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La doctrina militar de la Federación de Rusia es un documento de planificación estratégica de la Federación de Rusia y representa un sistema de puntos de vista adoptados oficialmente por el estado sobre la preparación para la protección armada de Rusia. La revisión más reciente de la doctrina militar se aprobó en 2014 [1].

Desde 1990 se han promulgado numerosas revisiones sucesivas de la doctrina militar. Entre ellas se encuentran las doctrinas militares de mayo de 1992 (en forma de borrador), noviembre de 1993 y enero de 2000, así como los dos conceptos de seguridad nacional de diciembre de 1997 y octubre de 1999. Militar La doctrina en el sentido ruso, sin embargo, se extiende más allá de la discusión de las amenazas potenciales. En palabras de Christopher Donnelly, forma parte de "un conjunto de opiniones, aceptadas en un país en un momento dado, que cubren los objetivos y el carácter de una posible guerra, los preparativos del país y sus fuerzas armadas para tal guerra, y los métodos de llevarlo a cabo ". [2]

1992 draft[edit]

The 1992 draft doctrine showed that first Russian thoughts on external threats were little more than a replica of Soviet thinking. The document stated that while the threat of a world war had declined significantly, the 'sources of military danger' in international relations remained the same as under the USSR.

The first of those "sources of military danger" was given as: "the eagerness of single States or coalitions of states to dominate in the world community or in individual regions, and their predilection for settling matters in dispute by military means".[3]

No cabía duda de que el Estado Mayor , que produjo el documento, tenía en mente a Estados Unidos y la OTAN cuando redactó este artículo. Un poco más abajo, se afirmó que Rusia no consideraba a ningún estado o coalición como enemigo, se había introducido una contracción entre el antiguo y el nuevo entorno de seguridad en evolución. [4] ( pág. 13 ) 'Powerful groupings of armed forces' near Russia's borders, the military build-up of 'certain states', international terrorism, and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction were also mentioned. Russia also subtlety rescinded its nuclear no first use commitment by indicating that conventional attacks on nuclear weapons, power plants, 'and other potentially dangerous facilities' (presumably chemical or biological sites) would be regarded as the first use of weapons of mass destruction.

1993 Military Doctrine[edit]

El Soviet Supremo de la RSFS de Rusia (como era entonces) se negó a aprobar el borrador de 1992. Una nueva doctrina militar no entró en vigor hasta noviembre de 1993 y no se hizo completamente pública; el resumen publicado cubría 21 de las 23 páginas del documento. No se dio ninguna razón para la publicación sólo parcial del texto, lo que generó temores de que el gobierno ruso y / o sus fuerzas armadas desearan ocultar intenciones controvertidas o desacreditadas. [4] ( págs . 1-2 )

The summary released showed major differences from the external threats thinking of the 1992 draft. Two main threads showed through the list. Firstly was the remaining threat from the West, exemplified by worries over expansion of military blocs and violation of arms accords, as well as with interference with Russians abroad. The no-first-use commitment of nuclear weapons was dropped. Secondly, newer dangers were acknowledged; nearby internal wars, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, and terrorism.[5]

In keeping with its emphasis on the threat of regional conflicts, the doctrine called for Russian armed forces that were smaller, lighter, and more mobile, with a higher degree of professionalism and with greater rapid deployment capability. Such change proved extremely difficult to achieve.

2000 Military Doctrine[edit]

Both in the 1992 draft and in the 1993 official document, a distinction had been drawn between sources of external military danger and immediate military threats. This distinction disappeared in the most recent doctrinal statement, which was first publicised in draft form in October 1999, and then finally approved by Presidential decree in late April 2000.[6]

While numerous changes were made to the document between its draft stage and final form, the section on external military threats remained virtually the same.[7]La primera amenaza se ve como reclamos territoriales sobre la Federación de Rusia e injerencia en los asuntos internos de Rusia, lenguaje extraído directamente de la sección de peligros externos de 1993. En segundo lugar, se mencionó el desprecio por las preocupaciones rusas en la resolución de conflictos internacionales y la oposición al fortalecimiento de Rusia como un centro de un mundo multipolar. Los ecos de referencia de multipolaridad eliminaron secciones del borrador de 1999, donde se establecían dos tendencias contradictorias: en un extremo, una tendencia hacia un mundo unipolar basado en el dominio de una superpotencia, claramente Estados Unidos, y la resolución militar de problemas clave, y por el otro, una tendencia hacia la formación de un mundo multipolar, basado en el imperio del derecho internacional y la igualdad de derechos de las personas y las naciones. [8]

2010 Military Doctrine[edit]

Russia's 2010 military doctrine defines itself as strictly defensive.[9][10]

The doctrine points out 11 actions seen as constituting "external dangers" (опасности, opasnosti, dangers) to the Russian Federation which include:

  • striving to give NATO forces global functions, moving NATO infrastructure closer to Russia's borders
  • attempt to destabilize the situation in various states and regions and undermine strategic stability
  • deployment of foreign military contingents in countries and waters adjacent to Russia and its allies
  • deployment of strategic anti-missile defense systems, undermining global stability, and violating the established nuclear balance of forces, the militarization of space, and deployment of non-nuclear precision weapons;
  • territorial claims against Russia and its allies and interference in internal affairs
  • spread of weapons of mass destruction, missiles and missile technology, increase in the number of nuclear states
  • violation by some states of international agreements and non-compliance with previously concluded arms limitation and reduction treaties
  • use of military force in adjacent states in violation of the UN Charter and other international legal norms
  • presence of sources and escalation of military conflict in territories adjacent to Russia and its allies
  • spread of international terrorism
  • occurrence of sources of inter-ethnic (inter-faith) tensions, activity of international armed radical groups in areas adjacent to Russia and its allies, growth of separatism and forcible extremism in various regions of the world

It also lists five actions seen as constituting military threats:

  • a sharpening of the military-political situation and creation of conditions for the use of military force
  • hindrance of the working of the state and military command and control system, interference in the functioning of its strategic nuclear forces, missile attack warning systems, space monitoring systems, nuclear warhead storage facilities, nuclear power and other potentially dangerous facilities
  • creation and training of illegal armed formations and their activity on Russian territory or that of its allies
  • demonstration of force in the course of conducting exercises in states adjacent to Russia or its allies with provocative intent
  • activation of military forces in various states with the conduct of partial or full mobilization and transition to wartime footing

Under the new doctrine, Russia continues to develop and modernize its nuclear capability. "Russia reserves the right to use nuclear weapons in response to the use of nuclear and other types of weapons of mass destruction against it or its allies, and also in case of aggression against Russia with the use of conventional weapons when the very existence of the state is threatened."[10] Most military analysts believe that, in this case, Russia would pursue an 'escalate to de-escalate’ strategy, initiating limited nuclear exchange to bring adversaries to the negotiating table. Russia will also threaten nuclear conflict to discourage initial escalation of any major conventional conflict.[11]

2014 military doctrine[edit]

A more recent revision of the military doctrine was promulgated on 26 December 2014.[12][a][13] The doctrine lists a variety of military actions, including the “implementation of the global strike concept” and the “intention to place weapons in outer space.”[14] It also states one of the main tasks of the Russian military is to “resist attempts by some states or group of states to achieve military superiority through the deployment of strategic missile defense systems, the placement of weapons in outer space or the deployment of strategic non-nuclear high-precision weapon systems.” Evidence indicates that Russia is actively developing and testing an array of space weapons.

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ It was approved by President Vladimir Putin on 25 December 2014.[1]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b "The military doctrine of the Russian Federation" (Press release). London: The Embassy of the Russian Federation to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 2015-06-29 [presidential decree 2014-12-25]. Archived from the original on 2015-07-21. Retrieved 2016-02-05.
  2. ^ Donnelly, Christopher N. (1988). Red banner: the Soviet military system in peace and war. Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Information Group. p. 106. ISBN 9780710604880.
  3. ^ Rodionov, Igor (May 1992). "The fundamentals of Russia's Military Doctrine (Draft)". Voennaya Mysl. Moscow (published 1992-06-16). 1992 (Special edition): 2. ISSN 1938-257X. JPRS-UMT-92-008-L.
  4. ^ a b Dick, Charles J. (November 1993). The military doctrine of the Russian Federation. Occasional Brief. 25. Camberley, UK: Conflict Studies Research Centre. OCLC 45957118.
  5. ^ "The Basic Provisions of the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation". Rossiĭskie vesti. Translated by Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1993-11-19 [published in Russian 1993-11-18]. p. 5. FBIS-SOV-93-222-S – via Center for Russia in Asia of the University of Hawaii at Manoa.[dead link]
  6. ^ Text of Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation, approved by a presidential decree dated 21 April 2000, via BBC Monitoring Service, Caversham Park, Reading.
  7. ^ Main, S (April 2000). Russia's Military Doctrine. Occasional Brief. 77. Camberley, UK: Conflict Studies Research Centre. p. 1. OCLC 45957118.
  8. ^ "Draft Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation". Krasnaya Zvezda. Translated by Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1999-10-09. §1.1, pp.3–4.
  9. ^ "Russian president approves new military doctrine". en.rian.ru. Moscow: RIA Novosti. 2010-02-05. Archived from the original on 2010-02-08. Retrieved 2010-02-06. new military doctrine which allows preventive nuclear strikes against potential aggressors.
  10. ^ a b "Voyennaya doktrina Rossiyskoy Federatsii" Военная доктрина Российской Федерации [Military doctrine of the Russian Federation]. scrf.gov.ru (in Russian). Moscow: Security Council of the Russian Federation. 2010-06-25 [presidential decree 2010-06-25]. Archived from the original on 2011-05-04. Note: the same URL is used for various revisions with different presidential decree dates.
  11. ^ Blank, Stephen (25 February 2018). "Getting Russia's nuclear strategy mostly right". The Hill. USA. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
  12. ^ Sinovets, Polina; Renz, Bettina (July 2015). "Russia's 2014 Military Doctrine and beyond: threat perceptions, capabilities and ambitions". Research Paper. Rome, IT: NATO Defense College, Research Division. 117. ISSN 2076-0957. Archived from the original on 2019-06-28. Retrieved 2016-02-06.
  13. ^ https://www.fiia.fi/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/comment26_russia_s_new_information_security_doctrine.pdf
  14. ^ [1]

External links[edit]

  • Military doctrine of the Russian Federation text (Russian)
  • Military doctrine of the Russian Federation - English translation
  • General Gareyev: Russia changing its military doctrine accessed January 18, 2007.
  • Conflict Studies Research Centre, Document listings on Russia, includes several reports on Russian military doctrine