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Un cetbang de doble cañón en un carro, con yugo giratorio, ca. 1522. La boca del cañón tiene la forma del javanés Nāga .
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The Cetbang (also known as bedil, warastra, or coak) was a type of cannon produced and used by the Majapahit Empire (1293–1527) and other kingdoms in the Indonesian archipelago. The cetbang is a breech-loading cannon, it is different from typical European and Middle Eastern cannons, which are usually muzzleloader. In the Sekar inscription it states that the main production foundries of cetbang were in Rajekwesi, Bojonegoro, whereas the black powder was produced in Swatantra Biluluk (Lamongan).[1][2]

Etimología [ editar ]

Cetbang was originally called a bedil.[3][4] It is also called a warastra.[5]:246 In Java, the term for cannon is called bedil,[6] but this term may refer to various type of firearms and gunpowder weapon, from small matchlock pistol to large siege guns. The term bedil comes from wedil (or wediyal) and wediluppu (or wediyuppu) in Tamil language.[7]En su forma original, estas palabras se refieren a explosión de pólvora y salitre , respectivamente. Pero después de ser absorbido por bedil en lengua malaya , y en varias otras culturas del archipiélago, ese vocabulario tamil se usa para referirse a todo tipo de armas que usan pólvora. En javanés y balinés se conoce el término bedil y bedhil , en sundanés el término es bedil , en Batak se conoce como bodil , en makasarese , badili , en buginés , balili , enIdioma Dayak , Badil , en tagalo , baril , en bisaya , Badil , en idiomas Bikol , Badil , y malayos llaman Badel o Bedil . [7] [8] [9] El término " meriam coak " proviene del idioma Betawi , significa "cañón hueco", refiriéndose a la recámara. [10] También se le conoce simplemente como coak . [11]

Descripción [ editar ]

Early cetbang is made from bronze, and is a breech-loaded weapon. In the 16th century, iron is also used.[11][12] The size of cetbang used by the Majapahit navy varied from one to three meters in length. The three-meter-long cetbang was usually used by the larger ships in the Majapahit navy (see Djong). However, most of these guns had small bores (30 to 60 mm). They are light, mobile cannons, most of them can be carried and shot by one man.[13] These gun are mounted on swivel yoke (called cagak), the spike is fitted into holes or sockets in the bulwarks of a ship or the ramparts of a fort.[14]Un timón de madera se inserta en la parte posterior del cañón con ratán, para permitir que sea entrenado y apuntado. [13]

Cetbang puede montarse como pistola fija, pistola giratoria o colocarse en un carro con ruedas. El cetbang de tamaño pequeño se puede instalar fácilmente en embarcaciones pequeñas llamadas Penjajap (en portugués : Pangajaua o Pangajava ) y Lancaran . Esta pistola se utiliza como arma antipersonal, no antibuque. En esta época, incluso hasta el siglo XVII, los soldados de Nusantaran lucharon en una plataforma llamada Balai (vea la imagen del barco a continuación) y realizan acciones de abordaje. Cargado con disparos dispersos ( metralla , tiro de caja o clavos y piedras) y disparado a quemarropa, el cetbang es muy eficaz en este tipo de combates.[5] : 241 [15]

Historia [ editar ]

Era Majapahit (ca. 1300-1478) [ editar ]

Cañón Majapahit cetbang del Metropolitan Museum of Art, Nueva York. Se puede ver el emblema de Surya Majapahit . La protuberancia en la parte posterior de la recámara es en realidad un agujero donde se inserta la caña del timón o la culata de madera.

Los cañones se introdujeron en Majapahit cuando el ejército chino de Kublai Khan bajo el liderazgo de Ike Mese intentó invadir Java en 1293. La historia de Yuan menciona que los mongoles usaban cañones (chino: Pao ) contra las fuerzas de Daha. [16] : 1–2 El Reino de Majapahit dominó el archipiélago de Nusantara principalmente porque poseía la tecnología para fundir y forjar bronce en una base de producción en masa temprana. El Majapahit también fue pionero en la fabricación y el uso de armas de pólvora a gran escala. El Imperio Majapahit fue uno de los últimos grandes imperios de la región y se considera uno de los imperios más poderosos de la historia de Indonesia y el sudeste asiático.Thomas Stamford Raffles escribió en The History of Java que en 1247 çaka (1325 d.C.), los cañones se utilizaron ampliamente en Java, especialmente por los Majapahit. Está registrado que los pequeños reinos de Java que buscaban la protección de Majapahit tuvieron que entregar sus cañones a Majapahit. [17] : 106 [18] Majapahit bajo Mahapatih (primer ministro) Gajah Mada (en el cargo 1329-1364) utilizó tecnología de pólvora obtenida de la dinastía Yuan para su uso en la flota naval. [19] : 57 Una de las primeras referencias a los cañoneros y artilleros en Java es del año 1346.[20]

El uso de cañones estaba muy extendido en la armada de Majapahit, entre los piratas y en los reinos vecinos de Nusantara. [21] Un famoso almirante Majapahit, Mpu Nala  [ id ] , era famoso por su uso de cañones. Los registros de Mpu Nala se conocen por la inscripción Sekar, la inscripción Mana I Manuk (Bendosari), la inscripción Batur y la inscripción Tribhuwana que se refería a él como Rakryan Tumenggung (comandante de guerra). [22] El reino vecino de Sunda se registró usando bedil durante la batalla de Bubat de 1357. Kidung Sunda canto 2 verso 87-95 menciona que los sundaneses habíanjuru-modya ning bedil besar ing bahitra (aimer/operator of the big cannon) on the ships in the river near Bubat square. Majapahit troops situated close to the river were unlucky: The corpses could hardly be called corpses, they were maimed, torn apart in the most gruesome way, the arms and the heads were thrown away. The cannon balls were said to discharge like rain, which forced the Majapahit troops to retreat in the first part of the battle.[23]

Ma Huan ( traductor de Zheng He ) visitó Java en 1413 y tomó notas sobre las costumbres locales. Su libro, Yingya Shenlan , mencionó que los cañones se disparan en las ceremonias matrimoniales javanesas cuando el esposo escoltaba a su nueva esposa al hogar conyugal con el sonido de gongs, tambores y petardos. [5] : 245

Decadencia de Majapahit y ascenso del Islam (1478-1600) [ editar ]

Se puede ver una galera de Banten, 4 cetbang.

Tras el declive de Majapahit, particularmente después de la guerra civil de Paregreg (1404-1406), [24] : 174-175, la consiguiente disminución de la demanda de armas de pólvora hizo que muchos fabricantes de armas y herreros de bronce se trasladaran a Brunei, Sumatra, la Península malaya o Filipinas. Esto difundió la producción y el uso del cetbang, especialmente para proteger a los barcos comerciales en el estrecho de Makassar de los piratas. Condujo a un uso casi universal de la pistola giratoria y los cañones en el archipiélago de Nusantara. [21] Cuando los portugueses llegaron por primera vez a Malaca, encontraron una gran colonia de comerciantes javaneses bajo sus propios jefes; los javaneses fabricaban sus propios cañones, que entonces, y durante mucho tiempo, eran tan necesarios para los barcos mercantes como las velas. [25]

Cuando el explorador ibérico llegó al sudeste asiático, la población local no se impresionó con el poder y el poder de los barcos comerciales fuertemente armados de Portugal y España. De Barros y Faria e Sousa mencionan que con la caída de Malaca (1511), Albuquerque capturó 3.000 de 8.000 artillería. Entre ellos, 2.000 estaban hechos de latón y el resto de hierro, al estilo del portugués Berço . Toda la artillería tenía su complemento adecuado de carruajes que no podía rivalizar ni siquiera con Portugal. [26] : 279 [27] : 22 [28] : 127 Los cañones encontrados eran de varios tipos: esmeril (1/4 to 1/2-pounder swivel gun,[29] probably refers to cetbang or lantaka), falconet (cast bronze swivel gun larger than the esmeril, 1 to 2-pounder,[29] probably refers to lela), medium saker (long cannon or culverin between a six and a ten pounder, probably refers to meriam),[30][31]:385 and bombard (short, fat, and heavy cannon).[32]:46 The Malays also has 1 beautiful large cannon sent by the king of Calicut.[32]:47[27]:22 The large number of artillery in Malacca come from various sources in the Nusantara archipelago: Pahang, Java, Brunei, Minangkabau, and Aceh.[26]:279[33]:124[34]:30

A Madurese galley, showing 4 cetbang.

Cetbang cannons were further improved and used in the Demak Sultanate period during the Demak invasion of Portuguese Malacca (1513). During this period, the iron, for manufacturing Javanese cannons was imported from Khorasan in northern Persia. The material was known by Javanese as wesi kurasani (Khorasan iron).[12] When the Portuguese came to the archipelago, they referred to it as Berço, which was also used to refer to any breech-loading swivel gun, while the Spaniards call it Verso.[15]:151

Colonial era (1600–1945)[edit]

When the Dutch captured Makassar's fort of Somba Opu (1669), they seized 33 large and small bronze cannon, 11 cast-iron cannon, 145 base (breech-loading swivel gun) and 83 breech-loading gun chamber, 60 muskets, 23 arquebuses, 127 musket barrels, and 8483 bullets.[31]:384

Bronze breech-loading swivel guns, called ba'dili,[35][36] is brought by Makassan sailor in trepanging voyage to Australia. Matthew Flinders recorded the use of small cannon on board Makassan perahu off the Northern Territory in 1803.[37] Vosmaer (1839) writes that Makassan fishermen sometimes took their small cannon ashore to fortify the stockades they built near their processing camps to defend themselves against hostile Aborigines.[38] Dyer (ca. 1930) noted the use of cannon by Makassans, in particular the bronze breechloader with 2 inch (50.8 mm) bore.[39]:64[11]:10

The Americans fought Moros equipped with breech-loading swivel guns in the Philippines in 1904.[13]:505 These guns are usually referred to as lantaka or breech-loading lantaka.[40]

Surviving examples[edit]

There are surviving examples of the cetbang at:

  • The Bali Museum, Denpasar, Bali. This Balinese cannon is located in the yard of Bali Museum.
  • The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA. This cannon is thought to have been produced in the 14th century, made from bronze with dimensions of 37.7 inches (96 cm) x 16 inches (41 cm).[41]
  • Luis de Camoes museum in Macau has a piece of highly ornamented cetbang. Year manufactured is unknown.
  • Talaga Manggung museum, Majalengka, West Java. Numerous cetbang is in good condition due to routine cleaning ritual.[42]
  • Some cetbang can be found in National Museum of Anthropology at Manila, including one medium-sized cannon on fixed mount.
  • Fatahillah Museum has a meriam coak labelled as "Cirebon cannon", in a fixed, highly ornamented mount. The whole mount is 234 cm in length, 76 cm in width, and 79 cm in height.[43]
  • Several examples and parts of cetbang can be found in Rijksmuseum, Netherlands, labelled as lilla (lela cannon).
  • A cetbang is found in Beruas river, Perak, in 1986. Now it is exhibited in Beruas museum.[44]

Cetbang are also found at:

  • Dundee beach, Northern Territory, Australia, known as "Dundee Beach swivel gun". Researchers have concluded that this bronze swivel cannon is from the 1750, before James Cook's voyage to Australia.[45] Initially thought to be Portuguese cannon, researcher has concluded that it is likely originated from Makassar. There is nothing in its chemical composition, style, or form that matches Portuguese breech loading swivel guns.[11]
  • Bissorang village, Selayar islands, Sulawesi Selatan province. This cannon is thought to have originated from the Majapahit era. Local people call this cetbang Ba'dili or Papporo Bissorang.[35][36]
  • A Mataram-era (1587–1755) cetbang can be found at Lubuk Mas village, South Sumatera, Indonesia.[46]
  • A 4-wheeled cetbang can be found at Istana Panembahan Matan in Mulia Kerta, West Kalimantan.[47]
  • Two cannons can be found in Elpa Putih village, Amahai sub-district, Central Maluku Regency. It is thought to have originated from 16-17th century Javanese Islamic kingdoms.[48]
  • Two cannons, named Ki Santomo and Nyi Santoni, can be found in Kasepuhan Palace (in Cirebon). They are labelled as "Meriam dari Mongolia" (cannon from Mongolia).[49]

Gallery[edit]

  • A cetbang found on Selayar island

  • Cetbang in Bali Museum. Length: 1833 mm. Bore: 43 mm. Length of tiller: 315 mm. Widest part: 190 mm (at the base ring).

  • San Diego gallery, Philippines National Museum of Anthropology. The leftmost cannon is a medium sized cetbang in fixed mount

  • A bronze sacred gun in Java, with breech-block, ca. 1866. Malay women come and settle accounts with the tutelary deity of this gun, and pray for children.

  • Breech-loading "lilla", Rijksmuseum, ca. 1750 - 1850. Length 180.5 cm, width 21.5 cm, calibre: 4.5 cm, weight: 120.8 kg.

  • Meriam coak dubbed "Cirebon cannon" of Jakarta History Museum (Fatahillah Museum).

  • Two cannons in Keraton Kasepuhan, labelled as cannon from Mongolia. The dragon head is similar to Chinese dragon (long) than Javanese dragon (naga).

See also[edit]

  • Bedil tombak
  • Lantaka
  • Breech-loading swivel gun
  • Java arquebus, a type of firearm also called a bedil
  • Timeline of the gunpowder age
  • History of gunpowder
  • History of cannon

References[edit]

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