Harold Stephen Black (14 de abril de 1898 - 11 de diciembre de 1983) fue un ingeniero eléctrico estadounidense que revolucionó el campo de la electrónica aplicada al descubrir el amplificador de retroalimentación negativa en 1927. Para algunos, su descubrimiento se considera el avance más importante del siglo XX. siglo en el campo de la electrónica , ya que tiene un amplio campo de aplicación. Esto se debe a que todos los dispositivos electrónicos (tubos de vacío, transistores bipolares y transistores MOS) son intrínsecamente no lineales, pero pueden hacerse sustancialmente lineales con la aplicación de retroalimentación negativa. La retroalimentación negativa funciona sacrificando la ganancia por una mayor linealidad (o en otras palabras, una menor distorsión / intermodulación). Al sacrificar la ganancia, también tiene el efecto adicional de aumentar el ancho de banda del amplificador. Sin embargo, un amplificador de retroalimentación negativa puede ser inestable y oscilar. Una vez que se resuelve el problema de estabilidad, el amplificador de retroalimentación negativa es extremadamente útil en el campo de la electrónica. Black publicó un artículo famoso, Amplificadores de retroalimentación estabilizados , en 1934.
Harold Stephen Black | |
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Nació | |
Fallecido | 11 de diciembre de 1983 | (85 años)
Nacionalidad | Estados Unidos |
Alma mater | Worcester Polytechnic Institute |
Known for | negative feedback |
Scientific career | |
Fields | Electrical engineer |
Biography
He was born in Leominster, Massachusetts in 1898. He went to Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) for his first degree. Subsequently, he received a B.S.S. in Electrical Engineering from WPI in 1921 and then joined Western Electric, which was the manufacturing arm of AT&T. He joined Bell Labs (1925), where he was a member of technical staff until his retirement (1963).
Black started writing his autobiography with the tentative title "Before the ferry docked".[1] However, he died in December 1983 at age 85 before he could finish it.
Work
Amplifiers are unavoidably non-linear. Therefore, every time a signal is amplified in a telecommunications network, which can happen dozens of times in a circuit, noise and distortion are added. Black first invented the feed-forward amplifier which compares the input and output signals and then negatively amplifies the distortion and combines the two signals, canceling out some of the distortion. This amplifier design improved, but did not solve, the problems of transcontinental telecommunication.[2]
After years of work Black invented the negative feedback amplifier which uses negative feedback to reduce the gain of a high-gain, non-linear amplifier and makes it act as a low-gain, linear amplifier with much lower noise and distortion. The Negative feedback amplifier allowed Bell system to reduce overcrowding of lines and extend its long-distance network by means of carrier telephony. It enabled the design of accurate fire-control systems in World War II, and it formed the basis of early operational amplifiers, as well as precise, variable-frequency audio oscillators.[2]
According to Black[3] he got his inspiration to invent the negative feedback amplifier when he was traveling from New Jersey to New York City by taking a ferry to cross the Hudson River in August 1927. Having nothing to write on he sketched his thoughts on a misprinted page of the New York Times and then signed and dated it.[2] At that time, Bell Laboratories headquarters were located in 463 West Street, Manhattan, New York City instead of New Jersey and he lived in New Jersey such that he took the ferry every morning to go to work.
Fifty years after his 1927 invention, he published an article in IEEE Spectrum regarding the historical background of his invention.[3] He published a classical paper on negative feedback amplifier in 1934,[4] which has been re-printed in the Proceedings of IEEE two times in 1984 and 1999[5][6] Inside his 1934 classical paper "Stabilized feed-back amplifiers", he mentioned Harry Nyquist's work on stability criterion because a negative feedback amplifier can be unstable and oscillate. Thus, with the help of Nyquist's theory, he managed to demonstrate a stable negative feedback amplifier which can be used in reality. Bernard Friedland wrote an introduction for the 1999 re-print in Proc. IEEE.[7] James E. Brittain wrote about him in 1997.[1][3] An obituary regarding Black was published by IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control in 1984.[8]
He also worked on pulse-code modulation and wrote a book on "Modulation Theory" (Van Nostrand, 1953). He held many patents the most famous of which was US Patent 2,102,671 "Wave Translation System", which was issued to Bell Laboratories in 1937, covering the negative feedback amplifier.[9]
Awards
- National Inventors Hall of Fame inductee number 25, 1981[10]
- Robert H. Goddard Award from WPI 1981
- AIEE Lamme Medal 1958[11]
- D. Eng. degree (honorary) from WPI 1955
- Research Corporation Scientific Award 1952
- John H. Potts Memorial Award of the Audio Engineering Society
- John Price Wetherill Medal of the Franklin Institute
- Certificate of Appreciation from the US War Department.
- WPI gives away the annual Harold S. Black Scholarship (1992-)
References
- ^ a b J.E. Brittain., "Scanning the past: Harold S. Black and the negative feedback amplifier", Proc. IEEE, vol. 85, no. 8, pp. 1335-1336, Aug. 1997.
- ^ a b c Harold Black and the Negative-Feedback Amplifier, Ronald Kline, IEEE Control Systems Magazine, Aug 1993, Volume 13, Issue 4, Pages 82-85
- ^ a b c Harold S. Black, "Inventing the negative feedback amplifier", IEEE Spectrum, vol. 14, pp. 54-60, Dec. 1977. (50th anniversary of Black's invention of negative feedback amplifier)
- ^ H.S. Black, "Stabilized feed-back amplifiers", Electrical Engineering, vol. 53, pp. 114-120, Jan. 1934.
- ^ H.S. Black, Stabilized feed-back amplifiers, Proc. IEEE, vol. 72, no. 6, pp. 716-722, June 1984.
- ^ H.S. Black, Stabilized feed-back amplifiers, Proc. IEEE, vol. 87, no. 2, pp. 379-385, Feb. 1999.
- ^ B. Friedland, Introduction to "Stabilized feed-back amplifiers", Proc. IEEE, vol. 87, no. 2, pp. 376-378, Feb. 1999.
- ^ * C.A. Desoer, In memoriam: Harold Stephen Black, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, vol. AC-29, no. 8, pp. 673-674, Aug. 1984.
- ^ U.S. Patent 2,102,671
- ^ HS Black Archived 2002-12-16 at the Wayback Machine in the Hall of fame.
- ^ "IEEE Lamme Medal Recipients". IEEE. Retrieved December 12, 2010.[permanent dead link]
External links
- Harold S. Black Papers at WPI