In the geologic time scale, the Changhsingian or Changxingian is the latest age or uppermost stage of the Permian. It is also the upper or latest of two subdivisions of the Lopingian epoch or series. The Changhsingian lasted from 254.14 to 251.902 million years ago (Ma). It was preceded by the Wuchiapingian and followed by the Induan.[4]
The greatest mass extinction in the Phanerozoic eon, the Permian–Triassic extinction event, occurred during this age. The extinction rate peaked about a million years before the end of this stage.
Contents
1 Stratigraphic definitions
1.1 Palaeontology
2 Changhsingian Life
2.1 †Ammonoids
2.2 Actinopterygians
2.3 Coelacanths
2.4 Lungfishes
2.5 †Temnospondyls
2.6 †Chroniosuchians
2.7 †Seymouriamorphs
2.8 †Parareptilians
2.8.1 †Millerosaurs
2.8.2 †Procolophonomorphs
2.9 Eureptilians
2.9.1 Diapsids
2.10 Therapsids
3 References
4 External links
Stratigraphic definitions[edit]
The Changhsingian is named after Changxing (Chinese: 长兴; pinyin: Chángxīng; Wade–Giles: Ch’ang-hsing) in northern Zhejiang, China. The stage was named for the Changhsing Limestone.[5] The name was first used for a stage in 1970[6][7] and was anchored in the international timescale in 1981.[8]
The base of the Changhsingian stage is at the first appearance of the conodont species Clarkina wangi. The global reference profile is profile D at Meishan, in the type area in Changxing.[8] The top of the Changhsingian (the base of the Induan stage and the Triassic system is at the first appearance of the conodont species Hindeodus parvus.
The Changhsingian stage contains only one ammonite biozone: that of the genus Iranites.
Palaeontology[edit]
The Changhsingian ended with the Permian–Triassic extinction event when both global biodiversity and alpha diversity (community-level diversity) were devastated.[9] The world after the extinction was almost lifeless, deserted, hot, and dry. Ammonoids, fishes, insects, and the tetrapods (cynodonts, amphibians, reptiles, therapsids, etc.) remained rare and terrestrial ecosystems did not recover for 30 million years.[9]
Changhsingian Life[edit]
†Ammonoids[edit]
†Ammonoidea of the Changhsingian
Taxa
Presence
Location
Description
Images
Araxoceras
Iran, Japan, China
An araxoceratid ammonoid
Araxoceras latissimum
Actinopterygians[edit]
Actinopterygii of the Changhsingian
Taxa
Presence
Location
Description
Images
Archaeolepidotus
Lopingian
Italy
A neopterygian
Bobasatrania
Ebenaqua
Bobasatrania
Lopingian to Middle Triassic
Italy
A bobasatraniiform non-neopterygian
Ebenaqua
Lopingian
Australia
A bobasatraniiform non-neopterygian
Eosaurichthys
Lopingian
China
A saurichthyid non-neopterygian
Varialepis
Permian
Russia
A palaeonisciform non-neopterygian with long pelvic fins
Coelacanths[edit]
Actinistia of the Changhsingian
Taxa
Presence
Location
Description
Images
Changxingia
Lopingian
China
Youngichthys
Lopingian
China
Lungfishes[edit]
Dipnoi of the Changhsingian
Taxa
Presence
Location
Description
Images
Gnathorhiza
Permian to Early Triassic
Russia
A gnathorhizid dipnoan
Gnathorhiza
†Temnospondyls[edit]
Temnospondyli of the Changhsingian
Taxa
Presence
Location
Description
Images
Arachana
Buena Vista Formation, Norte Basin, Uruguay
A genus of temnospondyl amphibian. Arachana was a basal member of Stereospondyli that shared traits with more derived stereospondyl taxa like Lydekkerinidae and especially Rhinesuchidae. Its transitional features place it as part of an entire transitional fauna that existed around the Permo-Triassic boundary.
Dvinosaurus
Intasuchus
Nigerpeton
Saharastega
Uranocentrodon
Dvinosaurus
Lopingian
Russia
A dvinosaurian temnospondyl amphibian.
Intasuchus
Inta Formation, Russia
Intasuchus was a genus of temnospondyl amphibian, possibly an archegosauroid.
Nigerpeton
Moradi Formation, Niger
A genus of edopoid temnospondyl within the family Cochleosauridae.
Saharastega
Moradi Formation, Niger
A genus of basal temnospondyl.
Uranocentrodon
Lopingian
Normandien Formation, South Africa
A rhinesuchid stereospondyl.
†Chroniosuchians[edit]
Chroniosuchia of the Changhsingian
Taxa
Presence
Location
Description
Images
Bystrowiana
Lopingian to Early Triassic
Russia, China
A reptiliomorph
Bystrowiana
Chroniosuchus
Uralerpeton
Chroniosuchus
Lopingian
Russia
A reptiliomorph
Laosuchus
Lopingian
Naobaogou Formation, China
A reptiliomorph
Uralerpeton
Lopingian
Russia
A reptiliomorph
†Seymouriamorphs[edit]
Seymouriamorpha of the Changhsingian
Taxa
Presence
Location
Description
Images
Kotlassia
Lopingian
Russia
A seymouriamorph reptiliomorph
Kotlassia
†Parareptilians[edit]
†Millerosaurs[edit]
Millerosauria of the Changhsingian
Taxa
Presence
Location
Description
Images
Milleretta
Lopingian
South Africa
A parareptile
Milleretta
Millerosaurus
Milleropsis
Lopingian
South Africa
A parareptile
Millerosaurus
Lopingian
South Africa
A parareptile
†Procolophonomorphs[edit]
Procolophonomorpha of the Changhsingian
Taxa
Presence
Location
Description
Images
Anthodon
Lopingian
South Africa, Tanzania
A pumiliopareiasaurian parareptile
Anthodon
Bunostegos
Elginia
Procolophon
Scutosaurus
Bunostegos
Lopingian
Niger
A pareiasaurid parareptile
Elginia
Lopingian
China, Scotland
A pareiasaurid parareptile
Nanopareia
Lopingian
South Africa
A pumiliopareiasaurian parareptile
Owenetta
Lopingian to Early Triassic
South Africa
An owenettid parareptile
Procolophon
Lopingian to Early Triassic
South Africa, Brazil, Antarctica
A procolophonid parareptile
Pumiliopareia
Lopingian
South Africa
A pumiliopareiasaurian parareptile
Scutosaurus
Lopingian
Russia
A pareiasaurid parareptile
Eureptilians[edit]
Eureptilia of the Changhsingian
Taxa
Presence
Location
Description
Images
Gansurhinus
Lopingian
Naobaogou Formation, China
A captorhinid reptile
Gansurhinus
Diapsids[edit]
Diapsida of the Changhsingian
Taxa
Presence
Location
Description
Images
Archosaurus
Lopingian
Poland, Russia
A proterosuchid archosauriform
Archosaurus
Claudiosaurus
Hovasaurus
Thadeosaurus
Claudiosaurus
Lopingian to Early Triassic
Madagascar
An aquatic claudiosaurid reptile
Hovasaurus
Lopingian to Early Triassic
Madagascar
An aquatic tangasaurid younginiform reptile
Thadeosaurus
Lopingian to Early Triassic
Madagascar
An aquatic younginid younginiform reptile
Tangasaurus
Lopingian
Madagascar
An aquatic tangasaurid younginiform reptile
Youngina
Lopingian
Madagascar
An aquatic younginid younginiform reptile
Therapsids[edit]
Therapsida of the Changhsingian
Taxa
Presence
Location
Description
Images
Burnetia
Lopingian
South Africa
A biarmosuchian therapsid
Burnetia
Dicynodon
Geikia
Inostrancevia
Lystrosaurus
Pelanomodon
Vivaxosaurus
Caodeyao
Lopingian
Naobaogou Formation, China
A eutherocephalian
Colobodectes
Lopingian
South Africa
A basal dicynodont therapsid
Daptocephalus
Lopingian
South Africa
A dicynodontid therapsid
Daqingshanodon
Lopingian
Naobaogou Formation, China
A dicynodontid therapsid
Dicynodon
Lopingian
South Africa
A dicynodontid therapsid
Dinanomodon
Lopingian
South Africa
A dicynodontid therapsid
Geikia
Lopingian
Scotland
A dicynodontid therapsid
Gordonia
Lopingian
Scotland
A dicynodontid therapsid
Inostrancevia
Lopingian
Russia
A gorgonopsian therapsid
Lystrosaurus
Lopingian to Early Triassic
South Africa
A dicynodontid therapsid
Pelanomodon
Lopingian
South Africa
A dicynodontid therapsid
Shiguaignathus
Lopingian
Naobaogou Formation, China
An akidnognathid therapsid
Turfanodon
Lopingian
Naobaogou Formation, China
A dicynodontid therapsid
Vivaxosaurus
Lopingian
Russia
A dicynodontid therapsid
References[edit]
^"Chart/Time Scale". www.stratigraphy.org. International Commission on Stratigraphy.
^Jin, Yugan; Wang, Yue; Henderson, Charles; Wardlaw, Bruce; Shen, Shuzhong; Cao, Changqun (September 2006). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of Changhsingian Stage (Upper Permian)". Episodes. 29 (3): 175–182. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2006/v29i3/003. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
^Hongfu, Yin; Kexin, Zhang; Jinnan, Tong; Zunyi, Yang; Shunbao, Wu (June 2001). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Permian-Triassic Boundary" (PDF). Episodes. 24: 102–114. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
^Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G.; 2004: A Geologic Time Scale 2004, Cambridge University Press
^Grabau, A.W.; 1923: Stratigraphy of China, Part 1: Palaeozoic and lower, Geological Survey of China, 529 pp.
^Furnish, W.M. & Glenister, B.F.; 1970: Permian ammonite Cyclolobus from the Salt Range, West Pakistan, in: Kummel, B. & Teichert, G. (eds.): Stratigraphic boundary problems, Permian and Triassic of west Pakistan, Geological Department of Kansas University, Special Publication 4, pp 158–176.
^Furnish, W.M. & Glenister, B.F.; 1973: Permian stages names, in: Logan, A. & Hills, L.V.: The Permian and Triassic systems and their mutual boundary, Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 2, pp 522–548.
^ a bJin, Y.; Wang, Y.; Henderson, C.; Wardlaw, B.R.; Shen, S. & Cao, C.; 2006: The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of Changhsingian Stage (Upper Permian) Episodes 29(3), p. 175-182, PDF.
^ a bSahney, S.; Benton, M.J. (2008). "Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 275 (1636): 759–65. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1370. PMC 2596898. PMID 18198148.
External links[edit]
GeoWhen Database - Changhsingian
Upper Paleozoic stratigraphic chart at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS
vteGeological history of Earth
Cenozoic Era(present–66.0 Ma)
Quaternary (present–2.58 Ma)
Holocene (present–11.784 ka)
Pleistocene (11.784 ka–2.58 Ma)
Neogene (2.58–23.03 Ma)
Pliocene (2.588–5.333 Ma)
Miocene (5.333–23.03 Ma)
Paleogene (23.03–66.0 Ma)
Oligocene (23.03–33.9 Ma)
Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)
Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)
Mesozoic Era(66.0–251.902 Ma)
Cretaceous (66.0–145.0 Ma)
Late (66.0–100.5 Ma)
Early (100.5–145.0 Ma)
Jurassic (145.0–201.3 Ma)
Late (145.0–163.5 Ma)
Middle (163.5–174.1 Ma)
Early (174.1–201.3 Ma)
Triassic (201.3–251.902 Ma)
Late (201.3–237 Ma)
Middle (237–247.2 Ma)
Early (247.2–251.902 Ma)
Paleozoic Era(251.902–541.0 Ma)
Permian (251.902–298.9 Ma)
Lopingian (251.902–259.8 Ma)
Guadalupian (259.8–272.3 Ma)
Cisuralian (272.3–298.9 Ma)
Carboniferous (298.9–358.9 Ma)
Pennsylvanian (298.9–323.2 Ma)
Mississippian (323.2–358.9 Ma)
Devonian (358.9–419.2 Ma)
Silurian (419.2–443.8 Ma)
Pridoli (419.2–423.0 Ma)
Ludlow (423.0–427.4 Ma)
Wenlock (427.4–433.4 Ma)
Llandovery (433.4–443.8 Ma)
Ordovician (443.8–485.4 Ma)
Cambrian (485.4–541.0 Ma)
Furongian (485.4–497 Ma)
Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)
Series 2 (509–521 Ma)
Terreneuvian (521–541.0 Ma)
Proterozoic Eon(541.0 Ma–2.5 Ga)
Neoproterozoic (541.0 Ma–1 Ga)
Ediacaran (541.0–635 Ma)
Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)
Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)
Mesoproterozoic (1–1.6 Ga)
Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)
Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)
Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)
Paleoproterozoic (1.6–2.5 Ga)
Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)
Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)
Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)
Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)
Archean Eon (2.5–4 Ga)
Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)
Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)
Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)
Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)
Hadean Eon (4–~4.6 Ga)
ka = kiloannum (thousands years ago); Ma = megaannum (millions years ago); Ga = gigaannum (billions years ago). See also: Geologic time scale