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Ayman al-Zawahiri أيمن الظواهري
Ayman al-Zawahiri portrait.JPG
Ayman al-Zawahiri, noviembre de 2001
Segundo Emir General de Al-Qaeda
Asumió el cargo
el 16 de junio de 2011 [1]
Precedido porOsama bin Laden
Emir adjunto de Al-Qaeda
En el cargo de
1988 a 2011
Precedido porPuesto creado
SucesorAbu Khayr al-Masri
Emir de la Jihad Islámica Egipcia
En el cargo de
1991 a 1998
Precedido porMuhammad abd-al-Salam Faraj
SucesorFusión con Al-Qaeda
Detalles personales
Nació
Ayman Mohammed Rabie al-Zawahiri

(1951-06-19) 19 de junio de 1951 (69 años)
Maadi , El Cairo , Reino de Egipto
Nacionalidadegipcio
Esposos)
Azza Ahmed
​
​
( . M  1978; murió 2001)

Umaima Hassan
Niños
Mostrar todo (7)
  • Fátima
  • Umayma
  • Nabila
  • Khadiga
  • Mahoma
  • Aisha
  • Nawwar
alma materUniversidad del Cairo
OcupaciónCirujano
Carrera militar
LealtadFlag of Jihad.svg Jihad Islámica Egipcia (1980-1998) [2] Al-Qaeda (1988-presente)
Flag of al-Qaeda.svg
Años de servicio1980-presente
RangoEmir general de Al-Qaeda
Batallas / guerrasGuerra en Afganistán
Guerra en el noroeste de Pakistán

Ayman Mohammed Rabie al-Zawahiri [3] ( en árabe : أيمن محمد ربيع الظواهري 'Ayman Muhammad Rabī' AZ-Zawahiri , nacido el 19 de junio de 1951) [4] es un terrorista egipcio conocido por ser el líder del grupo terrorista Al Qaeda desde junio 2011, sucedió a Osama bin Laden después de su muerte , y es miembro actual [5] o ex miembro y alto funcionario de organizaciones islamistas que han orquestado ataques en Asia , África y Oriente Medio y también en América del Norte.  y Europa . En 2012, pidió a los musulmanes que secuestraran a turistas occidentales en países musulmanes . [6]

Desde los ataques del 11 de septiembre , el Departamento de Estado de Estados Unidos ha ofrecido una US $ recompensa de 25 millones para la información o inteligencia que lleva a la captura de al-Zawahiri. [7] Está sujeto a sanciones mundiales por parte del Comité de Sanciones de Al-Qaeda como miembro de al-Qaeda. [8]

Vida personal

Vida temprana

Ayman al-Zawahiri nació en 1951 en el barrio de Maadi , El Cairo, en el entonces Reino de Egipto , hijo de Mohammed Rabie al-Zawahiri y Umayma Azzam.

La familia al-Zawahiri fue considerada " distinguida " [9] mientras vivían en Maadi . La familia se originó en la tribu Harbi en Zawahir, una pequeña ciudad en Arabia Saudita , ubicada en el área de Badr . [10] Los padres de Al-Zawahiri procedían de familias prósperas. El padre de Al-Zawahiri, Mohammed Rabie al-Zawahiri, provenía de una gran familia de médicos y eruditos de Kafr Ash Sheikh Dhawahri, gobernación de Sharqia , en la que uno de sus abuelos era el jeque Muhammad al-Ahmadi al-Zawahiri (1887-1944) quien fue el 34º Gran Imán de al-Azhar . [11] Mohammed Rabie se convirtió en cirujanoy profesor de farmacia [9] en la Universidad de El Cairo . La madre de Ayman, Umayma Azzam, provenía de un clan rico y políticamente activo, siendo hija de Abdel-Wahhab Azzam, un erudito literario que se desempeñó como rector de la Universidad de El Cairo , fundador y rector inaugural de la Universidad King Saud (la primera universidad en Arabia Saudita ), así como embajador en Pakistán , mientras que su propio hermano fue Azzam Pasha , el secretario general fundador de la Liga Árabe (1945-1952). [12] Por su lado materno, otro pariente fue Salem Azzam, un islamistaintelectual y activista, durante un tiempo secretario general del Consejo Islámico de Europa con sede en Londres. [13] También tiene un vínculo materno con la casa de Saud : Muna, la hija de Azzam Pasha (su tío abuelo materno), está casada con Mohammed bin Faisal Al Saud , el hijo del difunto rey Faisal . [14]

Ayman ha dicho que siente un profundo afecto por su madre. Su hermano, Mahfouz Azzam, se convirtió en un modelo a seguir para Ayman cuando era adolescente. [15] Ayman tiene un hermano menor, Muhammad al-Zawahiri , y una hermana gemela, Heba Mohamed al-Zawahiri. [ cita requerida ] La hermana de Al-Zawahiri, Heba Mohamed al-Zawahiri, se convirtió en profesora de oncología médica en el Instituto Nacional del Cáncer de la Universidad de El Cairo . Describió a su hermano como "silencioso y tímido". [16] Muhammad trabajó en Bosnia , Croacia y Albania bajo la apariencia de ser una Organización Internacional de Ayuda Islámica.(IIRO) oficial. [ cita requerida ] Mientras se escondía en los Emiratos Árabes Unidos , fue arrestado en 2000, luego extraditado a Egipto, donde fue condenado a muerte. [ cita requerida ] Fue detenido en la prisión de Tora en El Cairo como un detenido político. Funcionarios de seguridad dijeron que era el jefe del Comité de Acción Especial de la Jihad Islámica , que organizó operaciones terroristas. Sin embargo, después del levantamiento popular egipcio en la primavera de 2011, el 17 de marzo de 2011, fue liberado de prisión por el Consejo Supremo de las Fuerzas Armadas , el gobierno interinode Egipto. Su abogado dijo que lo habían retenido para extraer información sobre su hermano Ayman. [17] Sin embargo, el 20 de marzo de 2011 fue arrestado nuevamente. [18] El 17 de agosto de 2013, las autoridades egipcias arrestaron a Muhammad al-Zawahiri en su casa en Giza . [19]

Juventud

Según los informes, Ayman al-Zawahiri era un joven estudioso. Ayman sobresalió en la escuela, amaba la poesía y "odiaba los deportes violentos", que pensaba que eran "inhumanos". Al-Zawahiri estudió medicina en la Universidad de El Cairo y se graduó en 1974 con gayyid giddan , o aproximadamente a la par con una calificación de "B" en el sistema de calificaciones estadounidense. Después de eso, sirvió tres años como cirujano en el ejército egipcio, después de lo cual estableció una clínica cerca de sus padres en Maadi. [20] En 1978, también obtuvo una maestría en cirugía . [21] Ayman al-Zawahiri también ha demostrado una comprensión radical de la teología islámica y la historia islámica .[ cita requerida ] Habla árabe , inglés , [22] [23] y francés .

Al-Zawahiri participated in Youth activism as a student. He became both quite pious and political, under the influence of his uncle Mahfouz Azzam, and lecturer Mostafa Kamel Wasfi.[24]Sayyid Qutb preached that to restore Islam and free Muslims, a vanguard of true Muslims modeling itself after the original Companions of the Prophet had to be developed.[25]

Hermandad Musulmana

A la edad de 14 años, al-Zawahiri se había unido a la Hermandad Musulmana . Al año siguiente, el gobierno egipcio ejecutó a Sayyid Qutb por conspiración , y al-Zawahiri, junto con otros cuatro estudiantes de secundaria, ayudaron a formar una " célula clandestina dedicada a derrocar al gobierno y establecer un estado islamista". Fue a esta temprana edad que al-Zawahiri desarrolló una misión en la vida, "poner en acción la visión de Qutb ". [26] Su célula finalmente se fusionó con otras para formar al-Jihad o Jihad Islámica Egipcia . [20]

Matrimonio e hijos

Ayman al-Zawahiri se ha casado al menos cuatro veces. Sus esposas incluyen Azza Ahmed Nowari y Umaima Hassan. [ cita requerida ]

En 1978, al-Zawahiri se casó con su primera esposa, Azza Ahmed Nowari, una estudiante de la Universidad de El Cairo que estudiaba filosofía . [24] Su boda, que se celebró en el Hotel Continental en Opera Square, [24] fue muy conservadora, con áreas separadas para hombres y mujeres, y sin música, fotografías o alegría en general. [27] Muchos años después, cuando Estados Unidos atacó Afganistán tras los ataques del 11 de septiembre en octubre de 2001, Azza aparentemente no tenía idea de que al-Zawahiri supuestamente había sido un emir (comandante) yihadista durante la última década. [28]En junio de 2012, una de las cuatro esposas de Zawahiri, Umaima Hassan, emitió un comunicado en Internet felicitando el papel desempeñado por las mujeres musulmanas en la Primavera Árabe . [29]

Al-Zawahiri y su esposa, Azza, tuvieron cuatro hijas, Fatima (nacida en 1981), Umayma (nacida en 1983), Nabila (nacida en 1986) y Khadiga (nacida en 1987), y un hijo, Mohammed (también nacido en 1987; el hermano gemelo de Khadiga), que era un "niño delicado y educado" y "la mascota de sus hermanas mayores", sujeto a burlas y acoso en un entorno tradicionalmente masculino, que prefería "quedarse en casa y ayudar a su mamá." [30] En 1997, diez años después del nacimiento de Mohammed, Azza dio a luz a su quinta hija, Aisha, que tenía síndrome de Down . En febrero de 2004, Abu Zubaydah fue sometido a un submarino y posteriormente declaró que Abu Turab Al-Urduni se había casado con una de las hijas de al-Zawahiri.[31]

En el primer semestre de 2005, una de las tres esposas supervivientes de Al-Zawahiri dio a luz a una hija, llamada Nawwar. [32]

La primera esposa de Ayman al-Zawahiri, Azza, y dos de sus seis hijos, Mohammad y Aisha, murieron en un ataque aéreo en Afganistán por parte de las fuerzas estadounidenses a fines de diciembre de 2001, luego de los ataques del 11 de septiembre en los EE . UU. [33] [34] Después de que un estadounidense bombardeo aéreo de un edificio controlado por los talibanes en GardezAzza quedó atrapada bajo los escombros del techo de una casa de huéspedes. Preocupada por su modestia, "se negó a que la excavaran" porque "los hombres le veían la cara" y murió a causa de las heridas al día siguiente. Su hijo, Mohammad, también murió directamente en la misma casa. Su hija de cuatro años con síndrome de Down, Aisha, no resultó herida por el bombardeo, pero murió a causa de la exposición en la fría noche mientras los rescatistas afganos intentaban salvar a Azza. [35]

Carrera profesional

Ayman al-Zawahiri trabajó en el campo de la medicina como cirujano . En 1985, al-Zawahiri fue a Arabia Saudita en Hajj y se quedó para practicar medicina en Jeddah durante un año. [36] Como un cirujano cualificado según los informes, cuando su organización se fusionó con de Bin Laden Al Qaeda, se convirtió en consejero y médico personal de Bin Laden. Había conocido a bin Laden en Jeddah en 1986. [37]

En 1981, Ayman al-Zawahiri viajó a Peshawar , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistán , donde trabajó en un hospital de la Media Luna Roja tratando a refugiados heridos. Allí, se hizo amigo de Ahmed Khadr , y los dos compartieron una serie de conversaciones sobre la necesidad de un gobierno islámico y las necesidades del pueblo afgano. [38] [39]

En 1993, al-Zawahiri viajó a los Estados Unidos, donde se dirigió a varias mezquitas de California bajo su seudónimo de Abdul Mu'iz , confiando en sus credenciales de la Media Luna Roja de Kuwait para recaudar fondos para los niños afganos que habían resultado heridos por las minas terrestres soviéticas . recaudó solo $ 2000. [40]

Actividad militante

Conspiraciones de asesinato

Egipto

En 1981, Al-Zawahiri fue uno de los cientos arrestados tras el asesinato del presidente Anwar Sadat . [41] Inicialmente, el plan se descarriló cuando las autoridades fueron alertadas sobre el plan de Al-Jihad por el arresto de un operativo que llevaba información crucial, en febrero de 1981. El presidente Sadat ordenó la redada de más de 1500 personas, incluidos muchos miembros de Al-Jihad. pero se perdió una celda del ejército dirigida por el teniente Khalid Islambouli , quien logró asesinar a Sadat durante un desfile militar en octubre. [42] Su abogado, Montasser el-Zayat , dijo que Zawahiri fue torturado en prisión. [43]

En su libro, Al-Zawahiri as I Knew Him , Al-Zayat sostiene que bajo tortura por parte de la policía egipcia, luego de su arresto en relación con el asesinato de Sadat en 1981, Al-Zawahiri reveló el escondite de Essam al-Qamari , un miembro clave de la célula Maadi de al-Jihad, que condujo al "arresto y eventual ejecución" de Al-Qamari. [44]

En 1993, la conexión de al-Zawahiri y la Jihad Islámica Egipcia ( EIJ ) con Irán pudo haber llevado a un atentado suicida en un atentado contra la vida del ministro del Interior egipcio Hasan al-Alfi, el hombre que encabeza el esfuerzo para sofocar la campaña de asesinatos islamistas. en Egipto. Falló, al igual que un intento de asesinar al primer ministro egipcio Atef Sidqi tres meses después. El bombardeo del coche de Sidqi hirió a 21 egipcios y mató a una colegiala, Shayma Abdel-Halim. Siguió a dos años de asesinatos perpetrados por otro grupo islamista, al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya , que había matado a más de 200 personas. Su funeral se convirtió en un espectáculo público, con su ataúd transportado por las calles de El Cairo.y multitudes gritando: "¡El terrorismo es enemigo de Dios!" [45] La policía arrestó a 280 miembros más de al-Jihad y ejecutó a seis. [ cita requerida ]

Por su papel destacado en los ataques contra el gobierno egipcio en la década de 1990, al-Zawahiri y su hermano Muhammad al-Zawahiri fueron condenados a muerte en el caso egipcio de 1999 de los retornados de Albania . [ cita requerida ]

Pakistán

El ataque de 1995 a la embajada egipcia en Islamabad , Pakistán, fue el primer éxito de la Jihad Islámica Egipcia bajo el liderazgo de Zawahiri, pero Bin Laden desaprobó la operación. El bombardeo alienó a Pakistán, que era "la mejor ruta hacia Afganistán". [46] [ aclaración necesaria ]

En julio de 2007, Al-Zawahiri proporcionó dirección para el asedio de Lal Masjid , con el nombre en clave Operación Silencio. Esta fue la primera vez que se confirmó que Al-Zawahiri estaba tomando medidas militantes contra el Gobierno de Pakistán y guiando a los militantes islámicos contra el Estado de Pakistán. Las tropas del Ejército de Pakistán y el Grupo de Servicios Especiales que tomaron el control de Lal Masjid ("Mezquita Roja") en Islamabad encontraron cartas de al-Zawahiri dirigiendo a los militantes islámicos Abdul Rashid Ghazi y Abdul Aziz Ghazi , que dirigían la mezquita y la madraza adyacente . Este conflicto resultó en 100 muertos. [47]

El 27 de diciembre de 2007, al-Zawahiri también estuvo implicado en el asesinato de la ex primera ministra de Pakistán, Benazir Bhutto . [48]

Sudán

En 1994, los hijos [ ¿quién? ] de Ahmad Salama Mabruk y Mohammed Sharaf fueron ejecutados bajo el liderazgo de al-Zawahiri por traicionar a la Jihad Islámica Egipcia ; se ordenó a los militantes que abandonaran el Sudán. [49] [50]

Estados Unidos

En 1998, Ayman al-Zawahiri fue incluido en la acusación [51] en los Estados Unidos por su papel en los atentados con bomba de la embajada de Estados Unidos en 1998 , una serie de ataques que ocurrieron el 7 de agosto de 1998, en los que cientos de personas murieron en simultáneo. explosiones de camiones bomba en las embajadas de los Estados Unidos en las principales ciudades de África Oriental de Dar es Salaam , Tanzania y Nairobi , Kenia. [4] Los ataques llamaron la atención internacional a Osama bin Laden y Ayman al-Zawahiri.

En 2000, el atentado del USS Cole animó a varios miembros a partir. Mohammed Atef escapó a Kandahar, Zawahiri a Kabul y Bin Laden también huyó a Kabul, y más tarde se unió a Atef cuando se dio cuenta de que no se avecinaban ataques de represalia estadounidenses. [52]

On October 10, 2001, al-Zawahiri appeared on the initial list of the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation's top 22 Most Wanted Terrorists, which was released to the public by U.S. President George W. Bush. In early November 2001, the Taliban government announced they were bestowing official Afghan citizenship on him, as well as Bin Laden, Mohammed Atef, Saif al-Adl, and Shaykh Asim Abdulrahman.[53]

Organizations

Egyptian Islamic Jihad

Ayman al-Zawahiri was previously the second and last "emir" of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad, having succeeded Abbud al-Zumar in the latter role when Egyptian authorities sentenced al-Zumar to life imprisonment. Ayman al-Zawahiri eventually became one of Egyptian Islamic Jihad's leading organizers and recruiters. Zawahiri's hope was to recruit military officers and accumulate weapons, waiting for the right moment to launch "a complete overthrow of the existing order."[54] Chief strategist of Al-Jihad was Aboud al-Zumar, a colonel in the military intelligence whose plan was to kill the main leaders of the country, capture the headquarters of the army and State Security, the telephone exchange building, and of course the radio and television building, where news of the Islamic revolution would then be broadcast, unleashing – he expected – "a popular uprising against secular authority all over the country."[54]

Maktab al-Khadamat

See also: Black Standard

In Peshawar, he met up with Osama bin Laden, who was running a base for mujahideen called Maktab al-Khadamat (MAK); founded by the Palestinian Sheikh Abdullah Yusuf Azzam. The radical position of al-Zawahiri and the other militants of Al-Jihad put them at odds with Sheikh Azzam, with whom they competed for bin Laden's financial resources.[55] Zawahiri carried two false passports, a Swiss one in the name of Amin Uthman and a Dutch one in the name of Mohmud Hifnawi.[56]

British journalist Jason Burke wrote: "Al-Zawahiri ran his own operation during the Afghan war, bringing in and training volunteers from the Middle East. Some of the $500 million the CIA poured into Afghanistan reached his group."[57]

Former FBI agent Ali Soufan mentioned in his book The Black Banners that Ayman al-Zawahiri is suspected of being behind Azzam's assassination in 1989.[58][59]

Al-Qaeda

This 2001 image used by the FBI shows Ayman al-Zawahiri in Khost, Afghanistan.[60]

In 1998, al-Zawahiri formally merged the Egyptian Islamic Jihad into al-Qaeda. According to reports by a former al-Qaeda member, he has worked in the al-Qaeda organization since its inception and was a senior member of the group's shura council. He was often described as a "lieutenant" to Osama bin Laden, though bin Laden's chosen biographer has referred to him as the "real brains" of al-Qaeda.[61]

On February 23, 1998, al-Zawahiri issued a joint fatwa with Osama bin Laden under the title "World Islamic Front Against Jews and Crusaders". Zawahiri, not bin Laden, is thought to have been the actual author of the fatwa.[62]

Bin Laden and al-Zawahiri organized an al-Qaeda congress on June 24, 1998. A week prior to the beginning of the conference, a group of well-armed assistants to al-Zawahiri had left by jeeps in the direction of Herat. Following the instructions of their patron, in the town of Koh-i-Doshakh, they met three unknown Slavic-looking men who had arrived from Russia via Iran. After their arrival in Kandahar, they split up. One of the Russians was directly escorted to al-Zawahiri and he did not participate in the conference. Western military intelligence succeeded in acquiring photographs of him, but he disappeared for six years. According to Axis Globe, in 2004, when Qatar and the U.S. investigated Russian embassy officials whom the United Arab Emirates had arrested in connection to the murder of Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev in Qatar, computer software precisely established that a man who had walked to the Russian embassy in Doha was the same one who visited al-Zawahiri prior to the Al-Qaida conference.[63]

Emergence as al-Qaeda's chief commander

On April 30, 2009, the U.S. State Department reported that al-Zawahiri had emerged as al-Qaeda's operational and strategic commander[64] and that Osama bin Laden was now only the ideological figurehead of the organization.[64] However, after the 2011 death of bin Laden, a senior U.S. intelligence official was quoted as saying intelligence gathered in the raid showed that bin Laden remained deeply involved in planning: "This compound (where bin Laden was killed) in Abbottabad was an active command-and-control center for al-Qaeda's leader. He was active in operational planning and in driving tactical decisions within al-Qaeda."[65]

Following the death of bin Laden, former U.S. Deputy National Security Advisor for Combating Terrorism Juan Zarate said that al-Zawahiri would "clearly assume the mantle of leadership" of al-Qaeda.[66] However, a senior U.S. administration official said that although al-Zawahiri was likely to be al-Qaeda's next leader, his authority was not "universally accepted" among al-Qaeda's followers, particularly in the Gulf region. Zarate said that al-Zawahiri was more controversial and less charismatic than bin Laden.[67] Rashad Mohammad Ismail (AKA "Abu Al-Fida"), a leading member of al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, stated that al-Zawahiri was the best candidate.[68]

Hamid Mir is reported to have said that he believed that Ayman al-Zawahiri was the operational head of al-Qaeda, and that "[h]e is the person who can do the things that happened on September 11."[61] Within days of the attacks, Zawahiri's name was put forward as bin Laden's second-in-command, with reports suggesting he represented "a more formidable US foe than bin Laden."[69]

Formal appointment

As of 2 May 2011, he became the leader of al-Qaeda following the death of Osama bin Laden.[66] This was confirmed by a press release from al-Qaeda's general command on June 16.[5] Al-Zawahiri's succession to command of al-Qaeda was announced on several of their websites on June 16, 2011.[34] On the same day, al-Qaeda renewed its position that Israel was an illegitimate state and that it wouldn't accept any compromise on Palestine.[70]

The delayed announcement led some analysts to speculate that there was quarreling within al-Qaeda: "It doesn't suggest a vast reservoir of accumulated goodwill for him," said one celebrity journalist on CNN.[71] Both U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Mike Mullen maintain that the delay didn't signal any kind of dispute within al-Qaeda,[72] and Mullen reiterated U.S. death threats toward al-Zawahiri.[73] According to U.S. officials within the Obama administration and Robert Gates, al-Zawahiri would find the leadership difficult as, while intelligent, he lacks combat experience and the charisma of Osama bin Laden.[72][74][75]

Imprisonment

Egypt

Al-Zawahiri was convicted of dealing in weapons and received a three-year sentence, which he completed in 1984, shortly after his conviction.[76]

Russia

At some point in 1994, al-Zawahiri was said to have "become a phantom"[77] but is thought to have traveled widely to "Switzerland and Sarajevo". A fake passport he was using shows that he traveled to Malaysia, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong.[78]

On December 1, 1996, Ahmad Salama Mabruk and Mahmud Hisham al-Hennawi – both carrying false passports – accompanied al-Zawahiri on a trip to Chechnya, where they hoped to re-establish the faltering Jihad. Their leader was traveling under the pseudonym Abdullah Imam Mohammed Amin, and trading on his medical credentials for legitimacy. The group switched vehicles three times, but were arrested within hours of entering Russian territory and spent five months in a Makhachkala prison awaiting trial. The trio pleaded innocence, maintaining their disguise and having other al-Jihad members from Bavari-C send the Russian authorities pleas for leniency for their "merchant" colleagues who had been wrongly arrested; and Russian Member of Parliament Nadyr Khachiliev echoed the pleas for their speedy release as al-Jihad members Ibrahim Eidarous and Tharwat Salah Shehata traveled to Dagestan to plead for their release. Shehata received permission to visit the prisoners, and is believed to have smuggled them $3000 which was later confiscated from their cell, and to have given them a letter which the Russians didn't bother to translate.[79] In April 1997, the trio were sentenced to six months, and were subsequently released a month later and ran off without paying their court-appointed attorney Abulkhalik Abdusalamov his $1,800 legal fee citing their "poverty".[79] Shehata was sent on to Chechnya, where he met with Ibn Khattab.[77][79][80][81]

Leaving Egypt

During this time, al-Zawahiri also began reconstituting the Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ) along with other exiled militants.[82] The group had "very loose ties to their nominal imprisoned leader, Abud al-Zumur."[citation needed]

In Peshwar, al-Zawahiri is thought to have become radicalized by other Al-Jihad members, abandoning his old strategy of a swift coup d'état to change society from above, and embracing the idea of takfir.[83] In 1991, EIJ broke with al-Zumur, and al-Zawahiri grabbed "the reins of power" to become EIJ leader.[84]

Activities in Iran

Zawahiri has allegedly worked with the Islamic Republic of Iran on behalf of al-Qaeda. Lawrence Wright reports that EIJ operative Ali Mohammed "told the FBI that al-Jihad had planned a coup in Egypt in 1990." Zawahiri had studied the 1979 Islamist Islamic Revolution and "sought training from the Iranians" as to how to duplicate their feat against the Egyptian government.

He offered Iran information about an Egyptian government plan to storm several islands in the Persian Gulf that both Iran and the United Arab Emirates lay claim to. According to Mohammed, in return for this information, the Iranian government paid Zawahiri $2 million and helped train members of al-Jihad in a coup attempt that never actually took place.[85]

However, in public Zawahiri has harshly denounced the Iranian government. In December 2007 he said, "We discovered Iran collaborating with America in its invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq."[86] In the same video messages, he moreover chides Iran for "repeating the ridiculous joke that says that al-Qaida and the Taliban are agents of America," before playing a video clip in which Ayatollah Rafsanjani says, "In Afghanistan, they were present in Afghanistan, because of Al-Qa'ida; and the Taliban, who created the Taliban? America is the one who created the Taliban, and America's friends in the region are the ones who financed and armed the Taliban."[86]

Zawahiri's criticism of Iran's government continues when he states,

Despite Iran's repetition of the slogan 'Death to America, death to Israel,' we haven't heard even one Fatwa from one Shiite authority, whether in Iran or elsewhere, calling for Jihad against the Americans in Iraq and Afghanistan.[86]

Zawahiri has said that "Iran Stabbed a knife into the back of the Islamic Nation."[87]

In April 2008, Zawahiri blamed Iranian state media and Al-Manar for perpetuating the "lie" that "there are no heroes among the Sunnis who can hurt America as no-one else did in history" in order to discredit the Al Qaeda network.[88] Zawahiri was referring to some 9/11 conspiracy theories according to which Al Qaeda was not responsible for the 9/11 attacks.

On the seventh anniversary of the attacks of September 11, 2001, Zawahiri released a 90-minute tape[89] in which he blasted "the guardian of Muslims in Tehran" for recognizing "the two hireling governments"[90] in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Alleged activities in Russia

There have been doubts as to the true nature of al-Zawahiri's encounter with the Russians in 1996. Washington, D.C.-based Jamestown Foundation scholar Evgenii Novikov has argued that it seems unlikely that the Russians would not have been able to determine who he was, given their well-trained Arabists and the obviously suspicious act of Muslims crossing illegally a border with multiple false identities and encrypted documents in Arabic.[91][92] Assassinated former FSB secret service officer Alexander Litvinenko alleged, among other things, that during this time, al-Zawahiri was indeed being trained by the FSB,[93] and that he was not the only link between al-Qaeda and the FSB.[94] Former KGB officer, speaker on the Voice of America and writer Konstantin Preobrazhenskiy supported Litvinenko's claim and said that Litvinenko "was responsible for securing the secrecy of Al-Zawahiri's arrival in Russia, who was trained by FSB instructors in Dagestan, Northern Caucasus, during 1996–1997."[95]

Activities in Egypt

Main article: November 1997 Luxor massacre

While there Zawahiri learned of a "Nonviolence Initiative" being organized in Egypt to end the terror campaign that had killed hundreds and resulting government crackdown that had imprisoned thousands. Zawahiri angrily opposed this "surrender" in letters to the London newspaper Al-Sharq al-Awsat.[96] Together with members of al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, he helped organize a massive attack on tourists at the Temple of Hatshepsut to sabotage the initiative by provoking the government into repression.[97]

The attack by six men dressed in police uniforms succeeded in machine-gunning and hacking to death 58 foreign tourists and four Egyptians, including "a five-year-old British child and four Japanese couples on their honeymoons," and devastated the Egyptian tourist industry for a number of years. Nonetheless the Egyptian reaction was not what Zawahiri had hoped for. The attack so stunned and angered Egyptian society that Islamists denied responsibility. Zawahiri blamed the police for the killing, but also held the tourists responsible for their own deaths for coming to Egypt,

The people of Egypt consider the presence of these foreign tourists to be aggression against Muslims and Egypt... The young men are saying that this is our country and not a place for frolicking and enjoyment, especially for you.[98]

The massacre was so unpopular that no terror attacks occurred in Egypt for several years thereafter.[clarification needed] Zawahiri was sentenced to death in absentia in 1999 by an Egyptian military tribunal.[99]

Activities and whereabouts after the September 11 attacks

Further information: September 11 attacks

In December 2001, al-Zawahiri published a book entitled Fursan Taht Rayat al Nabi[100] (Knights Under the Prophet's Banner) which outlined ideologies of al-Qaeda.[101] English translations of this book were published; excerpts are available online.[102]

...The second power depends on God alone, then on its wide popularity and alliance with other jihad movements throughout the Islamic nation, from Chechnya in the north to Somalia in the south and from "Eastern Turkestan in the east to Morocco in the west.[103][104][self-published source?][105]

...It seeks revenge against the gang-leaders of global unbelief, the United States, Russia, and Israel. It demands the blood price for the martyrs, the mothers' grief, the deprived orphans, the suffering prisoners, and the torments of those who are tortured everywhere in the Islamic lands―from Turkistan in the east to Andalusia.[106]

...It also gave young Muslim mujahidin―Arabs, Pakistanis, Turks, and Muslims from Central and East Asia―a great opportunity to get acquainted with each other on the land of Afghan jihad through their comradeship-at-arms against the enemies of Islam.[107][108][109]

Al-Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri (2001) in Knights Under the Prophet's Banner which was released by Al-Sharq Al-Awsat.

Osama bin Laden sits with his adviser al-Zawahiri during an interview with Pakistani journalist Hamid Mir, in November 2001.

Following the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan, al-Zawahiri's whereabouts are unknown, but he is generally thought to be in tribal Pakistan. Although he releases videos of himself frequently (see Messages of Ayman al-Zawahiri), al-Zawahiri did not appear alongside bin Laden in any of them after 2003. In 2003, it was rumored that he was under arrest in Iran, although this was later discovered to be false.[110] In 2004, the Pakistan Army launched an aggressive operation in Wana, Pakistan. Reports began to surface that he was trapped in the center of the conflict by the army. But when, after weeks of fighting, the army captured the area, it was later revealed that he either escaped or was never among the fighters. As the conflict spread into the tribal areas of western Pakistan, Ayman al-Zawahiri became a prime target of the ISI's Directorate for Joint Counterintelligence Bureau (J-COIN Bureau). However, despite a series of operations they were unable to capture him.

2001 U.S. propaganda leaflet used in Afghanistan, with bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri

On January 13, 2006, the Central Intelligence Agency, aided by Pakistan's ISI, launched an airstrike on Damadola, a Pakistani village near the Afghan border where they believed al-Zawahiri was located. The airstrike was supposed to kill al-Zawahiri and this was reported in international news over the following days. Many victims of the airstrike were buried without being identified. Anonymous U.S. government officials claimed that some terrorists were killed and the Bajaur tribal area government confirmed that at least four terrorists were among the dead.[111] Anti-American protests broke out around the country and the Pakistani government condemned the U.S. attack and the loss of innocent life.[112] On January 30, a new video was released showing al-Zawahiri unhurt. The video discussed the airstrike, but did not reveal if al-Zawahiri was present in the village at that time.

On August 1, 2008, CBS News reported that it had obtained a copy of an intercepted letter dated July 29, 2008, from unnamed sources in Pakistan, which urgently requested a doctor to treat al-Zawahiri. The letter indicated that al-Zawahiri was critically injured in a US missile strike at Azam Warsak village in South Waziristan on July 28 that also reportedly killed al Qaeda explosives expert Abu Khabab al-Masri. Taliban Mehsud spokesman Maulvi Umar told the Associated Press on August 2, 2008, that the report of al-Zawahiri's injury was false.[113]

In early September 2008, Pakistan Army claimed that they "almost" captured al-Zawahiri after getting information that he and his wife were in the Mohmand Agency, in northwest Pakistan. After raiding the area, officials didn't find him.[114]

In June 2013, al-Zawahiri arbitrated against the merger of the Islamic State of Iraq with the Syrian-based Jabhat al-Nusra into Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant as was declared in April by Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi.[115] Abu Mohammad al-Julani, leader of al-Nusra Front, affirmed the group's allegiance to al-Qaeda and al-Zawahiri.[116][117]

In September 2015, Zawahiri urged Islamic State (ISIL) to stop fighting al-Nusra Front, the official al-Qaeda affiliate in Syria,[118] and to unite with all other jihadists against the supposed alliance between America, Russia, Europe, Shiites and Iran, and Bashar al-Assad's Alawite regime.[119][120]

Ayman al-Zawahiri released a statement supporting jihad in Xinjiang against Chinese, jihad in the Caucasus against the Russians and naming Somalia, Yemen, Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan as battlegrounds.[121] Zawahiri endorsed "jihad to liberate every span of land of the Muslims that has been usurped and violated, from Kashgar to Andalusia, and from the Caucasus to Somalia and Central Africa".[122] Uyghurs inhabit Kashgar, the city which was mentioned by Zawahiri.[123] In another statement he said, "My mujahideen brothers in all places and of all groups ... we face aggression from America, Europe, and Russia ... so it's up to us to stand together as one from East Turkestan to Morocco".[124][125][126] In 2015, the Turkistan Islamic Party (East Turkistan Islamic Movement) released an image showing Al Qaeda leaders Ayman al Zawahiri and Osama Bin Laden meeting with Hasan Mahsum.[127]

The Uyghurs East Turkestan independence movement was endorsed in the serial "Islamic Spring"'s 9th release by Al-Zawahiri. Zawahiri confirmed that the Afghanistan war after 9/11 included the participation of Uighurs and that the jihadists like Zarwaqi, Bin Ladin and the Uyghur Hasan Mahsum were provided with refuge together in Afghanistan under Taliban rule.[128][129] Uyghur fighters were praised by Zawahiri, before a Turkistan Islamic Party performed a Bishkek bombing on August 30.[130] Uighur jihadists were hailed by Ayman al-Zawahiri.[131]

Doğu Türkistan Bülteni Haber Ajansı reported that the Uyghur Turkistan Islamic Party was praised by Abu Qatada along with Abdul Razzaq al Mahdi, Maqdisi, Muhaysini and Zawahiri.[132]

Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi and Abu Qatada were referenced by Muhaysini. Al-Qaeda leaders Osama bin Laden and Ayman al Zawahiri were lauded by Muhaysini.[133]

The Rewards for Justice Program of the U.S. Department of State offered a reward of up to US$25 million for information about his location.[134][135]

Affiliations

  • Muslim Brotherhood
  • Last Emir of Egyptian Islamic Jihad
  • Cairo University Alumni
  • Taliban
  • Red Crescent Movement

Views

Loyalty and enmity

In a lengthy treatise titled "Loyalty and Enmity", Zawahiri argues that Muslims must at all times be loyal to Islam and to one another, while hating or at least being free from everything and everyone outside of Islam.[136]

Female combatants

See also: Gender segregation and Islam

Zawahiri has said in an interview that the group does not have women combatants and that a woman's role is limited to caring for the homes and children of al-Qaeda fighters. This resulted in a debate regarding the role of mujahid women like Sajida Mubarak Atrous al-Rishawi.[137]

Promotional activities

Zawahiri places supreme importance on winning public support, and castigated Abu Musab al-Zarqawi in this regard: "In the absence of this popular support, the Islamic mujahid movement would be crushed in the shadows."[138]

Video and audio messages

Main article: Videos of Ayman al-Zawahiri

2000s

  • May 2003: Tape was broadcast by al-Jazeera and included the directives (interpreted) "Raze/Singe the floor out from under their feet ... the political and corporate interests of the United States ... and Norway", which caused a global lockdown and extensive confusion for Norway.
  • Early September 2003: A video showing al-Zawahiri and bin Laden walking together, as well as an audiotape, is released to the al-Jazeera network.
  • September 9, 2004: Another video is released announcing more assaults.
  • August 4, 2005: al-Zawahiri issues a televised statement blaming Tony Blair and his government's foreign policy for the July 2005 London bombings.[139]
  • September 1, 2005: al-Jazeera broadcasts a video message from Mohammed Sidique Khan, one of bombers of the London Underground. His message is followed by another message from al-Zawahiri, blaming again Tony Blair for the 7/7 bombings.[140]
  • September 19, 2005: al-Zawahiri claims responsibility for the London bombings and dismisses U.S. efforts in Afghanistan.[141][142]
  • December 7, 2005: The full 40-minute interview from September is posted on the Internet with previously unseen video footage. See below for links.
  • April 3, 2008: al-Zawahiri said that al-Qaeda doesn't kill innocents and that its [former] leader Osama bin Laden is healthy. The questions asked his views about Egypt and Iraq, as well as Hamas.[143]
  • April 22, 2008: An audio interview in which, among other subjects, al-Zawahiri attacks the Shiite Iran and Hezbollah for blaming the 9/11 attacks on Israel, and thus discrediting al-Qaeda.[144]
  • On the 7th anniversary of the attacks of September 11, 2001, al-Zawahiri released a 90-minute tape,[89] in which he blasted "the guardian of Muslims in Tehran" for "the two hireling governments"[90] in Iraq and Afghanistan.
  • January 7, 2009: An audio message released, where al-Zawahiri vows revenge for Israel's air and ground assault on Gaza and calls the Jewish state's actions against Hamas militants "a gift" from U.S. President-elect Barack Obama for the recent uprising conflict in Gaza.[145]
  • June 2, 2009: Audio messages claiming that Barack Obama is not welcome in Egypt.
  • July 15, 2009: al-Zawahiri urges Pakistanis to support the Taliban.
  • October 4, 2009: The New York Times reported that al-Zawahiri had asserted that Libya had tortured Ibn Al Sheikh Al Libi to death.[146] Al Libi was a key source the George W. Bush Presidency had claimed established that Iraq had provided training to al-Qaeda in Iraq's weapons of mass destruction.
  • December 14, 2009: In an audio recording released on December 14, 2009, al-Zawahiri renewed calls to establish an Islamic state in Israel and urged his followers to "seek jihad against Jews" and their supporters. He also called for jihad against America and the West, and labeled Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak, King Abdullah II of Jordan, and King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz of Saudi Arabia as the "brothers of Satan".[147]

2010s

  • June 8, 2011: al-Zawahiri released his first video since the death of Osama bin Laden, praising bin Laden and warning the U.S. of reprisal attacks, but without staking a claim on the leadership of al-Qaeda.[148]
  • September 3, 2014: In a 55-minute-long video, al-Zawahiri announced the formation of a new wing called al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent (AQIS), which would wage jihad "to liberate its land, to restore its sovereignty, and to revive its Caliphate."[149] Reaction amongst Muslims in India to the formation of the new wing was one of fury.[150]
  • In late August 2016: A Jihadi website released series of sermons by al-Zawahiri regarding Jihad.
  • March 2018: al-Zawahiri posts a video entitled "America is the First Enemy of the Muslims", where he defends the Muslim Brotherhood and claims that the US is "working with Saudi Arabia to train imams and rewrite religious textbooks". This is his sixth video in 2018. He refers to Rex Tillerson's firing as US Secretary of State in the Trump administration.[151]
  • September 11, 2019: al-Zawahiri posts a 9/11 18th anniversary propaganda video entitled "And They Shall Continue to Fight You" through al-Qaeda media outlet As Sahab. Zawahiri condemns Islamic scholars who condemned al-Qaeda for the 9/11 attacks and continues to call for jihad regarding the Israel and Palestine. Clips of Donald Trump and Benjamin Netanyahu were inter-spaced in the video.[152]

Online Q&A

In mid-December 2007, al-Zawahiri's spokespeople announced plans for an "open interview" on a handful of Islamic Web sites. The administrators of 4 known jihadist web sites have been authorized to collect and forward questions, "unedited", they pledge, and "regardless of whether they are in support of or are against" al-Qaeda, which would be forwarded to al-Zawahiri on January 16.[153] al-Zawahiri responded to the questions later in 2008; among the things he said were that al-Qaeda didn't kill innocents, and that al-Qaeda would move to target Israel "after expelling the occupier from Iraq".[154][155]

Publications

  • Fursan Taht Rayat al Nabi [100] (Knights Under the Prophet's Banner)[156]
  • Co-author of Fatāwa of Osama bin Laden (1998)
  • World Islamic Front Statement (1998)[157]

See also

  • Cartoon Wars Part II (South Park)
  • FBI Most Wanted Terrorists
  • List of fugitives from justice who disappeared
  • Messages of Osama bin Laden
  • Operation Gladio B
  • Sayyed Imam Al-Sharif

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Bibliography

  • Kepel, Gilles; & Jean-Pierre Milelli (2010), Al Qaeda in its own words, Harvard University Press, Cambridge & London, ISBN 978-0-674-02804-3.
  • Mansfield, Laura (2006), His Own Words: A Translation of the Writings of Dr. Ayman Al Zawahiri, Lulu Pub.
  • al-Zawahiri, Ayman, L'absolution, Milelli, Villepreux, ISBN 978-2-916590-05-9 (French translation of Al-Zawahiri's latest book).
  • Ibrahim, Raymond (2007), The Al Qaeda Reader, Broadway Books, ISBN 978-0-7679-2262-3.

External links

  • Works by or about Ayman al-Zawahiri in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
  • Ayman al-Zawahiri at Curlie
  • Counter Extremism Project profile
  • Tag Archives: Ayman al Zawahiri – Page 1
  • Tag Archives: Ayman al Zawahiri – Page 2
  • Tag Archives: Ayman al Zawahiri – Page 3
Statements and interviews
  • Excerpts and video footage released 1 December 2005 from the September 2005 interview, MEMRI
  • Al-Zawahiri Calls on Muslims to Give Aid to Earthquake Victims in Pakistan
  • Letter from al-Zawahiri to al-Zarqawi, copy at GlobalSecurity.org
Articles
  • The Man Behind Bin Laden, Lawrence Wright, The New Yorker, September 16, 2002
  • report on the al-Zarqawi video tape, CNN, January 2006