total) sería Barrick Gold, con sede en Toronto . Todos los materiales utilizados en las medallas provendrán de las operaciones de la empresa en la región Panamericana . [32] El cobre se extrajo en la mina Zaldivar de la compañía en Chile, la plata en la mina Pueblo Viejo en la República Dominicana y el oro se extrajo en la mina Hemlo en el noroeste de Ontario en el Distrito No Organizado de Thunder Bay cerca de Thunder Bay . [33]
Los diseños de las medallas se revelaron el 3 de marzo de 2015 en una ceremonia en el Museo Real de Ontario . El diseño de las medallas por primera vez en un evento multideportivo internacional para personas sanas incluyó braille . Las medallas tienen aproximadamente 86,7 milímetros (3,41 pulgadas) de diámetro y pesan alrededor de 350 gramos (12 onzas). [34] El artista de las medallas es Christi Belcourt . Hay tres formas en el frente de la medalla que representan a América del Norte, América Central y el Caribe, y América del Sur, las tres regiones que compitieron en los juegos, al mismo tiempo que dan una sensación y textura del podio de la medalla. La parte posterior de la medalla representa el logo y el lema de los juegos y el diseño también incluye elementos y técnicas de mokume-gane . [35] [36]
Relé de antorcha
Un período de solicitud para que los canadienses porten la antorcha se abrió en octubre de 2014 y continuó hasta diciembre. Cualquier persona de 13 años o más al 30 de mayo de 2015 era elegible para convertirse en portador de la antorcha. La mayoría de los portadores de la antorcha fueron seleccionados al azar, mientras que los demás fueron seleccionados por las comunidades de relevo de la antorcha y los socios de los juegos. [37]
La antorcha hizo un viaje de 41 días después de ser encendida en mayo de 2015 en las pirámides de Teotihuacan , México al norte de la Ciudad de México . La antorcha pasó por un total de 130 comunidades, la mayoría en Ontario (cinco fuera de la provincia: Richmond , Winnipeg , Calgary , Halifax y Montreal ). La antorcha fue llevada por unos 3.000 portadores de la antorcha y viajó aproximadamente 20.000 kilómetros (12.000 millas). [38] El relevo comenzó el 30 de mayo de 2015 en Toronto y terminó el 10 de julio, fecha de la ceremonia de apertura. [39]
La ruta detallada del relevo de la antorcha y los sitios de celebración se anunciaron el 24 de febrero de 2015. [38] La antorcha llegó a Toronto y luego se dirigió a Thunder Bay antes de visitar todas las demás comunidades de la ruta. El relevo también visitó cinco sitios históricos nacionales de Canadá , seis bases de las fuerzas canadienses y un parque provincial . Hubo 180 celebraciones a lo largo de la ruta del relevo de la antorcha. [40] [41]
Los juegos
Ceremonia de apertura
La ceremonia de apertura de los Juegos Panamericanos 2015 se llevó a cabo el viernes 10 de julio de 2015, comenzando a las 8:00 pm EDT en el Pan Am Dome . [42] La ceremonia de apertura fue producida y dirigida por Cirque du Soleil . [43] La producción se convirtió en el evento más grande producido por la empresa. [44]
El gobernador general David Johnston inauguró oficialmente los juegos. [45]
Ceremonia de clausura
La ceremonia de clausura tuvo lugar el domingo 26 de julio de 2015, comenzando a las 8:00 pm EDT en el Pan Am Dome de Toronto. [42] La ceremonia de clausura fue producida y dirigida conjuntamente por B5C Productions, BaAM Productions y FiveCurrents, [46] en asociación con Live Nation . [47] El rapero y productor musical estadounidense Kanye West fue elegido como cabeza de cartel para la ceremonia de clausura, aunque la decisión fue recibida con una reacción violenta del público y estimuló la formación de una petición en línea pidiendo que West se retirara de la ceremonia para ser reemplazado por un músico canadiense. para encabezar la ceremonia. Otros artistas incluyeron a Pitbull y Serena Ryder , el primero de los cuales también es estadounidense, aunque el segundo es canadiense. [48]
Naciones participantes
Las 41 naciones de PASO compitieron, una menos que en los Juegos Panamericanos de 2011 , ya que el Comité Olímpico de las Antillas Holandesas se disolvió en 2011. [49]
Número de atletas por Comité Olímpico Nacional
COI | Nación | Numero de atletas |
---|---|---|
LATA | Canadá (anfitriones) | 723 |
EE.UU | Estados Unidos | 624 |
SOSTÉN | Brasil | 592 |
MEX | México | 511 |
ARG | Argentina | 472 |
CACHORRO | Cuba | 444 |
VEN | Venezuela | 358 |
CHI | Chile | 306 |
COLUMNA | Colombia | 294 |
PUR | Puerto Rico | 252 |
DOM | República Dominicana | 231 |
ECU | Ecuador | 169 |
POR | Perú | 157 |
GUA | Guatemala | 147 |
URU | Uruguay | 130 |
TRI | Trinidad y Tobago | 111 |
CRC | Costa Rica | 77 |
MERMELADA | Jamaica | 56 |
ESA | El Salvador | 52 |
NCA | Nicaragua | 49 |
PAR | Paraguay | 49 |
SARTÉN | Panamá | 44 |
BAH | Bahamas | 39 |
BOL | Bolivia | 34 |
BAR | Barbados | 29 |
ARU | Aruba | 25 |
CHICO | Guayana | 22 |
HON | Honduras | 19 |
ISV | Islas Virgenes | 18 |
BER | islas Bermudas | dieciséis |
HAI | Haití | 11 |
HORMIGA | Antigua y Barbuda | 10 |
SUR | Surinam | 9 |
SKN | Saint Kitts y Nevis | 8 |
ISLA PEQUEÑA | Islas Caimán | 7 |
GRN | Granada | 7 |
IVB | Islas Vírgenes Británicas | 6 |
ACV | Santa Lucía | 6 |
DMA | Dominica | 5 |
VIN | San Vicente y las Granadinas | 5 |
NEGOCIO | Belice | 3 |
Deportes
En estos Juegos se disputaron un total de 36 deportes , 51 disciplinas y 364 eventos de medallas. [50] La pelota vasca fue el único deporte eliminado de los últimos juegos . [51] El golf (luego de ser agregado al programa olímpico para 2016 ) también hizo su debut en los Juegos Panamericanos. [51] El eslalon de canoa , la única disciplina olímpica que nunca se ha celebrado en los Juegos, también hizo su debut, lo que significó que por primera vez se disputó todo el programa de deportes olímpicos . [51] [52] Además, ambas disciplinas de canoa tuvieron eventos C-1 para mujeres por primera vez. [52] El béisbol femenino y el rugby a siete femenino también hicieron su debut, con el softbol masculino regresando al programa, después de haber sido disputado por última vez en 2003 . [28] [53] [54] Un total de 19 deportes (la mayoría) fueron clasificatorios directos o indirectos (como oportunidades para ganar tiempos de clasificación) para los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 2016 en Río de Janeiro . [3]
Los números entre paréntesis indican el número de eventos de medallas que se disputarán en cada deporte / disciplina.
- Deportes acuáticos
- Submarinismo (8) ( )
- Natación en aguas abiertas (2) ( )
- Natación (32) ( )
- Natación sincronizada (2) ( )
- Waterpolo (2) ( )
- Tiro Con Arco (4) ( )
- Atletismo (47) ( )
- Bádminton (5) ( )
- Baseball (2) ( )
- Baloncesto (2) ( )
- Boxeo (13) ( )
- Bolos (4) ( )
- Piragüismo (
- Esprint en canoa (13)
- Piragüismo Slalom (5)
) - Ciclismo (
- Carreras de BMX (2)
- Bicicleta de montaña (2)
- Ciclismo de ruta (4)
- Ciclismo en pista (10)
) - Ecuestre (
- Ecuestre (doma) (2)
- Ecuestre (evento) (2)
- Ecuestre (salto) (2)
) - Esgrima (12) ( )
- Hockey sobre césped (2) ( )
- Fútbol (2) ( )
- Golf (3) ( )
- Gimnasia (
- Gimnasia artística (14)
- Gimnasia rítmica (8)
- Trampolín (2)
) - Balonmano (2) ( )
- Judo (14) ( )
- Karate (10) ( )
- Pentatlón moderno (2) ( )
- Racquetball (6) ( )
- Deportes sobre ruedas (
- Patinaje artístico sobre ruedas (2)
- Patinaje de velocidad en línea (6)
) - Remo (14) ( )
- Rugby sevens (2) ( )
- Vela (10) ( )
- Tiro (15) ( )
- Softbol (2) ( )
- Squash (6) ( )
- Tenis de mesa (4) ( )
- Taekwondo (8) ( )
- Tenis (5) ( )
- Triatlón (2) ( )
- Vóleibol
- Voleibol de playa (2) ( )
- Voleibol (2) ( )
- Esquí acuático (
- Esquí acuático (8)
- Esquí acuático (1)
) - Halterofilia (15) ( )
- Lucha (
- Lucha libre (12)
- Lucha grecorromana (6)
)
Calendario
En el siguiente calendario de eventos, cada casilla azul representa una competencia de evento, como una ronda de clasificación, ese día. Los recuadros amarillos representan los días durante los cuales se llevaron a cabo finales de entrega de medallas para un deporte. El número en cada casilla representa el número de finales que se disputaron ese día. Los eventos comenzaron tres días antes de la ceremonia de apertura el 7 de julio y finalizaron con la ceremonia de clausura el 26 de julio [55] [56].
jefe | Ceremonia de apertura | ● | Competiciones de eventos | 1 | Finales del evento | CC | Ceremonia de clausura |
mes de julio | 7 mar | 8 mié | 9 jue | 10 vie | 11 sáb | 12 sol | 13 lun | 14 mar | 15 mié | 16 jue | 17 vie | 18 sáb | 19 sol | 20 lun | 21 mar | 22 mié | 23 jue | 24 vie | 25 sáb | 26 sol | Eventos |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ceremonias ( apertura / cierre ) | jefe | CC | N / A | ||||||||||||||||||
Tiro al arco | ● | ● | ● | 2 | 2 | 4 | |||||||||||||||
Atletismo | 1 | 2 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 8 | 1 | 47 | ||||||||||||
Bádminton | ● | ● | ● | ● | 2 | 3 | 5 | ||||||||||||||
Béisbol | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 1 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 1 | 2 | ||||
Baloncesto | ● | ● | ● | ● | 1 | ● | ● | ● | ● | 1 | 2 | ||||||||||
voleibol de playa | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 2 | 2 | |||||||||||
Bolos | ● | 2 | ● | 2 | 4 | ||||||||||||||||
Boxeo | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 6 | 7 | 13 | ||||||||||||
Canotaje | 1 | 1 | 5 | 6 | ● | 5 | 18 | ||||||||||||||
Ciclismo | ● | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 18 | |||||||||||
Buceo | ● | 2 | 2 | 4 | 8 | ||||||||||||||||
Ecuestre | ● | 1 | 1 | ● | ● | 2 | ● | 1 | 1 | 6 | |||||||||||
Esgrima | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 12 | ||||||||||||||
Hockey sobre hierba | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||
Fútbol | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||
Golf | ● | ● | ● | 3 | 3 | ||||||||||||||||
Gimnasia | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 5 | ● | 2 | 5 | 3 | 24 | |||||||||||
Balonmano | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||||
Judo | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 14 | ||||||||||||||||
Kárate | 3 | 3 | 4 | 10 | |||||||||||||||||
Pentatlón moderno | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||
Racquetball | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 4 | ● | 2 | 6 | ||||||||||||
Deportes sobre ruedas | ● | 4 | 4 | 8 | |||||||||||||||||
Remo | ● | ● | 4 | 5 | 5 | 14 | |||||||||||||||
Rugby a siete | ● | 2 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||
Navegación | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 5 | 5 | 10 | ||||||||||||
Tiroteo | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 15 | ||||||||||||
Sofbol | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 1 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 1 | 2 | |||||
Calabaza | ● | ● | 2 | 2 | ● | ● | 2 | 6 | |||||||||||||
Natación | 1 | 1 | 6 | 7 | 5 | 8 | 6 | 34 | |||||||||||||
Natación sincronizada | ● | 2 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||
Tenis de mesa | ● | ● | 2 | ● | ● | ● | 2 | 4 | |||||||||||||
Taekwondo | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 8 | ||||||||||||||||
Tenis | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 3 | 2 | 5 | |||||||||||||
Triatlón | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||
Vóleibol | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 1 | 1 | 2 | |||||||||
Polo acuático | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||||||
Esquí acuático | ● | ● | 3 | 6 | 9 | ||||||||||||||||
Levantamiento de pesas | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 15 | |||||||||||||||
Lucha | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 18 | ||||||||||||||||
Eventos totales | dieciséis | 23 | 31 | 34 | 32 | 19 | 21 | 26 | 31 | 8 | 17 | 17 | 22 | 27 | 33 | 7 | 364 | ||||
Total acumulado | dieciséis | 39 | 70 | 104 | 136 | 155 | 176 | 202 | 233 | 241 | 258 | 275 | 297 | 324 | 357 | 364 | N / A | ||||
mes de julio | 7 mar | 8 mié | 9 jue | 10 vie | 11 sáb | 12 sol | 13 lun | 14 mar | 15 mié | 16 jue | 17 vie | 18 sáb | 19 sol | 20 lun | 21 mar | 22 mié | 23 jue | 24 vie | 25 sáb | 26 sol | Eventos |
Mesa de medallas
Estados Unidos ganó la mayor cantidad de medallas con un total de 265. Canadá , el país anfitrión, ganó 219 medallas. Otras menciones notables incluyen a Santa Lucía ganando su primera medalla de oro Panamericana. [57]
- Clave
* Nación anfitriona ( Canadá )
Rango | NOC | Oro | Plata | Bronce | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Estados Unidos (EE. UU.) | 103 | 82 | 80 | 265 |
2 | Canadá (CAN) * | 78 | 70 | 71 | 219 |
3 | Brasil (BRA) | 42 | 39 | 60 | 141 |
4 | Cuba (CUB) | 36 | 27 | 34 | 97 |
5 | Colombia (COL) | 27 | 14 | 31 | 72 |
6 | México (MEX) | 22 | 30 | 43 | 95 |
7 | Argentina (ARG) | 15 | 29 | 30 | 74 |
8 | Venezuela (VEN) | 8 | 22 | 20 | 50 |
9 | Ecuador (ECU) | 7 | 9 | dieciséis | 32 |
10 | Guatemala (GUA) | 6 | 1 | 3 | 10 |
11–31 | CON restantes | 22 | 39 | 69 | 130 |
Totales (31 NOC) | 366 | 362 | 457 | 1185 |
Antidopaje
Atleta | Nación | Deporte | Sustancia prohibida | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|
Stephanie Bragayrac | Paraguay | Wrestling | Furosemide | [58][59] |
María Luisa Calle | Colombia | Cycling – Road and track | GHRP2 | [59][60] |
Astrid Camposeco | Guatemala | Weightlifting | Clenbuterol, boldenone | [61][62] |
Mario Mercedes Castillo | Dominican Republic | Baseball | Dimethylbutylamine | [59][63] |
Cinthya Domínguez | Mexico | Weightlifting | Oxandrolone | [59][61][63] |
Mauricio Fiol | Peru | Swimming – 200-metre butterfly | Stanozolol | [59][61] |
Nelson Gomez | Puerto Rico | Baseball | Boldenone | [59][61][63] |
Jesús González | Venezuela | Weightlifting | [64] | |
Christopher Guajardo | Chile | Athletics – Marathon | EPO | [65][66] |
Elverine Jimenez | Nicaragua | Wrestling | DHEA | [58][59] |
Patrick Mendes | Brazil | Weightlifting | 4-Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone | [59][61][67] |
Sheila Ocasio | Puerto Rico | Volleyball | Stanozolol | [68] |
Javier Jesus Ortiz Angulo | Colombia | Baseball | Stanozolol | [59][63] |
Carlos Oyarzun | Chile | Cycling – Road | FG-4592 | [59][69] |
María Pastuña | Ecuador | Athletics – 10,000 metres, 5,000 metres | Nandrolone | [70][71] |
Richard Peralta Robledo | Panama | Football | Clostebol | [70][71] |
Rene Silva Rios | Nicaragua | Wrestling | Boldenone | [59] |
Gladys Tejeda | Peru | Athletics – Marathon | Furosemide | [72][73] |
Luz Vázquez | Argentina | Wrestling - Freestyle 69 kg | Hormone and metabolic modulator | [59][69] |
Merin Zalazar | Honduras | Boxing | Furosemide | [58][59] |
Medios de comunicación
Broadcasting
The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) served as the host and domestic broadcaster of the 2015 Pan American Games; locally, coverage was broadcast in the English and French languages by CBC Television and Ici Radio-Canada Télé, and CBC's website carried 650 hours of online coverage.[74][75] Pay television rights were sub-licensed to Sportsnet, which aired the football (soccer) tournaments, and a semi-final of the Men's basketball tournament that involved Canada.[76] Spanish language rights were sub-licensed to Telelatino and Univision Canada; the broadcaster collaborated with US Spanish-language rights-holder ESPN Deportes on its own coverage.[77][78][79] CBC stated that it was "very happy" with the ratings performance of the Games; primetime coverage averaged around 900,000 to 1 million viewers per-night, and the opening ceremonies were seen by 1.93 million viewers across CBC and CBC News Network, with the largest audience being in the Toronto region.[76][80]
In the United States, ESPN held broadcast rights, with 66 hours of English-language coverage across ESPN and ESPN2, 44 hours on Longhorn Network, 200 hours of Spanish-language coverage on ESPN Deportes, and streaming on WatchESPN. ESPN broadcast from studios at Corus Quay, which was linked to the IBC (and in turn, ESPN's headquarters in Bristol, Connecticut). ESPN and ESPN Deportes used their own hosts, as well of those of CBC, as part of its multi-platform coverage.[81][82]
Rede Record acquired rights in Brazil, paying a record US$30 million.[83][84] Other broadcasting deals include Torneos y Competencias sports in Argentina, Claro Sports in Mexico and Latina Televisión in Peru.[85]
Márketing
Logo
Toronto's bid logo was launched on October 2, 2008, with the then-Toronto mayor David Miller and then-head of the organizing committee David Peterson unveiling the logo to the public. The bid logo looks like an abstract maple leaf with three sections, each section made up of two strokes in the shape of a "v" with a spot in the centre. The colours are green, red and blue. This was the official logo of the games until 2010, when the new logo was launched.[86]
On September 29, 2010, the official logo of the games was unveiled at a street party at Maple Leaf Square.[87] According to Ian Troop, the former chief executive officer of Toronto 2015 organizing committee, the logo is designed on the basis of the different art styles seen throughout the 41 countries that compete at the games.[87]
Mascot
In January 2013, it was announced that a contest would determine the mascot of the games. Children under the age of 16 had until March 8, 2013 to submit their ideas.[88] 4,000 ideas and drawings were submitted to the organizing committee during this time frame.[89] In April 2013, a shortlist of six mascot designs (which were produced by professional graphic designers with the sketches by the children as models) were released, including a raccoon, beaver, moose, two pixie creature twins, porcupine and an owl.[90] The final six were selected based on originality, how well they represent Canadian culture and the branding of the Games, and the appeal they had amongst adults and children.[89] On April 22, 2013, the general public was allowed to vote for the mascot they felt was the best. Voting was open until May 5, 2013.[89]
On July 17, 2013, Pachi the Porcupine was revealed as the official mascot of the games at an unveiling at the Canadian Broadcasting Centre.[91] The mascot received over 33,000 votes from the nationwide vote.[91] The winning design was submitted by four grade-eight students at a school in Markham.[91] The name Pachi means "clapping with joy" in Japanese, while the 41 quills the porcupine has represent the 41 participating countries at the games.[92] The New York Times described the mascot as "a departure from the usual cute and cuddly" and "a marketing challenge".[93]
Music
The event's official theme song was released in three versions: the English-language "Together We Are One", performed by Serena Ryder; the French "Ensemble on est immense", performed by Jasmine Denham; and the Spanish "Unidos Somos Más", performed by Eva Avila.[94]
Sponsorship
Private sponsors included Chevrolet Canada.[95] Another sponsorship deal with CAA South Central Ontario announced in January 2014 was terminated in May 2014.[95][96]
Premier and lead partners
- Atos IT Systems[97]
- Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC)[97][98]
- Chevrolet (General Motors Canada)[97][99]
- Cirque du Soleil[97]
- Cisco Systems[97]
- Live Nation Entertainment[100]
- President's Choice (Loblaw Companies)[97]
- Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation (OLG)[99]
Official suppliers
- Aeroplan[101]
- Aggreko[102]
- Allstream Inc.[97]
- ArcelorMittal[103]
- McKesson Corporation[97]
- Barrick Gold[104]
- Cadillac Fairview[101]
- Coca-Cola Canada[97]
- DB Schenker[100]
- Esso Canada[99]
- Porter Airlines[105]
- Siemens Canada[106]
Preocupaciones y controversias
Scheduling
The aquatics events at the 2015 Pan American Games were scheduled to be held roughly around the same time as the 2015 World Aquatics Championships scheduled in Kazan, Russia. In order to maintain the quality of its fields, the schedule of the five aquatics disciplines had to be changed to accommodate athletes. The synchronized swimming competition was moved to the day before the opening ceremony, diving events began on the day of the opening ceremony (when events are traditionally not held on the day of the ceremony), open water swimming was moved to the first weekend of the games, swimming was reduced to a five-day schedule (down from seven in 2011), and water polo competitions began three days before the opening ceremony. All events were scheduled to be completed by July 24, six days before the opening ceremonies of the World Championships, which in itself was moved back a week to accommodate the games. The change in schedule meant that for the first time, events were held before the opening ceremony.[107][108]
The 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup concluded on the Sunday prior to the opening ceremony; due to the proximity of the events, teams who competed in both the Women's World Cup and the Pan Am women's football tournament were not expected to field their best players due to availability.[109] Toronto and Hamilton had decided not to bid to host matches during the Women's World Cup due to a potential conflict with the Games.[110]
The 2015 World Archery Championships were scheduled later in July, to avoid conflict with the games, while the 2015 World Fencing Championships (which finished one day prior to the start of fencing competitions at the Pan-Am Games) were coordinated to allow athletes to compete at both events. Finally, the second round of the 2015 Davis Cup was moved ahead one week to avoid conflict with the tennis competitions. Tennis competitions were held before the opening ceremony, to allow athletes to compete in both events.[3][111]
The volleyball tournaments and the FIVB Volleyball World Grand Prix and the FIVB Volleyball World League were played at roughly the same time, leading to scheduling conflicts for teams playing both events.[3]
The IndyCar Series' Honda Indy Toronto race, which is held on a street circuit at Exhibition Place, was moved to June from July to avoid conflicting with the Games.[112]
Expenses claims
In September 2013, it was reported that many senior members of the organizing committee, including then-CEO Ian Troop, expensed Ontario taxpayers for things such as a cup of tea. This led to outrage among provincial politicians including Ontario Premier Kathleen Wynne, "I'm just going to say it's ridiculous. It is the kind of entitlement that is unacceptable".[113] In response to the backlash the organization released an updated expenses and travel policy in November 2013.[114] In December 2013, Troop was ousted by the organization's board of directors, just three months after the expense scandal came into light.[115] He was replaced by Saad Rafi.[115] In 2014, more expenses by the organization came under scrutiny including boxes of South American wine.[116]
In 2015, Ian Troop, the former CEO, gave an interview in which he stated that organizers cleared him from any wrongdoing, and that all expenses fell under the organization's policy. Troop also mentioned under his leadership the organization saved CA$50 million from the capital infrastructure budget. Troop's firing had nothing to do with the expenses scandal that arose in 2013.[117]
Executive compensation and bonuses
The games' organizing committee came under scrutiny for the high compensation and bonus packages its executive team has been awarded.[118] Under Ontario's Salary Disclosure rules, any provincial employee receiving over CA$100,000 in compensation will have their salary publicly disclosed. In 2012, it was revealed that former CEO Ian Troop made CA$552,065, with several other senior staff making between CA$100,000 and CA$400,000. Additionally, in 2013 it was revealed that as part of his compensation package, Troop would be eligible for a CA$780,000 bonus at the end of his contract, if the games had finished successfully. Other executives are eligible for bonuses of up to 100 percent of their salaries upon completion of their contract.[119] In 2015, it was revealed that Troop's replacement, Saad Rafi, would receive a bonus of 100 percent of his CA$428,794 salary upon completion of his contract. Rafi did not collect his bonus at the conclusion of the games.[120]
Reception of the Games in Toronto
Toronto's Globe and Mail described a lack of excitement for the games by Toronto residents and "lacklustre" ticket sales,[121] while The New York Times described Toronto residents as "indifferent" and "apathetic" to the games due to excessive costs and "apocalyptic news coverage" of traffic disruptions, adding "Canada is a country where winter sports predominate, and the Pan Am Games have never been of immense interest".[93][122] One Toronto journalist wrote "in Toronto's fierce desire to be a world class city, the Pan Am Games are viewed as a consolation prize to previous unsuccessful Olympic bids".[122]
Signs of a more positive reception to the Games began to emerge following its opening; on the first official day of competition, 20,000 tickets were sold (in comparison to a single-day projection of eight to nine thousand), and by the next day, at least 850,000 of the 1.2 million total tickets had been sold.[123] By the end of the games, approximately 1.05 million out of 1.2 million available tickets were sold, marking the largest total sold for a single edition of the games.[124]
A large, illuminated "Toronto" sculpture sign installed in Nathan Phillips Square for the Games proved to be popular with locals and tourists as a spot for photos, and came to become a symbol of the renewed enthusiasm surrounding the Pan Am Games. Considering it a symbol of their legacy, Mayor of Toronto John Tory solicited suggestions for a permanent location for the sign following the Games. It was later announced that the sign would remain in the Square in its current form through at least the end of 2016[125][126] and later extended to the end of 2017 with the temporary addition of a maple leaf for the 150th anniversary of Canadian confederation and 2018 with a medicine wheel.[127][128]
Canadian television coverage
Although still billed as having been the most extensive television coverage of the Pan American Games ever broadcast in the country,[74] the CBC faced criticism for the amount of coverage it produced and broadcast from the 2015 Pan American Games. Only condensed, tape-delayed highlights of events aired on CBC Television, drawing comparisons to the similar practices imposed by NBC's coverage of the Olympics. Most events were streamed online, and pay television channel Sportsnet aired the soccer tournaments on television, but events in some sports received only limited online coverage or were not broadcast at all. Part-way through the Games, the CBC expanded its primetime coverage block, while broadcasts of a semi-final game in men's basketball on Sportsnet and the baseball finals online were added at the last minute. Critics perceived these last-minute changes as signs that the CBC had underestimated viewer interest in the Pan Am Games.[129][130]
CBC Sports head of programming Trevor Pilling explained that the large number of events being held, along with the stature of the Pan American Games in comparison to the Olympics, were a factor in the structure of CBC's coverage, stating that "I do think we are the victim of our own success in that having Olympic coverage that is around the clock, but the Olympics are a different event than these Pan Am Games. But I feel like we've done the athletes justice by telling those stories or through live coverage, or with reporters on site. We've tried to make sure we're at all the significant events, and with Canada winning over 180 medals, that's a tall task."[129][130]
While the National Post also felt that budget cuts faced by the CBC in recent years, including those imposed following the loss of its national broadcast rights to the National Hockey League to Rogers Media, may have also had an impact—with a CBC spokesperson arguing that "resources" were a factor, Pilling denied that this was the case, arguing that it was "about the planning, It is about making good, sound business decisions", and promised that there would be extensive coverage of the 2016 Summer Olympics.[129][130]
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enlaces externos
- Official website
- Toronto 2015 Pan Am & Parapan American Games – Web archive collected by the University of Toronto Libraries
Preceded by Guadalajara | XVII Pan American Games Toronto (2015) | Succeeded by Lima |