Rumor de Mariano

Rumor de Mariano
Primer ministro de italia
En el cargo 26 de julio de 1973 - 23 de noviembre de 1974
presidente	Giovanni Leone
Precedido por	Giulio Andreotti
Sucesor	Aldo Moro
En el cargo 12 de diciembre de 1968 - 6 de agosto de 1970
presidente	Giuseppe Saragat
Precedido por	Giovanni Leone
Sucesor	Emilio Colombo
Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores
En el cargo 23 de noviembre de 1974 - 29 de julio de 1976
Primer ministro	Aldo Moro
Precedido por	Aldo Moro
Sucesor	Arnaldo Forlani
Ministro del Interior
En el cargo 17 de febrero de 1972 - 7 de julio de 1973
Primer ministro	Giulio Andreotti
Precedido por	Franco Restivo
Sucesor	Paolo Emilio Taviani
En el cargo 21 de junio de 1963 - 4 de diciembre de 1963
Primer ministro	Giovanni Leone
Precedido por	Paolo Emilio Taviani
Sucesor	Paolo Emilio Taviani
Ministro de Agricultura
En el cargo 15 de febrero de 1959-21 de junio de 1963
Primer ministro	Antonio Segni Fernando Tambroni Amintore Fanfani
Precedido por	Mario Ferrari Aggradi
Sucesor	Bernardo Mattarella
Secretario del Consejo de Ministros
En el cargo 18 de enero de 1954-10 de febrero de 1954
Primer ministro	Amintore Fanfani
Precedido por	Giulio Andreotti
Sucesor	Oscar Luigi Scalfaro
Secretario de la Democracia Cristiana
En el cargo de enero de 1964 a enero de 1969
Precedido por	Aldo Moro
Sucesor	Flaminio Piccoli
Miembro del parlamento Miembro del Senado de la República En el cargo 20 de junio de 1979 - 22 de enero de 1990 Distrito electoral Vicenza Miembro del Parlamento Europeo En el cargo 17 de julio de 1979 - 23 de julio de 1984 Distrito electoral Italia nororiental Miembro de la Cámara de Diputados En el cargo 8 de mayo de 1948-19 de junio de 1979 Distrito electoral Verona – Padova – Vicenza – Rovigo Miembro de la Asamblea Constituyente En el cargo 25 de junio de 1946 - 31 de enero de 1948 Distrito electoral Verona – Padova – Vicenza – Rovigo
Detalles personales
Nació	(1915-06-16)16 de junio de 1915 Vicenza , Veneto , Reino de Italia
Fallecido	22 de enero de 1990 (1990-01-22)(74 años) Vicenza , Veneto , Italia
Partido político	Democracia cristiana
alma mater	Universidad de Padua

Mariano Rumor ( pronunciación italiana:  [maˈrjaːno ruˈmor] ; 16 de junio de 1915 - 22 de enero de 1990) fue un político y estadista italiano. Miembro de la Democracia Cristiana (DC), ocupó el cargo de 39º Primer Ministro de Italia desde diciembre de 1968 hasta agosto de 1970 y nuevamente desde julio de 1973 hasta noviembre de 1974. ^[1] Como Primer Ministro, dirigió cinco gobiernos diferentes, apoyados por varios coaliciones. ^[2]

Rumor también se desempeñó como Ministro de Agricultura de 1959 a 1963, Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores de 1974 a 1976 y Ministro del Interior en dos breves períodos, en 1963 y de 1972 a 1973. Rumor también fue Secretario de la Democracia Cristiana de 1964 a 1969 . ^[3]

Vida temprana y carrera

Mariano Rumor nació en Vicenza , Véneto el 16 de junio de 1915. Su padre, Giuseppe Rumor, era el propietario de una tipografía y promotor de una revista local, "The Catholic Worker" fundada por el abuelo de Rumor. Mientras que su madre, Tina Nardi, provenía de una familia liberal . ^[4] Asistió al liceo clásico Antonio Pigafetta en Vicenza, luego se licenció en literatura en la Universidad de Padua en 1939. ^[5]

Tras su graduación, Rumor se convirtió en profesor en un liceo italiano hasta su movilización como teniente en el ejército italiano durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial . Después del Armisticio de Cassibile en 1943 entre Italia y las potencias aliadas , Rumor se unió al movimiento de resistencia italiano . ^[6] Después del final de la guerra, fue uno de los fundadores de las Asociaciones Cristianas de Trabajadores Italianos (ACLI), ^[7] las asociaciones católicas laicas generalizadas, y se unió a la Democracia Cristiana (DC), de la cual se convirtió en uno de los principales líderes del Véneto, muy cercanos al primer ministro Alcide De Gasperi .^[8] En las elecciones de 1946 , Rumor fue elegido con más de 29.000 votos para la Asamblea Constituyente , para el distrito electoral de Verona-Padova-Vicenza-Rovigo . ^{[9] [10]}

Se convirtió en miembro de la recién nacida Cámara de Diputados en 1948 . Las elecciones de 1948 estuvieron fuertemente influenciadas por la confrontación de la Guerra Fría entre la Unión Soviética y los Estados Unidos, y ahora son más conocidas por la guerra política encubierta librada por el Departamento de Estado de los Estados Unidos y la Agencia Central de Inteligencia en nombre de la DC. ^{[11] [12]} Las elecciones finalmente fueron ganadas con un cómodo margen por la Democracia Cristiana de De Gasperi que derrotó a la coalición de izquierda del Frente Popular Democrático , que comprendía el Partido Comunista Italiano (PCI) y elItalian Socialist Party (PSI).^[13] As a deputy he became very close to Giuseppe Dossetti, becoming a member of his Christian leftist wing.^[14]

Political career

First roles in government

Rumor in 1953

In 1950, Guido Gonella succeeded Paolo Emilio Taviani as National Secretary of the DC; the target of the new secretariat was to build a unitary management of the party in support of the government led by Alcide De Gasperi. In this context, Rumor was nominated for the first time as National Deputy Secretary, together with Dossetti.^[15]

The withdrawal from politics of Giuseppe Dossetti, left his faction without a charismatic leader; however, Mariano Rumor played a decisive role in the birth of the new faction, called "Democratic Initiative", which brought together not only Dossetti's followers, such as Giorgio La Pira, Amintore Fanfani and Aldo Moro, but also members of the centrist pro-De Gasperi majority, as Paolo Emilio Taviani and Oscar Luigi Scalfaro.^[16] Rumor himself presented the manifesto of Democratic Initiative, published on a magazine with the same name.^[17] In this text, alongside the declaration of support for De Gasperi and the Atlantic Pact, Dossetti's principles of a Christian reformist party were reaffirmed, with the aim of moving the country towards a "democratic evolution".^[18]

Rumor immediately played a leading role in the faction. This position, led him to hold the first government posts, becoming Undersecretary for Agriculture in De Gasperi's seventh government, a position he also maintained in De Gasperi VIII Cabinet and, after De Gasperi's retirement in 1954, in the short-lived government led by Giuseppe Pella.^[19] In the brief first Fanfani government, from January to February 1954, Rumor was appointed to Secretary of the Council of Ministers.^[20]

In 1954, after the National Congress of Naples, which saw the affirmation of Democratic Initiative and the subsequent election of Fanfani as party's Secretary, Rumor was elected again deputy secretary.^[21] He held this office for the next five years, until Democratic Initiative split up. In fact, many members of the faction, started criticizing the political line of Fanfani's secretariat, who cautiously began to open to the prospect of a collaboration with Italian Socialist Party (PSI).^[22] Prominent members of the faction, including Rumor himself, put the Secretary in minority during the National Congress of March 1959. In this way, Democratic Initiative split up between the followers of Fanfani and the dissident group, now renamed by all Dorotei ("Dorotheans"), from the place where they had gathered before the congress, the convent of the sisters of Santa Dorotea in Rome. The new faction was built around Antonio Segni, Mariano Rumor and Aldo Moro, who was elected new Secretary.^[23]

In the same year, as one of the faction's leaders, Rumor was appointed Minister of Agriculture, in the second Segni's government, a position he would keep in the governments of Fernando Tambroni, and Fanfani.^[24] In this role, Rumor contributed to the definition of one of the first plans for the development and innovation of the national agricultural sector, the so-called "Green Plan".^[25]

Rumor and Giovanni Leone visiting the site of the Vajont Dam disaster

In 1963 election, the DC suffered a sharp decline of consensus.^[26] Rumor was appointed Minister of the Interior in the short-lived government chaired by Giovanni Leone.^[27]

As minister, he had to face one of the most tragic events in Italian republican history, the Vajont Dam disaster.^[28] On 9 October 1963, a landslide occurred on Monte Toc, in the province of Pordenone. The landslide caused a megatsunami in the artificial lake in which 50 million cubic metres of water overtopped the dam in a wave of 250 metres (820 ft), leading to the complete destruction of several villages and towns, and 1,917 deaths.^[29] In the previous months, the Adriatic Society of Electricity (SADE) and the Italian government, which both owned the dam, dismissed evidence and concealed reports describing the geological instability of Monte Toc on the southern side of the basin and other early warning signs reported prior to the disaster.^[30]

Immediately after the disaster, government and local authorities insisted on attributing the tragedy to an unexpected and unavoidable natural event. However, numerous warnings, signs of danger, and negative appraisals had been disregarded in the previous months and the eventual attempt to safely control the landslide into the lake by lowering its level came when the landslide was almost imminent and was too late to prevent it.^[31] The communist newspaper L'Unità was the first to denounce the actions of management and government.^[32][33]

Secretary of the Christian Democracy

Rumor during the 1967 Christian Democratic congress

In January 1964, Rumor was elected Secretary of the Christian Democracy, holding the office until January 1969 and leading the party in a complex phase of government cooperation with the socialists.^[34] In the five years leading the DC, Rumor tried to reassure the moderate electorate, in an attempt to recover the consensus lost in the previous elections.^[35]

Rumor embodied the typical characteristics of the Dorotheans: caution, moderation, the propensity for mediation rather than for decision, attention to practical and concrete topics, rather than to major strategies, the representation of the interests of the provincial middle class, the privileged link with the public administration, with the Catholic world and with direct farmers.^[36] In the general elections of 1968, the DC managed to increase its votes, albeit slightly, gaining 39% of votes.^[37] This result was experienced as a success by the Rumor secretariat and he became a natural candidate for the leadership of the government.

First term as Prime Minister

On 12 December 1968, Mariano Rumor sworn is as Prime Minister for the first time, leading a government composed by Christian democrats, Socialists and Republicans.^[38]

During his first term as Prime Minister, a number of progressive reforms were carried out. A law of 11 December 1969 extended access to higher education to all students holding a higher secondary school diploma. It was formerly limited to students who came from classical, and in some cases, scientific, curricula. A bill, approved on 30 April 1969 introduced broad provisions covering pensions under the general scheme. The multiplying coefficient was increased to 1.85%, applied to average earnings of the best 3 years in the last 5 years of work (maximum pension, after 40 years of contribution: 74% of previous earnings). A social pension was also introduced for people over the age of 65 with low incomes and not eligible for any type of pension. In addition, cost of living indexation for all pensions (with the exception of social pensions) was introduced. A law of 2 February 1970 extended earnings replacement benefits to artisan undertakings in the construction industry.^[39]

Mariano Rumor speaks to the Chamber of Deputies in 1970

In foreign policy, Rumor signed, on 28 January 1969, of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. However his first term as Prime Minister was deeply marked by the Piazza Fontana massacre, a terrorist attack that occurred on 12 December 1969 when a bomb exploded at the headquarters of National Agrarian Bank in Piazza Fontana, Milan, killing 17 people and wounding 88. In the same afternoon, three more bombs were detonated in Rome and Milan, and another was found unexploded.^[40] The attack was planned by a neo-fascist group, Ordine Nuovo ("New Order"), whose aim was to prevent the country falling into the hands of the left-wing by duping the public into believing the bombings were part of a communist insurgency.^[41]

During his first term, Rumor led three different governments. From December 1968 to July 1969, the DC joined with the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) as well as the Italian Republican Party (PRI). Then, from August 1969 to February 1970 he led a DC-only government; its collapse led to a 45-day long period without government, with issues such as Italian divorce law and the status of the Italian Communist Party (PCI) generating instability. After this period, which included an attempt by former Prime Minister Amintore Fanfani to form a government, Rumor led a new coalition with the Socialist, Republican, and Democratic Socialist parties from March until July 1970.^[42]

Interior Minister and assassination attempt

An image of the 1973 Milan massacre, of which Rumor was considered the main target

In 1972, Rumor was appointed Minister of the Interior, in the government of Giulio Andreotti.^[43]

In 1973, Rumor was the target of an assassination attempt, planned by Gianfranco Bertoli, a self-described anarchist. Four were killed during the bombing, and 45 injured, while Rumor escaped alive from it. Bertoli was given a life-term in 1975. Bertoli was an informant of SISMI, the "Military Intelligence and Security Service", at the time. Court proceedings later showed that this connection was one of mistaken identity.^[44]

Second term as Prime Minister

After three years under Emilio Colombo and Giulio Andreotti's ministries, Rumor returned to the office of Prime Minister, first leading a coalition composed of Christian Democrats, Socialists, Republicans, and Democratic Socialists from July 1973 to March 1974. After this government collapsed, Rumor formed a new coalition within two weeks, calling upon the Socialists and Democratic Socialists to join with DC from March until October 1974.^[45][46]

During his second term, the Parliament approved a law on 2 March 1974, with which legal minimum for pensions was raised to 27.75% of the average industrial wage for 1973. A law of 16 July 1974 extended family allowances to INPS pensioners, in lieu of child supplements. While a bill of August 1974 extended hospital assistance to all those not previously covered by any scheme.^[47]

Weathering a cabinet resignation in June 1974, Rumor's final cabinet would fall in October 1974 after failing to come to an agreement on how to deal with rising economic inflation.^[48][49]

After the premiership

Mariano Rumor in 1978

In November 1974, Rumor was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs in Aldo Moro's fourth cabinet.^[50]

During his ministry, he signed the Osimo Treaty with Yugoslavia, defining the official partition of the Free Territory of Trieste. The port city of Trieste with a narrow coastal strip to the north west (Zone A) was given to Italy; a portion of the north-western part of the Istrian peninsula (Zone B) was given to Yugoslavia.^[51]

The Italian government was harshly criticized for signing the treaty, particularly for the secretive way in which negotiations were carried out, skipping the traditional diplomatic channels. Italian nationalists of the MSI rejected the idea of giving up Istria, since Istria had been an ancient "Italian" region together with the Venetian region (Venetia et Histria).^[52] Furthermore, Istria had belonged to Italy for 25 years between World War I and the end of World War II, and the west coast of Istria had long had a sizeable Italian minority population.^[53]

Some nationalist politicians called for the prosecution of Prime Minister Moro and Minister Rumor, for the crime of treason, as stated in Article 241 of the Italian Criminal Code, which mandated a life sentence for anybody found guilty of aiding and abetting a foreign power to exert its sovereignty on the national territory.^[54]

The defeat in the 1975 regional elections led to the removal of Amintore Fanfani from the party secretariat. Rumor was proposed by Moro as the new party secretary, but he was vetoed by some members of his own faction. Due to this veto, Rumor abandoned the Dorotheans, approaching the positions of the new secretary Benigno Zaccagnini. Following the Dorotheans' split, Rumor was slowly excluded from relevant positions in the party and in the government.

In 1979, Mariano Rumor was elected in the European Parliament, where he later became Chair of the Political Affairs Committee in 1980, serving in that post until he left the European Parliament in 1984.^[55]

Death and legacy

Rumor with the President of the Chamber, Nilde Iotti, in 1989

Rumor died of a heart attack in Vicenza on 22 January 1990 at the age of 74.^[56]

In the years since his death, Rumor's legacy has been widely debated.^[57] The Lockheed bribery scandals, of which Rumor was exonerated by the Italian Parliament, took place under his government and culminated in the trials of two former Defense ministers, Luigi Gui and Mario Tanassi.^[58] Rumor was implicated in the scandal after a Lockheed codebook referenced "Antelope Cobbler" as "Prime Minister", which could have been any of Rumor, Aldo Moro, or then-President Giovanni Leone during the relevant time period.^[59] While Leone later resigned from the Presidency due to accusations of corruption, none of the three men were ever convicted of being "Antelope Cobbler".^[60][61][62]

Others have criticized his Presidential Decree No. 1092, a measure which allowed Italian governmental workers to retire after nineteen and a half years of work or fourteen and a half years if they were a woman; such retirees were later termed "baby pensioners" by detractors. The program, instituted in 1973, was terminated in 1992. As of 2014 it was estimated that around half a million pensioners who benefited from the decree were still drawing an average of €1,500 per month.^[63]

Personal life

Rumor never married. During all his lifetime and even after his death, speculations arose around his possible homosexuality.^[64] However, Rumor had always denied these speculations, which would have ruined his career in a social conservative party like the Christian Democracy.^[65]

Electoral history

Election	House	Constituency	Party		Votes	Result
1946	Constituent Assembly	Verona–Padova–Vicenza–Rovigo		DC	29,213	Y Elected
1948	Chamber of Deputies	Verona–Padova–Vicenza–Rovigo		DC	43,002	Y Elected
1953	Chamber of Deputies	Verona–Padova–Vicenza–Rovigo		DC	49,576	Y Elected
1958	Chamber of Deputies	Verona–Padova–Vicenza–Rovigo		DC	61,492	Y Elected
1963	Chamber of Deputies	Verona–Padova–Vicenza–Rovigo		DC	93,735	Y Elected
1968	Chamber of Deputies	Verona–Padova–Vicenza–Rovigo		DC	168,828	Y Elected
1972	Chamber of Deputies	Verona–Padova–Vicenza–Rovigo		DC	266,710	Y Elected
1976	Chamber of Deputies	Verona–Padova–Vicenza–Rovigo		DC	73,729	Y Elected
1979	Senate of the Republic	Vicenza		DC	88,028	Y Elected
1979	European Parliament	North-East Italy		DC	235,478	Y Elected
1983	Senate of the Republic	Vicenza		DC	73,372	Y Elected
1987	Senate of the Republic	Vicenza		DC	81,348	Y Elected

References

1. Scheda di attività di Mariano Rumor, Senato della Repubblica
2. Mariano Rumor, Italian statesman
3. Mariano Rumor – Biografia, Storiologia
4. Mariano Rumor – Dizionario Biografico, Enciclopedia Treccani
5. Mariano Rumor – Biografia, Cinquantamila
6. Mariano Rumor, Patrimonio dell'Archivio Storico del Senato della Repubblica
7. Mariano Rumor e le ACLI vicentine, Franco Angeli
8. "Politician All the Way; Mariano Rumor". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
9. Elezioni del 1946: Circoscrizione Verona–Padova–Vicenza–Rovigo, Ministero dell'Interno
10. Einaudi, Mario The Constitution of the Italian Republic The American Political Science Review vol. 42 no. 4 (pp. 661–676), August 1948
11. Corke, Sarah-Jane (1 May 2006). "George Kennan and the Inauguration of Political Warfare". Journal of Conflict Studies. 26 (1). ISSN 1715-5673.
12. Mistry, Kaeten (May 2011). "Re-thinking American intervention in the 1948 Italian election: beyond a success–failure dichotomy". Modern Italy. 16 (2): 179–194. doi:10.1080/13532944.2011.557224. ISSN 1353-2944.
13. Ministry of the Interior – 1948 Election Results
14. Mariano Rumor, Memorie (1943–1970), p. 12
15. Guido Gonella – Dizionario Biografico, Enciclopedia Treccani
16. La stagione del centrismo, Francesco Malgeri, page 114
17. Il prezzo della democrazia
18. La stagione del centrismo, Francesco Malgeri, page 100
19. Governo De Gasperi VII, governo.it
20. Composizione del Governo Fanfani I, Senato della Repubblica
21. VIII Congresso di Napoli, Della Repubblica
22. III Legislatura, Della Repubblica
23. I Dorotei, Archivio 900'
24. II Governo Segni, Della Repubblica
25. Le "mie carte". Inventario dell'archivio di Mariano Rumor
26. Elezioni del 1963, Ministero dell'Interno
27. I Governo Leone, camera.it
28. Il 9 settembre 1963 il disastro del Vajont: commemorazioni in tutta la regione, Friuli Venezia Giulia
29. "Vaiont Dam photos and virtual field trip". University of Wisconsin. Retrieved 1 July 2009.
30. La cronaca del disastro e il processo, ANSA
31. La tragedia del Vajont, Rai Scuola
32. "Mattolinimusic.com". Mattolinimusic.com. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
33. "Vajont, Due Volte Tragedia". Sopravvissutivajont.org. 9 October 2002. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
34. Mariano Rumor, Enciclopedia Treccani
35. I socialisti e la svolta politica del 1962, Mondoperaio
36. Rumor, quando la politica era capace di includere, Avvenire
37. Elezioni del 1968, Ministero dell'Interno
38. Governo Rumor I
39. La DC ricorda Mariano Rumor, Imola Oggi
40. Bull, Anna Cento and Cooke, Philip. Ending Terrorism in Italy, Routledge, 2013 ISBN 9781135040802
41. "1969: Deadly bomb blasts in Italy". BBC News. 12 December 1965. Retrieved 1 April 2006.
42. "RUMOR IS SEEKING TO STAFF A CABINET". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
43. Governo Andreotti, governo.it
44. "Neofascists cleared of 1973 bomb attack for second time". ANSA. 1 December 2004.
45. "NEW GOVERNMENT IS FORMED IN ITALY". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
46. Ginsborg, Paul (1 January 2003). A History of Contemporary Italy: Society and Politics, 1943–1988. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 9781403961532. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
47. Growth to Limits: The Western European Welfare States Since World War II Volume 4 edited by Peter Flora
48. Paul, Hofman. "RUMOR'S CABINET RESIGNS IN ITALY". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
49. Shenker, Israel. "RUMOR'S CABINET RESIGNS IN ITALY". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
50. Governo Moro IV, governo.it'
51. The Europa World Year, Taylor & Francis Group
52. Ronald Haly Linden (2002). Norms and nannies: the impact of international organizations on the central and east European states. p. 104. ISBN 9780742516038.
53. Valussi, Ressmann (1861). Trieste e l'Istria nelle quistione italiana. p. 62.
54. Aldo Moro e la ferita del Trattato di Osimo, Il Piccolo
55. "Mariano RUMOR". European Parliament. European Parliament. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
56. "MARIANO RUMOR, 74, PREMIER OF ITALY FOR FIVE TERMS, DIES". The Washington Post. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
57. Denis Mack Smith, Modern Italy: A Political History, (London: Yale University Press, 1997)
58. Saxon, Wolfgang. "Mariano Rumor, 74, Italian Chief During Student and Labor Strife". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
59. Philip Willan (12 November 2001). "obituary, November 12, 2001". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
60. Tanner, Henry. "PRESIDENT OF ITALY RESIGNS IN SCANDAL". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
61. Shuster, Alvin. "RUMOR,EX‐PREMIER, LINKED TO LOCKHEED". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
62. Honan, William H. "Giovanni Leone, Italy's Ex-President, Dies at 93". Retrieved 19 August 2018.
63. Hooper, John. "12 people who ruined Italy". Politico. POLITICO SPRL. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
64. Gay di tutto il partito, uscite allo scoperto, Panorama
65. Un premier omosessuale ed ex DC? Ecco chi era, Giornalettissimo

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mariano Rumor.

• Official website – Senate of the Republic

Political offices
Preceded by Giulio Andreotti	Secretary of the Council of Ministers 1954	Succeeded by Oscar Luigi Scalfaro
Preceded by Mario Ferrari Aggradi	Minister of Agriculture 1959–1963	Succeeded by Bernardo Mattarella
Preceded by Paolo Emilio Taviani	Minister of the Interior 1963	Succeeded by Paolo Emilio Taviani
Preceded by Giovanni Leone	Prime Minister of Italy 1968–1970	Succeeded by Emilio Colombo
Preceded by Franco Restivo	Minister of the Interior 1972–1973	Succeeded by Paolo Emilio Taviani
Preceded by Giulio Andreotti	Prime Minister of Italy 1973–1974	Succeeded by Aldo Moro
Preceded by Aldo Moro	Minister of Foreign Affairs 1974–1976	Succeeded by Arnaldo Forlani
Party political offices
Preceded by Aldo Moro	Secretary of the Christian Democracy 1964–1969	Succeeded by Flaminio Piccoli