Jadwiga ( polaco: [jadˈvʲiɡa] ( escuchar ) ; 1373 o 1374 - 17 de julio de 1399), también conocida como Hedwig (en húngaro : Hedvig ), fue la primera mujer monarca del Reino de Polonia , reinando desde el 16 de octubre de 1384 hasta su muerte. Era la hija menor de Luis el Grande , rey de Hungría y Polonia , y su esposa Isabel de Bosnia . Jadwiga era miembro de la Casa Capeto de Anjou , pero tuvo más antepasados cercanos entre los piastas polacos que entre los angevinos. En 1997 ella fuecanonizado por la Iglesia Católica .
Jadwiga | |
---|---|
Reina de Polonia [nb 1] | |
Reinado | 16 de octubre de 1384-17 de julio de 1399 |
Coronación | 16 de octubre de 1384 Catedral de Wawel , Cracovia |
Predecesor | Luis |
Sucesor | Władysław II Jagiełło |
Nació | 1373/4 Buda , Hungría |
Fallecido | 17 de julio de 1399 (25 años) Cracovia , Polonia |
Entierro | 19 de julio de 1399 |
Cónyuge | Władysław II Jagiełło |
Asunto | Elizabeth Bonifacia |
casa | Casa Capeto de Anjou |
Padre | Luis I de Hungría |
Mamá | Isabel de Bosnia |
Religión | católico |
En 1375 se planeó que eventualmente se casaría con Guillermo de Austria y viviría en Viena de 1378 a 1380. Se cree que el padre de Jadwiga la consideró a ella y a Guillermo como sus sucesores favoritos en Hungría después de la muerte en 1379 de su hermana mayor, Catalina. , ya que la nobleza polaca había jurado ese mismo año su homenaje a la segunda hija de Luis, María , y al prometido de María, Segismundo de Luxemburgo . Sin embargo, Luis murió y en 1382, ante la insistencia de su madre, María fue coronada "Rey de Hungría". Segismundo de Luxemburgo intentó tomar el control de Polonia, pero la nobleza polaca respondió que solo obedecerían a una hija del rey Luis si se establecía en Polonia. La reina Isabel eligió entonces a Jadwiga para reinar allí, pero no la envió a Cracovia para ser coronada. Durante el interregno, Siemowit IV, duque de Masovia , se convirtió en candidato al trono polaco. La nobleza de la Gran Polonia lo favoreció y le propuso casarse con Jadwiga. Sin embargo, la nobleza de la Pequeña Polonia se opuso a él y convenció a la reina Isabel de que enviara Jadwiga a Polonia.
Jadwiga fue coronada "rey" en la capital de Polonia, Cracovia, el 16 de octubre de 1384. Su coronación reflejó la oposición de la nobleza polaca a que su futuro esposo, Guillermo, se convirtiera en rey sin más negociaciones, o simplemente enfatizó su condición de reina . Con el consentimiento de su madre, los asesores de Jadwiga iniciaron negociaciones con Jogaila , Gran Duque de Lituania , que todavía era pagano , sobre su posible matrimonio con Jadwiga. Jogaila firmó la Unión de Krewo , comprometiéndose a convertirse al catolicismo y promover la conversión de sus súbditos paganos. Mientras tanto, William se apresuró a ir a Cracovia, con la esperanza de casarse con su prometida de la infancia Jadwiga, pero a fines de agosto de 1385 los nobles polacos lo expulsaron. Jogaila, que tomó el nombre de bautismo de Władysław, se casó con Jadwiga el 15 de febrero de 1386. La leyenda dice que ella había aceptado casarse con él sólo después de una larga oración, en busca de inspiración divina .
Jogaila, ahora en estilo polaco Władysław Jagiełło, fue coronado rey de Polonia el 4 de marzo de 1386. Como co-gobernante de Jadwiga, Jagiełło trabajó en estrecha colaboración con su esposa. Después de que los nobles rebeldes del Reino de Hungría - Croacia había encarcelado a su madre y hermana, marchó hacia el Reino de Galicia - Volhynia , que había estado bajo el dominio húngaro, y persuadió a la mayoría de los habitantes para que se convirtieran en súbditos de la Corona polaca . Ella medió entre los parientes en disputa de su marido y entre Polonia y los Caballeros Teutónicos . Después de la muerte de su hermana María en 1395, Jadwiga y Jagiełło reclamaron Hungría contra el viudo Segismundo de Luxemburgo, pero los señores húngaros no los apoyaron.
Infancia (1373 o 1374-1382)
Jadwiga nació en Buda , la capital del Reino de Hungría . [1] Era la tercera y más joven hija de Luis I , rey de Hungría y Polonia , y su segunda esposa, Isabel de Bosnia . [2] [3] Sus dos abuelas eran princesas polacas, lo que la conectaba con la dinastía Piast nativa de Polonia . [4] [5] El historiador Oscar Halecki concluyó que el "árbol genealógico de Jadwiga muestra claramente que [ella] tenía más sangre polaca que cualquier otro". [4] Probablemente nació entre el 3 de octubre de 1373 y el 18 de febrero de 1374. [6] [nb 2] Fue nombrada en honor a su antepasado lejano, Santa Eduvigis de Silesia , que fue especialmente venerada en la corte real húngara en el momento de su nacimiento. [8] [9]
El rey Luis, que no había tenido hijos, quería garantizar el derecho de sus hijas a heredar sus reinos. [10] [3] Por lo tanto, la realeza europea consideraba a sus tres hijas como novias especialmente atractivas. [3] Leopoldo III, duque de Austria , propuso a su hijo mayor, William , a Jadwiga ya el 18 de agosto de 1374. [11] Los enviados de los nobles polacos reconocieron que una de las hijas de Luis lo sucedería en Polonia después de que confirmó y extendió sus libertades en el Privilegio de Koszyce el 17 de septiembre de 1374. [5] [10] [12] Hicieron un juramento de lealtad a Catalina a petición de Luis. [13]
Louis acordó dar a Jadwiga en matrimonio con Guillermo de Austria el 4 de marzo de 1375. [11] La sponsalia de futuro de los niños , o "matrimonio provisional", se celebró en Hainburg el 15 de junio de 1378. [13] [14] [15] El La ceremonia estableció el marco legal para la consumación del matrimonio sin ningún acto eclesiástico adicional tan pronto como ambos alcanzaron la edad de madurez. [16] El duque Leopoldo acordó que Jadwiga solo recibiría Treviso , una ciudad que iba a ser conquistada a la República de Venecia , como dote de su padre. [17] Después de la ceremonia, Jadwiga permaneció en Austria durante casi dos años; vivía principalmente en Viena . [7]
Catalina murió a finales de 1378. [3] Luis persuadió a los señores polacos más influyentes de que hicieran un juramento de lealtad a su hermana menor, María, en septiembre de 1379. [13] [18] Estaba comprometida con Segismundo de Luxemburgo , [15] bisnieto de Casimiro el Grande , que había sido el predecesor de Luis en el trono polaco. [19] El "matrimonio prometido" de Jadwiga y William fue confirmado en la reunión de sus padres en Zólyom (ahora Zvolen en Eslovaquia) el 12 de febrero de 1380. [20] [21] Los señores húngaros también aprobaron el documento, lo que implica que Jadwiga y William fueron considerados como los sucesores de su padre en Hungría. [22]
Una delegación de los señores y el clero polacos rindió homenaje formal a Segismundo de Luxemburgo como su futuro rey el 25 de julio de 1382. [23] [24] Los polacos creían que Luis también planeaba persuadir a los señores y prelados húngaros para que aceptaran a Jadwiga y Guillermo de Austria como sus herederos en Hungría. [15] Sin embargo, murió el 10 de septiembre de 1382. [25] Jadwiga estuvo presente en el lecho de muerte de su padre. [23]
Negociaciones de adhesión (1382-1384)
La hermana de Jadwiga, Mary, fue coronada rey de Hungría cinco días después de la muerte de su padre. [23] [26] Con la ceremonia, su ambiciosa madre se aseguró el derecho a gobernar Hungría en nombre de su hija de doce años en lugar del prometido de María, Segismundo. [27] [28] Segismundo no pudo estar presente en la coronación de María, porque Luis lo había enviado a Polonia para aplastar una rebelión. [24] Después de enterarse de la muerte de Luis, adoptó el título de "Señor del Reino de Polonia", exigiendo juramentos de lealtad a las ciudades de la Pequeña Polonia . [24] El 25 de noviembre, los nobles de la Gran Polonia se reunieron en Radomsko y decidieron obedecer a nadie más que a la hija del difunto rey, ya que ella se asentaría en Polonia. [29] Por iniciativa suya, los nobles de la Pequeña Polonia aprobaron un acuerdo similar en Wiślica el 12 de diciembre. [29] La reina Isabel envió a sus enviados a los señores reunidos y les prohibió hacer un juramento de lealtad a nadie que no fuera una de sus hijas, invalidando así el juramento de lealtad que los nobles polacos habían hecho a Segismundo a petición del difunto rey Luis. . [29]
Ambas hijas de Isabel se habían comprometido con príncipes extranjeros (Segismundo y Guillermo, respectivamente) impopulares en Polonia. [30] Los señores polacos que se oponían a un monarca extranjero consideraban a los miembros de la dinastía Piast como posibles candidatos al trono polaco. [30] [24] El tío de la reina Isabel, Władysław el Blanco, ya había intentado apoderarse de Polonia durante el reinado de Luis. [31] Sin embargo, había tomado votos monásticos y se instaló en una abadía benedictina en Dijon en Borgoña. [24] El antipapa Clemente VII , a quien el rey Luis se había negado a reconocer contra el papa Urbano VI , [32] liberó a Władysław de sus votos, pero no abandonó su monasterio. [33] Mientras tanto, Siemowit IV, duque de Masovia , apareció como un candidato más ambicioso. [30] Fue especialmente popular entre la nobleza y los habitantes de la Gran Polonia. [13] [30]
Los representantes de la reina Isabel liberaron a los polacos del juramento de fidelidad que sus representantes habían hecho a María en una asamblea en Sieradz en febrero de 1383. [34] Los enviados también anunciaron que estaba dispuesta a enviar a Jadwiga para ser coronada en su lugar, con la condición de que ella volver a Buda después de su coronación para vivir allí hasta su duodécimo cumpleaños. [34] Los señores polacos aceptaron la propuesta, pero pronto se dieron cuenta de que, por lo tanto, el interregno se prolongaría otros tres años. [34] En una nueva reunión en Sieradz, la mayoría de los nobles estaban listos para elegir rey a Siemowit de Masovia el 28 de marzo. [34] [35] Propusieron que Siemowit se casara con Jadwiga. [34] Un miembro de la influyente familia Tęczyński , Jan , los convenció de posponer la elección de Siemowit. [36] Los nobles acordaron esperar a Jadwiga hasta el 10 de mayo, estipulando que ella viviría en Polonia después de su coronación. [36] También exigieron que Dobrzyń y Gniewków (dos feudos que su padre había otorgado a Vladislaus II de Opole ) y " Rutenia " (que había pasado a Hungría de acuerdo con un tratado anterior) [37] fueran devueltos a los polacos. corona . [38]
Mientras tanto, Jan Tęczyński y sus aliados, incluido Sędziwój Pałuka
, parecen haber iniciado negociaciones con Jogaila , Gran Duque de Lituania . [39] Sin embargo, los partidarios de Siemowit intentaron entrar en Cracovia con el séquito de Bodzanta , arzobispo de Gniezno , en mayo, pero la gente del pueblo cerró las puertas de la ciudad antes de su llegada. [40] Jadwiga no había llegado a Polonia en la fecha estipulada (10 de mayo). [40] Los enviados de su madre declararon que las inundaciones primaverales habían obstaculizado el avance de Jadwiga sobre las montañas de los Cárpatos . [40]Siemowit de Mazovia tomó las armas y avanzó hasta Kalisz . [40] Sus partidarios se reunieron en Sieradz en agosto para elegirlo rey, pero el arzobispo Bodzanta se negó a realizar su coronación. [41] En una reunión en Kassa , la reina Isabel prometió a los delegados de las provincias polacas enviar Jadwiga a Polonia antes de noviembre. [42] La reina madre y los polacos también acordaron que si Jadwiga o María murieran sin hijos, su reino pasaría a su hermana sobreviviente. [42] Siemowit sitió Kalisz, la reina Isabel envió a Segismundo de Luxemburgo a la cabeza de un "ejército improvisado" [42] a la Pequeña Polonia. Siemowit no pudo tomar Kalisz, pero las noticias sobre el comportamiento espantoso de los soldados de Segismundo aumentaron la impopularidad de Segismundo en Polonia. [42] Sędziwój Pałuka, que era el castellano de Kalisz y starosta de Cracovia, encabezó una delegación a Zadar en Dalmacia para negociar con la reina Isabel, pero lo hizo encarcelar. [43] Envió soldados húngaros a Polonia para guardarlos en el castillo de Wawel en Cracovia, pero Pałuka escapó y obstruyó con éxito la entrada de sus soldados en el castillo. [44]
En una asamblea general en Radomsko a principios de marzo, los delegados de todas las provincias y ciudades polacas decidieron elegir rey a Siemowit, si Jadwiga no llegaba a Polonia en dos meses. [44] Establecieron un gobierno provisional, [44] estipulando que solo la "comunidad de señores y ciudadanos" tenía la autoridad para administrar Polonia durante el interregno. [45] La reina Isabel, que sólo fue informada de la decisión mediante un mensaje informal, se dio cuenta de que no podía posponer más la coronación de Jadwiga y la envió a Polonia. [44] Se desconoce la fecha exacta de la llegada de Jadwiga, porque la principal fuente de la historia de Polonia durante este período, la crónica de Jan de Czarnków , terminó antes de este evento. [46]
Reinado
Coronación (1384)
El interregno que siguió a la muerte de Louis y provocó tal lucha interna llegó a su fin con la llegada de Jadwiga a Polonia. [47] [48] Una gran multitud de clérigos, nobles y burgueses se reunieron en Cracovia "para saludarla con una muestra de afecto", [49] según el historiador polaco del siglo XV, Jan Długosz . [48] Nadie protestó cuando el arzobispo Bodzanta la coronó el 16 de octubre de 1384. [46] [50] Según el consenso académico tradicional, Jadwiga fue coronado "rey". [51] De ese modo, como propone Robert W. Knoll, los lores polacos impidieron que su eventual cónyuge adoptara el mismo título sin su consentimiento. [52] Stephen C. Rowell, quien dice que las fuentes que contradicen el punto de vista tradicional superan en número a las que lo verifican, sugiere que las referencias esporádicas contemporáneas a Jadwiga como "rey" solo reflejan que ella no era una reina consorte , sino una reina reinante . [51]
Bodzanta, arzobispo de Gniezno, Jan Radlica , obispo de Cracovia , Dobrogost de Nowy Dwór , obispo de Poznań y el duque Vladislaus II de Opole fueron los consejeros más confiables de Jadwiga durante los primeros años de su reinado. [53] Según una teoría académica ampliamente aceptada, Jadwiga, que aún era menor de edad, era "una mera herramienta" para sus asesores. [8] [54] Sin embargo, Halecki refuta este punto de vista, alegando que Jadwiga maduró rápidamente y su personalidad, especialmente su encanto y amabilidad, solo sirvió para fortalecer su posición. [54] Ya a finales de 1384 intervino en nombre del duque Vladislaus para reconciliarlo con el favorito de su madre, Nicolás I Garai . [55]
Rechazo de William (1385)
Los señores polacos no querían aceptar al prometido de catorce años de Jadwiga, Guillermo de Habsburgo, como su soberano. [56] [57] Pensaban que el inexperto Guillermo y sus parientes austríacos no podían salvaguardar los intereses de Polonia contra sus poderosos vecinos, especialmente las Luxemburgo que controlaban Bohemia y Brandeburgo , y tenían un fuerte reclamo sobre Hungría. [58] [59] Según Halecki, los señores de la Pequeña Polonia fueron los primeros en sugerir que Jadwiga se casara con el duque pagano Jogaila de Lituania. [60]
Jogaila envió a sus enviados, incluido su hermano, Skirgaila , y un burgués alemán de Riga , Hanul, a Cracovia para solicitar la mano de Jadwiga en enero de 1385. [58] [61] Jadwiga se negó a responder, afirmando solo que su madre decidiría. [62] Los dos enviados de Jogaila partieron hacia Hungría y se reunieron con la reina Isabel. [62] [63] Les informó que "permitiría todo lo que fuera ventajoso para Polonia e insistió en que su hija y los prelados y nobles del Reino tenían que hacer lo que consideraran que beneficiaría al cristianismo y su reino", [64] según a la crónica de Jan Długosz. [65] Los nobles de Cracovia, Sandomierz y la Gran Polonia se reunieron en Cracovia en junio o julio y la "mayoría de los más sensibles" [64] votaron a favor de la aceptación de la propuesta de matrimonio de Jogaila. [66]
In the meantime, William's father, Leopold III hurried to Buda in late July 1385, demanding the consummation of the marriage between William and Jadwiga before 16 August.[67] Queen Elizabeth confirmed the previous agreements about the marriage, ordering Vladislaus II of Opole to make preparations for the ceremony.[68][69] According to canon law, Jadwiga's marriage sacrament could only be completed before her twelfth birthday if the competent prelate testified her precocious maturity.[69] Demetrius, Archbishop of Esztergom, issued the necessary document.[70] William went to Kraków in the first half of August, but his entry to Wawel Castle was barred.[71] Długosz states that Jadwiga and William would only be able to meet in the nearby Franciscan convent.[71]
Contemporary or nearly contemporaneous records of the completion of the marriage between William and Jadwiga are contradictory and unclear.[72][68] The official accounts of the municipal authorities of Kraków record that on 23 August 1385 an amnesty was granted to the prisoners in the city jail on the occasion of the celebration of the Queen's marriage.[73] On the other hand, a contemporary Austrian chronicle, the Continuatio Claustroneubuzgis states that the Poles had tried to murder William before he consummated the marriage.[74] In the next century, Długosz states that William was "removed in a shameful and offensive manner and driven from the castle" after he entered "the Queen's bedchamber"; but the same chronicler also mentions that Jadwiga was well aware that "many people knew that ... she had for a fortnight shared her bed with Duke William and that there had been physical consummation".[75][76]
On the night when William entered the queen's bedchamber, a group of Polish noblemen broke into the castle, forcing William to flee, according to Długosz.[74] After this humiliation, Długosz continues, Jadwiga decided to leave Wawel and join William, but the gate of the castle was locked.[74] She called for "an axe and [tried] to break it open",[77] but Dymitr of Goraj convinced her to return to the castle.[78][68] Oscar Halecki says that Długosz's narrative "cannot be dismissed as a romantic legend";[79] Robert I. Frost writes that it is a "tale, almost certainly apocryphal".[68] There is no doubt, however, that William of Austria was forced to leave Poland.[80]
Marriage to Jogaila (1385–92)
Jogaila signed the Union of Krewo in August 1385, promising Queen Elizabeth's representatives and the Polish lords' envoys that he would convert to Catholicism, together with his pagan kinsmen and subjects, if Jadwiga married him.[81][82] He also pledged to pay 200,000 florins to William of Habsburg in compensation. William never accepted it.[83] Two days after the Union of Krewo, the Teutonic Knights invaded Lithuania.[84]
The Aeltere Hochmeisterchronik and other chronicles written in the Knights' territory accused the Polish prelates and lords of forcing Jadwiga to accept Jogaila's offer.[85] According to a Polish legend, Jadwiga agreed to marry Jogaila due to divine inspiration during her long prayers before a crucifix in Wawel Cathedral.[79] Siemowit IV of Mazovia resigned his claim to Poland in December.[86]
The Polish lords' envoys informed Jogaila that they would obey him if he married Jadwiga on 11 January 1386.[87][88] Jogaila went to Lublin where a general assembly unanimously declared him "king and lord of Poland" in early February.[89][90][91] Jogaila went on to Kraków where he was baptized, receiving the Christian name, Władysław, in Wawel Cathedral on 15 February.[80][92] Three days later, 35-year-old Władysław-Jogaila married 12-year-old Jadwiga.[93][92] Władysław-Jogaila styled himself as dominus et tutor regni Poloniae ("lord and guardian of the Kingdom of Poland") in his first charter issued after the marriage.[94]
Archbishop Bodzanta crowned Władysław-Jogaila king on 4 March 1386.[86] Poland was transformed into a diarchy – a kingdom ruled over by two sovereigns.[94] Jadwiga and her husband did not speak a common language, but they cooperated closely in their marriage.[89] She accompanied him to Greater Poland to appease the local lords who were still hostile to him.[95] The royal visit caused damage to the peasants who lived in the local prelates' domains, but Jadwiga persuaded her husband to compensate them, saying: "We have, indeed, returned the peasants' cattle, but who can repair their tears?",[96] according to Długosz's chronicle.[95] A court record of her order to the judges in favour of a peasant also shows that she protected the poor.[95]
Pope Urban VI sent his legate, Maffiolus de Lampugnano, to Kraków to enquire about the marriage of the royal couple.[97] Lampugnano did not voice any objections, but the Teutonic Knights started a propaganda campaign in favour of William of Habsburg.[98] Queen Elizabeth pledged to assist Władysław-Jogaila against his enemies on 9 June 1386,[97] but Hungary had sunken into anarchy.[37] A group of Slavonian lords captured and imprisoned Jadwiga's mother and sister on 25 July.[99] The rebels murdered Queen Elizabeth in January 1387.[100][101] A month later, Jadwiga marched at the head of Polish troops to Ruthenia where all but one of the governors submitted to her without opposition.[102][103]
Duke Vladislaus of Opole also had a claim on Ruthenia but could not convince King Wenceslaus of Germany to intervene on his behalf.[104] Jadwiga confirmed the privileges of the local inhabitants and promised that Ruthenia would never again be separated from the Polish Crown.[104] After the reinforcements that Władysław-Jogaila sent from Lithuania arrived in August, Halych, the only fortress to resist, also surrendered.[105] Władysław-Jogaila also came to Ruthenia in September.[105] Voivode Petru II of Moldavia visited the royal couple and paid homage to them in Lviv on 26 September.[105] Władysław-Jogaila confirmed the privileges that Jadwiga had granted the Ruthenians in October.[104] She also instructed her subjects to show the same respect for her husband as for herself: in a letter addressed to the burghers of Kraków in late 1387, she stated that her husband was their "natural lord".[89][106]
On William's demand, Pope Urban VI initiated a new investigation about the marriage of Jadwiga and Władysław-Jogaila.[107] They sent Bishop Dobrogost of Poznań to Rome to inform the pope of the Christianization of Lithuania.[108] In his letter to Bishop Dobrogost, Pope Urban jointly mentioned the royal couple in March 1388, which implied that he had already acknowledged the legality of their marriage.[108] However, Gniewosz of Dalewice, who had been William of Habsburg's supporter, spread rumours about secret meetings between William and Jadwiga in the royal castle.[108] Jadwiga took a solemn oath before Jan Tęczyński, stating that she had only had marital relations with Władysław-Jogaila.[109] After all witnesses confirmed her oath, Gniewosz of Dalewice confessed that he had lied.[110] She did not take vengeance on him.[110]
Strife with Sigismund (1392–95)
Jadwiga's brother-in-law, Sigismund, who had been crowned King of Hungary,[111] started negotiations with the Teutonic Knights about partitioning Poland in early 1392.[112] Jadwiga met Mary in Stará Ľubovňa in May and returned to Kraków only in early July.[113] She most probably accompanied her husband to Lithuania, according to Oscar Halecki, because she was far from Kraków till the end of August.[114] On 4 August, Władysław-Jogaila's cousin, Vytautas, who had earlier fled from Lithuania to the Teutonic Knights, paid homage to Władysław-Jogaila near Lida in Lithuania on 4 August.[114]
Negotiations between Sigismund and the Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, Konrad von Wallenrode, continued with the mediation of Vladislaus of Opole.[115] However, Hungary's southern border was exposed to Ottoman incursions, preventing Sigismund from taking military measures against Poland.[116] Wallenrode died on 25 July 1393.[117] His successor, Konrad von Jungingen, opened negotiations with the Poles.[117] During the discussions, Pope Boniface IX's legate, John of Messina, supported the Poles.[117]
Jadwiga was a skilful mediator, famed for her impartiality and intelligence.[103] She went to Lithuania to reconcile her brother-in-law, Skirgaila, with Vytautas in October 1393.[118] Relations between Poland and Hungary remained tense.[119] Sigismund invaded Moldavia, forcing Stephen I of Moldavia to accept his suzerainty in 1394.[119] Soon after the Hungarian troops left Moldavia, Stephen sent his envoys to Jadwiga and Jogaila, promising to assist Poland against Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and the Teutonic Knights.[119]
On 17 May 1395, Mary died after a riding accident.[120] According to the 1383 agreement between their mother and the Polish lords, Jadwiga was her childless sister's heir in Hungary.[121] Vlad I of Wallachia, a Hungarian vassal, issued an act of submission on 28 May, acknowledging Jadwiga and her husband as Mary's legitimate successors.[122] The widowed king's close supporter, Stibor of Stiboricz, expelled Vlad from Wallachia.[123] Władysław-Jogaila gathered his troops on the Polish-Hungarian border, but Eustache Jolsvai
, Palatine of Hungary, and John Kanizsai , Archbishop of Esztergom, stopped his invasion of Hungary.[120][123] In September, Konrad von Jungingen told the prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire that the union of Poland, Lithuania and Hungary under Władysław-Jogaila's rule would endanger Christendom.[124] However, most of Sigismund's opponents, who were especially numerous in Croatia, supported the claim of Ladislaus of Naples, the last male member of the Capetian House of Anjou.[125] On 8 September, the most influential Hungarian lords declared that they would not support any change in government while Sigismund was far from Hungary fighting against the Ottoman Turks.[124] Before the end of the year, peace negotiations between the representatives of Hungary and Poland ended with an agreement.[126] Jadwiga adopted the title "heir to Hungary", but she and her husband took no further action against Sigismund.[127]Conflict with the Teutonic Knights (1395–99)
The relationship between Lithuania and the Teutonic Knights remained tense.[128] Jadwiga and her Polish advisers invited the Grand Master, Konrad von Jungingen, to Poland to open new negotiations in June 1396.[129] Conflicts with Vladislaus of Opole and Siemowit of Masovia, who had not given up their claims to parts of Ruthenia and Cuyavia, also intensified.[130] To demonstrate that the territories were under Jadwiga's direct control, Władysław-Jogaila granted the Duchy of Belz (in Ruthenia) and Cuyavia to her in early 1397.[131] However, Jadwiga and her Polish advisers wanted to avoid a war with the Teutonic Order.[132] In response, Władysław-Jogaila replaced most Polish "starostas" (aldermen) in Ruthenia with local Orthodox noblemen.[132] According to German sources, Władysław-Jogaila and Vytautas jointly asked Pope Boniface IX to sanction Vytautas' coronation as king of Lithuania and Ruthenia.[132]
Jadwiga and Jungingen met in Włocławek in the middle of June, but they did not reach a compromise.[133] The Teutonic Order entrusted Vladislaus of Opole with the task of representing their claims to Dobrzyń against Jadwiga.[134] Jadwiga and her husband met Sigismund of Hungary, who had returned there after his catastrophic defeat in the Battle of Nicopolis, on 14 July.[135] They seem to have reached a compromise, because Sigismund offered to mediate between Poland, Lithuania and the Teutonic Knights.[136] On Jadwiga's request, Wenceslaus of Bohemia granted permission for the establishment of a college for Lithuanian students in Prague on 20 July 1397.[137] Jadwiga, who had spent "many sleepless nights" thinking of this project, according to herself, issued a charter of establishment for the college on 10 November.[137]
She opened new negotiations with the Teutonic Knights, but Konrad von Jungingen dispatched a simple knight to meet her in May 1398.[138] Władysław-Jogaila's cousin Vytautas also entered into negotiations with the Teutonic Knights because he wanted to unite Lithuania and Ruthenia under his rule and to receive a royal crown from the Holy See.[139] According to the chronicle of John of Posilge, who was an official of the Teutonic Order, Jadwiga sent a letter to Vytautas, reminding him to pay the annual tribute that Władysław-Jogaila had granted her as dower.[132][140] Offended by Jadwiga's demand, Vytautas sought the opinion of the Lithuanian and Ruthenian lords who refused Jadwiga's claim to a tribute.[132] On 12 October 1398, he signed a peace treaty with the Teutonic Knights, without referring to Władysław-Jogaila's right to confirm it.[139] Oscar Halecki says that Posilge's "sensational story" is either an invention based on gossip or a guess by the chronicler.[141]
Pregnancy and death (1399)
Jadwiga was childless for over a decade, which, according to chronicles written in the Teutonic lands, caused conflicts between her and her husband.[142] She became pregnant in late 1398 or early 1399.[143] Sigismund, King of Hungary, came to Kraków in early March to negotiate for a campaign to defend Wallachia against the Ottoman Turks.[144] Vytautas, in order to bolster his authority over the Rus' principalities, decided to launch an expedition against Timur, who had subdued the Golden Horde.[145] According to Jan Długosz's chronicle, Jadwiga warned the Polish noblemen not to join Vytautas' campaign because it would end in failure.[145] Halecki says that the great number of Polish knights who joined Vytautas's expedition proves that Długosz's report is not reliable.[146]
On the occasion of the expected birth to the royal couple, Jogaila's cousin Vytautas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, sent expensive gifts, including a silver cradle, to the royal court on behalf of himself and his wife, Anna.[147] The first horoscopes written for Jadwiga's and Jogaila's child predicted a son in mid-September 1398.[148] However, a girl was delivered on 22 June 1399 at Wawel Castle. Reports of the time stated that the child was born prematurely.[149] According to the horoscope, she was actually born slightly late. However, a due date of 18 June would rule out the suspicion of pregnancy as early as mid-September.[150]
The newborn princess was named Elizabeth Bonifacia (Polish: Elżbieta Bonifacja, Lithuanian: Elżbieta Bonifacija), after Jadwiga's mother and Pope Boniface IX who, in a letter of 5 May 1399, had agreed to be godfather under the condition that the infant be called Boniface or Bonifacia. She was baptised by Piotr Wysz Radoliński, Bishop of Kraków.[151] However, the infant died after only three weeks, on 13 July 1399.[152] Jadwiga, too, was on her deathbed. Stanisław of Skarbimierz expressed hope that she would survive, describing her as the spiritual mother of the poor, weak, and ill of Poland.[153] She advised her husband to marry Anna of Cilli, Casimir the Great's granddaughter[154]—which he did— and died on 17 July 1399, four days after her newborn daughter.[152][146]
Jadwiga and her daughter were buried together in Wawel Cathedral, on 24 August 1399,[152][146] as stipulated in the Queen's last will. On 12 July 1949, 550 years later, their tomb was opened; nothing remained of the child's soft cartilage.[155]
Familia
Ancestors of Jadwiga of Poland[156] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The following family tree illustrates Jadwiga's connection to her notable relatives. Kings of Poland are colored blue.
Konrad I of Masovia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Casimir I of Kuyavia | Siemowit I of Masovia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Władysław the Elbow-high (r. 1320–1333) | Ziemomysł of Kuyavia | Bolesław II of Masovia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Casimir the Great (r. 1333–1370) | Elizabeth of Poland | Casimir II of Kuyavia | Trojden I of Masovia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Elizabeth of Poland | Elizabeth of Kuyavia | Władysław the White | Anna of Poland | Siemowit III of Masovia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Elizabeth of Pomerania | Louis the Great (r. 1370–1382) | Elizabeth of Bosnia | Siemowit IV of Masovia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sigismund of Luxemburg | Mary of Hungary | Jadwiga (r. 1384–1399) | Władysław-Jogaila (r. 1386–1434) | Anna of Cilli | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Legado
Achievements
Two leading historians, Oscar Halecki and S. Harrison Thomson, agree that Jadwiga was one of the greatest rulers of Poland, comparable to Bolesław the Brave and Casimir the Great.[157] Her marriage to Władysław-Jogaila enabled the union of Poland and Lithuania, establishing a large state in East Central Europe.[157] Jadwiga's decision to marry the 'elderly' Władysław-Jogaila instead of her beloved fiancé, William of Habsburg, has often been described as a sacrifice for her country in Polish historiography.[8] Her biographers emphasize Jadwiga's efforts to preserve the peace with the Teutonic Order, which enabled Poland to make preparations for a decisive war against the Knights.[158] Jadwiga's childless death weakened Władysław-Jogaila's position, because his claim to Poland was based on their marriage.[159] Six days after her funeral, Władysław-Jogaila left Poland for Ruthenia, stating that he was to return to Lithuania after his wife's death.[152] The Polish lords sent their envoys to Lviv to open negotiations with him.[152] The delegates took new oaths of loyalty to him, confirming his position as king.[152] On the lords' demand, he agreed to marry Anna of Cilli.[152] Their wedding was celebrated on 29 January 1402.[160]
Jadwiga's cultural and charitable activities were of exceptional value.[158] She established new hospitals, schools and churches, and restored older ones.[158] Jadwiga promoted the use of vernacular in church services, especially the singing of hymns in Polish.[158] The Scriptures were translated into Polish on her order.[158]
Casimir the Great had already in 1364 established the University of Kraków, but it did not survive his death.[161] Władysław-Jogaila and Jadwiga jointly asked Pope Boniface IX to sanction the establishment of a faculty of theology in Kraków.[162] The pope granted their request on 11 January 1397.[163][164] Jadwiga bought houses along a central street of Kraków for the university.[164] However, the faculty was only set up a year after Jadwiga's death: Władysław-Jogaila issued the charter for the reestablished university on 26 July 1400.[161][163][164] In accordance with Jadwiga's last will, the restoration of the university was partially financed through the sale of her jewellery.[162]
Holiness
Saint Jadwiga of Poland | |
---|---|
Venerated in | Catholic Church |
Beatified | 8 August 1986, Kraków, Poland by Pope John Paul II |
Canonized | 8 June 1997, Kraków, Poland by Pope John Paul II |
Major shrine | Wawel Cathedral, Kraków, Poland |
Feast | 8 June |
Attributes | Royal dress and shoes, apron full of roses |
Patronage | Poland, queens, united Europe, students, mothers[165] |
Oscar Halecki writes that Jadwiga transmitted to the nations of East Central Europe the "universal heritage of the respublica Christiana, which in the West was then waning, but in East Central Europe started flourishing and blending with the pre-Renaissance world".[4] She was closely related to the saintly 13th-century princesses, venerated in Hungary and Poland, including Elizabeth of Hungary and her nieces, Kinga and Yolanda, and Salomea of Poland.[166] She was born to a family famed for its religious zeal.[167][157] She attended Mass every day.[8] In accordance with her family's tradition, Jadwiga was especially devoted to the Blessed Virgin Mary.[168] An inscription engraved on her request on a precious chalice, which was placed in the Wawel Cathedral, asked Our Lady to place Poland under her protection.[168]
Jadwiga was venerated in Poland soon after her death.[169] Stanisław of Skarbimierz states that she had been "the most Christian queen" in his sermon composed for her funeral.[169] Paul of Zator referred to the wax figures placed by her grave.[169] Sermons written in the early 15th century emphasized that Jadwiga had been a representative of the traditional virtues of holy women, such as mercy and benevolence.[169] Jadwiga's contribution to the restoration of the University of Kraków was also mentioned by early 15th-century scholars.[169]
Numerous legends about miracles were recounted to justify her sainthood. The two best-known are those of "Jadwiga's cross" and "Jadwiga's foot":
Jadwiga often prayed before a large black crucifix hanging in the north aisle of Wawel Cathedral. During one of these prayers, the Christ on the cross is said to have spoken to her. The crucifix, "Saint Jadwiga's cross", is still there, with her relics beneath it. Because of this event, she is considered a medieval mystic.[170][page needed] According to another legend, Jadwiga took a piece of jewellery from her foot and gave it to a poor stonemason who had begged for her help. When the king left, he noticed her footprint in the plaster floor of his workplace, even though the plaster had already hardened before her visit. The supposed footprint, known as "Jadwiga's foot", can still be seen in one of Kraków's churches.[citation needed]
In yet another legend, Jadwiga was taking part in a Corpus Christi Day procession when a coppersmith's son drowned by falling into a river. Jadwiga threw her mantle over the boy's body, and he regained life.[171]
On 8 June 1979 Pope John Paul II prayed at her sarcophagus; and the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments officially affirmed her beatification on 8 August 1986. The Pope went on to canonize Jadwiga in Kraków on 8 June 1997.[165]
Cultura popular
Film
Queen Jadwiga is the main character of the third season of Polish historical TV series Korona królów (The Crown of the Kings). She is played by Dagmara Bryzek. Child Jadwiga is played by Natalia Wolska and Amelia Zawadzka.[172]
Computer games
Jadwiga appears as the leader of the Polish civilization in the turn-based strategy game Civilization VI, specialising in religion and territorial expansion.
Ver también
- History of Poland during the Piast dynasty
- History of Poland during the Jagiellonian dynasty
- Saint Hedwig of Poland, patron saint archive
Notas
- ^ Jadwiga was officially crowned as "King of Poland" — Hedvig Rex Poloniæ, not Hedvig Regina Poloniæ. Polish law had no provision for a female ruler (queen regnant), but did not specify that the monarch had to be male.
- ^ Jadwiga's name was first recorded in instructions to Hungarian envoys to France on 17 April 1384.[1] If by then, Jadwiga had reached twelve years, the minimum age prescribed by canon law for girls to marry,[7] she must have been born before 18 February 1374.[6]
Referencias
- ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 56.
- ^ Wolf 1993, p. xliii.
- ^ a b c d Engel 2001, p. 169.
- ^ a b c Halecki 1991, p. 78.
- ^ a b Duczmal, Małgorzata (1996). Jagiellonowie. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie. p. 305. ISBN 83-08-02577-3.
- ^ a b Sroka 1999, pp. 54–55.
- ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 93.
- ^ a b c d Gromada 1999, p. 434.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 89.
- ^ a b Davies 2005, p. 90.
- ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 58.
- ^ Sedlar 1994, pp. 39–40.
- ^ a b c d Frost 2015, p. 8.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 65, 93.
- ^ a b c Engel 2001, p. 170.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 65.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 64–65.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 71.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 52.
- ^ Frost 2015, pp. 8, 10.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 72–73.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 73.
- ^ a b c Halecki 1991, p. 75.
- ^ a b c d e Frost 2015, p. 10.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 173.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 195.
- ^ Monter 2012, p. 195.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 97.
- ^ a b c Halecki 1991, p. 99.
- ^ a b c d Halecki 1991, p. 100.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 66, 100.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 69–70.
- ^ Frost 2015, p. 11.
- ^ a b c d e Halecki 1991, p. 101.
- ^ Frost 2015, p. 15.
- ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 104.
- ^ a b Deletant 1986, p. 202.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 71, 104.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 103–104.
- ^ a b c d Halecki 1991, p. 106.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 101, 106.
- ^ a b c d Halecki 1991, p. 107.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 107–108.
- ^ a b c d Halecki 1991, p. 108.
- ^ Frost 2015, p. 16.
- ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 109.
- ^ Jackson 1999, p. 188.
- ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 113.
- ^ The Annals of Jan Długosz (A.D. 1384), p. 344.
- ^ Davies 2005, p. 91.
- ^ a b Frost 2015, p. 17 (note 38).
- ^ Knoll 2011, p. 37.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 114–115.
- ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 114.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 116.
- ^ Frost 2015, p. 17.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 116–117.
- ^ a b Frost 2015, pp. 17, 33.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 117.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 118.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 121–123.
- ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 123.
- ^ Frost 2015, p. 3.
- ^ a b The Annals of Jan Długosz (A.D. 1385), p. 345.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 127.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 129.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 127, 129.
- ^ a b c d Frost 2015, p. 34.
- ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 130.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 131.
- ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 132.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 132-135.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 132–133.
- ^ a b c Halecki 1991, p. 135.
- ^ The Annals of Jan Długosz (A.D. 1385 and 1386), pp. 346–347.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 134–135.
- ^ The Annals of Jan Długosz (A.D. 1385), p. 346.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 138.
- ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 139.
- ^ a b Davies 2005, p. 95.
- ^ Frost 2015, pp. 47, 50.
- ^ Gromada 1999, pp. 434–435.
- ^ Frost 2015, pp. 34, 47.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 157.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 139–140.
- ^ a b Frost 2015, p. 4.
- ^ Frost 2015, p. 49.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 147.
- ^ a b c Monter 2012, p. 74.
- ^ Frost 2015, pp. 49–50.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 150–151.
- ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 152.
- ^ Jackson 1999, p. 190.
- ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 155.
- ^ a b c Halecki 1991, p. 160.
- ^ The Annals of Jan Długosz (A.D. 1386), p. 348.
- ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 158.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 157–159.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 198.
- ^ Engel 2001, pp. 198–199.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 164.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 165–166.
- ^ a b Gromada 1999, p. 435.
- ^ a b c Halecki 1991, p. 166.
- ^ a b c Deletant 1986, p. 203.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 156.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 167–168.
- ^ a b c Halecki 1991, p. 170.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 137, 180.
- ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 180.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 199.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 194.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 195–197.
- ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 198.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 200–201.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 207.
- ^ a b c Halecki 1991, p. 211.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 199.
- ^ a b c Halecki 1991, p. 214.
- ^ a b Engel 2001, p. 201.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 220.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 221.
- ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 222.
- ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 224.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 223–224.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 225.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 226–227.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 230–233.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 233.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 234–235.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 235.
- ^ a b c d e Frost 2015, p. 89.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 236–237.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 237.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 236, 238.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 240.
- ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 247.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 241.
- ^ a b Halecki 1991, pp. 242–243.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 243–244.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 244.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 245.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 252.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 252–253.
- ^ a b Halecki 1991, pp. 256–257.
- ^ a b c Halecki 1991, p. 257.
- ^ Prof. Jadwiga Krzyżaniakowa. "Interview about Queen Jadwiga of Poland" (in Hungarian). Retrieved 23 December 2011.
- ^ Ozog, p. 135, 322
- ^ Wdowiszewski, p. 443
- ^ The astrologer said the Queen would deliver on 18 June, but she delivered on 22 June; Śnieżyńska-Stolot, pp. 5–32
- ^ Wdowiszewski, p. 250
- ^ a b c d e f g Frost 2015, p. 91.
- ^ Brzezińska 1999, pp. 407–408.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 264–265.
- ^ Olbrycht and Kusiak, pp. 256–66.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 365.
- ^ a b c Gromada 1999, p. 433.
- ^ a b c d e Gromada 1999, p. 436.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 263.
- ^ Halecki 1991, p. 265.
- ^ a b Davies 2005, p. 80.
- ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 262.
- ^ a b Halecki 1991, pp. 261–262.
- ^ a b c Gromada 1999, p. 437.
- ^ a b "St. Hedwig of Poland - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online". Catholic Online. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 82, 90.
- ^ Engel 2001, pp. 170–171.
- ^ a b Halecki 1991, p. 115.
- ^ a b c d e Brzezińska 1999, p. 408.
- ^ Jasienica 1988.
- ^ Catholic World Culture Chapter XXIII, pp. 146–151
- ^ "Nowe odcinki "Korony królów" od września w TVP1. Dagmara Bryzek i Wasyl Wasyłyk w rolach głównych (wideo)". www.wirtualnemedia.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 16 August 2019.
Fuentes
Primary sources
- The Annals of Jan Długosz (An English abridgement by Maurice Michael, with commentary by Paul Smith) (1997). IM Publications. ISBN 1-901019-00-4.
Secondary sources
- Brzezińska, Anna (1999). "Jadwiga of Anjou as the Image of a Good Queen in Late Medieval and Early Modern Poland". The Polish Review. The Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America. XLIV (4): 407–437.
- Davies, Norman (2005). God's Playground: A History of Poland, Volume I: The Origins to 1795 (Revised Edition). Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-12817-9.
- Deletant, Dennis (1986). "Moldavia between Hungary and Poland, 1347–1412". The Slavonic and East European Review. 64 (2): 189–211.
- Duczmal, Małgorzata (1996). Jagiellonowie. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie. ISBN 83-08-02577-3.
- Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. I.B. Tauris Publishers. ISBN 1-86064-061-3.
- Frost, Robert I. (2015). The Oxford History of Poland-Lithuania, Volume I: The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, 1385–1567. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-820869-3.
- Gromada, Thaddeus V. (1999). "Oscar Halecki's Vision of Saint Jadwiga of Anjou". The Polish Review. The Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America. XLIV (4): 433–437.
- Halecki, Oscar (1991). Jadwiga of Anjou and the Rise of East Central Europe. Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America. ISBN 0-88033-206-9.
- Jackson, Guida M. (1999). Women Rulers Throughout the Ages: An Illustrated Guide. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-57607-091-3.
- Jasienica, Paweł (1988). Polska Jagiellonów [Jagellonian Poland] (in Polish). Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy. ISBN 83-06-01796-X.
- Knoll, Paul W. (2011). "Religious Toleration in Sixteenth-Century Poland: Political Realities and Social Constraints". In Louthan, Howard; Cohen, Gary B.; Szabo, Franz A. J. (eds.). Diversity and Dissent: Negotiating Religious Difference in Central Europe, 1500–1800. Berghahn Books. pp. 30–52. ISBN 978-0-85745-108-8.
- Monter, William (2012). The Rise of Female Kings in Europe, 1300–1800. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17327-7.
- Sedlar, Jean W. (1994). East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500. University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-97290-4.
- Sroka, Stanisław Andrzej (1999). Genealogia Andegawenów węgierskich [Genealogy of the Hungarian Angevins] (in Polish). Towarzystwo Naukowe Societas Vistulana. ISBN 83-909094-1-3.
- Wdowiszewski, Zygmunt (2005). Genealogia Jagiellonów i Domu Wazów w Polsce (in Polish). Avalon.
- Wolf, Armin (1993). "Reigning Queens in Medieval Europe: When, Where, and Why". In Parsons, John Carmi (ed.). Medieval Queenship. Sutton Publishing. pp. 169–188. ISBN 0-7509-1831-4.
Otras lecturas
- Heinze, Karl (8 December 2003). Baltic Sagas. Virtualbookworm Publishing. ISBN 1-58939-498-4.
- Kellogg, Charlotte (1931). Jadwiga, Poland's Great Queen. The Macmillan Company.
- Rowell, S. C. (2006). "1386: the Marriage of Jogaila and Jadwiga embodies the union of Lithuania and Poland". Lithuanian Historical Studies. Lietuvos istorijos institutas. 11: 137–144. doi:10.30965/25386565-01101007. ISSN 1392-2343.
- Lukowski, Jerzy; Hubert Zawadzki (20 September 2001). A Concise History of Poland. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-55917-0.
- Turnbull, Stephen; Richard Hook (30 May 2003). Tannenberg 1410. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-561-9.
enlaces externos
- St Jadwiga, Wawel Cathedral official page
- Queen Jadwiga Foundation Activities of QJF are inspired by life and achievements of St. Jadwiga Queen
Jadwiga of Poland Capetian House of Anjou Born: 1373/4 Died: 17 July 1399 | ||
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Vacant Title last held by Louis | Queen of Poland 1384–1399 with Vladislaus II (1386–1399) | Succeeded by Vladislaus II |
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