La batalla de Sävar se libró el sábado 19 de agosto de 1809, entre fuerzas suecas y rusas , durante la guerra de Finlandia ; fue la última batalla campal que se libró en Suecia. Después de la conquista rusa del este de Suecia (actual Finlandia ) en 1808, las fuerzas suecas se retiraron a la Suecia actual. En marzo del año siguiente, el emperador ruso Alejandro I lanzó un triple ataque contra Suecia, para forzar al país a ingresar al Sistema Continental y ceder Finlandia al Imperio Ruso ; a pesar de las primeras ventajas en Kalix y las islas Åland, el ataque no logró un rápido final de la guerra. Después de seguir haciendo campaña en el norte de Suecia, con batallas como Skellefteå y Hörnefors , las fuerzas rusas bajo el mando de Nikolay Kamensky ocuparon todo Västerbotten en junio.
Batalla de Sävar | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parte de la guerra de Finlandia ( guerras napoleónicas ) | |||||||
Wachtmeister en Sävar , de Johan Tirén | |||||||
| |||||||
Beligerantes | |||||||
Suecia | Imperio ruso | ||||||
Comandantes y líderes | |||||||
Gustaf Wachtmeister | Nikolay Kamensky | ||||||
Fuerza | |||||||
4.644 10 cañones [1] | 5.500 8 cañones [2] | ||||||
Víctimas y pérdidas | |||||||
850 muertos, heridos o capturados [3] | 1.400 muertos, heridos o capturados [4] |
Los suecos, que estaban dispuestos a ceder Finlandia, disputaron las demandas de Alejandro I de tener la frontera en el río Kalix . Para mejorar las condiciones, se preparó una expedición sueca a Västerbotten, bajo el mando de Johan af Puke, para aislar a Kamensky de la Finlandia ocupada por los rusos desembarcando en Ratan ; Fabian Wrede vendría simultáneamente desde el sur, por lo que Kamensky sería aplastado entre las dos fuerzas suecas. Los suecos desembarcaron en Ratan el 17 de agosto y el ejército, dirigido por Gustaf Wachtmeister , marchó hacia el sur hacia Umeå . Wachtmeister, sin embargo, fue excesivamente cauteloso y no pudo llegar a Umeå antes de que Kamensky ya hubiera pasado por la ciudad y marchara directamente hacia él para liberarse.
El 19, el ejército sueco fue atacado en una posición desventajosa en Sävar y, en lugar de retirarse a través del río , Wachtmeister decidió luchar por las alturas vitales de Krutbrånet. Más combates se produjeron más al sur hacia Ytterboda cuando Kamensky envió una fuerza de desvío para atacar el flanco sueco. Alrededor del mediodía, Wachtmeister retiró sus tropas en Krutbrånet al otro lado del río hacia Sävar, aunque todavía tenía cinco batallones en reserva, mientras que Kamensky estaba al último. Kamensky envió otra fuerza sobre el río, la mitad de la cual atacó a los suecos cerca de Ytterboda, que hasta ahora había tenido mucho éxito, y la otra Sävar mismo. Como ahora estaba aislado de los suecos en Ytterboda, y con la presión rusa intensificada a través del río, Wachtmeister decidió retirarse a las 14:45; la batalla fue, junto con la batalla de Oravais el año anterior, la más sangrienta de la guerra.
En lugar de retomar una posición en Djäkneboda, como estaba planeado, Wachtmeister se retiró a Ratan, lo que permitió a los rusos utilizar la carretera principal hacia el norte; Kamensky se había escapado de la trampa; envió una fuerza para atacar a los suecos en Ratan al día siguiente, para cubrir su retirada. Wrede recibió la noticia del desembarco sueco el 19 (ya que la batalla de Sävar ya había terminado) y marchó hacia el norte al día siguiente. Tomó Umeå el 24, cuando el último batallón ruso acababa de marchar hacia el norte. La expedición sueca no había logrado destruir el ejército de Kamensky, pero había sido expulsado de Västerbotten. Según el posterior Tratado de Fredrikshamn , los suecos cedieron Finlandia a Rusia hasta el río Torne ; las demandas rusas algo aliviadas fueron probablemente el resultado de la expedición Västerbotten.
Fondo
Tras la Convención de Olkijoki, firmada el 19 de noviembre, el ejército sueco se retiró sobre el río Kemi en diciembre y abandonó así la parte oriental del reino (actual Finlandia ), tras nueve meses de combates. [5] [6] En marzo del año siguiente, en medio de la revolución sueca (en la que Gustav IV Adolf fue derrocado y posteriormente reemplazado por su tío Carlos XIII ), Alejandro I ordenó un triple ataque contra la Suecia real , para forzar a la país en sumisión; exigió que Suecia ingresara en el Sistema Continental , mientras que también cedía su territorium oriental al Imperio Ruso . [7] La ofensiva, en la que participaron unos 30.000 rusos, obligó a los ejércitos suecos a retirarse de Åland y Umeå , [8] [9] mientras que otra fuerza capituló en Kalix , en Norrbotten . Sin embargo, a pesar de los primeros triunfos, se firmó otra convención , que privó al emperador ruso de lograr una rápida victoria. [10] [11]
Enfurecido por las prolongadas negociaciones, Alejandro I ordenó una ofensiva continua en el norte de Suecia; en mayo, una pequeña fuerza sueca fue rápidamente abrumada en la batalla de Skellefteå, después de una heroica defensa que salvó las provisiones vitales, lo que llevó a la captura rusa de Umeå. [12] [13] Västerbotten , desde los ríos Kemi y Öre , fue ocupada por los rusos que, después de que se les negaran las revistas suecas, sufrieron mucho por la falta de provisiones. [14] Estos no se podían traer por los mares, ya que los suecos tenían supremacía naval sobre la bahía de Botnia . [15] Después de un contraataque sueco en la batalla de Hörnefors por Johan August Sandels , en julio, la lucha se extinguió una vez más a favor de las prolongadas, pero en curso, negociaciones de paz. [16] [17] Muchos desertores rusos aprovecharon la oportunidad para entregarse a las fuerzas suecas más cercanas. [18] El mismo mes, Nikolay Kamensky reemplazó a Pavel Andreyevich Shuvalov como comandante general del ejército ruso; Hizo planes para forzar el cruce del río Öre (detrás del cual estaba colocado el ejército de Sandels) y marchar hacia Ångermanland el mes siguiente para recoger provisiones. [19] [20] [nota 1]
Västerbotten expedition
Sweden, while having accepted the loss of its eastern territorium, disputed the Russian demands by Alexander I of having the border (between Sweden and Russian–Finland) established behind the Kalix River; to somehow improve the terms, a Swedish council of war on 19 July decided upon a large combined naval–land operation against Kamensky's troops occupying Västerbotten.[16][21] The Swedes mustered 10,300–11,000 men (including naval personnel), under the Supreme Command of Johan af Puke, as part of a fleet which would land 6,800 men under Gustaf Wachtmeister behind enemy lines.[16][22][note 2] Simultaneously, Fabian Wrede and Sandels (with 4,000 men) would advance from the Öre River in the south, the Russian army would thus be caught between the hammer and anvil.[19][21] Kamensky's forces around Umeå counted about 8,000 men, excluding 3,500 who either served on the Russian flotilla or patrolled the coastline between Umeå and Uleåborg.[23]
The Swedish fleet anchored outside Ratan on 16 August and started disembarking the troops the following day accordingly.[19][24] Puke ordered Wachtmeister to rapidly march south to retake Umeå. On his way, Wachtmeister received false intelligence of an enemy threat to the north, against which he unnecessarily dispatched the whole Uppland Regiment with two guns. Further south, at Djäkneboda and the nearby passage, about 420 Russians were quickly beaten back by the Swedish vanguard of 220 men, after having lost 10 men in captured.[25][26] As Wachtmeister feared enemy counterattacks along the way, he had his army march at a remarkably slow pace of 2.5 km (2 mi) an hour, during which only minor engagements occurred; he reached Sävar around midday on the 18th and there decided to rest his troops for the whole day and night—against the given orders by Puke which advocated for a quick march to Umeå—he was soon informed that Kamensky had turned about and was marching right at him.[27]
Kamensky had received news of Wachtmeister's landing in his rear on the 17th and immediately cancelled his incipient southern campaign and marched north, to confront him; he left three battalions (1,200 men) against Wrede to mask the withdrawal, supported by a reserve of 1,000 men at Umeå.[19][28][29] Contrary to his Swedish foe, Kamensky marched rapidly with his army, which went through Umeå the following day. Without the essential land support, an attempt made by the Swedish fleet to destroy the bridge going over the Ume River, to slow down the Russian troop movements, could easily be repulsed the same day; the two Swedish forces lacked in communication as well as cooperation, with neither general willing to make any significant movements before the other. Kamensky reached Täfteå the next day, after which he continued on towards Sävar to attack the Swedish general. Wachtmeister had dispatched a battalion northwest to Tväråmark to secure a side road towards Sävar, where he remained in a disadvantageous position which was exposed from the south; had he instead marched to Umeå as planned, or even Täfteå, he would have gained a much superior position to defend.[30][31][32][33]
Batalla
Wachtmeister had 4,644 men and 10 guns at his dispositional, as several dispatchments had been sent elsewhere to cover his flanks and rear,[1][34][note 3] while Kamensky's army counted between 5,000 and 6,000 men with 8 guns.[32][35] Only the first out of three Swedish divisions was deployed west of the rather fordable Sävar River, which runs south to north through the village, while the second and third initially remained on the east side.[2] The first brigade established outposts to the west of Sävar, as well as on the vital wooded heights further southwest, called Krutbrånet—referred to, by Wachtmeister, as "virtually a fortress"—on which the main confrontation would take place.[36][37] The distance between Krutbrånet and the Sävar bridge was about 1 km (1 mi) over mainly open fields and valleys, which were split by a small stream (Oxbäcken) which ran in a north-western direction from the river.[2][38]
Additional Swedish outposts were established along the river to the south, towards Ytterboda—about 6 km (4 mi) south of Sävar and 2 km (1 mi) east of the river—to observe possible crossings; the wadable river bay with its overgoing ferry was of particular strategic interest to both sides. The pathway between the two villages went over Finnberget (Finnish mountain), where much of the fighting on this side would take place.[39][40] The bulk of the Russian army, which was hungry, exhausted and desperate to break through the Swedish trap,[2] was marching northeast, from Täfteå, on the main road running over Krutbrånet; 600 men had been diverted to force the crossing at the ferry, northwest of Ytterboda, to fall upon Sävar in the Swedish flank (an additional 250 was sent over later).[1][39] The battlefield was, apart from the fields around Sävar and a few lakes, mainly covered in woods and some bogland which could only be traversed after certain difficulty.[41]
Fighting over Krutbrånet
At 06:30, the vanguard of the first Russian column encountered the outposts of a Södermanland battalion just south of Krutbrånet.[42] The few Swedes resisted bravely and even brought a few prisoners back, as they were eventually forced to withdraw.[43] When Kamensky had 1,200 men at hand,[44] he ordered a general attack towards Krutbrånet, from where the whole Swedish battalion concurrently counter-attacked; it came down to a bitter bayonet struggle, until the Swedes were eventually overwhelmed by the sheer weight of the Russian attack,[42][45] which had increased to about 2,500 men.[44] A renewed attack by the Swedish battalion, reinforced with another, was repulsed.[46] Sometime past 08:30, Kamensky was finally able to deploy his artillery near the road on the heights, which made him the master of the summit.[32][47] The Swedes retook a position slightly north, at the down slope of Krutbrånet, just south of the small stream.[46][48] The two armies faced each other in rough lines—as much as the terrain allowed—north to south,[49] in a distance of less than 200 m (656 ft):[50] The Russian formation stretched from the river in the east to the nearest lake in the west (Kesen); the Swedes, who were outnumbered, had their left to the river and the right just past Krutbrånet, opposite the Russian centre.[49]
Wachtmeister, alarmed by the gunfire coming from Krutbrånet, sent reinforcements which allowed battalions without ammo to march back to Sävar to resupply.[37][51][52] From his centre, Kamensky observed the Swedish movements and ordered his left wing to sweep around the Swedish right, in an attempt to separate them from the main body.[53] As a result, the Swedish right wing drifted further apart from the centre towards the lake and beyond, where the fighting resumed in a confusing state with shifting luck.[54] The two lines would eventually reach a length of about 2 km (1 mi).[50] Kamensky then launched an attack on the exposed Swedish centre but was checked as Swedish reinforcements came over the stream.[53][note 4] Swedish counterattacks—mainly done by a Jönköping battalion supported by a gun—along the main road towards the Russian artillery in the centre, managed to win ground and temporarily push the Russians back.[55] Wachtmeister failed to organize a concentrated attack to exploit the advance, as his battalions arrived successively while also fighting uphill at a disadvantage of two against three.[56][57][58] Deprived from the essential support, the Swedish attacks stranded against the last Russian centre-reserve, but two Russian major generals had already been wounded, one of them mortally.[44][59]
The Russian artillery at Krubrånet completely dominated the battle, as it fired upon the Swedish troops marching across the field towards the heights; the elevated position, however, neglected the chance for their round shot to stike multiple battalions at once.[60][61] Between 10:00 and 11:00, Wachtmeister ordered additional troops to reinforce the Swedish right, to roll up the Russian left wing all the way to their centre and capture the guns at the summit.[62] A Swedish battalion then suddenly retreated near Krutbrånet, creating a large gap in the line which had to be filled by a Kronoberg battalion, initially instructed to support the right, to prevent a centre collapse.[60][63] The Russians were repelled, as were two following attacks made by them.[64] Without the necessary support on the right, however, the Russians managed to circumvent the Swedish flank and march into the rear of their enemies, threatening to cut them off from Sävar.[65][66] At 11:30, Wachtmeister dispatched orders to his battalions near Krutbrånet to withdraw across the river.[67][68] The lack of ammunition among the battalions was a contributing factor.[69] The battalions withdrew successively, as they received the order, resulting in several rear attacks made by the pursuing Russians.[65][70] The Swedes established defences infront of Sävar to cover the retreat, while the bridge was broken down and troops waded across the river.[71][72]
Fighting towards Ytterboda
At 06:30, Wachtmeister received a report from the Swedish outpost (25 men) observing the ferry in the south, which informed him that a Russian column (600 men) alongside some Cossacks had forced the crossing half an hour earlier.[37][73] The outpost fought a retreating action for over an hour, until it was reinforced by a Swedish Jäger battalion (250 men) sent by Wachtmeister, which temporary halted the Russian advance. The Russians soon gathered their strength and once again pushed the Swedes infront of them, towards Sävar. At this time, Kamensky dispatched two additional companies (250 men) over the river.[1][39][59] After receiving additional reports from the retreating Swedes, Wachtmeister, who thought it had only been a Russian reconnaissance force, committed his elite units—the Queen's battalion followed by the Svea battalion—to their assistance.[67][74] The two forces fighting towards Ytterboda would thus, so far, be equally matched.[37]
The Swedes marched in a formation resembling a line which stretched all the way to the closest lake (Finnsjön) to the east; around 08:00 the first guard battalion, while assembling the withdrawing Jäger battalion, encountered the enemy about 2.5 km (2 mi) from Sävar,[75] at Finnberget.[76] In their hasty advance, the Swedes endured the enemy fire until they were approximately 10 m (33 ft) away, at which distance they unleashed a volley of their own.[77] The Russians, shaken by the Swedish attack, withdrew south over Finnberget, under fierce fighting.[78] Around 12:00, as the Russians had been pushed behind Ytterboda, the fighting died out as only a few Russians could be seen further ahead, at the river bank.[74][77] The Swedes marched back to Finnberget to await ammunition, while half of the Jäger battalion was sent back to Sävar with captured Russian soldiers.[78]
Subsequently, however, the Russians turned about and counter-attacked, while three additional companies—which Kamensky had just sent over the river—marched at the Swedish battalions from the back; the left wing of the Queen's battalion (merged with the remaining jäger company) shattered after 15 minutes of desperate fighting, as it was simultaneously hit in both the flank and rear. The Svea battalion then arrived and immediately initiated a bayonet charge which threw the Russians away, after which the two battalions consolidated.[79] At 15:00 they received orders from Wachtmeister to carefully pull back towards Sävar (at this time the Swedish main army had already begun their retreat).[80][81] The Svea battalion marched off first, while the Queen's battalion remained near Ytterboda for another hour or two, to reassemble dispersed troops. It soon became evident to the Swedes, with Sävar occupied by the enemy, that they were completely cutoff and isolated. The two battalions, largely separated from each other, successfully paved their way through the encirclement with the bayonet and reached the main army at Ratan either late at night or the following day, with about 70 captured Russians.[68][79][82][83]
Retreat from Sävar
Sometime past 12:00, as Wachtmeister withdrew his forces across the bridge (to the initial Swedish line of defence), Kamensky pushed his army forward to the opposite side of the river bank; the strong Swedish position, with their guns blazing from the heights at Sävar, denied every attempt made by him to cross the river. Kamensky contemplated his next move, for he still had to break through the Swedish lines to escape the trap.[59][84][85][86] He then received intelligence of a wadable—and unguarded—crossing at the river delta (between Sävar and Ytterboda), just before the southern bay.[87] Kamensky sent his last viable reserve of six companies (500–600 men) over the crossing, of which half were ordered towards Sävar, and the others to attack the Swedes near Ytterboda.[59][88][note 5] He also stretched his forces further north, along the river, to threaten the Swedish right flank; around 13:00, his jägers occupied the river bank north of Sävar, with its wadable crossing, and started harassing the Swedes who stood ready to defend it.[72][91]
Meanwhile, a Swedish courier whom Wachtmeister had dispatched south towards Ytterboda—with the orders to withdraw to Sävar—hastily returned and notified the general of the approaching Russians at his left flank.[92] As Wachtmeister turned his left wing to face the southern threat, the Russians, while sustaining heavy losses from canister shot, forced the crossing near the destroyed bridge. While seemingly attacked frontally and in both his flanks, Wachtmeister ordered a general retreat towards Djäkneboda at 14:45. Three Swedish battalions with two guns acted as rearguard and exchanged fire with the Russian forces occupying Sävar, until they likewise withdrew around 16:00. The Russians, apart from some Cossacks, were too bloodied and exhausted to pursue.[59][86][93][94][95][96] It has since been the very last pitched battle to be fought in Sweden.[97]
Casualties
Generalstaben estimates the Swedish losses at Sävar to about 482 killed or captured (29 officers), and 362 wounded (37 officers); in total, 844 men. Kamensky stated that 265 unharmed Swedes had been captured and that an additional 300 wounded had been "collected at the battlefield"; if the reported number of 270 captured can be considered accurate, a conclusion can be drawn at about 212 Swedes killed. The report of Swedish losses at Sävar—included in Generalstaben's work—however, also occasionally includes losses sustained the following day at Ratan.[3][98][note 6] Kamensky, on the other hand, estimated the total Swedish losses to about 2,000 men.[4] The Swedish regimental losses were (from highest to lowest): The Engelbrechten Regiment (141); the Queen's Life Regiment (139); the Södermanland Regiment (136); the Jönköping Regiment (127); the Life Grenadier Regiment (98); the Svea Life Guards (95); the Kronoberg Regiment (46); the Västmanland Regiment (21); the Life Guards of Horse (19); the jägers of the Uppland Regiment (17); the Svea Artillery Regiment (4); the Kalmar Regiment (1).[3]
According to Generalstaben, Kamensky reported his losses as 612 killed (5 officers), 738 wounded (33 officers) and 260 captured (1 officer); in total 1610 men, which includes the casualties sustained at Ratan (estimated by Kamensky as 150);[3] Hornborg, however, believes that the figure of 612 killed Russians should instead be "killed and missing" and that it already accounts for the 260 captured; leaving 1,350 Russian casualties in total. Furthermore, he assumes that no more than 800 Russians were killed or wounded at Sävar which,[98] together with an additional 200 captured,[82] would give a total of about 1,000 losses. Hornborg also believes that the Russian casualty figure at Ratan, presented by Kamensky, is unreliable and that it should undoubtfully be a lot larger;[98] other sources puts these as high as 500–700.[82][100] In his work on the Finnish War, Alexander Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky gives Kamensky's total losses as: One major general and four officers killed, one major general and 33 officers wounded and no less than 1,500 privates killed or wounded; leaving around 1,389 losses (after excluding the ones lost at Ratan).[4] Other authors believes that the Russians had lost three major generals, about 30 to 40 officers and between 2,000 and 3,000 privates in total during the expedition.[82][101]
Secuelas
Wachtmeister's decision to retreat, as well as his indecisiveness in the battle, has since been strongly criticised by many: Instead of instantly withdrawing his troops behind the river, he half-heartedly attempted to retake an advantageous position held by the enemy while being heavily outnumbered (2,300–2,800 against 3,850), with only two guns in support against eight; at the decisive moment at Krutbrånet, he still had five battalions in reserve. Once having pulled his forces across the river, Wachtmeister held an advantageous position from where his artillery could finally dominate the field. His final position was, even as the enemy demonstrated against both his flanks, most likely too strong to be taken had he made an effort to defend it. The dissatisfaction after the battle among soldiers and officers was evident—for the army did not feel beaten—only the general. Wachtmeister motivated his decision to retreat with the high amount of losses sustained (perhaps influcenced by the king's earlier request for him not to waste the last Swedish reserve). The Russians, on the other hand, had suffered greater losses, but they were led by a general determined to win; despite having the clock against him, Kamensky led an exhausted and hungry army to victory, against all odds.[3][102][103][104][105][106][107]
Expedition outcome
Wachtmeister initially planned to make a stand at Djäkneboda, which was an utmost advantageous position, but he determined that the risk of being outflanked was too great and instead marched on towards Ratan; this enabled the Russians to use the main road to retreat.[108][109][110] To cover the Russian retreat north and force the Swedes to embark their ships, Kamensky attacked the following day at 15:00, with about 3,000 men. Wachtmeister, despite having almost 6,000 men at his dispositional (excluding the naval personnel), made no serious attempt to counterattack. After five hours of fighting and fruitless negotiations, Kamensky withdrew with his army to Djäkneboda from where he observed Wachtmeister; apart from some minor skirmishing near Djäkneboda, the Swedish army remained idle until the 22nd, when it embarked the fleet.[111][112][113][114] Wrede and Sandels had received word of the Swedish landing at Ratan on the afternoon of the 19th—as the battle of Sävar was already decided—and they set march north towards Umeå the next day; the march went slow since the retreating Russians had destroyed all bridges behind them.[115][116]
The Swedes reached the Ume River the following day, on the 21st, just as the last Russian battalion was in the process of crossing. A small skirmish occurred, which was followed by an artillery duel across the river. The fighting had cost both sides a little more than ten dead and some wounded.[115][116] A small Swedish force crossed the river to Umeå and attacked the Russian field hospital, taking some prisoners. On the 22nd, as Wrede made preparations to storm the city, Kamensky ordered a general retreat as he feared being cutoff once again, had Puke landed further north. The last Russian battalion left Umeå on the 23rd and Djäkneboda the following day, after which the retreat continued towards Piteå, where Kamensky arrived on the 29th. Wrede marched into Umeå on the 24th.[117] Instead of immediately sailing north to cut off the Russian retreat, Puke was contented with securing Umeå; Wachtmeister once again disembarked at Ratan on the 28th and marched towards the city, where the fleet likewise sailed the next day. The two forces were thus finally united at the given destination, albeit a little too late.[118]
Even though Kamensky had been temporarily forced out of Västerbotten all the way to Piteå, the expedition had failed to reach its mail goal to have the Russian army destroyed;[119] the excessive cautiousness and inadequate coordination displayed between the two Swedish forces was a deciding factor. The expedition had cost the Swedes a total of 1,077 men in dead, wounded or captured,[111][112][113] while the Russian casualties reached between 1,539 and 1,610 men.[4][120] On 25 August, Kamensky fended off a Swedish attack on his fortifications at the Pite River, aimed to cut off his supply lines north. The Swedes lost 23–25 men to 33–50 Russians—it would be the last action of the war. On 2 September, the two sides agreed to an armistice which would be in effect until the Treaty of Fredrikshamn was signed: Sweden ceded its eastern territorium (Finland) all the way from the Torne River, including the Åland Islands; Kamensky's retreat from Västerbotten, which was initially met with disappointment from many of his countrymen, had most likely contributed to Alexander I's softer demands. The peace was followed up by the Treaty of Jönköping, which ended the Dano–Swedish War, and the Treaty of Paris in which Sweden agreed to enter the Continental System against the United Kingdom (while retaining Swedish Pomerania), leading to an inactive war between the two former allies.[121][122]
Notas, citas y fuentes
Notes
- ^ Kamensky became commander at the end of July, or earlier, according to Johannesson.[20] According to Hornborg, he was made commander at the beginning of August.[19]
- ^ The decision of not having a veteran from the war commanding the expedition, such as Adlercreutz, von Vegesack, Wrede, Sandels, or von Döbeln, has since been questioned by many.[21]
- ^ After the landing at Ratan, the Uppland Regiment of 800–1,000 men with 2 guns was ordered north, to cover the Swedish rear; 350–700 men including sick remained at Ratan and on the fleet; 150–500 men were used to transport ammunition; the 1st Jönköping battalion, with all the regimental Jägers (about 500 men), was sent northwest of Sävar (Tväråmark) and would not participate in the battle.[1][34]
- ^ Kamensky wanted to draw the Swedish right wing further out to the west by posing a threat to their flank, to weaken the Swedish centre; he hoped this would be enough to break through to the bridge going over the river, while at the same time isolating the Swedish right flank.[53]
- ^ A few reports insists that these Russian troops were shipped over to Ostnäs, from Umeå, and that they were much more numerous. This is, however, regarded as very unlikely by most sources.[89] Although, it is possible that this is what was reported to Wachtmeister as he made his ultimate decision to retreat.[74] Johannesson believes that this diversion was ordered before the Swedish withdrawal across the river.[90]
- ^ The Swedish report mentioned in Generalstaben's work states that 21 men out of the Västmanland Regiment were lost in the battle.[3] In his memorials, however, second lieutenant Carl Johan Ljunggren writes that the regiment only lost nine men at Sävar, with another twelve losses sustained at Ratan—in total, 21 men.[99]
Citations
- ^ a b c d e Generalstaben 1922, p. 389.
- ^ a b c d Hornborg 1955, p. 252.
- ^ a b c d e f Generalstaben 1922, p. 395.
- ^ a b c d Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky 1850, p. 185.
- ^ Hornborg 1955, pp. 203–204.
- ^ Johannesson 1959, pp. 9–10.
- ^ Hornborg 1955, pp. 230–231, 233.
- ^ Hornborg 1955, pp. 234–237.
- ^ Johannesson 1959, p. 24.
- ^ Hornborg 1955, pp. 240–241, 243.
- ^ Johannesson 1959, pp. 14–15, 18, 28.
- ^ Hornborg 1955, pp. 245–247.
- ^ Johannesson 1959, pp. 31–36.
- ^ Johannesson 1959, pp. 41–42, 54.
- ^ Ericson et al. 2003, p. 421.
- ^ a b c Hornborg 1955, p. 250.
- ^ Johannesson 1959, pp. 43–52.
- ^ Johannesson 1959, p. 53.
- ^ a b c d e Hornborg 1955, p. 251.
- ^ a b Johannesson 1959, p. 55.
- ^ a b c Johannesson 1959, p. 58.
- ^ Ericson et al. 2003, p. 420.
- ^ Generalstaben 1922, pp. 363–365.
- ^ Johannesson 1959, p. 63.
- ^ Generalstaben 1922, p. 380.
- ^ Johannesson 1959, p. 64.
- ^ Johannesson 1959, pp. 69–71.
- ^ Sparre 1865, p. 8.
- ^ Johannesson 1959, pp. 55–56.
- ^ Hornborg 1955, pp. 251–252.
- ^ Johannesson 1959, pp. 71–73, 104–105.
- ^ a b c Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky 1850, p. 182.
- ^ Ljungberg 1903, p. 140.
- ^ a b Sparre 1865, p. 9.
- ^ Nordensvan 1898, p. 468.
- ^ Sparre 1865, p. 17.
- ^ a b c d Generalstaben 1922, p. 392.
- ^ Johannesson 1959, p. 76.
- ^ a b c Swederus 1871, pp. 56–57.
- ^ Johannesson 1959, pp. 73–74.
- ^ Björlin 1883, p. 339.
- ^ a b Sparre 1865, p. 57.
- ^ Johannesson 1959, p. 74.
- ^ a b c Generalstaben 1922, p. 390.
- ^ Johannesson 1959, pp. 74–76.
- ^ a b Sparre 1865, p. 58.
- ^ Swederus 1871, p. 56.
- ^ Generalstaben 1922, pp. 391–392.
- ^ a b Sparre 1865, pp. 58, 60.
- ^ a b Johannesson 1959, p. 78.
- ^ Swederus 1871, p. 45.
- ^ Johannesson 1959, p. 77.
- ^ a b c Sparre 1865, p. 59.
- ^ Swederus 1871, pp. 48–50.
- ^ Swederus 1871, pp. 45–47.
- ^ Generalstaben 1922, p. 391.
- ^ Hornborg 1955, p. 254.
- ^ Ljungberg 1903, p. 142.
- ^ a b c d e Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky 1850, p. 183.
- ^ a b Sparre 1865, p. 61.
- ^ Swederus 1871, p. 66.
- ^ Sparre 1865, p. 60.
- ^ Swederus 1871, p. 53.
- ^ Sparre 1865, p. 62.
- ^ a b Sparre 1865, p. 63.
- ^ Swederus 1871, pp. 49, 52.
- ^ a b Swederus 1871, p. 62.
- ^ a b Sparre 1865, pp. 62, 66–67.
- ^ Swederus 1871, pp. 63–64.
- ^ Swederus 1871, p. 52.
- ^ Swederus 1871, p. 54.
- ^ a b Sparre 1865, p. 67.
- ^ Johannesson 1959, p. 81.
- ^ a b c Sparre 1865, p. 64.
- ^ Swederus 1871, pp. 58–59, 62.
- ^ Johannesson 1959, pp. 81–82.
- ^ a b Swederus 1871, pp. 58–59.
- ^ a b Johannesson 1959, p. 82.
- ^ a b Swederus 1871, pp. 59–60, 63.
- ^ Generalstaben 1922, p. 393.
- ^ Johannesson 1959, p. 83.
- ^ a b c d Palmblad, Wieselgren & Werner 1852, pp. 126–130.
- ^ Johannesson 1959, pp. 89–90.
- ^ Generalstaben 1922, pp. 390, 392.
- ^ Swederus 1871, pp. 65–66.
- ^ a b Johannesson 1959, p. 86.
- ^ Hornborg 1955, p. 253.
- ^ Sparre 1865, p. 65.
- ^ Swederus 1871, pp. 60–61.
- ^ Johannesson 1959, pp. 79–80.
- ^ Swederus 1871, p. 68.
- ^ Swederus 1871, pp. 62, 65.
- ^ Generalstaben 1922, p. 394.
- ^ Swederus 1871, pp. 93, 102.
- ^ Nordensvan 1898, p. 472.
- ^ Ljungberg 1903, p. 144.
- ^ Ericson et al. 2003, pp. 420, 424.
- ^ a b c Hornborg 1955, pp. 255–256.
- ^ Ljungberg 1903, pp. 143, 145.
- ^ Johannesson 1959, p. 96.
- ^ Johannesson 1959, p. 101.
- ^ Sparre 1865, pp. 59, 68.
- ^ Hornborg 1955, pp. 254–255.
- ^ Swederus 1871, pp. 67, 116–120.
- ^ Björlin 1883, pp. 339–342.
- ^ Ericson et al. 2003, p. 424.
- ^ Johannesson 1959, pp. 84–86.
- ^ Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky 1850, p. 184.
- ^ Björlin 1883, p. 343.
- ^ Ericson et al. 2003, p. 425.
- ^ a b Hornborg 1955, p. 256.
- ^ a b Ericson et al. 2003, pp. 428–429.
- ^ a b Björlin 1883, p. 344.
- ^ Johannesson 1959, pp. 94–96.
- ^ a b Hornborg 1955, pp. 251, 256–257.
- ^ a b Johannesson 1959, pp. 104–105.
- ^ Johannesson 1959, p. 106.
- ^ Johannesson 1959, pp. 104, 107–108.
- ^ Johannesson 1959, pp. 110–111.
- ^ Hornborg 1955, p. 255.
- ^ Hornborg 1955, pp. 257–260.
- ^ Johannesson 1959, pp. 107–108, 111–120.
Sources
- Björlin, Gustaf (1883). Finska kriget 1808 och 1809: läsning för ung och gammal (in Swedish). Stockholm: P.A. Norstedt.
- Ericson, Lars; Hårdstedt, Martin; Iko, Per; Sjöblom, Ingvar; Åselius, Gunnar (2003). Svenska slagfält (in Swedish). Värnamo: Wahlström & Widstrand.
- Generalstaben (1922). Sveriges krig åren 1808 och 1809, Volume 9 (in Swedish). Stockholm: Kongl. boktryckeriet P. A. Norstedt & söner.
- Hornborg, Eirik (1955). När riket sprängdes: fälttågen i Finland och Västerbotten, 1808-1809 (in Swedish). Stockholm: P. A. Norstedts och Söners Förlag.
- Johannesson, Bror E. (1959). Ofredens år: Historisk skildring av Kriget i Västerbotten 1809 (in Swedish). Umeå: Bröderna Larsson.
- Ljunggren, Carl Johan (1903). Skildring af krigshändelserna i Öster- och Västerbotten 1808-1809 (in Swedish). Helsinki: Tidnings & tryckeri-aktiebolagets tryckeri.
- Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky, Alexander (1850). Beskrifning öfver Finska kriget till lands och sjös åren 1808 och 1809 (in Swedish). Tavastehus: S. Nordenswan.
- Nordensvan, Carl Otto (1898). Finska kriget 1808-1809 (in Swedish). Stockholm: Albert Bonniers Förlag.
- Palmblad, Vilhelm Fredrik; Wieselgren, Peter; Werner, Karl Fredrik (1852). Biografiskt lexicon öfver namnkunnige svenska män, nittonde bandet (in Swedish). Uppsala: Palmblad och Sebell.
- Sparre, Pehr (1865). Anteckningar rörande Expeditionen åt Westerbotten år 1809 (in Swedish). Stockholm: Albert Bonniers Förlag.
- Swederus, Georg (1871). Expeditionen till Westerbotten 1809 (in Swedish). Stockholm: Militärlitteraturföreningens Förlag.
Otras lecturas
- Bergström, Karl-Gösta (2020). Nöd och död: Den ryska ockupationen i norr 1809 (in Swedish). Lund: Svenska Historiska Media Förlag.
- Lindström, Ad (1898). Öfveramiralen, friherre Pukes expedition till Vesterbotten år 1809 (in Swedish). Stockholm: Militärlitteratur-Föreningens Förlag.