This is a list of government agencies engaged in activities related to outer space and space exploration.
As of 2018, 72 different government space agencies are in existence; 14 of those have launch capability. Seven government space agencies—the French National Centre for Space Studies (CNES), China National Space Administration (CNSA), the European Space Agency (ESA), the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), the (US) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and the Russian Federal Space Agency (RFSA or Roscosmos)—have full launch capabilities; these include the ability to launch and recover multiple satellites, deploy cryogenic rocket engines and operate space probes.
The name given is the English version, with the native language version below. The acronym given is the most common acronym: this can either be the acronym of the English version (e.g. JAXA), or the acronym in the native language. Where there are multiple acronyms in common use, the English one is given first.
The date of the founding of the space agency is the date of first operations where applicable. If the space agency is no longer running, then the date when it was terminated (i.e. the last day of operations) is given. In particular the Soviet space program is not listed since it was not organized as a consolidated agency.
List of space agencies
- The capabilities of the space agencies are color-coded as follows
Civilian
Name | Initialisms/Acronym | Country | Founded | Terminated | Capabilities of the space agency | Ref(s) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Astronauts | Operates Satellites | Sounding Rockets capable | Recoverable Biological Sounding Rockets capable | ||||||
Australian Space Agency | ASA | Australia | 2018, 1 July | — | No | Yes | Yes | No | [1][2][citation needed] |
Belarus Space Agency | BSA | Belarus | 2009 | — | No | Yes | Yes | No | [3] |
Central American Association for Aeronautics and Space (Asociación Centroamericana de Aeronáutica y el Espacio) | ACAE | Costa Rica | 2010 | — | No | Yes | No | No | [4][5] |
El Salvador Aerospace Institute (Instituto Aeroespacial de El Salvador) | ESAI | El Salvador | 2020 | — | No | No | No | No | [6] |
Mexican Space Agency | AEM | Mexico | 2010, 30 July | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | [7] |
Algerian Space Agency | ASAL | Algeria | 2002, 16 January | — | No | Yes | Yes | No | — |
Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization | APSCO | 2005, 28 October | — | No | Yes | No | No | — | |
Austrian Space Agency | ALR | Austria | 1972, 12 July | — | No | No | No | No | [8][9] |
Space Agency of the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azercosmos) | Azercosmos | Azerbaijan | 2021 | — | No | Yes | No | No | [10] |
National Space Science Agency | NSSA | Bahrain | 2014, 9 April | — | No | No | No | No | [11] |
Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy | BIRA IASB BISA | Belgium | 1964, 25 November | — | Yes | No | No | No | [12] |
Bolivarian Agency for Space Activities | ABAE | Venezuela | 2008, 1 January | — | No | Yes | No | No | [13] |
Brazilian Space Agency | AEB | Brazil | 1994, 10 February | — | Yes | Yes | Yes[14] | No | [15][16] |
UK Space Agency | UKSA | United Kingdom | 2010, 1 April | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | [citation needed] |
Bolivian Space Agency | ABE | Bolivia | 2012 | — | No | Yes | No | No | [17][18][19] |
Bulgarian Space Agency | ИКИ-БАН SRI-BAS ИСЗВ-БАН STIL-BAS | Bulgaria | 1987 | — | Yes | Yes | No | No | [20] |
Canadian Space Agency | CSA ASC | Canada | 1989, 1 March | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | [21] |
China National Space Administration | CNSA | China | 1993, 22 April | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [22] |
Colombian Space Commission | CCE | Colombia | 2006, 18 July | — | No | Yes | No | No | [23] |
Centre for Remote Imaging, Sensing and Processing | CRISP | Singapore | 1995 | — | No | Yes | No | No | |
Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems | CCSDS | International Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) British National Space Centre (BNSC) Canadian Space Agency (CSA) Centre National d’Études Spatiales (CNES) China National Space Administration (CNSA) Deutsches Zentrum für Luft und Raumfahrt (DLR) European Space Agency (ESA) Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE) Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Russian Federal Space Agency (RFSA) | 1982 | — | No | No | No | No | — |
Czech: Ministerstvo dopravy České republiky (Ministry of Transport of the Czech Republic – Space Technologies and Satellite Systems Department[citation needed][24]) | [1] Ministry of Transport of the Czech Republic | Czech Republic | 2003[citation needed] | — | Yes | No | No | No | [24] |
Danish National Space Center | DRC DNSC | Denmark | 1968, 1 January | — | Yes | No | No | No | [citation needed] |
Danish Space Research Institute | DSRI | Denmark | 2005, 1 January | 31 December 2006 | No | Yes | No | No | [citation needed] |
European Space Agency | ESA ASE EWO | Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Estonia European Union Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom | 1975, 31 May | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [25][26] |
Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency | GISTDA สทอภ | Thailand | 2002, 3 November | — | No | Yes | No | No | [27] |
German Aerospace Center | DLR | Germany | 1969 | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | [28] |
Hellenic Space Centre (Greek: Ελληνικό Κέντρο Διαστήματος) | ΕΛΚΕΔ HSC | Greece | 2019, 9 August | — | No | No | No | No | [citation needed] |
Hungarian Space Office | MŰI HSO | Hungary | 1992, January | — | No | Yes | No | No | |
Indian Space Research Organisation | ISRO इसरो | India | 1969, 15 August | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [29][30][31] |
Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial | INTA | Spain | 1942 | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | [32][33][34] |
Iranian Space Agency | ISA | Iran | 2004 | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [35][36][37] |
Israeli Space Agency | ISA סל"ה | Israel | 1983, April | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | [citation needed] |
Italian Space Agency | ASI | Italy | 1988 | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | [38][39] |
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency | JAXA | Japan | 2003, 1 October | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [40][41] |
Luxembourg Space Agency | LSA | Luxembourg | 2018, September | — | No | No | No | No | —[42] |
National Space Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan | KazCosmos KazKosmos | Kazakhstan | 2007, 27 March | — | Yes | Yes | No | No | [43] |
New Zealand Space Agency | NZSA | New Zealand | 2016, April | — | No | No | No | No | — |
Korean Committee of Space Technology | KCST | North Korea | 1980s | 2013 | No | Yes | Yes | No | [44][45][46] |
National Aerospace Development Administration | NADA | North Korea | 2013 | — | No | Yes | Yes | No | [47] |
Korea Aerospace Research Institute | KARI | South Korea | 1989, 10 October | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | [citation needed] |
Lithuanian Space Association[citation needed] | LSA | Lithuania | 2007 | — | No | Yes | No | No | [48] |
Malaysian Space Agency | MYSA | Malaysia | 2002 | — | Yes | Yes | No | No | [49] |
National Aeronautics and Space Administration | NASA | United States | 1958, 1 October | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [50] |
National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences | NARSS | Egypt | 1994 | — | No | Yes | No | No | [51] |
National Space Program | NSP | Australia | 1986 | 1996 | No | Yes | No | No | [52] |
National Centre for Space Studies | CNES | France | 1961, 19 December | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | [53] |
Paraguayan Space Agency (Agencia Espacial de Paraguay) | AEP | Paraguay | 2014, 26 March | — | No | Yes | No | No | [54] |
National Commission for Aerospace Research and Development | CONIDA | Peru | 1974, 11 June | — | No | Yes | Yes | No | [55] |
Department of Science and Technology–Advanced Science and Technology Institute | DOST–ASTI | Philippines | 2014 | — | No | Yes | No | No | [57][58] |
Philippine Space Agency | PhilSA | Philippines | 2019, 8 August | — | No | No | No | No | [59][60][58] |
Comisión Nacional de Investigaciones Espaciales | CNIE | Argentina | 1961 | 1991 | No | No | Yes | Yes | [61][62] |
Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales | CONAE | Argentina | 1991, 28 May | — | No | Yes | Yes | No | [61] |
National Institute of Aeronautics and Space | LAPAN | Indonesia | 1964, 27 November | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | [citation needed] |
National Remote Sensing Center of Mongolia[citation needed] | NRSC | Mongolia | 1987 | — | No | No | No | No | [63] |
French: Centre national de la cartographie et de la télédétection (Arabic: المركز الوطني للإستشعار عن بعد) (National Remote Sensing Center of Tunisia)[citation needed] | CNCT | Tunisia | 1988 | — | No | No | No | No | — |
Uzbek State Space Research Agency (UzbekCosmos) | USSRA (UzbekCosmos) | Uzbekistan | 2001 | — | No | No | No | No | [2][64] |
State Space Agency of Ukraine | ДКАУ SSAU | Ukraine | 1992, 2 March | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | [3] |
National Space Organization | NSPO | Republic of China (Taiwan) | 1991, 3 October | — | No | Yes | Yes | No | [65] |
National Space Research and Development Agency | NASRDA | Nigeria | 1998 | — | No | Yes | No | No | [citation needed] |
Netherlands Institute for Space Research | SRON | Netherlands | 1983 | — | Yes | Yes | No | No | [citation needed] |
Norwegian Space Centre | NRS NSC | Norway | 1987 | — | No | Yes | Yes | No | [66] |
Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission | SUPARCO سپارکو | Pakistan | 1961, 16 September | — | No | Yes | Yes | No | [citation needed] |
Portugal Space | PTSPACE PTSPACE | Portugal | 2019 | — | No | No | No | No | [67][68] |
Romanian Space Agency | ASR ROSA | Romania | 1991 | — | Yes | Yes | No | No | [citation needed] |
Egypt Remote Sensing Center (defunct) | EASRT-RSC | Egypt | 1971 | 1994 | No | No | No | No | [51] |
French: Centre Royal de Télédétection Spatiale Berber: Ammas Amrrukan n Tallunt (Arabic: المركز الملكي للإستشعار البعدي الفضائي) (Royal Center for Remote Sensing)[citation needed] | CRTS | Morocco | 1989, December | — | No | No | No | No | — |
Roscosmos | ROSCOSMOS РОСКОСМОС | Russia | c.1992 | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [citation needed] |
Turkish Space Agency (Türkiye Uzay Ajansı) | TUA TUA | Turkey | 2018 | — | No | Yes | Yes | No | [69][70][71][72] |
Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization | SPARRSO | Bangladesh | 1980 | — | No | No | No | No | [73] |
Polish Space Agency | POLSA POLSA | Poland | 2014 | — | Yes | Yes | No | No | [citation needed] |
South African National Space Agency | SANSA | South Africa | 2010, 9 December | — | No | No | No | No | [74] |
Space Research Institute of Saudi Arabia[citation needed] (Arabic: معهد بحوث الفضاء) | KACST-SRI | Saudi Arabia | 1977 | — | No | Yes | No | No | — |
Vietnam National Space Center (Trung tâm Vũ trụ Việt Nam) | TTVTVN or VNSC VAST-VNSC | Vietnam | 2006, 20 November | — | Yes | Yes | No | No | [75] |
Swedish National Space Agency | SNSA | Sweden | 1972 | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | [citation needed] |
Swiss Space Office | SSO | Switzerland | 1998 | — | No | No | No | No | [76][77] |
Turkmenistan National Space Agency | TNSA | Turkmenistan | 2011 | — | No | Yes | No | No | [78] |
United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs | UNOOSA | United Nations | 1958, 13 December | — | — | — | — | — | [79] |
United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space | UNCOPUOS | United Nations | 1959, 12 December | — | — | — | — | — | [80] |
United Arab Emirates Space Agency | UAESA | United Arab Emirates | 2014 | — | Yes | Yes | No | No | [81] |
Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre | MBRSC | Dubai, United Arab Emirates | 2006, 6 February (as EIAST) 2015 (as MBRSC) | — | Yes | Yes | No | No | [82] |
Syrian Space Agency | SSA | Syria | 2014, 18 March | — | No | No | No | No | [83][84][85][86] |
Military
List of space agencies with launch capability
Space agency | Country | Founded | Terminated | Capabilities of the space agency | Ref(s) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Acronym | Multiple Satellites Launch capable | Developed and Deployed Cryogenic Rocket Engines | Operates Extraterrestrial Probe | Recoverable Satellites capable | ||||
Australian Space Agency | ASA | Australia | 1 July 2018 | — | No | No | No | No | [1][2][citation needed] |
China National Space Administration | CNSA | People's Republic of China | 22 April 1993 | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [22] |
European Space Agency | ESA ASE EWO | ESA Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Portugal Poland Romania Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom | 31 May 1975 | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [25][26] |
Iranian Space Agency | ISA ISA | Iran | 2004 | — | No | No | No | No | |
Israeli Space Agency | ISA סל"ה | Israel | April 1983 | — | No | No | No | No | [citation needed] |
Italian Space Agency | ASI | Italy | 1988 | — | Yes | No | Yes | No | [87] |
National Aerospace Development Administration | KCST | North Korea | 1980s | — | No | No | No | No | [citation needed] |
Korea Aerospace Research Institute | [4] 항우연 | South Korea | October 1989 | — | No | No | No | No | [citation needed] |
Indian Space Research Organisation | ISRO इसरो | India | 15 August 1969 | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [29][30][31] |
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency | JAXA | Japan | 1 October 2003 | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [40] |
National Aeronautics and Space Administration | NASA | United States | 1 October 1958 | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [50] |
French: Centre National d’Études Spatiales | CNES | France | 19 December 1961 | — | Yes | Yes | No | No | [53] |
State Space Agency of Ukraine | ДКАУ SSAU | Ukraine | 2 March 1992 | — | Yes | No | No | No | [citation needed] |
Roscosmos | ROSCOSMOS РОСКОСМОС | Russia | ca. 1992 | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [citation needed] |
United States Space Force | USSF | United States | 20 December 2019 | — | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | [88][89][90] |
List of space agencies with human spaceflight capability
Space agency | Country | Founded | Terminated | Accomplished tasks by the space agency | Ref(s | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
National Aeronautics and Space Administration | NASA | United States | October 1, 1958 | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [50] |
Russian Federal Space Agency | ROSCOSMOS RFSA | Russia | December 26, 1991 Dissolution of Soviet Union | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [91] |
China National Space Administration | CNSA | China | 1993, 22 April | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [22] |
List of space agencies with extraterrestrial landing capability
Space agency | Country | Founded | Terminated | Accomplished tasks by the space agency | Ref(s) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Acronym | Controlled impact with surface | Uncrewed soft landing | Uncrewed (automated) rover operation | Automated sample return mission | Circumlunar crewed spaceflight | Crewed Moon landing and sample return | ||||
China National Space Administration | CNSA | People's Republic of China | 22 April 1993 | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | [22] |
European Space Agency | ESA ASE EWO | ESA Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Portugal Poland Romania Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom | 31 May 1975 | — | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | Huygens (spacecraft), though launched and orbited by NASA |
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency | JAXA | Japan | 1 October 2003 | — | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Hayabusa 1 and 2 |
Indian Space Research Organisation | ISRO इसरो | India | 15 August 1969 | — | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | [29][30][31] |
Italian Space Agency | ASI | Italy | 1988 | — | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | Huygens (spacecraft), though launched and orbited by NASA |
National Aeronautics and Space Administration | NASA | United States | 1 October 1958 | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes[5] | Yes | Yes | [50] |
Russian Federal Space Agency | ROSCOSMOS RFSA | Russia | December 26, 1991 (main inheritor of the Soviet space program) | — | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
^ sample successfully taken by OSIRIS-REx, though not returned yet
Expected and proposed future space agencies
Space agency | Country/Countries | Expected date of formation | Current status | Ref(s) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Acronym | ||||
African Space Agency | AfSA | African Union | 2023 | Proposed in 2015. AU plans to launch the agency by 2019 with a proposed headquarter in Cairo, Egypt. Funded by Egypt. See the stamp issued by Egypt on 19 September 2019. | [92][93][94][95][96] |
Armenian Space Agency | ArmCosmos | Armenia | — | Proposed in 2013 with the goal to launch satellites. Negotiating with the International Telecommunications Union to clear the path for its prospective launch. | [97] |
Brunei Aeronautics and Space Agency | BruneiSpace | Brunei | — | Proposed in 2018, at progress stage. | [98] |
Cambodian Aeronautics and Space Agency | Cambodia | — | Proposed in 2016, at progress stage | [99][100] | |
Caribbean Space Agency | Caribbean Community | — | Proposed in 2017, at progress stage | [101] | |
Croatian Space Office | CSO | Croatia | Proposed in 2020, currently operate as NGO Adriatic Aerospace Association (A3), at progress stage | [102] | |
Haiti Space Agency | HSA | Haiti | — | Proposed in 2018, at progress stage | [103] |
Laos Space Agency | LSA | Laos | — | Proposed in 2015, at progress stage | [104][105] |
Latin American and Caribbean Space Agency | CELAC | — | Proposed in 2020, at progress stage | [106] | |
Myanmar Aeronautics and Space Agency | Myanmar | — | Proposed in 2019, at progress stage. | [107][108] | |
Serbian Space Office | Serbia | — | Proposed in 2016, at progress stage. | [109] | |
South American Space Agency | South America | — | Proposed in 2011, at progress stage | [110] | |
Sri Lanka Aeronautics and Space Agency | SLASA | Sri Lanka | — | Proposed in 2009. Immediate goal was to construct and launch two satellites. Sri Lankan Telecommunications Regulatory Commission had signed an agreement with Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd to get the relevant help and resources. | [111] |
Budgets
The annual budgets listed are the official budgets for national space agencies available in public domain. The budgets are not normalized to the expenses of space research in different countries, i.e. higher budget does not necessarily mean more activity or better performance in space exploration.[112][113] Budget could be used for different projects: e.g. GPS is maintained from the US defence budget, whereas ESA's money is used for developing the European Galileo positioning system[citation needed]. The data for authoritarian countries are unreliable. For European contributors to ESA, the national budgets shown include also their contributions to ESA.
Agency (country/region) | Budget (in millions of US $) |
---|---|
NASA (United States) | 22,629 |
CNSA (China) | 11,000 |
ESA (Europe) | 7,430 |
DLR (Germany) | 4,233 |
CNES (France) | 3,384 |
Roscosmos (Russia) | 2,530 |
ISRO (India) | 2,000 |
ASI (Italy) | 1,800 |
JAXA (Japan) | 1,699 |
KARI (South Korea) | 583 |
UKSA (United Kingdom) | 500 |
ASA (Algeria) | 360 |
CSA (Canada) | 246 |
ISAB (Belgium) | 224 |
INTA (Spain) | 211 |
SSO (Switzerland) | 177 |
NSO (Netherlands) | 110 |
SNSA (Sweden) | 100 |
NOSA (Norway) | 97 |
SSAU (Ukraine) | 80 |
ALR (Austria) | 75 |
LAPAN (Indonesia) | 55 |
AEB (Brazil) | 47 |
CONAE (Argentina) | 45 |
PhilSA (Philippines) | 38 |
ISA (Israel) | 14.5 |
ISA, ISRC and ARI (Iran) | 8 |
Country/ region | Agency | Budget (in millions of US $) | Year | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
United States | National Aeronautics and Space Administration | 22,629 | 2020 | [114][115] |
China | China National Space Administration | 11,000 | 2018 | [116] |
Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark European Union Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom | European Space Agency | 7,430 | 2020 | [117] |
Germany | German Aerospace Center | 4,233 | 2017 | [118] |
France | National Centre for Space Studies | 3,384 | 2020 | [119] |
Russia | Roscosmos | 2,530 | 2020 | [120] |
India | Indian Space Research Organisation | 2,000 | 2021 | [121] |
Italy | Italian Space Agency | 1,800 | 2016 | [122] |
Japan | Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency | 1,699 | 2017 | [123] |
South Korea | Korea Aerospace Research Institute | 583 | 2016 | [124] |
United Kingdom | UK Space Agency | 500 | 2017 | [125] |
Algeria | Algerian Space Agency | 360 | 2015 | [126] |
Canada | Canadian Space Agency | 246 | 2018 | [127] |
Belgium | Interfederal Space Agency of Belgium | 224 | 2018 | [128] |
Spain | Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial | 211 | 2018 | [129] |
Switzerland | Swiss Space Office | 177 | 2019 | [117] |
Netherlands | Netherlands Space Office | 110 | 2013 | [130] |
Sweden | Swedish National Space Agency | 100 | 2011 | [131] |
Norway | Norwegian Space Agency | 97 | 2014 | [132] |
Ukraine | State Space Agency of Ukraine | 80 | [133] | |
Austria | Austrian Space Agency | 75 | 2018 | [134] |
Poland | Polish Space Agency | 61.5 | 2019–21 | [135] |
Indonesia | National Institute of Aeronautics and Space | 55 | 2019 | [136][137] |
Brazil | Brazilian Space Agency | 47 | 2018 | [138] |
Argentina | Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales | 45 | 2019 | [139] |
Pakistan | Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission | 45 | 2018–19 | [140][141] |
Philippines | Philippine Space Agency | 38 | 2019 | [142] |
Nigeria | National Space Research and Development Agency | 32.3 | 2019 | [143] |
Australia | Australian Space Agency | 32 | [144][145] | |
Israel | Israel Space Agency | 14.5 | 2019 | [146] |
South Africa | South African National Space Agency | 11.8 | 2014–15 | [147] |
Mexico | Mexican Space Agency | 8.34 | 2010 | [148] |
Iran | Iranian Space Agency, Iranian Space Research Center and Aerospace Research Institute | 8 | 2019–20 | [149] |
Turkey | Turkish Space Agency | 5.4 | 2020 | [150] |
World | All space agencies (Total of listed budgets) | About 60,537 |
See also
- Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
- Comparison of Asian national space programs
- Lists of astronomical objects
- Lists of telescopes
- SEDS
- Lists of spacecraft
- Lists of astronauts
- Lists of space scientists
References
- ^ a b "Australia just launched a brand new space agency". The Independent. 25 September 2017.
- ^ a b hermes (6 October 2017). "Australia sets up space agency with eye on satellite tech". The Straits Times.
- ^ "Belarusian satellite takes pictures of Bahrain, Mozambique". Belarus News: Belarus Telagraph Agency. eng.belta.by. 30 August 2012.
- ^ "Central American Association for Aeronautics and Space – ACAE". Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ "Costa Rica's first satellite scheduled for deployment in one year". Retrieved 25 May 2020.
- ^ esai "El Salvador Aerospace Institute – ESAI" Check
|url=
value (help). Retrieved 18 March 2020. - ^ Lanzamiento de primer nanosatélite en Hidalgo, "Nanoconect 1", muestra de la innovación del fondo. (in Spanish). AEM. Published 11 December 2017.
- ^ Besser, Bruno (January 2004). "Austria's History in Space" (PDF). pp. 25–28. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
- ^ "ESA – Human Spaceflight and Exploration – Other space agencies". 3 January 2007. Retrieved 9 March 2008.
- ^ "Decree of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan on the establishment of the public legal entity "Space Agency of the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azercosmos)"".
- ^ "Bahrain: Launch of National Space Science Agency". Retrieved 11 December 2015.
- ^ "Aeronomy.be – Contact – Who are we?". Archived from the original on 25 February 2006. Retrieved 7 March 2008.
- ^ Magan, Veronica (23 August 2013). "Venezuela: Latin America's Next Space Pioneer?". Satellite Today. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
- ^ Brazil's Atlantic Spaceports SpaceToday. Retrieved 1 March 2011.
- ^ "Presidency of Brazil: Law 8.854 of 02/10/1994 – "That creates the Brazilian Space Agency, and other measures"". Retrieved 6 April 2008.
- ^ "S-30 family". space.skyrocket.de.
- ^ Lin, Zhi. "Bolivia creates space agency for Chinese satellite". Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on 8 April 2010. Retrieved 4 November 2008.
- ^ Carroll, Rory (12 February 2010). "Bolivia to launch satellite into space". The Guardian.
- ^ "China to launch Bolivian satellite in 2013: Chinese Ambassador". Space-travel.com. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
- ^ Space research in Bulgaria is coordinated by the Inter-Department Commission for Space Research Archived 27 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine (Bulgarian: Междуведомствена комисия по космически изследвания) which is composed of the deputy ministers of several ministries and representatives of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
- ^ "Canadian Space Milestones". 4 December 2007. Retrieved 1 April 2009.
- ^ a b c d "China National Space Administration – Organization and Function". Archived from the original on 28 February 2008. Retrieved 9 March 2008.
- ^ "Colombian Space Commission – CCE". Retrieved 1 April 2009.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b "About Space Technologies and Satellite Systems Department – Ministry of transport of The Czech Republic". Retrieved 1 December 2012.
- ^ a b "ESA – About ESA – What is ESA?". ESA. Retrieved 1 March 2008.
- ^ a b "ESA – About ESA – History of the European Space Agency". ESA. Retrieved 1 March 2008.
- ^ "Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency – About Us". Archived from the original on 18 October 2011. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
- ^ "Relaunch - Erklärung". NAV_NODE DLR Portal.
- ^ a b c "About ISRO". isro.org. Archived from the original on 13 October 1999.
- ^ a b c "About ISRO". isro.gov.in. Indian Space Research Organization. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
- ^ a b c "All Missions". isro.gov.in. Indian Space Research Organization. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
- ^ "El astronauta español de la ESA vuelve al espacio". www.esa.int.
- ^ Programas de Alta Tecnología de Nanosatélites Archived 1 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial
- ^ "El Arenosillo". sat-net.com.
- ^ "Realtime Business News, Economic News, Breaking News and Forex News". RTTNews.
- ^ "Iran tests sounding rocket, unveils first homemade satellite | World". RIA Novosti. 28 October 2005. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
- ^ "Iran launches homegrown satellite". BBC News. 3 February 2009.
- ^ ASI official site "ASI MISSIONS AND PROJECTS-ACTIVITY". Retrieved 21 June 2014.
- ^ ASI official site "ASI MISSIONS AND PROJECTS-CASSINI". December 2008. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
- ^ a b "JAXA HISTORY". Retrieved 5 December 2006.
- ^ ライフサイエンス研究 (in Japanese). JAXA. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
- ^ Luxembourg establishes space agency and new fund, SpaceNews, 13 September 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
- ^ "PM introduced new head of Kazakh National Space Agency". kazinform. 12 April 2007.
- ^ "朝鲜宣布发展太空计划抗衡"西方强权"". 民族网. 8 February 2009. Retrieved 26 February 2009.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Despite Clinton, Korea has rights". Workers.org. 25 February 2009. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
- ^ Levs, Josh (13 December 2012). "N. Korea's launch causes worries about nukes, Iran and the Pacific". CNN.
- ^ "National Aerospace Development Administration of DPRK". Korean Central News Agency. 31 March 2014. Archived from the original on 6 April 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
- ^ "Association | Lithuanian Space Association". Space-lt.eu. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
- ^ "Malaysian National Space Agency, Official Website – Background". Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 7 March 2008.
- ^ a b c d "NASA History in Brief". NASA. Retrieved 9 March 2008.
- ^ a b "NARSS official site". Retrieved 1 April 2009.
- ^ "Research Report 43; An Economic Evaluation of the National Space Program". Bureau of Industry Economics RPTS. 41–46. Australian Government Publishing Service. 1992.
- ^ a b "About CNES". Retrieved 1 April 2009.
- ^ Gaskill, Melissa (16 March 2021). "Paraguay's First Satellite Deployed From the International Space Station". NASA.gov. NASA. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
- ^ "PeruSat-1". directory.eoportal.org. eoPortal. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
- ^ a b Parrocha, Azer (13 August 2019). "Duterte signs law creating Philippine Space Agency". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
- ^ Sabillo, Kristine (14 August 2019). "Philippine Space Agency: Is a Filipino in space in the horizon?". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
- ^ a b "PH's Maya-2 launched into space: DOST". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
The (satellite) program (of the DOST) will now transition into the leadership of the newly established Philippine Space Agency, he added.
- ^ Lopez, Virgil (13 August 2019). "Duterte signs law creating PHL space agency". GMA News. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
- ^ "Duterte signs law creating PHL space agency".
- ^ a b "Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales – Background". CONAE. Archived from the original on 21 May 2008. Retrieved 1 March 2008.
- ^ "IIAE Orion". Archived from the original on 5 September 2009. Retrieved 20 June 2009.
- ^ "Remote Sensing activities in Mongolia". Retrieved 1 April 2009.
- ^ "Uzbekistan planning to launch two satellites with Russian help". Red Orbit. 8 June 2004. Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
- ^ Previously named National Space Program Organisation, until 1 April 2005 – "About NSPO/Heritage". Archived from the original on 10 August 2007. Retrieved 1 April 2009.
- ^ "Norwegian Space Centre annual report" (PDF). 2007. p. 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2011. Retrieved 1 April 2009.
- ^ "Portugal Space Agency". 2019. p. 1. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
- ^ "Portugal Just Launched a National Space Agency!". 2019. p. 1. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
- ^ "Turkey launches national space program". Hürriyet Daily News. 13 December 2018.
- ^ "Can Turkey's new space agency curb brain drain?". Ahval. 5 February 2019.
- ^ "Turkey's first sounding rocket passed the Kármán Line". iletisim.gov.tr. 30 August 2020.
- ^ "Turkish firm to develop hybrid rocket tech for 2023 moon mission". Daily Sabah. 28 February 2021.
- ^ "SPARRSO". Archived from the original on 11 March 2008. Retrieved 7 March 2008.
- ^ "Home". SANSA. 14 October 2013. Archived from the original on 7 July 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
- ^ "Vietnam National Space Center – About VNSC". Retrieved 1 April 2009.
- ^ "SSO – Swiss Space Office". Archived from the original on 2 February 2005.
- ^ "Organisation Chart of the SERI". Archived from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
- ^ "TurkmenAlem52E/MonacoSAT launch a success!". Thales Alenia Space. 28 April 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
- ^ "United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA)". Retrieved 7 March 2008.
- ^ "COPUOS Membership Evolution". unoosa.org. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
- ^ "About the Agency – UAE Space Agency". Retrieved 23 July 2016.
- ^ "About Us – Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre". Retrieved 18 January 2019.
- ^ Rupar, T. (18 March 2014). Syria has set up a space agency. Retrieved 14 May 2020, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2014/03/18/syria-has-set-up-a-space-agency/
- ^ Ohlheiser, A. (18 March 2014). Syria Creates a Space Agency in the Middle of its Civil War. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/03/syria-creates-space-agency-middle-its-civil-war/359308/
- ^ Sheldon, J. (13 December 2018). Syria Seeks To Build Satellite, Establish A Space Programme. Retrieved from https://spacewatch.global/2018/12/syria-seeks-to-build-satellite-establish-a-space-programme/
- ^ "Syria Aims for the Stars With New Space Mission". Al Bawaba. 17 December 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
- ^ ASI official missions history "ASI MISSIONS HISTORY". Archived from the original on 15 October 2013.
- ^ "AFSPC Unveils Tribute to Astronaut Airmen". Air Force Space Command.
- ^ Bennett, Jay (6 November 2017). "Space War: How the Air Force Plans to Defend the Final Frontier". Popular Mechanics.
- ^ "U.S. Air Force Looks To Bridge Sounding Rocket Contract Vehicles". SpaceNews.com. 2 November 2015.
- ^ "Russian Space Web". Archived from the original on 5 July 2006.
- ^ Smith, David (5 September 2010). "Africa prepares to join the big boys in the space race". The Guardian.
- ^ Smith, David (6 September 2012). "Sudanese president calls for African space agency". The Guardian.
- ^ "Africa eyes joint space agency". Phys.org. 11 September 2012.
- ^ Ezigbo, Onyebuchi; Okpara, Lois (9 August 2010). "AU to Establish African Space Agency". All Africa.
- ^ "Plans for African Space Agency jeopardized by lack of progress". Physics World. 24 February 2020.
- ^ "Armenia & Azerbaijan: A Caucasus Space Race is On!". Retrieved 17 October 2019.
- ^ "Sultanate of Brunei to host Indian Satellite Tracking and Telemetry Station". SpaceWatch Global. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
- ^ Goh, Deyana (12 January 2018). "China to build and launch Cambodia's first satellite". SpaceTech Asia. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
- ^ Henry, Caleb (12 January 2018). "Cambodia to buy Chinese satellite as relations tighten on Belt and Road Initiative". SpaceNews. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
- ^ "Does The Caribbean Need A Space Agency?". MNI Alive. 6 October 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
- ^ "Adriatic Aerospace Association" (in Croatian). Adriatic Aerospace Association. 21 June 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
- ^ "Haiti Space Agency to be announced at Haiti Tech Summit in partnership with Singapore-based SpaceChain Foundation". Haiti Tech Summit. 13 June 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
- ^ Clark, Stephen (22 November 2015). "China launches first satellite for Laos". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
- ^ Taylor, Nick (14 July 2002). "Laos enters the space age". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
- ^ "Mexico and Argentina lay the foundation for the Latin American Space Agency". Mexicanist. 13 October 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
- ^ "Myanmar Mulling Space Agency; Earth Observation Small Satellite with Japanese Assistance". SpaceWatch Global. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
- ^ Kelly, Tim (12 March 2021). "Exclusive: Myanmar's first satellite held by Japan on space station after coup". Reuters. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
- ^ "Serbia and China sign Space Technology Cooperation Agreement". SpaceWatch Global. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
- ^ "Argentina, with Brazilian support proposes a South American Space agency". MercoPress. 1 September 2011. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
- ^ "SSTL Contracted to Establish Sri Lanka Space Agency". Via Satellite. 18 November 2009.
- ^ "Global Space Revenues and Budgets". The Space Report. 2009. Archived from the original on 28 November 2009. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
- ^ "The Space Report 2011 | Resources". Thespacereport.org. Archived from the original on 12 July 2011. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
- ^ NASA FY 2017 BUDGET REQUEST nasa.gov
- ^ Dreier, Casey (18 December 2015). "[Updated] An Extraordinary Budget for NASA in 2016 – Congressional omnibus increases the space agency's budget by $1.3 billion". The Planetary Society. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
- ^ "In space, the US sees a rival in China". phys.org. 6 January 2019. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
- ^ a b "ESA Budget for 2019". esa.int. 14 January 2019.
- ^ "Das DLR im Überblick". DLR Portal. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
- ^ Un budget exceptionnel, Activité institutionnelle du CNES, retrieved 10 May 2021
- ^ Роскосмос прокомментировал новый бюджет НАСА. vz.ru. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ^ "Dept of Space gets Rs 13,949 crore in Union Budget, Rs 4,449 crore more than last year". India Today. 1 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
- ^ "Exomars and the future of Italy's space". ASI. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
- ^ "Transition of Number of Staff and Budget". JAXA. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
- ^ "기관별 경영공시 한국항공우주연구원". alio.go.kr. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
- ^ UK Space Agency Annual Report and Accounts 2016 to 2017 (PDF), retrieved 22 November 2017
- ^ . 2015 https://asal.dz/. Missing or empty
|title=
(help) - ^ "Canadian Space Agency 2017–18 Departmental Plan" (PDF). 2017.
- ^ "Belgium Gets own Space Agency". 6 December 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
- ^ Infodefensa.com, Revista Defensa (6 April 2018). "El INTA contará con un presupuesto de 188 millones, un 36% más – Noticias Infodefensa España". Infodefensa.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 May 2018.
- ^ "Programmes and Participations". Spaceoffice.nl. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
- ^ "European Commission: CORDIS : ERAWATCH". Europa (web portal). Retrieved 21 October 2013.
- ^ "More about the NSC". Norsk Romsenter. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
- ^ https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/file/text/68/f479611n176.xls. Retrieved 21 June 2019. Missing or empty
|title=
(help) - ^ "Beteiligung Österreichs an Programmen der ESA" (in German). ffg.at. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
- ^ "The National Space Programme 2019-2021: 54 Projects Supporting The Development of The Polish Space Sector Within 3 Years". Retrieved 3 October 2020.
- ^ "RUU APBN 2019" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Ministry of Finance. 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
- ^ "DIPA LAPAN 2019" (PDF) (in Indonesian). PPID LAPAN. 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
- ^ "RELATÓRIO DE GESTÃO DO EXERCÍCIO DE 2018" [2018 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT REPORT] (PDF) (in Portuguese). Retrieved 21 June 2019.
- ^ "POLÍTICA PRESUPUESTARIA DE LA ENTIDAD" [BUDGET POLICY OF THE ENTITY] (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 June 2019.
- ^ "135% increase in funds for space program likely". Daily Times. 4 June 2009. Archived from the original on 15 August 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
- ^ Ali, Kalbe (29 April 2018). "Rs4.7bn allotted for Suparco projects". DAWN.COM.
- ^ Cervantes, Filane Mikee (20 May 2019). "Senate approves creation of PH Space Agency". Philippine News Agency.
- ^ "How much does Nigeria spend on space science and technology?". Space in Africa. 4 February 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
- ^ Corinne Reichert (8 May 2018). "Budget 2018 Government confirms AU41m Space Agency". ZDNet.
- ^ ":: Budget 2018 – New opportunities and jobs for Australian industry". minister.industry.gov.au. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
- ^ "Space program budget (In Hebrew)". Retrieved 7 May 2020.
- ^ "Address by the Minister of Science and Technology, Naledi Pandor MP, on the occasion of the Science and Technology budget vote". Department of Science and Technology. 22 July 2014. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
- ^ "Agencia Espacial Mexicana". AEM. 16 March 2010. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
- ^ "زیر و بم لایحه بودجه سال 99 کل کشور در بخش هوا و فضا". مرکز پژوهش ها. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
- ^ "Türkiye Uzay Ajansı'na (TUA) ayrılan devlet bütçesi 38 milyon TL olarak gözüküyor". BBC News Türkçe (in Turkish). 10 February 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
External links
- Space Law Blog
- Space Agencies Worldwide by UN HDI
- World map showing location of all these space agencies
- Worldwide Space Agencies by UNOOSA