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Guido Jung (2 de febrero de 1876 - 25 de diciembre de 1949) fue un exitoso banquero y comerciante italiano nacido en judío de Sicilia , que más tarde se convirtió al catolicismo.

Fue miembro del Gran Consejo del Fascismo y se desempeñó como Ministro de Finanzas italiano de 1932 a 1935 bajo Benito Mussolini . Jung fue un actor importante en las finanzas internacionales durante el período de entreguerras, lideró las negociaciones italianas con los Estados Unidos sobre cuestiones arancelarias, dirigió las conversaciones económicas italo-alemanas con Hermann Göring y representó a Italia en la Conferencia Económica de Londres durante la cual fue anunciado en informes de prensa. por su tacto diplomático.

Jung fue finalmente marginado por Mussolini debido a su herencia judía, a pesar de los informes de la Organización para la Vigilancia y Represión del Antifascismo que lo describían como un fascista disciplinado y leal. Después de la rendición de Italia, Jung se desempeñó brevemente como ministro de Finanzas por segunda vez, en 1944, bajo Pietro Badoglio, pero fue despedido después de tres meses por acusaciones sobre el alcance y la profundidad de sus raíces en el Partido Nacional Fascista . Aunque era un fascista fanático, Jung trazó una clara distinción entre el fascismo y el nazismo , una vez comparó al Partido Nazi con un bebé y más tarde, según los informes, llamó a Adolf Hitler un "tonto".

Un oficial de artillería en el ejército italiano durante las dos guerras mundiales, Jung comandó tropas tanto en Europa como en África. Por varios actos de valentía en combate, fue condecorado con la Medalla de Plata al Valor Militar en cuatro ocasiones distintas. Fue creado caballero de la Orden de la Corona de Italia por Victor Emmanuel III .

Vida temprana [ editar ]

Jung nació en Sicilia en el seno de una rica familia de comerciantes judíos ortodoxos que había emigrado de Alemania. [3] [4] [5] Cuando era joven, emprendió un aprendizaje empresarial en Londres. [6]

Carrera [ editar ]

Sector privado y servicio militar [ editar ]

Jung se hizo cargo del negocio familiar de importación de frutas y lo dirigió para lograr un éxito comercial continuo. [3] También sirvió en la junta directiva del Banco de Palermo, en reconocimiento a lo cual fue, en 1906, investido en la Orden de la Corona de Italia con el grado de Cavaliere . [3]

Durante la Primera Guerra Mundial , Jung sirvió en el 25 ° Regimiento de Artillería del Real Ejército Italiano , ascendiendo al rango de capitán y siendo condecorado con la Medalla de Bronce al Valor Militar que, a solicitud del comandante de Jung, se convirtió posteriormente en la Medalla de Plata de Valor militar. [3] [6]

Ministro de Finanzas (1932 a 1935) [ editar ]

Jung, quien en 1922 se había desempeñado como agregado financiero en la embajada italiana en Washington, DC , fue elevado al Gran Consejo del Fascismo en el verano de 1932 en virtud de su nombramiento como Ministro de Finanzas; los ministros superiores del gobierno también eran miembros de facto del Gran Consejo. [7] [3] [1]

El primer ministro Benito Mussolini razonó en ese momento que "un judío debería estar a la cabeza de las finanzas". [1] [8]

Como ministro principal del gabinete, Jung también fue miembro del Gran Consejo del Fascismo, que se muestra aquí en 1936.

During an official visit by Hermann Göring to Italy, Mussolini assigned Jung to meet with the German minister, prompting David Schwartz of the Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle to write that "it must have been a lesson in tolerance".[9]

In May 1933, he represented Italy to the United States during tariff discussions and was feted with an official dinner at the White House by President of the United States Franklin Roosevelt.[10]

In a subsequent meeting with Mussolini, U.S. ambassador John W. Garrett reported that "he [Mussolini] was very gratified at the cordiality of Jung’s reception in America".[11]

As minister, Jung helped establish the Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale.[12] He was also the Italian delegate to the London Economic Conference and was credited in news reports with "keeping the conflicting elements of the parley from completely disrupting the conference".[13]During the same Conference, he signed an agreement, sponsored by Galeazzo Ciano and at the time kept secret to the world, with the minister of China, T.V. Soong, that concluded the long lasting negotiations for the settlement of the Boxer Indemnity and the outstanding amount of the Skoda loan with Italy.[14]

Political views[edit]

In a 1933 interview with the Jewish Telegraphic Agency, Jung compared Nazism to Fascism by equating it to the difference between "an infant to a ten year-old boy".[5] The following year he is on record as referring to Adolf Hitler as a "blockhead" and a "blatherer".[15]

While he declared there was no anti-semitism in Italy, Jung also dismissed the very existence of anti-semitism, explaining to Emil Ludwig his belief that it was a "doctrine upheld by those sub-Alpine peoples who could not write at the time Rome saw Caesar, Vergil, and August".[5][15]

Later years[edit]

After being released from the cabinet Jung, then aged 59, volunteered for military service in Ethiopia ultimately commanding 6,000 men.[3][16] By this point, Jung had stopped adhering to Judaism. In 1935, he was received into the Roman Catholic faith.[4]

Nonetheless, in 1939, with the enactment of the Italian Racial Laws, he was dismissed from military service. His personal appeals to Mussolini to grant him an exception went unheeded, despite supporting reports from the OVRA that described him as a disciplined and loyal Fascist.[6]

In February 1944, following the Armistice of Cassibile, Jung was again given charge of the finance ministry.[2][17]

The appointment of Jung met with concern from the United States, with the U.S. Army's Psychological Warfare Branch charging that Jung had deep Fascist roots that significantly predated his earlier service as finance minister, possibly extending to the March on Rome.[18]

Jung's second stint as minister was short-lived and he was dismissed after just three months. At his request, he was restored to his military rank and assigned, first, to the 184th Artillery Regiment Nembo in the Italian Co-belligerent Army, and then to the Folgore Mechanized Division.[6] During his service in Africa, and his later service in Europe, he would receive a total of three additional Silver Military Medals of Valor.[6]

Personal life[edit]

At least two of Jung's brothers also served in the Royal Italian Army during World War I.[3] Guido Jung died in Sicily.[6]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c "Guido Jung Dies in Sicily". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. newspapers.com. Associated Press. December 28, 1949. Retrieved March 9, 2018. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
  2. ^ a b "Marshal Badoglio Appoints Two Jews to His Cabinet; Breaks Anti-Jewish Tradition". Jewish Telegraph Agency. November 18, 1943. Retrieved March 9, 2018. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Giuntini, Elisa. "Guido Jung, Imprenditore". isspe.it (in Sicilian). Sicilian Institute for the Study of Politics and Economics. Retrieved March 9, 2018. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
  4. ^ a b Sarfatti, Michele (2006). The Jews in Mussolini's Italy: From Equality to Persecution. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0299217345.
  5. ^ a b c "Jung, Italian Envoy, Arrives to Confer with Roosevelt". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. May 3, 1933. Retrieved March 10, 2018. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
  6. ^ a b c d e f Raspagliesi, Roberta (2012). Guido Jung. Imprenditore ebreo e ministro fascista: Imprenditore ebreo e ministro fascista. FrancoAngeli. pp. 102, 236–44. ISBN 8856863669.
  7. ^ Register of the Department of State. U.S. Department of State. 1922. p. 249.
  8. ^ Waagenaar, Sam (1974). The Pope's Jews (PDF). Alcove Press. p. 172. ISBN 0856570265.
  9. ^ Schwartz, David (May 19, 1933). "By the Way". Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved March 9, 2018. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)(subscription required)
  10. ^ "Guido Jung of Italy at White House". Hartford Courant. newspapers.com. Associated Press. May 3, 1933. Retrieved March 9, 2018. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)(subscription required)
  11. ^ "The Ambassador in Italy (Garrett) to the Secretary of State". history.state.gov. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved March 10, 2018. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
  12. ^ Lilli, Manlio. "L'Iri tra Mussolini e Beneduce, il suo "scienziato dell'economia"". istitutodipolitica.it. Istituto di Politica. Retrieved March 10, 2018. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
  13. ^ "Italy's Peacemaker Helps Save Parley". Akron Beacon Journal. newspapers.com. June 22, 1933. Retrieved March 9, 2018. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)(subscription required)
  14. ^ Coco, Orazio (16 June 2020). "Sino-Italian relations told through the archive's papers of the Banca Italiana per la Cina (1919–1943)". Journal of Modern Italian Studies: 11–14. doi:10.1080/1354571x.2020.1741941.
  15. ^ a b Van Arkel, Dik (2009). The Drawing of the Mark of Cain: A Socio-historical Analysis of the Growth of Anti-Jewish Stereotypes. Amsterdam University Press. p. 333. ISBN 908964041X.
  16. ^ Zalampas, Michael (1989). Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich in American Magazines, 1923–1939. Popular Press. p. 112. ISBN 0879724625.
  17. ^ "Premier Badoglio Revamps Cabinet, Adds Ministers". Baltimore Sun. newspapers.com. Associated Press. February 18, 1944. Retrieved March 9, 2018. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)(subscription required)
  18. ^ Domenico, Roy (1991). Italian Fascists on Trial, 1943–1948. University of North Carolina Press. p. 16.