Markham ( / m ɑr k ə m / ) es una ciudad en el municipio regional de York , en el sur de Ontario , Canadá. Se encuentra aproximadamente a 30 km (19 millas) al noreste del centro de Toronto . En el censo de 2016 , Markham tenía una población de 328,940, [1] [3] que la clasificó como la más grande en la región de York, la cuarta más grande en el área metropolitana de Toronto (GTA) y la 16 más grande en Canadá. [4]
Markham | |
---|---|
Ciudad ( nivel inferior ) | |
Ciudad de Markham | |
Bandera | |
Apodo (s): La capital de la alta tecnología | |
Lema (s): Liderar mientras se recuerda | |
Ubicación de Markham dentro de la región de York | |
Markham Markham en relación con el sur de Ontario | |
Coordenadas: 43 ° 52′36 ″ N 79 ° 15′48 ″ W / 43.87667 ° N 79.26333 ° WCoordenadas : 43 ° 52′36 ″ N 79 ° 15′48 ″ O / 43.87667 ° N 79.26333 ° W | |
País | Canadá |
Provincia | Ontario |
Municipio Regional | Región de York |
Comunidades | Lista de subdivisiones |
Establecido | 1794 |
Incorporado | 1872 (aldea) 1971 (ciudad) 2012 (ciudad) |
Gobierno | |
• Alcalde | Frank Scarpitti |
• Teniente de alcalde | Don Hamilton |
• Órgano rector | Ayuntamiento de Markham |
• diputados | Lista de diputados |
• MPP | Lista de MPP |
Área [1] | |
• Total | 212,35 km 2 (81,99 millas cuadradas) |
Elevación | 200 m (700 pies) |
Población ( 2016 ) [1] | |
• Total | 328,966 ( 16º ) |
Demonym (s) | Markhamite |
Zona horaria | UTC − 05: 00 ( EST ) |
• Verano ( DST ) | UTC − 04: 00 (EDT) |
Área de clasificación de avance | |
Código (s) de área | 905, 289 y 365 |
ISO 3166-2 | CA-ON |
Código GNBC | FDNFZ [2] |
Sitio web | www |
La ciudad obtuvo su nombre del primer teniente gobernador del Alto Canadá , John Graves Simcoe (en el cargo de 1791 a 1796), quien nombró la zona en honor a su amigo, William Markham , arzobispo de York de 1776 a 1807. El primer asentamiento europeo en Markham ocurrió cuando William Berczy , un artista y desarrollador alemán, condujo a un grupo de aproximadamente sesenta y cuatro familias alemanas a América del Norte. Mientras planeaban establecerse en Nueva York, las disputas sobre las finanzas y la tenencia de la tierra llevaron a Berczy a negociar con Simcoe 64.000 acres (260 km 2 ) en Markham Township en 1794. [5] Desde la década de 1970, Markham pasó rápidamente de ser una comunidad agrícola. a un municipio industrializado debido a la expansión urbana de la vecina Toronto . [6] Markham cambió su estado de pueblo a ciudad el 1 de julio de 2012. [7]
A partir de 2013 [actualizar], la industria terciaria impulsa principalmente a Markham. En 2010 [actualizar], los "servicios empresariales" empleaban a la mayor proporción de trabajadores en Markham, casi el 22% de su fuerza laboral. [8] La ciudad también tiene más de 1.000 [9] empresas de tecnología y ciencias de la vida, con IBM como el empleador más grande de la ciudad. [10] [11] Varias empresas multinacionales tienen su sede canadiense en Markham, entre ellas: Honda Canadá , Hyundai , [12] Advanced Micro Devices , [13] Johnson & Johnson , General Motors , Avaya , [14] IBM , [15] Motorola , [16] Oracle , [17] Toshiba , [18] Toyota Financial Services , [19] Huawei , Honeywell y Scholastic Canada . [20]
Historia
Los pueblos indígenas vivieron en el área de la actual Markham durante miles de años antes de que los europeos llegaran al área. Estas personas incluyen la Confederación Haudenosaunee (los iroqueses), los Huron Wendat , los Petun y los Neutrales . [21]
Los objetos recuperados por los propietarios de los molinos locales, la familia Milne, en la década de 1870 dan evidencia de un pueblo dentro de los límites del actual Área de Conservación de Milne. [21]
El teniente gobernador del Alto Canadá , John Graves Simcoe (en el cargo de 1791-1796), nombró al municipio de Markham, al norte de la ciudad de York (ahora Toronto), en honor a su amigo William Markham , entonces arzobispo de York . William Berczy inspeccionó por primera vez Markham como un municipio en 1793, y en 1794 dirigió a 75 familias alemanas (incluidos los Ramers, Reesor, Wheters, Burkholders, Bunkers, Wicks y Lewis) desde el norte del estado de Nueva York a un área de Markham ahora conocida como German Mills . [22] A cada familia se le concedieron 200 acres (0,81 km 2 ) de tierra; sin embargo, la falta de carreteras en la región llevó a muchos a establecerse en York (actual Toronto) y Niágara . Más tarde, German Mills se convirtió en una ciudad fantasma . Entre 1803 y 1812 se hizo otro intento de asentar la región. El grupo más grande de colonos eran los holandeses de Pensilvania , la mayoría de ellos menonitas . Estos artesanos altamente calificados y agricultores conocedores se asentaron en la región y fundaron Reesorville, que lleva el nombre del colono menonita Joseph Reesor. [23] En 1825, Reesorville pasó a llamarse Markham, habiendo tomado el nombre de la aldea no incorporada (ver Markham Village, Ontario ).
En 1830, muchas familias irlandesas , escocesas e inglesas comenzaron a emigrar al Alto Canadá y se establecieron en Markham. [24] Los primeros años de Markham combinaron los rigores de la frontera con el desarrollo de industrias basadas en la agricultura. [ cita requerida ] Los muchos ríos y arroyos del municipio pronto apoyaron aserraderos y molinos de agua accionados por agua y más tarde molinos de madera . Con las rutas de transporte mejoradas, como la construcción de Yonge Street en el siglo XIX, junto con la población en crecimiento, la urbanización aumentó. En 1842 la población del municipio había llegado a 5.698; 29,005 acres (117,38 km 2 ) estaban bajo cultivo (el segundo más alto de la provincia ), y el municipio tenía once molinos y veinticuatro aserraderos. [25]
En 1846, el Canadian Gazetteer de Smith indicaba una población de aproximadamente 300, en su mayoría canadienses, holandeses de Pensilvania (en realidad, Deitsch de Pensilvania o alemán), otros alemanes, estadounidenses, irlandeses y algunos de Gran Bretaña. Había dos iglesias y se estaba construyendo una tercera. Había comerciantes de diversos tipos, un molino, un molino de avena, cinco almacenes, una destilería y un trillador. Había once molinos y veinticuatro aserraderos en el municipio circundante. [26] En 1850 se formó la primera forma de gobierno municipal estructurado en Markham. [27]
En 1857, la mayor parte del municipio había sido despejado de madera y estaba bajo cultivo. Aldeas como Thornhill , Unionville y Markham se expandieron enormemente. [28] En 1851 Markham Village "era un pueblo considerable, con entre ochocientos y novecientos habitantes, agradablemente situado en el río Rouge. Contiene dos molinos ... una fábrica de lana, molino de avena, molino de cebada y destilería, fundición, dos curtidurías, cervecería, etc., un salón de templanza y cuatro iglesias ... ". [29] En 1871, con una población del municipio de 8152, [30] el Toronto y Nipissing ferrocarril construyó la primera línea de ferrocarril a Markham Village y Unionville, que todavía se utiliza hoy en día por los GO Transit servicios de cercanías.
En 1971 Markham se incorporó como ciudad, ya que su población se disparó debido a la expansión urbana de Toronto. En 1976, la población de Markham era de aproximadamente 56.000 habitantes. Desde entonces, la población se ha más que quintuplicado, con un crecimiento explosivo en nuevas subdivisiones. Gran parte de las tierras agrícolas de Markham ha desaparecido, pero algunas aún permanecen al norte de Major Mackenzie Drive . La controversia sobre el desarrollo de Oak Ridges Moraine , que es ambientalmente sensible , probablemente [ ¿investigación original? ] acera el desarrollo al norte de Major Mackenzie Drive y por el Parque Urbano Nacional Rouge al este de Reesor Road entre Major Mackenzie Drive y Steeles Avenue East hacia el sur.
Desde la década de 1980, Markham ha sido reconocido [¿ por quién? ] como un suburbio de Toronto. A partir de 2006[actualizar]la ciudad comprende seis comunidades principales: Berczy Village , Cornell , Markham Village, Milliken , Thornhill y Unionville. Muchas empresas de alta tecnología han establecido oficinas centrales en Markham, atraídas por la relativa abundancia de tierra, las bajas tasas impositivas y las buenas rutas de transporte. Broadcom Canada, ATI Technologies (ahora conocida como AMD Graphics Product Group), IBM Canada , Motorola Canada , Honeywell Canada y muchas otras empresas conocidas han elegido Markham como su hogar en Canadá. En consecuencia, la ciudad ha comenzado a posicionarse como la "Capital de la alta tecnología" de Canadá. La provincia de Ontario ha erigido una placa histórica frente al Museo Markham para conmemorar la fundación del papel de Markham [ aclaración necesaria ] en el patrimonio de Ontario. [31]
El consejo municipal votó el 29 de mayo de 2012 para cambiar la designación legal de Markham de "pueblo" a "ciudad"; Según el concejal Alex Chiu, quien presentó la moción, el cambio de designación simplemente refleja el hecho de que muchas personas ya piensan en Markham como una ciudad. [7] Algunos residentes se opusieron al cambio porque implicará costos desconocidos sin beneficios demostrados. La designación entró en vigor oficialmente el 1 de julio. [7]
Geografía
Markham cubre 212,47 km 2 (82,04 millas cuadradas) y el centro de la ciudad de Markham está en 43 ° 53'N 79 ° 15'W / 43.883 ° N 79.250 ° W / 43,883; -79.250. Está delimitado por 5 municipios; en el oeste está Vaughan con el límite a lo largo de Yonge Street entre Steeles Avenue y Highway 7 y Richmond Hill con el límite a lo largo de Highway 7 desde Yonge Street hasta Highway 404 y en Highway 404 desde Highway 7 hasta 19th Avenue y Stouffville Road . En el sur, limita con Toronto con el límite a lo largo de Steeles Avenue. En el norte limita con Whitchurch – Stouffville con el límite de la autopista 404 a la línea York-Durham entre la 19th Avenue y Stouffville Road. En el este limita con Pickering a lo largo de la línea York-Durham.
Topografía
La altitud promedio de Markham es de 200 m (660 pies) y, en general, consiste en colinas suavemente onduladas. La ciudad está cruzada por dos ríos; el río Don y el río Rouge , así como sus afluentes. Al norte está Oak Ridges Moraine, que eleva aún más la elevación hacia el norte.
Clima
Markham limita y comparte el mismo clima que Toronto . En un día normal, Markham suele estar entre 1 y 2 ° C (1,8 a 3,6 ° F) más frío que en el centro de Toronto . Tiene un clima continental húmedo ( clasificación climática de Köppen Dfb ) y presenta veranos cálidos y húmedos con lluvias significativas que ocurren de mayo a octubre e inviernos fríos y nevados. La temperatura más alta registrada fue de 37,8 ° C (100,0 ° F) el 8 de agosto de 2001 y la temperatura más baja registrada fue de -35,2 ° C (-31,4 ° F) el 16 de enero de 1994 . [32]
Datos climáticos de Markham 1981–2010 ( Toronto / Aeropuerto Municipal de Buttonville ) | |||||||||||||
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Mes | ene | feb | mar | abr | Mayo | jun | jul | ago | sep | oct | nov | dic | Año |
Registro de humidex alto | 16,0 | 14,4 | 29,2 | 35,7 | 41,0 | 44,6 | 50,9 | 47,4 | 43,6 | 37,8 | 24,9 | 20,6 | 50,9 |
Registro alto ° C (° F) | 14,9 (58,8) | 14,9 (58,8) | 26,0 (78,8) | 31,7 (89,1) | 34,6 (94,3) | 36,6 (97,9) | 37,2 (99,0) | 37,8 (100,0) | 34,4 (93,9) | 31,0 (87,8) | 22,1 (71,8) | 18,0 (64,4) | 37,8 (100,0) |
Promedio alto ° C (° F) | −1,5 (29,3) | −0,9 (30,4) | 4,5 (40,1) | 12,1 (53,8) | 19,1 (66,4) | 24,6 (76,3) | 27,1 (80,8) | 26,0 (78,8) | 21,5 (70,7) | 14,1 (57,4) | 7,2 (45,0) | 0,9 (33,6) | 12,9 (55,2) |
Media diaria ° C (° F) | −5,8 (21,6) | −5,6 (21,9) | −0,4 (31,3) | 6,7 (44,1) | 13,0 (55,4) | 18,6 (65,5) | 21,2 (70,2) | 20,2 (68,4) | 15,7 (60,3) | 8,9 (48,0) | 3,1 (37,6) | −2,9 (26,8) | 7,7 (45,9) |
Promedio bajo ° C (° F) | −10,1 (13,8) | −10,2 (13,6) | −5,3 (22,5) | 1,2 (34,2) | 6,8 (44,2) | 12,6 (54,7) | 15,2 (59,4) | 14,3 (57,7) | 9,9 (49,8) | 3,6 (38,5) | −1,1 (30,0) | −6,8 (19,8) | 2,5 (36,5) |
Registro bajo ° C (° F) | −35,2 (−31,4) | −25,7 (−14,3) | −25,6 ( −14,1 ) | −10,1 (13,8) | −2,1 (28,2) | 1,9 (35,4) | 6,9 (44,4) | 4,2 (39,6) | −2,0 (28,4) | −7,4 (18,7) | −15,0 (5,0) | −26,0 (−14,8) | −35,2 (−31,4) |
Récord de sensación térmica baja | −42,6 | −37,4 | −35,6 | −18,6 | −4,4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −4,2 | −8,8 | −23,9 | −36,6 | −42,6 |
Promedio de precipitación mm (pulgadas) | 62,1 (2,44) | 50,5 (1,99) | 53,2 (2,09) | 74,1 (2,92) | 79,6 (3,13) | 82,8 (3,26) | 79,0 (3,11) | 76,2 (3,00) | 81,8 (3,22) | 68,0 (2,68) | 80,0 (3,15) | 65,7 (2,59) | 852,9 (33,58) |
Precipitación media mm (pulgadas) | 26,0 (1,02) | 22,9 (0,90) | 33,6 (1,32) | 66,7 (2,63) | 79,5 (3,13) | 82,8 (3,26) | 78,8 (3,10) | 76,2 (3,00) | 81,8 (3,22) | 66,7 (2,63) | 68,3 (2,69) | 34,2 (1,35) | 717,4 (28,24) |
Media nevada cm (pulgadas) | 38,9 (15,3) | 29,9 (11,8) | 19,3 (7,6) | 7,5 (3,0) | 0,1 (0,0) | 0,0 (0,0) | 0,0 (0,0) | 0,0 (0,0) | 0,0 (0,0) | 0,6 (0,2) | 12,1 (4,8) | 34,2 (13,5) | 142,6 (56,1) |
Días de precipitación promedio (≥ 0.2 mm) | 16,7 | 12,9 | 12,0 | 12,3 | 12,0 | 11,8 | 11,2 | 9,9 | 10,8 | 13,2 | 14,5 | 15,3 | 152,7 |
Días lluviosos promedio (≥ 0.2 mm) | 5.8 | 3.8 | 6,7 | 10,8 | 12,0 | 11,8 | 11,2 | 9,9 | 10,8 | 13,0 | 11,3 | 6.6 | 113,7 |
Días nevados promedio (≥ 0.2 cm) | 13,4 | 10,8 | 7.0 | 2.9 | 0,13 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0,48 | 4,7 | 10,8 | 50,2 |
Humedad relativa promedio (%) (a 1500 LST) | 69,6 | 64,0 | 57,8 | 52,9 | 52,3 | 53,9 | 53,4 | 55,9 | 59,2 | 62,4 | 68,9 | 71,1 | 60,1 |
Fuente: Environment Canada [32] |
Barrios
Markham se compone de muchas comunidades originales del siglo XIX, cada una con un carácter distintivo. Muchos de estos, a pesar de ser técnicamente distritos suburbanos hoy, todavía están firmados con letreros oficiales de "límites de la ciudad" en las carreteras principales:
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Thornhill y Unionville se ven popularmente como comunidades separadas. Thornhill se extiende a ambos lados del límite municipal de Markham-Vaughan (partes de él en ambos municipios). Unionville es una sola comunidad con tres subcomunidades:
- Unionville original a lo largo de la autopista 7 y Kennedy Road
- South Unionville es una comunidad residencial más nueva (a partir de la década de 1990 en adelante) al sur de la autopista 7 a la autopista 407 y de McCowan a Kennedy Road
- Upper Unionville es un nuevo desarrollo residencial que se está construyendo en la esquina noreste de 16th Avenue y Kennedy Road
Demografía
Año | Música pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1986 | 114,597 | - |
1991 | 153,811 | + 34,2% |
1996 | 173,383 | + 12,7% |
2001 | 208,615 | + 20,3% |
2006 | 261,573 | + 25,4% |
2011 | 301,709 | + 15,3% |
2016 | 328,966 | + 9,0% |
2016 [34] , 2011 [35] , 2006 [36] , 2001 y 1996 [37] , 1991 y 1986 [38] |
Según el censo canadiense de 2011 , [39] la población de Markham es de 301.709, un aumento del 15,3% con respecto a 2006, que es aproximadamente 3 veces más rápido que Canadá en su conjunto. La masa terrestre de Markham es de 212,58 km 2 con una densidad de población consiguiente de 1.419,3 habitantes por km 2 . La edad media es 39,6 años, que es ligeramente inferior a la edad media de Canadá de 40,6 años.
Según el censo de 2016, el 87% de los residentes de Markham son ciudadanos canadienses y aproximadamente el 6% de los residentes son inmigrantes recientes (de 2011 a 2016). Las minorías visibles de Markham, que representan más del 55,5% de la población, incluyen: chinos (45%), sudasiáticos (18%), negros (2,9%), filipinos (2,7%) y occidentales (2,4%) y el 2,1% de la población. la población informó de múltiples minorías visibles. Las minorías no visibles ( europeos ) constituyen el 22% de la población. [40]
Las etnias más comunes según el censo de 2016 son las siguientes: chino (46,5%), indio (10,1%), canadiense (6,5%), inglés (6,3%), escocés (4,5%), de Sri Lanka (4,4%), irlandés (4,2%), italianos (3,7%), filipinos (3,1%) e iraníes (2,5%). [41]
Según la encuesta nacional de hogares de 2011, el 29,9% de la población de Markham no está afiliada a ninguna religión en particular. Para quienes lo hacen, la composición religiosa es cristiana (44,1%), hindú (10,1%), musulmana (7,3%), budista (4,4%), judía (2,4%) y sij (1,4%). La población restante se divide entre varios sistemas de creencias.
Gobierno
Ayuntamiento
El Ayuntamiento de Markham está formado por Frank Scarpitti como alcalde, cuatro concejales regionales y ocho concejales de barrio, cada uno de los cuales representa a uno de los ocho barrios de la ciudad. Scarpitti reemplazó a Don Cousens , un ex diputado conservador progresista de Markham y ministro de la iglesia presbiteriana . La comunidad elige al alcalde y cuatro concejales regionales para representar a la ciudad de Markham a nivel regional. El municipio paga a los concejales por sus servicios, pero en muchos municipios, los miembros del consejo suelen trabajar a tiempo parcial y en otros trabajos. Los residentes eligieron a los miembros actuales del consejo para un mandato de cuatro años, de acuerdo con las normas establecidas por la provincia. La selección de miembros para los cargos de alcalde y concejales regionales se realiza en toda la ciudad, mientras que los concejales de barrio son elegidos por barrio individual.
Centro Cívico Markham
El ayuntamiento se encuentra en el Markham Civic Center en la intersección de York Regional Road 7 y Warden Avenue . El sitio de las oficinas anteriores en Woodbine Avenue ha sido remodelado para usos comerciales. El histórico ayuntamiento de Main Street es ahora un edificio de oficinas restaurado. El Grupo de Trabajo Juvenil del Alcalde se creó para discutir los problemas que enfrentan los jóvenes en la ciudad y para planificar y publicitar eventos. Su propósito principal es fomentar la participación de los jóvenes dentro de la comunidad.
Elecciones
Las elecciones municipales se celebran cada cuatro años en Ontario. La elección más reciente tuvo lugar en octubre de 2018 y la próxima está programada para octubre de 2022. Los enlaces que se enumeran a continuación proporcionan los resultados de las elecciones recientes:
- 2018
- 2014
- 2010
- 2006
Estatutos
A la ciudad se le permite crear y hacer cumplir los estatutos de los residentes sobre diversos asuntos que afectan a la ciudad. Los estatutos generalmente son aplicados por los oficiales de orden público de la ciudad, pero pueden involucrar a la Policía Regional de York si las violaciones se consideran demasiado peligrosas para que los oficiales las manejen. Además, los estatutos pueden estar vinculados a diversas leyes provinciales y ser ejecutados por la ciudad. La violación de los estatutos está sujeta a multas de hasta $ 20,000 CAD. Los estatutos de Markham incluyen:
- Control de animales (consulte la Ley de responsabilidad de los propietarios de perros de Ontario)
- Permisos de construcción
- Canabis
- Extensiones de calzadas
- Cercado y Piscinas
- Conservación del patrimonio (consulte la Ley del patrimonio de Ontario )
- Negocios desde casa
- Ruido
- Estacionamiento
- Estándares de propiedad
- Registro de apartamentos en sótano y segundas suites
- Alcantarillas
- Alteración del sitio
- Coleccion de basura
- Uso del agua
Servicios de la ciudad
Tribunales y policía
No hay tribunales en Markham, pero la ciudad es atendida por un Tribunal de Justicia de Ontario en Newmarket , así como un tribunal de reclamos menores de Ontario en Richmond Hill. También son atendidos por un Tribunal Provincial de Ofensas en Richmond Hill. La Corte de Apelaciones de Ontario está en Toronto, mientras que la Corte Suprema de Canadá está en Ottawa , Ontario.
La policía regional de York proporciona vigilancia en una estación (distrito 5) en la esquina de McCowan Road y Carlton Road y Highway 7. [42] La policía provincial de Ontario patrulla las carreteras 404, 407 y partes de la carretera 48 . El Servicio de Policía de Toronto es responsable de patrullar en Steeles desde Yonge Street hasta York-Durham Line . [ cita requerida ]
Fire
Markham Fire and Emergency Services was established in 1970 as Markham Fire Department and replaced various local volunteer fire units. Nine fire stations serve Markham. Toronto/Buttonville Municipal Airport is also served by Markham's Fire service.
Hospitals
Markham Stouffville Hospital in the city's far eastern end is Markham's main healthcare facility. Markham is also home to Shouldice Hospital, one of the world's premier facilities for people suffering from hernias. For those living near Steeles, they sometimes will be able to receive treatment at The Scarborough Hospital Birchmount Campus in Toronto/Scarborough.
Garbage collection
Garbage collection is provided by Miller Waste Systems since the company's founding in 1961.[43] Different areas of the city are assigned different garbage collection days. Recycling is collected weekly, while household trash and yard waste is collected every other week. The last week of May is "Bulk Collection", where residents can put out as much waste as they want without limits.[44]
To promote recycling, Markham mandated the use of clear garbage bags in 2013 to let Miller Waste staff see the contents of trash bags. Bags containing high amounts of recycling mixed with regular trash will not be collected.[44]
Winter operations
Winter operations are conducted on all City-owned roads according to the following criteria:[45]
- Primary roads plowed and salted 24/7 when snow reaches 5 cm
- Secondary roads plowed between the hours of 7am and 6pm when snow reaches 5 cm
- Local roads, cul-de-sacs, and private lanes plowed when snow reaches at least 7.5 cm
- Salting is done when roads are found to be slippery
Plowing of all roads takes around 16 hours to complete after the end of a snowfall, which exceeds provincial standards.
Winter operations are conducted on all City-owned sidewalks according to the following criteria:[45]
- Plowed and sanded when snow reaches 5 cm
Plowing of all sidewalks takes around 17 hours to complete after the end of a snowfall.
Parking is only permitted on the odd numbered side of a street from November 15 to April 15 and parking is banned when snow is falling.[45]
Educación
Post-secondary
Seneca College has a campus in Markham, at highways 7 and 404, in the York Region business district.[46] This location opened in 2005, offering full and part-time programs in business, marketing and tourism, and also the college's departments of Finance, Human Resources and Information Technology Services. Since 2011 the campus has also housed the Confucius Institute.[47] York University has plans to open a new campus in Markham.[48]
Primary and secondary schools
Markham has a number of both public and Catholic high schools. All have consistently scored high on standardized tests and have some of the highest rate of graduates attending universities.[citation needed]
The York Region District School Board operates secular English public schools. The York Catholic District School Board operates English Catholic schools. The Conseil scolaire Viamonde operates secular French schools, and the Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir operates Catholic French schools.
- York Region District School Board
- Bill Crothers Secondary School
- Bill Hogarth Secondary School
- Bur Oak Secondary School
- Markham District High School
- Markville Secondary School
- Middlefield Collegiate Institute
- Milliken Mills High School
- Pierre Elliott Trudeau High School
- Thornhill Secondary School
- Thornlea Secondary School
- Unionville High School
- York Catholic District School Board
- St. Brother André Catholic High School
- St. Augustine Catholic High School
- St. Robert Catholic High School
- Father Michael McGivney Catholic Academy
Economía
In the 19th century Markham had a vibrant, independent community with mills, distilleries and breweries around the Highway 7 and 48 intersection. The Thomas Speight Wagon Works exported products (wagons, horsecars) around the world, and Markham had a reputation as being more active than York (the former name for Toronto) early on. Most of these industries disappeared leaving farming as the main source of business.
Light industries and businesses began to move into Markham in the 1980s attracted by land and lower taxes. Today, it claims to be "Canada's Hi-Tech Capital" with a number of key companies in the area, such as IBM, Motorola, Toshiba, Lucent, Honeywell, Apple, Genesis Microchip, and is home to the head office of graphics card producer ATI (recently merged with AMD). Over 1,100 technology and life science companies have offices in Markham, employing over one fifth of the total workforce.[49] In 2014, the top five employers in the city in order are IBM Canada, the City of Markham, TD Waterhouse Inc., Markham Stouffville Hospital and AMD Technologies Inc.[50]
Yogen Früz has its headquarters in Markham.[51]
Markham also maintains economic and cultural cooperation agreements with the city of Laval, Quebec, which is the second largest city in the Greater Montreal area.
General Motors Canada Canadian Technical Centre has been located in Markham since 2017, in the building which was formerly the Canadian head office of American Express from 1985–2015.
Las artes escénicas
Markham is home to several locally oriented performing arts groups:
- Kindred Spirits Orchestra
- Markham Little Theatre
- Markham Youth Theatre
- Unionville Theatre Company
- Markham Concert Band
A key arts venue is the 'Markham Theatre For Performing Arts', at the Markham Civic Centre at Highway 7 and Warden Avenue. The facility is owned by the City of Markham and under the city's Culture Department.
Cultura
Until the 1970s, Markham was mostly farmland and marsh, as reflected in events like the Markham Fair. Markham has several theatres, Markham Little Theatre at the Markham Museum,[52] the Markham Youth Theatre, and the Markham Theatre.
The Varley Art Gallery is the city of Markham's art museum. The gallery hosts rotating exhibits, public events, art camps and art classes, among other opportunities for citizens to get involved in the community and learn about local and Canadian art.[53]
The Markham Public Library system has eight branches.[54] Some branches offer unique digital tools such as a Digital Media lab with graphic designs software, a recording studio with video editing / audio editing software and a green screen, and a maker space with 3D printers, virtual reality, and laser cutter.[55] With a library card, user can take free online courses,[56] borrow household tools and equipment[57] and educational toys.[58]
Deportes
Community centres and recreational facilities
Recreation Department runs programs in these facilities and maintained by the city's Operations Department:
- Aaniin Community Centre – library, indoor pool, multi-purpose rooms
- Angus Glen Community Centre – library, tennis courts, indoor pool
- Armadale Community Centre – multi-purpose rooms, outdoor tennis courts
- Centennial Community Centre – multi-purpose rooms, indoor ice rink, indoor pool, squash courts, gym
- Cornell Community Centre – library, indoor pool, multi-purpose rooms, gym, indoor track, fitness centre
- Crosby Community Centre – indoor ice rink, multi-purpose rooms
- Markham Pan Am Centre – indoor pools, gym, fitness centre
- Markham Village Community Centre – library, indoor ice rink
- Milliken Community Centre – library, indoor pool, multi-purpose rooms, indoor ice rink
- Mount Joy Community Centre – outdoor soccer pitches, indoor ice rink, multi-purpose rooms
- R.J. Clatworthy Community Centre – indoor ice rink, multi-purpose rooms
- Rouge River Community Centre – multi-purpose rooms, outdoor pool
- Thornhill Community Centre – indoor ice rink, multi-purpose rooms, indoor track, library, squash court, gym
Parques y senderos
Markham has scenic pathways running over 22 km over its region. These pathways include 12 bridges allowing walkers, joggers and cyclists to make use and enjoy the sights it has to offer. Markham's green space includes woodlots, ravines and valleys that are not only enjoyable to its residents, but are important for the continued growth of the region's plants and animals. These natural spaces are the habitats for rare plant and insect species, offering food and homes essential for the survival of different native insects and birds.[59]
Parks and pathways are maintained by the City's Operations Department.
Problemas de la ciudad
Like most cities and towns in the Greater Toronto Area, Markham has a few issues it must deal with:
Urban growth
There is a desire by the city to control urban sprawl by requesting higher density for new development. The city plan calls for more growth along Highway 7 and less towards the farmland to the north. A similar development in Cornell promotes the need for services to be closer to residences.
Transit plan
Linked to the concern of urban growth, Markham through York Region Transit (YRT) has implemented a transit system called Viva to ease the strain on the region's congested roads. Viva is similar to YRT but is used as an express bus service with the ability to change traffic signals to help reduce delays. The YRT is also planning to build a transit terminal somewhere near Cornell soon.
Atracciones
Markham has retained its historic past in part of the town. Here a just few places of interest:
- Frederick Horsman Varley Art Gallery
- Heintzman House – Home of Colonel George Crookshank, Sam Francis and Charles Heintzman of Heintzman & Co., the piano manufacturer.
- Markham Museum
- Markham Village
- Markham Heritage Estates – a unique, specially designed heritage subdivision owned by the City of Markham
- Reesor Farm Market
- Cathedral of the Transfiguration
- Thornhill village
Heritage streets preserve the old town feeling:
- Main Street Markham (Markham Road/Highway 48)
- Main Street Unionville (Kennedy Road/Highway 7)
There are still farms operating in the northern reaches of the town, but there are a few 'theme' farms in other parts of Markham:
- Galten Farms
- Forsythe Family Farms
- Adventure Valley
Markham's heritage railway stations are either an active station or converted to other uses:
- Markham GO Station – built in 1871 by Toronto and Nipissing Railway and last used by CN Rail in the 1990s and restored in 2000 as active GO station and community use
- Locust Hill Station – built in 1936 in Locust Hill, Ontario and last used by the CPR in 1969; relocated in 1983 to the grounds of the Markham Museum; replaced earlier station built in the late 19th century for the Ontario and Quebec Railway and burned down in 1935.
- Unionville Station – built in 1871 by the Toronto and Nipissing Railway, later by Via Rail and by GO Transit from 1982 to 1991; it was sold to the city in 1989 and restored as a community centre within the historic Unionville Main Street area. The building features classic Canadian Railway Style found in Markham and (old) Unionville Stations.
Eventos anuales
Events taking place annually include the Night It Up! Night Market, Taste of Asia Festival, Tony Roman Memorial Hockey Tournament, Markham Youth Week, Unionville Festival, Markham Village Music Festival, Markham Jazz Festival, Milliken Mills Children's Festival, Markham Ribfest & Music Festival, Doors Open Markham, Thornhill Village Festival, Markham Fair, Olde Tyme Christmas Unionville, Markham Santa Claus Parade and Markham Festival of Lights.
Compras
Markham is home to several large malls of 100+ stores. These include:
- King Square Shopping Mall (1000+ stores)
- CF Markville (160+ stores)
- Pacific Mall (450 mini-shops)
- Langham Square (700 stores)
- First Markham Place (180 stores) and Woodside Power Centre
There are also a lot of higher-profile malls in nearby Toronto, and elsewhere in York Region.
East Asian businesses
Many shopping centres in Markham are also ethnically Chinese and East Asian-oriented. This is a reflection of Markham's large East Asian, particularly Chinese Canadian, population making it an important Chinese community in the GTA. They carry a wide variety of traditional Chinese products, apparel, and foods.
On Highway 7, between Woodbine and Warden Avenues, is First Markham Place, containing numerous shops and restaurants; this is several kilometres east of Richmond Hill's Chinese malls. Further east along Highway 7 is an older plaza is at the southwest quadrant with the intersection with Kennedy Road.
Pacific Mall is the most well-known Chinese mall in Markham, at Kennedy Road and Steeles Avenue East, which, combined with neighbouring Market Village (now closed) and Splendid China Mall, formed the second largest Chinese shopping area in North America, after the Golden Village in Richmond, British Columbia.[citation needed] In close proximity, at Steeles East and Warden Avenue, there is the New Century Plaza mall and a half-block away there is a plaza of Chinese shops anchored by a T & T Supermarket.
There are also some smaller shopping centres in Markham, such as:
- Albion Mall
- Alderland Centre
- Denison Centre
- J-Town
- Markham Town Square
- Metro Square
- Peachtree Centre
- New Kennedy Square
- The Shops on Steeles and 404
- Thornhill Square Shopping Centre
Los medios de comunicación locales
- Markham Review – local monthly newspaper
- TLM The Local Magazine – local satire & lifestyle magazine[60]
- Markham Economist and Sun – community paper owned by Metroland Media Group
- The Liberal – serving Thornhill and Richmond Hill – community paper owned by Metroland Media Group
- The York Region Business Times – business news
- York Region Media Group – Online news which includes some Metroland Media papers
- North of the City – magazine for York Region
- Rogers Cable 10 – community TV station for York Region, owned by Rogers Media
- Markham News24' – Hyper-local, video-based news website focusing on municipal politics, crime, lifestyle and business features
- Sing Tao Daily – an ethnic Chinese newspaper that serves the Greater Toronto Area
Transporte
Roads
Road network
Markham's road network is based on the concession system. In 1801, Markham was divided into 10 concessions, with a north-south road separating each one. The concessions were further divided by a number of east-west sideroads. This formed a grid plan road network, with an intersection occurring approximately every two kilometers. Even though some of these roads have been realigned, Markham's present road network for the most part still follows the original grid plan.
Markham's concession (north-south) roads are listed below, ordered from west to east:
- Yonge Street (boundary with the City of Vaughan)
- Bayview Avenue
- Leslie Street
- Woodbine Avenue
- Warden Avenue (5th Concession Road)
- Kennedy Road (6th Concession Road)
- McCowan Road (7th Concession Road)
- Markham Road (known as King's Highway 48 north of Major Mackenzie Drive East)
- Ninth Line (9th Concession Road)
- Reesor Road (10th Concession Road)
- Eleventh Line (11th Concession Road)
- York-Durham Townline (boundary with the City of Pickering)
Markham's sideroads (east-west) are listed below, ordered from south to north:
- Steeles Avenue (original Scarborough Townline, boundary with the City of Toronto)
- 14th Avenue
- Regional Road 7
- 16th Avenue
- Major Mackenzie Drive East (17th Avenue)
- Elgin Mills Road East (18th Avenue)
- 19th Avenue (boundary with the Town of Whitchurch-Stouffville)
Important thoroughfares
Major highways that pass through Markham include King's Highway 404 (from Toronto to just south of Lake Simcoe), which marks Markham's boundary with the City of Richmond Hill, and the 407 ETR (more commonly known as Highway 407), a privately owned toll highway that passes north of Toronto and connects Markham with Burlington and Oshawa. Highway 404 is one of the most important routes used for travel to and from the City of Toronto. Highway 407 primarily serves Markham from Yonge Street to York-Durham Line. The highway connects Markham with Clarington to the east, and Burlington to the west.
One of the most heavily travelled arterial roads in Markham is Regional Road 7, a major east–west artery suffering from congestion due to development along its route. This road is more commonly referred to as Highway 7, a name which comes from the time when the road used to be part of a provincial highway. The road is still known as King's Highway 7 east of Reesor Road, where it is still provincially operated. Other major east–west routes include 16th Avenue, Major MacKenzie Drive, and Steeles Avenue which forms Markham's southern boundary with Toronto.
Rail
The GO Transit Stouffville line, a commuter rail line stretching from Lincolnville to downtown Toronto, provides passenger rail service in Markham. It operates only at rush hour and uses tracks owned by Metrolinx, the provincial transit agency. Five stations on the Stouffville line serve Markham, of which 4 are within the municipal borders. In 2015, Metrolinx announced that the Stouffville Line would get an expansion in service, bringing all day both directional trains from Union Station to Unionville GO Station.[61] Markham's section of this GO line also came under the spotlight in 2015 as City of Toronto Mayor John Tory's announced SMART Track plan for rapid transit expansion in Toronto includes the rail spur between Union Station and the Unionville GO.[62]
On April 8, 2019, GO Transit added ten midday train trips to Mount Joy GO Station, replacing the need for passengers to change to buses at Unionville GO.[63]
Public transit
York Region Transit (YRT) connects Markham with surrounding municipalities in York Region, and was created in 2001 from the merger of Markham Transit, Richmond Hill Transit, Newmarket Transit and Vaughan Transit. YRT to connects to the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) subway system by way of Viva bus rapid transit from Finch station along Yonge Street, and Don Mills station through Unionville and on to Markville Mall.
YRT has two major terminals in Markham: Unionville GO Terminal and Markham Stouffville Hospital Bus Terminal. The new Cornell Terminal which will be on Rose Way near Ninth Line and Highway 7 is approved and construction would begin by late 2017 and to be completed in June 2019 which will result in major restructuring routes in Markham.[64] This new bus terminal will replace the transit hub along Church Street at Country Glen Road.
The TTC also provides service in Markham on several north–south routes, such as Warden Avenue, Birchmount Road, McCowan Road and Markham Road. These routes charge riders a double fare if they are travelling across the Steeles border.
GO Transit provides train service on the old trackbed of the Toronto and Nipissing Railway, which connects Markham with downtown Toronto on the Stouffville commuter rail service. The line has stops at several stations in Markham, namely Unionville GO Station, Centennial GO Station, Markham GO Station, and Mount Joy GO Station. The Richmond Hill commuter rail line provides service to the Langstaff GO Station, which straddles Markham and Richmond Hill but is used primarily by residents of west-central Markham and southern Richmond Hill.
Air
Toronto/Buttonville Municipal Airport, Canada's 11th busiest airport (Ontario's 4th busiest).[65] The airport permits general aviation and business commuter traffic to Ottawa and Montreal, Quebec. The airport is slated to close for development, but it has been delayed until at least 2023.
Markham Airport or Toronto/Markham Airport, (TC LID: CNU8), is a private airport operating 2.6 nautical miles (4.8 km; 3.0 mi) north of Markham, north of Elgin Mills Road. The airport is owned and operated by Markham Airport Inc. and owned by a numbered Ontario company owned by the Thomson family of Toronto. The airport is not part of the Greater Toronto Airports Authority (GTAA). The airport has a 2,013 ft (614 m) runway for small and private aircraft only (with night flying capabilities). The Royal Canadian Air Cadets Gliding Program uses the north side or the runway 09/27 for glider operations in the spring and fall, and use a northern traffic pattern.
Gente notable
Ciudades asociadas
Cultural Collaboration Cities
- Eabametoong First Nation, Kenora District, Ontario[66]
Sister cities
Source:[67]
- Cary, NC, United States
- Nördlingen, Bavaria, Germany
- Wuhan, Hubei, China
Friendship cities
- Foshan, Guangdong, China
- Jiangmen, Guangdong, China
- Meizhou, Guangdong, China
- Huadu, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Nanhai, Guangdong, China
- Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Zhongshan, Guangdong, China
- Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Zibo, Shandong, China
- Mullaitivu, Northern Province, Sri Lanka
Ver también
- List of townships in Ontario
Referencias
- "(Code 3519036) Census Profile". 2011 census. Statistics Canada. 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-08.
- "(Code 3519036) Census Profile". 2016 census. Statistics Canada. 2017. Retrieved 2017-02-12.
Notes
- ^ a b c "Census Profile, 2016 Census: Markham, City [Census subdivision], Ontario". Statistics Canada. Retrieved July 27, 2020.
- ^ "Markham". Natural Resources Canada. October 6, 2016.
- ^ "Markham Demographics 2016" (PDF).
- ^ Tuckey, Bryan (24 July 2015). "Why Markham is the next highrise community". Toronto Star. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
- ^ "A history of the town of Markham". City of Markham. The Corporation of the City of Markham. 2012. Retrieved 2013-04-09.
In May 1794, Berczy negotiated with Simcoe for 64,000 acres in Markham Township, soon to be known as the German Company Lands.The Berczy settlers, joined by several Pennsylvania German families, set out for Upper Canada.Sixty-four families arrived that year [...]
- ^ "A history of the town of Markham". City of Markham. The Corporation of the City of Markham. 2012. Retrieved 2013-04-09.
- ^ a b c "Markham to change from town to city". CBC News, May 30, 2012.
- ^ "Labour Force Profile" (PDF). Economic Profile Year End 2010. Town of Markham Economic Development Department. 2010. p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 18, 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
- ^ "Markham Quick Facts – 2016".
- ^ "Why is Markham Canadaès High-Tech Capital?". Town of Markham. The Corporation of the Town of Markham. 2011. Archived from the original on December 18, 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
- ^ "Top 10 Employers in Markham" (PDF). Town of Markham. April 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 18, 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
- ^ "Help Centre". Hyundai Auto Canada Corp. Retrieved January 1, 2020.
- ^ "AMD Locations". AMD. Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. 2011. Retrieved May 26, 2011.
- ^ "Connect with Avaya". Avaya. Avaya Inc. 2011. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
- ^ "IBM: Helping Canada and the World Work Better". About IBM. IBM. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
- ^ "Office Locations". About Us. Motorola Solutions, Inc. 2011. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
- ^ "Contact Us – Oracle Canada". www.oracle.com.
- ^ "Contact Us". Support. Toshiba Canada. 2011. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
- ^ "Toyota Canada – Cars, Pickup Trucks, SUVs, Hybrids and Crossovers". Toyota Canada.
- ^ "Scholastic Canada". Scholastic Canada.
- ^ a b City of Markham (2014). "Aboriginal Presence in the Rouge Valley". City of Markham Tourism.
- ^ For a complete history, cf. Isabel Champion, ed., Markham: 1793–1900 (Markham, ON: Markham Historical Society, 1979).
- ^ See I. Champion, Markham: 1793–1900 (Markham, ON: Markham Historical Society, 1979), p. 248; also Markham Village – A Brief History 1800–1919 Archived 2011-06-10 at the Wayback Machine, Markham Public Library (website).
- ^ For a complete history of Markham's early years, cf. Isabel Champion, ed., Markham: 1793–1900"Markham: 1793–1900". Retrieved 2018-01-18. (Markham, ON: Markham Historical Society, 1979).
- ^ Markham, Canadian Gazetteer (Toronto: Roswell, 1849), 111.
- ^ Smith, Wm. H. (1846). Smith's Canadian Gazetteer – Statistical and General Information Respecting All Parts of the Upper Province, or Canada West:. Toronto: H. & W. ROWSELL. p. 111.
- ^ Cf. C.P. Mulvany et al., The Township of Markham, History of Toronto and County of York, Ontario (Toronto: C.B. Robinson, 1885), 114ff.
- ^ Cf. the detailed 1878 map, Township of Markham, Illustrated historical atlas of the county of York and the township of West Gwillimbury & town of Bradford in the county of Simcoe, Ont. (Toronto : Miles & Co., 1878).
- ^ C.P. Mulvany, et al., "The Village of Markham," History of Toronto and County of York, Ontario (Toronto: C.B. Robinson, 1885), p. 198.
- ^ C.P. Mulvany, et al., "The Township of Markham," History of Toronto and County of York, Ontario (Toronto: C.B. Robinson, 1885), p. 121.
- ^ "Ontario Plaque". Ontarioplaques.com. 2009-09-22. Archived from the original on 2012-03-25. Retrieved 2011-03-10.
- ^ a b "Toronto Buttonville Airport". Canadian Climate Normals 1981−2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 2014-04-12.
- ^ Cf. Isabel Champion, ed., Markham: 1793–1900 (Markham, ON: Markham Historical Society, 1979), pp. 225; 121f.; 148; 227; 338. See also articles on Almira from the Stouffville Tribune.
- ^ "2016 Community Profiles". 2016 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. February 21, 2017.
- ^ "2011 Community Profiles". 2011 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. July 5, 2013.
- ^ "2006 Community Profiles". 2006 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. March 30, 2011.
- ^ "2001 Community Profiles". 2001 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. February 17, 2012.
- ^ http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2013/statcan/rh-hc/CS96-304-1994-eng.pdf
- ^ Statistics Canada: 2012
- ^ "Census Profile, 2016 Census: Markham, City [Census subdivision], Ontario". Statistics Canada. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2017-02-08). "Census Profile, 2016 Census - Markham, City [Census subdivision], Ontario and Ontario [Province]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2019-09-14.
- ^ "#5 District – Markham ." York Regional Police. Retrieved on September 19, 2018. "8700 McCowan Road Markham, ON L3P 3M2"
- ^ "Corporate Profile". Miller Waste. Retrieved 2019-04-30.
- ^ a b "Recycling & Garbage". City of Markham. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
- ^ a b c "Winter Road Services". City of Markham. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
- ^ "Markham Campus". Seneca College. 23 May 2018.
- ^ "Confucius Institute at Seneca Opening Ceremony – Seneca – Toronto, Ontario, Canada". Senecacollege.ca. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
- ^ Al-Shibeeb, Dina (July 24, 2020). "'Historic': $275.5M York University Markham Centre Campus announced". Yorkregion.com. Metroland Media Group Ltd. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
- ^ "STATISTICS AND DEMOGRAPHICS". City of Markham. City of Markham. 2014. Retrieved 2015-11-20.
- ^ "Top 100 Employers in Markham, 2014" (PDF). City of Markham. City of Markham. April 2015. Retrieved 2015-11-20.
- ^ "Contact Us." Yogen Früz. Retrieved on March 15, 2014. "Yogen Früz headquarters 210 Shields Court; Markham, Ontario L3R 8V2, Canada"
- ^ "Markham Museum Facilities" (PDF). Retrieved November 23, 2018.
- ^ "Varley Art Gallery About US". City of Markham.
- ^ "Branches and Hours". Markham Public Library. Retrieved 2020-01-15.
- ^ "Maker Space". Markham Public Library. Retrieved 2020-01-15.
- ^ "Important Update about Lynda.com". City of Markham. Retrieved 2020-01-15.
- ^ "Region's First Lendery is Now Open at Markham Public Library". York Region News. Retrieved 2020-01-15.
- ^ "Markham libraries extend hours". Markham Review. Retrieved 2020-01-15.
- ^ "City of Markham – Trees, Parks & Pathways". www.markham.ca. Retrieved 2016-09-26.
- ^ "The Local Magazine – News, Views and Opinions". www.thelocalmagazine.com.
- ^ Kalinowski, Tess (2015-08-07). "The new train service is expected to be in the off-peak hours". The Toronto Star. ISSN 0319-0781. Retrieved 2015-11-20.
- ^ Kalinowski, Tess (2015-04-16). "Kitchener and Stouffville GO lines are on track for electrification needed to boost service frequencies". The Toronto Star. ISSN 0319-0781. Retrieved 2015-11-20.
- ^ "New GO Train Service | GO Transit". www.gotransit.com. Retrieved 2019-04-29.
- ^ "transit terminal / Markham – vivaNext". www.vivanext.com.
- ^ "Total aircraft movements by class of operation — NAV CANADA towers". Statcan.gc.ca. 2010-03-12. Retrieved 2011-03-10.
- ^ "The City of Markham and Eabametoong First Nation Sign Partnership Accord". Indigenous Business & Finance Today. 1 February 2017.
- ^ "Sister Cities & International Partners". City of Markham. Retrieved January 28, 2019.
enlaces externos
- City of Markham official website (history included)
- Town of Markham history
- Map of Markham Township in 1878
- Markham Youth Theatre
- – Highway 7 rapidways project