Lista de estructuras cósmicas más grandes

Wikipedia list article

Una imagen del cúmulo masivo de galaxias MACS J0454.1-0300.

Esta es una lista de las estructuras cósmicas más grandes descubiertas hasta ahora. La unidad de medida utilizada es el año luz (distancia recorrida por la luz en un año juliano ; aproximadamente 9,46 billones de kilómetros ).

Esta lista incluye supercúmulos , filamentos de galaxias y grandes grupos de cuásares (LQG). La lista caracteriza cada estructura en función de su dimensión más larga.

Tenga en cuenta que esta lista se refiere solo al acoplamiento de materia con límites definidos, y no al acoplamiento de materia en general (como por ejemplo, el fondo cósmico de microondas , que llena todo el universo). Todas las estructuras de esta lista se definen en cuanto a si se han identificado sus límites principales.

Hay algunas especulaciones sobre esta lista:

• La Zona de Evitación , o la parte del cielo ocupada por la Vía Láctea , bloquea la luz a varias estructuras, haciendo que sus límites se identifiquen de manera imprecisa.
• Algunas estructuras están demasiado lejos para ser vistas incluso con los telescopios más potentes. Se incluyen algunos factores para explicar la estructura (como lentes gravitacionales y datos de desplazamiento al rojo ).
• Algunas estructuras no tienen límites definidos o puntos finales. Se cree que todas las estructuras son parte de la red cósmica , lo cual es una idea concluyente. La mayoría de las estructuras están superpuestas por galaxias cercanas, lo que crea el problema de cómo definir cuidadosamente el límite de la estructura.

Lista de estructuras más grandes

Lista de las estructuras cósmicas más grandes

Nombre de la estructura (año de descubrimiento)	Dimensión máxima (en años luz )	Notas
Gran Muralla Hércules-Corona Borealis (2014) [1]	9,700,000,000 [2] [3] [4]	Descubierto a través del mapeo de ráfagas de rayos gamma . Se disputa la existencia como estructura. [5] [6]
Anillo gigante de GRB (2015) [7]	5.600.000.000 [7]	Descubierto a través del mapeo de ráfagas de rayos gamma. La formación regular más grande conocida en el Universo observable. [7]
Enorme-LQG (2012-2013)	4.000.000.000 [8] [9] [10]	Desacoplamiento de 73 cuásares. El grupo de cuásares más grande conocido y la primera estructura que se encontró que superaba los 3 mil millones de años luz.
U1.11 LQG (2011)	2.500.000.000	Involucra 38 cuásares. Contiguo al Clowes-Campusano LQG.
Clowes – Campusano LQG (1991)	2,000,000,000	Agrupación de 34 cuásares. Descubierto por Roger Clowes y Luis Campusano.
Gran Muralla Sloan (2003)	1.380.000.000	Descubierto a través de 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey y Sloan Digital Sky Survey .
Muro del Polo Sur (2020)	1.370.000.000 [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16]	La característica contigua más grande en el volumen local y comparable a la Gran Muralla Sloan (ver arriba) a la mitad de la distancia. Está ubicado en el Polo Sur celeste .
(Límite teórico)	1.200.000.000	Las estructuras más grandes que este tamaño son incompatibles con el principio cosmológico según todas las estimaciones. Sin embargo, aún no está claro si la existencia de estas estructuras constituye en sí misma una refutación del principio cosmológico. [17]
Gran Muralla BOSS (BGW) (2016)	1.000.000.000	Estructura formada por 4 supercúmulos de galaxias. La masa y el volumen exceden la cantidad de Sloan Great Wall. [18]
Filamento Perseo-Pegaso (1985)	1.000.000.000	Este filamento de galaxias contiene el supercúmulo Perseo-Piscis .
Complejo de supercúmulos Piscis-Cetus (1987)	1.000.000.000	Contiene la Vía Láctea y es el primer filamento de galaxias que se descubre. (El primer LQG se encontró a principios de 1982). Un nuevo informe en 2014 confirma a la Vía Láctea como miembro del Supercluster Laniakea.
Supercúmulo de Caelum	910,000,000 [ cita requerida ]	Caelum Supercluster es una colección de más de 550.000 galaxias . Es el más grande de todos los supercúmulos de galaxias . [ cita requerida ]
Gran Muralla CfA2 (1989)	750.000.000	También conocido como el Muro de Coma
Supercúmulo de Saraswati	652.000.000 [19]	El supercúmulo de Saraswati consta de 43 cúmulos de galaxias masivas, que incluyen Abell 2361 y ZWCl 2341.1 + 0000 .
Supercúmulo de Boötes	620.000.000
Supercluster Horologium (2005)	550.000.000	También conocido como Supercluster Horologium-Reticulum .
Supercúmulo de Laniakea (2014)	520.000.000	Supercúmulo de galaxias en el que se encuentra la Tierra
Komberg – Kravtsov – Lukash LQG 11	500.000.000	Descubierto por Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravstov y Vladimir N. Lukash [20] [21]
Proto-supercúmulo de Hyperion (2018)	489.000.000	el proto- supercúmulo más grande y más antiguo conocido
Komberg – Kravtsov – Lukash LQG 12	480.000.000	Descubierto por Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravstov y Vladimir N. Lukash [20] [21]
Newman LQG (U1.54)	450,000,000
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 5	430,000,000	Discovered by Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravstov and Vladimir N. Lukash[20][21]
Tesch–Engels LQG	420,000,000
Draco Supercluster	410,000,000[citation needed]
The Great Attractor	400,000,000
Shapley Supercluster	400,000,000	First identified by Harlow Shapley as a cloud of galaxies in 1930, it was not identified as a structure until 1989.
Komberg–Kravstov–Lukash LQG 3	390,000,000	Discovered by Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravstov and Vladimir N. Lukash[20][21]
U1.90	380,000,000
Lynx–Ursa Major Filament (LUM Filament)	370,000,000
Sculptor Wall	370,000,000	Also known as Southern Great Wall
Pisces-Cetus Supercluster	350,000,000
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 2	350,000,000	Discovered by Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravstov and Vladimir N. Lukash[20][21]
z=2.38 filament around protocluster ClG J2143-4423	330,000,000
Webster LQG	320,000,000	First LQG (Large Quasar Group) discovered[21][22]
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 8	310,000,000	Discovered by Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravstov and Vladimir N. Lukash[20][21]
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 1	280,000,000	Discovered by Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravstov and Vladimir N. Lukash[20][21]
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 6	260,000,000	Discovered by Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravstov and Vladimir N. Lukash[20][21]
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 7	250,000,000	Discovered by Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravstov and Vladimir N. Lukash[20][21]
SCL @ 1338+27	228,314,341	One of most distant known superclusters.
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 9	200,000,000	Discovered by Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravstov and Vladimir N. Lukash[20][21]
SSA22 Protocluster	200,000,000	Giant collection of Lyman-alpha blobs
Ursa Major Supercluster	200,000,000
Komberg-Kravtsov-Lukash LQG 10	180,000,000	Discovered by Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravstov and Vladimir N. Lukash[20][21]
Ophiuchus Supercluster	170,000,000[citation needed]
Virgo Supercluster	110,000,000	Part of the Laniakea Supercluster (see above). It also contains the Milky Way Galaxy, which contains the Solar System where the Earth orbits the Sun. Reported for reference

List of largest voids

Voids are immense spaces between galaxy filaments and other large-scale structures. Technically they are not structures. They are vast spaces which contain very few or no galaxies. They are theorized to be caused by quantum fluctuations during the early formation of the universe.

A list of the largest voids so far discovered is below. Each is ranked according to its longest dimension.

List of the largest voids

Void name/designation	Maximum dimension (in light-years)	Notes
LOWZ North 13788 void	2,953,225,163	One of largest known voids, containing 109,066 galaxies.[23]
KBC Void	2,000,000,000	Proposed void containing the Milky Way galaxy and Local Group as an explanation for the discrepancy in the Hubble constant. Existence is still disputed.[24][25]
LOWZ North 4739 void	1,846,519,147	[23]
LOWZ North 16634 void	1,671,490,791	[23]
LOWZ North 11627 void	1,663,480,400	[23]
LOWZ South 4653 void	1,610,656,174	[23]
LOWZ North 13222 void	1,515,953,518	[23]
Giant Void	1,300,000,000	Also known as Canes Venatici Supervoid
LOWZ North 14348 void	1,277,755,268	[23]
LOWZ South 5589 void	1,110,632,934	[23]
LOWZ North 13721 void	1,095,127,478	[23]
LOWZ North 11918 void	998,539,640	[23]
LOWZ North 5692 void	984,084,406	[23]
LOWZ North 11446 void	944,684,761	[23]
LOWZ North 15734 void	938,657,398	[23]
LOWZ North 16394 void	934,162,968	[23]
LOWZ North 8541 void	917,939,969	[23]
LOWZ South 4775 void	899,557,817	[23]
LOWZ North 12092 void	891,456,102	[23]
LOWZ North 3294 void	887,587,892	[23]
Tully-11 void	880,000,000	Catalogy R. Brent Tully
CMASS South 7225 void	865,252,729	[23]
LOWZ North 14775 void	848,710,096	[23]
LOWZ South 6334 void	846,544,421	[23]
LOWZ North 10254 void	843,061,075	[23]
LOWZ North 13568 void	841,332,448	[23]
LOWZ North 11954 void	827,601,280	[23]
LOWZ North 3404 void	812,324,133	[23]
LOWZ South 3713 void	805,755,351	[23]
LOWZ South 4325 void	804,105,002	[23]
CMASS South 5582 void	796,818,677	[23]
Tully-10 void	792,000,000	Catalogued by R. Brent Tully
LOWZ North 6177 void	789,643,245	[23]
Tully-9 void	746,000,000	Catalogued by R. Brent Tully
B&B Abell-20 void	684,000,000
B&B Abell-9 void	652,000,000
Tully-7 void	567,240,000	Catalogued by R. Brent Tully
Tully-4 void	564,000,000	Catalogued by R. Brent Tully
Tully-6 void	557,460,000	Catalogued by R. Brent Tully
Bahcall & Soneiro 1982 void	554,465,200	This suspected void ranged 100 degrees across the sky, and has shown up on other surveys as several separate voids. [26]
Tully-8 void	554,200,000	Catalogued by R. Brent Tully
B&B Abell-21 void	521,600,000
B&B Abell-28 void	521,600,000
Eridanus Supervoid	489,000,000 (most likely value)	A recent analysis of the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) in 2007 has found an irregularity of the temperature fluctuation of the cosmic microwave background within the vicinity of the constellation Eridanus with analysis found to be 70 microkelvins cooler than the average CMB temperature. One speculation is that a void could cause the cold spot, with the possible size on the left. However, it may be as large as 1 billion light-years, close to the size of the Giant Void.
B&B Abell-4 void	489,000,000
B&B Abell-15 void	489,000,000
Tully-3 void	489,000,000	Catalogued by R. Brent Tully
1994EEDTAWSS-10 void	469,440,000
Tully-1 void	456,400,000	Catalogued by R. Brent Tully
B&B Abell-8 void	456,000,000
B&B Abell-22 void	456,000,000
Tully-2 void	443,360,000	Catalogued by R. Brent Tully
B&B Abell-24 void	423,800,000
B&B Abell-27 void	423,800,000
CMASS North 4407 void	414,002,857	[23]
B&B Abell-7 void	391,200,000
B&B Abell-12 void	391,200,000
B&B Abell-29 void	391,200,000
1994EEDTAWSS-21 void	378,160,000
Southern Local Supervoid	365,120,000
B&B Abell-10 void	358,600,000
B&B Abell-11 void	358,600,000
B&B Abell-13 void	358,600,000
B&B Abell-17 void	358,600,000
B&B Abell-19 void	358,600,000
B&B Abell-23 void	358,600,000
CMASS North 11496 void	342,287,675.8	[23]
1994EEDTAWSS-19 void	342,100,000
Northern Local Supervoid	339,202,240	Virgo Supercluster, Coma Supercluster, Perseus-Pisces Supercluster, Ursa Major-Lynx Supercluster, Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster, Sculptor Supercluster, Pavo-Corona Australes Supercluster form a sheet between the Northern Local Supervoid and the Southern Local Supervoid. The Hercules Supercluster separates the Northern Local Void from the Boötes Void. The Perseus-Pisces Supercluster and Pegasus Supercluster form a sheet separate the Northern Local Void and Southern Local Void from the Pegasus Void.[27]
Boötes void	330,000,000	Also known as The Giant Nothing
1994EEDTAWSS-12 void	328,000,000
CMASS North 15935 void	252,333,851	[23]
SSRS1 4 void	217,437,333.3
GACIRASS V0 void	215,262,960
CMASS North 60 void	210,683,729.8	[23]
SSRS2 3 void	198,302,848
Local void	195,693,600	One of the nearest voids known and contains 3 galaxies.
SSRS2 2 void	183,299,672
SSRS2 1 void	177,102,708
IRAS 1 void	166,399,560
SSRS1 3 void	163,078,000
IRAS 4 void	146,770,200
IRAS 3 void	145,139,420
IRAS 2 void	142,856,328
IRAS 7 void	141,877,860
SSRS2 11 void	139,920,924
IRAS 6 void	135,028,584
IRAS 13 void	131,440,868
Pegasus void	130,462,400	[28] The Perseus-Pisces Supercluster and Pegasus Supercluster form a sheet separate the Northern Local Void and Southern Local Void from the Pegasus Void.[27]
IRAS 8 void	128,831,620
SSRS2 9 void	127,200,840
IRAS 9 void	117,416,160
IRAS 5 void	117,416,160
SSRS2 4 void	116,111,536
SSRS2 5 void	113,502,288
SSRS2 10 void	113,502,288
IRAS 10 void	109,588,416
SSRS1 1 void	108,718,666.7	Located just behind the galaxy concentration Eridanus-Fornax-Dorado.
IRAS 11 void	104,369,920
SSRS2 6 void	104,369,920
CMASS North 10020 void	104,135,087.7	[23]
IRAS 12 void	102,739,140
IRAS 15 void	99,151,424
SSRS1 2 void	97,846,800
IRAS 14 void	93,932,928
SSRS2 8 void	90,671,368
SSRS2 15 void	89,040,588
GACIRASS V1 void	83,169,780
SSRS2 7 void	83,169,780
SSRS2 12 void	81,539,000
GACIRASS V3 void	81,539,000
SSRS2 13 void	72,080,476
SSRS2 14 void	69,471,228
SSRS2 18 void	68,818,916
SSRS2 16 void	66,209,668
GACIRASS V2 void	63,600,420
SSRS2 17 void	61,969,640

See also

• List of most massive black holes
• List of largest galaxies
• List of largest nebulae
• List of largest stars and List of most massive stars
• List of largest exoplanets
• List of astronomical objects
• List of voids
• List of Large quasar groups
• Timeline of knowledge about galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large-scale structure

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