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Ciervo
Camm hart 500.jpg
Hawker Hart G-ABMR
PapelBombardero ligero
FabricanteHawker Aircraft Limited
DiseñadorSydney Camm
Primer vueloJunio ​​de 1928
Introducción1930
Retirado1943
Usuario principalfuerza Aérea Royal
VariantesHawker Hind
Hawker Héctor

El Hawker Hart era un avión bombardero ligero biplano biplaza británico de la Royal Air Force (RAF). Fue diseñado durante la década de 1920 por Sydney Camm y fabricado por Hawker Aircraft . El Hart era un avión británico prominente en el período de entreguerras, pero estaba obsoleto y ya estaba al margen de los nuevos diseños de aviones monoplano al comienzo de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, desempeñando solo papeles menores en el conflicto antes de ser retirado.

Se desarrollaron diversas variantes principales de la Hart, incluyendo una versión navalised para la Royal Navy 's portaaviones . Más allá de Gran Bretaña, el Hart sería operado por varias naciones extranjeras, incluidas Suecia, Yugoslavia , Estonia , Sudáfrica y Canadá.

Diseño y desarrollo [ editar ]

En 1926, el Ministerio del Aire estableció el requisito de que un bombardero diurno ligero de alto rendimiento de dos asientos fuera de construcción totalmente metálica y con una velocidad máxima de 160 mph (258 km / h). Los diseños fueron licitados por Hawker , Avro y de Havilland . [1] Fairey , que había vendido el valor de un escuadrón de su bombardero Fox de madera en 1925, no fue invitado al principio a licitar según la especificación, y se le envió una copia de la especificación solo después de protestar ante el Jefe del Estado Mayor Aéreo , Hugh. Trenchard . [2] [3]

El diseño de Hawker era un biplano de una sola bahía impulsado por un motor V12 refrigerado por agua Rolls-Royce F.XI (el motor que más tarde se conocería como Rolls-Royce Kestrel). Tenía, según requería la especificación, una estructura metálica, con una estructura de fuselaje de tubo de acero recubierto por paneles de aluminio y tela, con las alas con largueros de acero y nervaduras de duraluminio , recubiertas de tela. La tripulación de dos se sentó en cabinas individuales en tándem, con el piloto sentado debajo del borde de salida del ala y operando una sola ametralladora Vickers de .303 pulgadas (7,7 mm) montada en el lado de babor de la cabina. El observador se sentó detrás del piloto y estaba armado con un solo Lewis arma en una montura de anillo, mientras que para apuntar con bombas, se tumbó boca abajo debajo del asiento del piloto. [4] Se podrían transportar hasta 520 libras (240 kg) de bombas debajo de las alas del avión. [5]

J9052 , el prototipo Hart, voló por primera vez en junio de 1928, de ser entregado al Avión y establecimiento experimental del armamento en la RAF Martlesham Heath el 8 de septiembre. Demostró un buen rendimiento y manejo, alcanzando 176 mph (283 km / h) en vuelo nivelado y 282 millas por hora (454 km / h) en picado vertical. [6] [7] La competencia culminó con la elección del Hawker Hart en abril de 1929. El de Havilland Hound fue rechazado debido a problemas de manejo durante el aterrizaje y debido a su estructura primaria en parte de madera. Mientras que el Antílope Avrodemostró un rendimiento similar y un buen manejo, se prefirió el Hart ya que era mucho más barato de mantener, un aspecto vital para un programa durante las restricciones presupuestarias de defensa que enfrentaron las fuerzas armadas británicas durante la década de 1920. El Fairey Fox IIM (que a pesar del nombre era un avión nuevo), retrasado por el inicio tardío de Fairey en el diseño en comparación con los otros competidores, voló por primera vez el 25 de octubre de 1929, mucho después de que se seleccionara al Hart. [6]

Se construyeron un total de 992 aviones como Harts. [8] [N 1] Se convirtió en el bombardero ligero más utilizado de su tiempo y el diseño demostraría ser exitoso con varios derivados, incluidos Hawker Hind y Hector . Hubo una serie de variantes de Hart, aunque solo se hicieron ligeras modificaciones en el diseño. El Hart India era una versión tropical, el Hart Special era un Hawker Audax tropical , una variante de Hart con equipamiento para el desierto; También se construyó un Hart Trainer especializado que prescindió del anillo de artillero. Vickers construyó 114 de este último modelo en Weybridge entre 1931 y junio de 1936. [9]

El bombardero Hart de producción tenía un motor tipo V de 12 cilindros Rolls-Royce Kestrel IB de 525 hp (390 kW) ; una velocidad de 184 mph (296 km / h) y un alcance de 470 mi (757 km). [10] Era más rápido que la mayoría de los cazas contemporáneos, un logro asombroso considerando que era un bombardero ligero. También disfrutó de una excelente maniobrabilidad, lo que convirtió al Hart en uno de los bombarderos biplanos más efectivos jamás producidos para la Royal Air Force. En particular, era más rápido que el Bristol Bulldog , que recientemente había entrado en servicio como el caza de primera línea de la RAF. Esta disparidad en el rendimiento llevó a la RAF a reemplazar gradualmente al Bulldog con el Hawker Fury . [11]

La demanda fue tal que la producción se repartió entre una amplia selección de compañías aeronáuticas. De los 962 construidos en el Reino Unido, Hawker produjo 234, Armstrong Whitworth 456, Gloster 46, Vickers 226 y 42 fueron producidos en Suecia bajo licencia por ASJA que construyó 18, Götaverken que construyó tres y los Talleres Centrales de la Fuerza Aérea (CVM ) que construyó 21. [12] Se produjeron 1004 Harts. [12]

Historial operativo [ editar ]

El Hart entró en servicio con el Escuadrón No. 33 de la RAF en febrero de 1930, reemplazando al Hawker Horsley, más grande y lento . El Escuadrón No. 12 reemplazó a sus Foxes con Harts en enero de 1931, y durante 1931 se formaron otros dos escuadrones de bombarderos ligeros Hart con base en Gran Bretaña. [13]

Los harts se enviaron a Oriente Medio durante la crisis de Abisinia de 1935-1936. El Hart vio un servicio extenso y exitoso en la Frontera Noroeste , India británica durante el período de entreguerras. Cuatro Hawker Harts de la Fuerza Aérea Sueca entraron en acción como bombarderos en picado durante la Guerra de Invierno de 1939-1940 como parte de un escuadrón de voluntarios suecos, designado F19, luchando en el lado finlandés. Aunque obsoleto en comparación con la oposición del Reino Unido al comienzo de la Segunda Guerra Mundial , el Hart continuó en servicio, desempeñándose principalmente en las funciones de comunicaciones y capacitación hasta que fue declarado obsoleto en 1943. [14]

El Hart demostró ser un éxito de exportación, viendo servicio con la Real Fuerza Aérea egipcia , Real Fuerza Aérea de la India , la Fuerza Aérea de Sudáfrica , fuerza aérea estonia , Rhodesia del Sur , Suecia (donde fue designado B4) y el Reino de Yugoslavia . Los Rhodesian Hardy prestaron servicio en el lado aliado durante los movimientos de apertura del teatro de África Oriental de la Segunda Guerra Mundial.

Swedish Air Force General Björn Bjuggren wrote in his memoirs[15] how his squadron developed dive-bombing techniques in the mid-1930s for their B4s.[N 2] When the Hawker engineers found out, they issued a formal objection, saying that the aircraft had not been designed for that purpose. However, the Swedish pilots proved that the aircraft was up to the task and dispelled their concerns.[16]

Variants[edit]

Hart[edit]

Hart I
Two-seat light bomber aircraft for the RAF. 525 hp Kestrel IB engine.[17]
Hart SEDB
Two-seat single-engined light bomber aircraft for the RAF, powered by a 525 hp Rolls-Royce Kestrel IB, or a 510 hp Kestrel X (DR) piston engine.[18]
Hart (India)
Tropicalised version for the RAF, used by RAF in the North West Frontier of India, with larger radiator and extra equipment.[19]
Hart (C)
Two-seat unarmed communications aircraft for the RAF, a small number were used by No. 24 Squadron RAF; eight built.[20]
Hart Trainer (Interim)
Hart light bombers converted into training aircraft. Two built.[21]
Hart Trainer
Two-seat dual-control trainer aircraft, with reduced sweepback on top wings to compensate for movement in center of gravity caused by removal of military equipment.[22]
Hart Fighter
Two-seat fighter version for the RAF used by No. 23 Squadron RAF, with Kestrel IIS. Later redesignated as the Demon; six built.[23]
Hart (Special)
Tropicalised version for the RAF, used by the RAF in the Middle East. Based on Audax airframe with desert equipment, and de-rated Kestrel X engine.[24][25]
Hart (Testbeds)
Several Harts were used as engine testbeds, including G-ABMR and G-ABTN which were used to test several variants of Kestrel engines. K2434 was used by Napier to test the Napier Dagger I, II and III. K3036 was used by Rolls-Royce to test the Merlin C and E, complete with a ventral radiator.[26]
Estonian Hart
Export version for Estonia, equipped with an interchangeable wheel or float undercarriage; eight built.[27][28]
A preserved Hart of the Swedish Air Force, powered by a Bristol Pegasus radial engine, in Finnish Air Force markings (1976)
Swedish Hart
Light bomber for Swedish Air Force. Four Hawker-built pattern aircraft, powered by a Bristol Pegasus IM2 radial piston engine were delivered in 1934. Following successful evaluation, 42 were built under licence in Sweden by AB Götaverken of Göteborg, powered by a Swedish-built NOHAB Pegasus IU2.[27][28]

Audax[edit]

The Hawker Audax was a Hart variant, designed for army cooperation, seeing much service in the British Empire. The first Audax flew in late 1931 and over 700 Audaxes were produced (including export). The Audax was similar to the Hart, though had some modifications, including a hook to pick up messages. The Audax was armed with a single .303 in (7.7 mm) Lewis light machine gun and a .303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers machine gun. The Audax was powered by a version of the Kestrel engine and had a maximum speed of 170 mph (274 km/h). A number of variants of the Audax were produced, including the Audax India, a tropicalised version of the Audax for service in India and the Audax Singapore for service there.[29]

Audax prototype

The Audax saw service with other air forces, including the Royal Canadian Air Force, the Royal Indian Air Force, the South African Air Force, the Royal Egyptian Air Force, the Royal Iraqi Air Force, the Imperial Iranian Air Force, the Straits Settlements and the Southern Rhodesian Air Force. The Audax saw limited service during the Second World War, seeing service in Africa on the Kenya–Abyssinia border, the latter of which had been occupied by Italy. The Audax also saw service in Iraq, at RAF Habbaniya, west of Baghdad, after the uprising there, the Anglo-Iraqi War; influenced by Axis forces. The battle for RAF Habbaniya: In the days leading up to the battle for RAF Habbaniya crews [Squadron Leader Tony Dudgeon for example] began to upgrade the Audaxs stationed there, despite having received orders forbidding such actions. They fitted some of the Audaxs to carry 250 lb [113 kg] bombs instead of 20 lb (9 kg) bombs. The Audax ended its service by 1945. A derivative of the Audax, the Hawker Hartebeest, a light bomber, was built for the South African Air Force with modifications made from the Audax. Sixty-five of these aircraft were built, the majority in South Africa. The aircraft saw action in East Africa during clashes against Italy who occupied Abyssinia.[30]

Audax of 26 Squadron in 1934

A.V. Roe built 287 Audaxes as part of the RAF expansion scheme during 1935–1937. These did not warrant an Avro type number but between 1937 and 1938, Avro built 24 modernised Audaxes for the Egyptian government, powered by 750 hp (560 kW) Armstrong Siddeley Panther VIA radials. Acknowledging the amount of redesign work done, these were designated the Avro Type 674.

Audax I

Two-seat army cooperation aircraft for the RAF, powered by a 530 hp (395 kW) Rolls-Royce Kestrel IB, or 580 hp Kestrel X piston engine.

Audax (India)

Tropicalised version for the RAF, used by the RAF in India.

Audax (Singapore)

Tropicalised version for the RAF, powered by a Rolls-Royce Kestrel V piston engine, used by the RAF in Singapore and British Malaya.

Canadian Audax

Modified version of the Audax I for the RCAF; one built for Canada.

Egyptian Audax

Six aircraft fitted with the 750 hp Armstrong Siddeley Panther radial piston engine, plus 18 aircraft fitted with the Panther X radial piston engine; 34 built for Egypt.

Iraqi Audax (Nisr)

24 aircraft fitted with the Bristol Pegasus IIM2 radial piston engine, plus ten aircraft fitted with the Pegasus VIP8 radial piston engine; 34 built for Iraq.[31]

Persian Audax

30 aircraft fitted with the Pratt & Whitney Hornet S2B radial piston engine, plus 26 aircraft fitted with the Bristol Pegasus IIM or IIM2 radial piston engine; 56 built for Persia.

Hartebeest

Hawker built pattern aircraft; four built and exported to South Africa.

Hartebeest I

Two-seat general-purpose, ground support aircraft for the South African Air Force, powered by a 608 hp (453 kW) Rolls-Royce Kestrel VFP piston engine; 65 aircraft built under licence in South Africa.

Demon[edit]

Boulton Paul built Demon I of 64 Squadron in 1938

The Hawker Demon was a fighter variant of the Hart light bomber. During air defence exercises the RAF's Siskins and Bulldogs were often unable to intercept the new Hart bombers, which were sometimes instructed to restrict their height and speed in order to give the fighters a chance, which prompted the development of a fighter variant of the Hart.[32]

While the Hawker Fury offered better performance, lower production volumes made it more expensive and therefore it remained available only in small numbers, so when a fighter version of the Hart was suggested, the Air Ministry selected the type as an interim fighter until higher-performance fighters could be bought in larger numbers.[33] The new fighter variant added a second Vickers machine gun, while the coaming of the rear cockpit was angled to give a better field of fire, and a supercharged Kestrel IS engine was fitted. Evaluation of an initial batch of six aircraft, known as Hart Fighters by one flight of 23 Squadron during 1931 was successful, and larger orders followed for the fighter Hart, now known as the Hawker Demon.[34] The Demon's first flight was on 10 February 1933.

305 Hawker Demons were built, including 232 for the RAF.[35] The Demon was powered by varying versions of the Kestrel engine. It had an armament of a single rear .303 in (7.7 mm) Lewis Gun with two fixed .303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers machine guns in the nose. Many were fitted with a hydraulically-powered turret in the rear gunner's position, which had been tested on the Hawker Hart. Demons were also sold to the Royal Australian Air Force. It saw only second-line operations during the Second World War.

Hawker Demons of No. 23 Squadron RAF

Production of the Demon was undertaken by Hawker and by Boulton Paul Aircraft at their Wolverhampton factory, where their last example of 106 to be completed was delivered to the RAF in December 1937.

Hart Two-Seat Fighter
Two-seat fighter version of the Hart for the RAF. Later redesignated as the Hart Fighter.
Demon I
Two-seat fighter aircraft for the RAF.
Australian Demon I
Two-seat fighter aircraft for the RAAF, similar to RAF version but fitted with a 600 hp (447 kW) Rolls Royce Kestrel V engine; 54 built (the first 18 delivered as general-purpose fighters in 1935 and an additional 36 for army co-operation duties delivered in 1936).
Australian Demon II
Two-seat training version for the RAAF, standard Demon fitted with dual controls and provision for target towing, 10 built
Turret Demon
Two-seat fighter version, fitted with a Frazer-Nash gun turret in the rear cockpit.

Hardy[edit]

Hawker Hardy aircraft operating from RAF Ramleh airfield in the 1930s

The Hawker Hardy was a general-purpose variant of the Hawker Hart tropicalised to meet Air Ministry Specification G.23/33 as a Wapiti replacement in Iraq. The prototype was a production Hart which was modified with a modified radiator, a message pick-up hook, water containers and a desert survival kit. The prototype first flew on 7 September 1934, and the first production aircraft were delivered to 30 Squadron in January 1935. The Hardy saw some service during the Second World War, in Africa and the Middle East; the Hardys performing a number of operations against Italian-occupied Abyssinia as well as other areas of Africa. The Hardy also saw service with Southern Rhodesia. The last operational sortie by a Hardy was on 9 May 1941 and most of the survivors were scrapped, although some continued in service as communications aircraft. On 14 May 1941, the Belgian Colonial authorities obtained a Hawker Hardy from the South African Air Force. Painted in Belgian colours, the machine was used for observation missions, but unfortunately overturned while landing at Gambela airfield on 26 May 1941, effectively writing off the aircraft.

Hardy I
Two-seat general-purpose aircraft for the RAF, 47 built excluding one prototype modified from a Hart.

Hind[edit]

Main article: Hawker Hind
Hawker Hind, flying example in Shuttleworth Collection
Hawker Hind (Afghan) flying at Old Warden

The Hawker Hind was a derivative of the Hart and was intended to replace it. The Hawker Hector was a variant of the Hind and was used in the army co-operation role. It saw only limited service during the Second World War with the Royal Air Force. Hectors were also sold to Ireland.

Osprey[edit]

A Hawker Osprey IV on the catapult of the cruiser HMS Enterprise in 1936
A Swedish Osprey ready to launch from the cruiser HSwMS Gotland

The Hawker Osprey was the navalised carrier-borne version of the Hart, performing in the fighter and reconnaissance roles. The Osprey had a single Rolls-Royce Kestrel II engine, and had a max speed of 168 mph (270 km/h). Its armament consisted of a single forward .303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers machine gun and one .303 in (7.7 mm) Lewis gun. The Osprey joined the Fleet Air Arm (FAA) in 1932, with 103 being built, and ended its career in 1944 after serving as a trainer for FAA pilots during the Second World War. By December 1936, Ospreys were being deployed by 701 Squadron based at RAF Kalafrana in the anti-submarine and anti-piracy role. The Osprey was also sold to the Swedish Air Force being used on the seaplane cruiser HSwMS Gotland, which carried six Ospreys. Ospreys were also sold to the Portuguese Naval Aviation and the Spanish Republican Air Force.

Osprey I
Two-seat fleet spotter and reconnaissance aircraft, powered by a 630 hp (470 kW) Rolls-Royce Kestrel IIMS inline piston engine; 37 built.
Osprey II
Two-seat fleet spotter and reconnaissance aircraft, powered by a 630 hp (470 kW) Rolls-Royce Kestrel IIMS piston engine, equipped with redesigned floats; 14 built.
Osprey III
Two-seat fleet spotter and reconnaissance aircraft, powered by a 630 hp (470 kW) Rolls-Royce Kestrel IIMS piston engine, equipped with a dinghy stowed away in the starboard upper wing; 26 built.
Osprey IV
Two-seat fleet spotter and reconnaissance aircraft, powered by a 640 hp Rolls-Royce Kestrel V.[36] Twenty-six built in 1935.[37]
Portuguese Osprey
Two aircraft equivalent to Osprey III built for Portugal and powered by Kestrel IIMS piston engine. Delivered in 1935. Six aircraft more in 1939.[37][38]
Spanish Osprey
One aircraft fitted with a Hispano-Suiza 12Xbrs engine; one built for the Spanish Republican Air Force.
Swedish Osprey
Version for Sweden fitted with a 600 horsepower (450 kW) Swedish-built NOHAB Bristol Mercury radial piston engine and interchangeable wheel and float landing gear. Six built. Given the designation S 9 by the Swedish Air Force.[38][39]

Operators[edit]

Main article: Operators of Hawker Hart and variants
Hart, Audax, Demon, and Osprey operators
Hawker Aircraft's demonstrator Hart airworthy in 1954 painted in their dark blue house colours

Hawker Hart[edit]

  •  Afghanistan
  •  Canada
  •  Egypt
  •  Estonia
  •  British India
  •  Persia
  •  South Africa
  •  Southern Rhodesia
  •  Sweden
  •  United Kingdom
  •  Kingdom of Yugoslavia

Hawker Audax[edit]

  •  British India
  •  Canada
  •  Egypt
  •  Iraq - No. 3 Squadron IqAF[40]
  •  Persia
  •  Southern Rhodesia
  •  Straits Settlements
  •  United Kingdom

Hawker Demon[edit]

  •  Australia
  •  United Kingdom

Hawker Hardy[edit]

  •  United Kingdom
  •  Southern Rhodesia
  •  Belgium (one aircraft, ex-RAF K4316)
  •  Belgian Congo

Hawker Hartebeest[edit]

  •  South Africa

Hawker Osprey[edit]

  •  Portugal
  •  Spanish Republic
  •  Sweden
  •  United Kingdom

Surviving aircraft[edit]

Hawker Hart II G-ABMR, RAF Museum (2007)
Demon I, Shuttleworth Collection
Australia
  • A1-8 – Demon I on static display at the RAAF Museum in Point Cook, Victoria. Delivered 1935, served with No. 3 Squadron RAAF until 1937 when it was wrecked in Tasmania and reduced to components. Restored 1987 by 2AD in Richmond, New South Wales.[41]
Sweden
  • 714 – B 4 on static display at the Swedish Air Force Museum near Linköping, Östergötland.[42]
United Kingdom
  • G-ABMR – Hart II on static display at the Royal Air Force Museum London in London. The 13th off the production line, it first flew in 1931 but never saw military use. Under the civilian registration G-ABMR, it was used by Hawker in various roles, including testbed, demonstration aircraft and a camera aircraft. It flew throughout the Second World War and continued flying until 1971. Still airworthy, it was then transferred to the RAF Museum, on loan from Hawker Siddeley, Hawker Aircraft's successor company. It remains there, painted to represent RAF Hart serial number J9941.[43][44]
  • K4972 – Hart Trainer on static display at the Royal Air Force Museum Cosford in Cosford, Shropshire. Built in 1935 by Armstrong Whitworth, it flew as a training aircraft before being used as an instructional airframe. In 1943, it passed on to the Air Training Corps unit at Nelson Tomlinson School, Wigton, where it remained until recovered in 1962 by a group of aviation enthusiasts. They passed it on to the RAF Museum in 1962.[45][46]
  • K8203 – Demon airworthy at the Shuttleworth Collection in Old Warden, Bedfordshire.[47]

Specifications Hart (Kestrel IB powered day bomber)[edit]

Data from The British Bomber since 1914.[8]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 2
  • Length: 29 ft 4 in (8.94 m)
  • Wingspan: 37 ft 3 in (11.35 m)
  • Height: 10 ft 5 in (3.18 m)
  • Wing area: 349.5 sq ft (32.47 m2)
  • Airfoil: RAF 28[10]
  • Empty weight: 2,530 lb (1,148 kg)
  • Max takeoff weight: 4,596 lb (2,085 kg)
  • Fuel capacity: 83 imp gal (100 US gal; 380 L)[5]
  • Powerplant: 1 × Rolls-Royce Kestrel IB water-cooled V12 engine, 525 hp (391 kW)

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 185 mph (298 km/h, 161 kn) at 13,000 ft (4,000 m)
  • Stall speed: 45 mph (72 km/h, 39 kn) [48]
  • Range: 430 mi (690 km, 370 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 22,800 ft (6,900 m)
  • Time to altitude: 8 min 30 s to 10,000 ft (3,000 m)

Armament

  • Guns: 1 × synchronised forward firing .303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers machine gun, 1 × .303 in (7.7 mm) Lewis Gun on Scarff ring in rear cockpit.
  • Bombs: Up to 520 lb (240 kg) bombs under wings[5]

See also[edit]

Related development

  • Hawker Hind

Related lists

  • List of aircraft of World War II
  • List of aircraft of the Spanish Republican Air Force

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ This excludes the six Hart Fighters, later re-designated Demon, but includes the prototype Audax, Osprey, Demon and Hardy, which were converted Harts.[8]
  2. ^ Bjuggren claims that he got this idea from watching a Hollywood movie with dive bombers.

Citations[edit]

  1. ^ Lewis 1974, p. 146.
  2. ^ Jarrett Aeroplane Monthly May 1995, p. 13.
  3. ^ Taylor 1974, p. 196.
  4. ^ Jarrett Aeroplane Monthly June 1995, pp. 30–32.
  5. ^ a b c Mason 1991, p. 170.
  6. ^ a b Jarrett Aeroplane Monthly May 1995, p. 14.
  7. ^ Mason 1994, p. 205.
  8. ^ a b c Mason 1994, p. 207.
  9. ^ Lewis 1974, pp. 176, 233.
  10. ^ a b Jarrett Aeroplane Monthly June 1995, p. 32.
  11. ^ Lewis 1974, p. 176.
  12. ^ a b "Hawker Hart." aeroflight.co. Retrieved: 4 December 2012.
  13. ^ Thetford Aeroplane Monthly July 1995, p. 51.
  14. ^ Lewis 1974, p. 233.
  15. ^ Bjuggren, Björn (1965). Attack: minnen från trettiofem års flygtjänst (in Swedish). Stockholm: Norstedt.
  16. ^ Lewis 1974, p. 224.
  17. ^ Mason 1991, p. 488.
  18. ^ Mason 1991, p. 492.
  19. ^ Jarrett Aeroplane Monthly May 1995, p. 15.
  20. ^ Mason 1991, pp. 490, 494.
  21. ^ Mason 1991, p. 160.
  22. ^ Mason 1991, p. 161.
  23. ^ Mason 1991, p. 489.
  24. ^ Wixey Air Enthusiast January/February 2002, pp. 57–58.
  25. ^ Mason 1991, p. 159.
  26. ^ Mason 1991, pp. 166–170.
  27. ^ a b Mason 1991, p. 165.
  28. ^ a b Wixey Air Enthusiast November/December 2001, pp. 28–29.
  29. ^ "Hawker Audax and Hawker Hind." 211squadron.org. Retrieved: 13 July 2013.
  30. ^ Arthur, Max. Lost Voices of the RAF. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 20055. ISBN 978-0-34083-813-6.
  31. ^ "MOTORING". The West Australian. Perth: National Library of Australia. 8 November 1934. p. 7. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
  32. ^ Thetford Aeroplane Monthly July 1995, p. 56.
  33. ^ Mason 1992, p. 234.
  34. ^ Mason 1991, p. 219.
  35. ^ "Hawker Demon". www.historyofwar.org.
  36. ^ Marriott 2010, p. 296.
  37. ^ a b Mason 1991, p. 228.
  38. ^ a b Wixley Air Enthusiast January/February 2002, p. 63.
  39. ^ Layman and McLaughlin 1991, pp. 41–42.
  40. ^ Pesach Malovany, "Wars of Modern Babylon", University Press of Kentucky, June 2017, ISBN 0813169437 / ISBN 978-0813169439, fn. 2, p.813.
  41. ^ McGuiness, Paul; Crick, Darren; Cowan, Brendan (29 November 2017). "RAAF A1 Hawker Demon Mk.I & Mk.II". ADF Serials. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  42. ^ "B 4". Flygvapenmuseum (in Swedish). Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  43. ^ "Hawker Hart II". Royal Air Force Museum. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  44. ^ Simpson, Andrew (2013). "INDIVIDUAL HISTORY [G-ABMR]" (PDF). Royal Air Force Museum. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  45. ^ "Hawker Hart Trainer". Royal Air Force Museum. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  46. ^ Simpson, Andrew (2012). "INDIVIDUAL HISTORY [K4972]" (PDF). Royal Air Force Museum. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  47. ^ "HAWKER DEMON". Shuttleworth. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  48. ^ "Hawker Hart". Air Transport Auxiliary Ferry Pilots Notes. (reproduction). Elvington, York, UK: Yorkshire Air Museum, 1996. ISBN 0-9512379-8-5.

Bibliography[edit]

  • Andersson, Lennart (March–April 2001). "Round-Out: Aeroflot Audaxes". Air Enthusiast (92): 79. ISSN 0143-5450.
  • Andersson, Lennart (July 1998). "Histoire de l'aéronautique persane, 1921–1941: La première aviation du Chah d'Iran" [History of the Persian Air Force, 1921–1941: The First Aircraft of the Shah of Iran]. Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire (in French) (76): 2–12. ISSN 1243-8650.
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External links[edit]

  • Media related to Hawker Hart at Wikimedia Commons