La Armada de Rumania (en rumano : Forțele Navale Române ) es la rama naval de las Fuerzas Armadas de Rumania ; opera en el Mar Negro y en el Danubio . Su historia se remonta a 1860.
Fuerzas navales rumanas | |
---|---|
Forțele Navale Române | |
Fundado | 22 de octubre de 1860 como Flotilla Corps [1] |
País | Rumania |
Tamaño | 7150 regulares [2] |
Parte de | Fuerzas Armadas Rumanas |
Comando HQ | Statul Major al Forțelor Navale - Bucarest |
Compromisos | |
Comandantes | |
Comandante de la marina | Contraamiral Mihai PANAIT |
Insignias | |
Medallón | |
Gato naval | |
Bandera de las Fuerzas Navales Rumanas (anverso) | |
Banderín |
Historia
La Armada rumana se fundó en 1860 como una flotilla fluvial en el Danubio. Después de la unificación de Valaquia y Moldavia , Alexandru Ioan Cuza , el gobernante Domnitor de los principados rumanos , decidió el 22 de octubre de 1860 mediante la orden no. 173 para unificar las marinas en una sola flotilla. La armada fue entrenada y organizada en Francia. [3] Los oficiales fueron enviados inicialmente al Centro de Entrenamiento Naval de Brest en Francia, ya que la Escuela Militar de Bucarest no tenía una sección naval. [1] El primer comandante en jefe de la armada fue el coronel Nicolae Steriade . La base se estableció por primera vez en 1861 en Izmail , pero luego fue reubicada en 1864 en Brăila y en 1867 en Galați . El equipo era modesto en el mejor de los casos, con 3 barcos de Valaquia y 3 de Moldavia, tripulados por 275 marineros. [1] El objetivo principal de la marina era organizar, entrenar y expandir esta pequeña fuerza.
La primera escuela de formación de marineros se estableció en 1872 en Galați para oficiales, suboficiales y marineros. La primera adquisición de la Armada rumana fue el barco de vapor " Prințul Nicolae Conache Vogoride ". El barco fue comprado en 1861 y más tarde se transformó en un buque de guerra en el astillero naval Meyer en Linz , siendo bautizado " România " cuando fue botado en el puerto de Galați. [1] En 1867 entró en servicio el yate real " Ștefan cel Mare " ( Esteban el Grande ). En octubre de 1873, la cañonera Fulgerul , encargada por el estado rumano como el primer buque de guerra especialmente construido en la historia de la Armada rumana, se terminó en el astillero de Toulon en Francia. Sin embargo, el barco estaba desarmado, por lo que se le permitiría pasar por el estrecho de Turquía. Después de llegar a Rumania en abril de 1874, se le colocó un cañón Krupp en una torreta de acero dulce en el astillero Galați . [4] El siguiente barco que entró en servicio con la Armada rumana fue el barco torpedero NMS Rândunica en 1875. Estos barcos representaron a la Flotilla rumana durante la Guerra de Independencia .
Durante la Guerra de la Independencia , el nombre utilizado en la historiografía rumana para referirse a la guerra ruso-turca de 1877–1878 , la Armada rumana navegó bajo la bandera rusa. [3] La tarea principal del Cuerpo de Flotillas Rumanas era transportar tropas, equipo y suministros rusos a través del Danubio y proteger los puentes que cruzan el río mediante el uso de presas de minas en puntos clave. El principal éxito de la guerra fue el hundimiento del monitor de río turco " Seyfî " cerca de Măcin por un grupo de lanchas torpederos de mástil que incluían " Rândunica " y las embarcaciones rusas Carevitch y Ksenya . [1] Otro éxito notable fue el hundimiento del monitor de río turco " Podgoriçe " ( Podgorica ) por la artillería costera rumana el 7 de noviembre de 1877. [1]
Después de la guerra, la armada transportó a las tropas rumanas a través del Danubio. La pequeña pero exitosa armada había demostrado la necesidad de una flotilla fuerte en el Danubio para asegurar la frontera sur de Rumania. Se implementaron tres planes de rearme: durante 1883–1885, 1886–1888 y 1906–1908. [1] Estos planes se concentraron principalmente en la flotilla del Danubio. En 1898, el "Cuerpo de Flotillas", como se le conocía hasta entonces, se organizó en dos secciones: la flota del Danubio y la flota del Mar Negro. [5] La base fluvial estaba en Galați, mientras que la base marítima estaba en Constanța , que ahora era parte de Rumania.
Creación de la flota rumana del Mar Negro
La Flota rumana del Mar Negro se fundó en el verano de 1890, 10 años después de que Rumania adquiriera su primer buque de guerra marítimo: el cañonero NMS Grivița . La división recién creada consistía en: el pequeño crucero protegido NMS Elisabeta , el buque escuela NMS Mircea , los tres torpederos clase Smeul y el mencionado Grivița . [6]
Participación en el motín de Potemkin
El 2 de julio de 1905, durante el motín del acorazado ruso Potemkin , el crucero protegido rumano NMS Elisabeta se enfrentó al torpedero ruso Ismail cuando este último intentaba colarse en el puerto rumano de Constanța . Elisabeta disparó dos tiros de advertencia, primero una carga en blanco y luego una carga explosiva, lo que obligó al torpedero a retirarse. Más tarde ese día, Potemkin e Ismail dejaron aguas rumanas. [7] Sin embargo, durante la noche del 7 de julio, Potemkin regresó al puerto rumano, esta vez aceptando entregarse a las autoridades rumanas a cambio de que estas últimas dieran asilo a la tripulación. El 8 de julio al mediodía, el capitán Negru, el comandante del puerto, subió a bordo del Potemkin e izó la bandera rumana antes de permitir que el buque de guerra entrara en el puerto interior. [8] El 10 de julio, después de negociaciones con el gobierno rumano, Potemkin fue entregado a las autoridades rusas imperiales y llevado a Sebastopol . [7] [9]
Después de la Guerra de la Independencia , se propusieron dos programas de rearme naval para la flotilla del Mar Negro. El programa de 1899 requería seis acorazados costeros , cuatro destructores y doce torpederos . [5] Ninguno de estos barcos fue construido, [10] mientras que el acorazado Potemkin fue devuelto 1 día después de haber sido adquirido. El programa naval de 1912 preveía seis cruceros ligeros de 3.500 toneladas, doce destructores de 1.500 toneladas y un submarino. [5] [10] Cuatro destructores (y supuestamente un submarino [3] [5] ) fueron ordenados a Italia, pero no fueron entregados como la Armada italiana los requirió en 1914. [3] [5] [10] Tres Se encargaron submarinos costeros de 340 toneladas a Francia a principios de 1917, pero también fueron requisados a finales de año y completados para la Armada francesa como clase O'Byrne . El barco rumano más grande del Mar Negro fue el viejo crucero Elisabeta , depositado en 1888. [11] El crucero protegido había custodiado las desembocaduras del río Danubio durante la Segunda Guerra Balcánica , pero fue desarmado cuando comenzó la Primera Guerra Mundial . Su armamento fue emplazado en la orilla del río Danubio para protegerse contra posibles ataques de los monitores fluviales austro-húngaros , y permaneció en Sulina durante la guerra. [5] El escuadrón rumano del Mar Negro también tenía cuatro cañoneras viejas de la década de 1880, que eran de valor limitado, y tres viejos torpederos clase Năluca , construidos en Francia. [10] La Armada rumana tuvo que depender de los buques mercantes armados de la marina mercante estatal, conocidos como SMR ( Serviciul Maritim Român ). [3] [5] Los barcos de vapor Regele Carol I , România , Împăratul Traian y Dacia se convirtieron en cruceros auxiliares . [10] [12]
The Danube Flotilla was more modern,[5][13] and consisted of four river monitors (Lascăr Catargiu, Mihail Kogălniceanu, Ion C. Brătianu and Alexandru Lahovari) and eight British-built torpedo boats.[3] The four river monitors were built in 1907 at Galați. They were armed with three 12-cm cannons each. In 1918, Mihail Kogălniceanu was converted to a sea-going monitor. The British torpedo boats from the Căpitan Nicolae Lascăr Bogdan class were built during 1906–1907 and weighed 50 tons each. There were also approximately six older gunboats used for border patrol, minelayers and other auxiliary ships used for transport or supply.[13] The Romanian Navy had a secondary role during World War I and only had light losses.[3] The river monitors participated in the defense of Turtucaia and later secured the flank of the Romanian and Russian defenders in Dobruja.[14] The main success of the war was the mining of an Austro-Hungarian river monitor.[3]
Following the end of World War I, the Kingdom of Romania took possession of three Austro-Hungarian river monitors[5] (renamed after the newly incorporated territories of Ardeal, Basarabia and Bucovina), and in 1921 purchased four Italian patrol boats. These ships, together with the ones already in service, made Romania's Danube flotilla the most powerful riverine fleet in the world until World War II.[3]
The main focus of the Romanian Navy during the interwar period was the Black Sea fleet. In 1920, two of the initial four Aquila-class scout cruisers (officially designated as destroyers) ordered from Italy were received.[5] These were renamed Mărășești and Mărăști.[15] Four gunboats were purchased from the French Navy: Stihi, Dumitrescu, Lepri and Sublocotenent Ghiculescu.[3][16] Another gunboat of the same class was bought for spares.[15] Seven torpedo boats were received as war reparations from Austria-Hungary.[5] The torpedo boat Fulgerul however was lost during the trip to Romania when she capsized and sank in the Bosphorus in 1922.[15] Năluca, Sborul and Smeul, three of these old torpedo boats, will later see service in World War II. In 1926, two additional destroyers were ordered from Italy: Regele Ferdinand and Regina Maria of the Regele Ferdinand class destroyer, together with the Romanian Navy's first submarine, Delfinul, and the submarine tender Constanța.[16] These ships were commissioned between 1930 and 1936.[3]
The expansion of the Romanian Navy during the interwar period required more training facilities and ships. The first step towards this issue was taken in 1920, when a naval college was founded at Constanța. In 1938, the sail ship Mircea was built in Hamburg by the Blohm & Voss shipyard as a training vessel for the Romanian Navy. The SMR (Serviciul Maritim Român, the Romanian state merchant marine) was also endowed with a number of new ships: the steamer Oituz, the ex-German freighters Ardeal, Peleș, Alba Iulia and Suceava (all of them commissioned between 1932–1933), the passenger liners Basarabia and Transilvania (bought from Germany in 1938) and four new freighters from Italy just before the start of the Second World War: Balcic, Cavarna, Mangalia and Sulina.[17] In 1940, the SMR had 17 merchant ships with a total of over 72,000 tons of shipping.[17]
In 1937, a new rearmament program was proposed. The new plan envisioned a cruiser, four small destroyers, three submarines, two minelayers and ten motor torpedo boats.[18] These warships were to be built locally at the Galați shipyard, where a new dry dock was developed.[17]
The anti-aircraft escort minelayer Amiral Murgescu was laid down at the Galați shipyard in August 1938, launched in June 1939 and commissioned during the first half of 1941. She replaced the planned cruiser as the largest warship yielded by the 1937 program. She was employed in minelaying operations as well as convoy escort missions. Her main armament consisted of 10.5 cm SK C/32 naval guns, much like the German anti-aircraft cruisers Arcona and Niobe. Her sister ship, Cetatea Albă, was laid down in 1939, but abandoned at an early stage.[19][20] Her construction was transferred to Germany and in 1940 she was completed by the Blohm & Voss shipyard in Hamburg.[21] Cetatea Albă had the same standard displacement and top speed as her sister. It is not known, however, if her armament consisted of more than two 102 mm dual-purpose main guns, two 37 mm anti-aircraft guns and 135 mines.[21] Cetatea Albă was likely never commissioned.[22]
The four planned destroyers were replaced by four German M-class minesweepers. These were built locally from German materials in 1943. They were 500-ton vessels armed each with two 88 mm main guns, five anti-aircraft guns (two 37 mm and three 20 mm) and two depth charge throwers.[23]
Two of the three planned submarines were laid down at the Galați shipyard in 1938, launched in May 1941 and commissioned in May 1943. The first one was Marsuinul, a 620-ton attack submarine armed with one 105 mm deck gun, one 37 mm anti-aircraft gun and six 533 mm torpedo tubes (4 bow and 2 stern). Her smaller sister ship, Rechinul, was a 585-ton minelaying submarine armed with one 20 mm anti-aircraft gun, four 533 mm torpedo tubes and 40 mines. The third planned submarine was replaced by five Italian CB midget submarines, commissioned in late 1943.[24] The two minelayers were acquired in 1941.
Three of the ten planned motor torpedo boats were built by Vospers in the United Kingdom and acquired in 1940. They were named Viforul, Viscolul and Vijelia.[25] Six more MTBs, of the Power type, were built locally as the Vedenia class. They were laid down in 1939 and commissioned in 1943. The planned number of MTBs was exceeded in August 1943, when seven Italian MAS were also commissioned.[26] These were followed by four 65-ton German S-boats in August 1944, each armed with two 500 mm torpedo tubes.[27][28]
Warships envisioned by the 1937 program | Warships acquired until 23 August 1944 |
---|---|
1 cruiser | 1 minelayer/escort ship |
4 destroyers | 4 escort minesweepers (commissioned postwar) |
3 submarines | 2 submarines (plus 5 midget submarines) |
2 minelayers | 2 minelayers |
10 MTBs | 20 MTBs |
World War II and postwar
In 1941, The Royal Romanian Navy had four destroyers (Mărășești, Mărăști, Regele Ferdinand and Regina Maria), one submarine (Delfinul), two minelayers (Amiral Murgescu and Cetatea Albă, also employed as a destroyer escorts), three auxiliary minelayers, three motor torpedo boats (Viforul, Vijelia, and Viscolul), three gunboats, fifteen small auxiliary vessels and twenty seaplanes.[29][25][30]
Mărăști had a cracked shaft and could not exceed the speed of 24 knots. As a result, Mărăști never ventured far from the coast. Delfinul, the only Axis submarine present in the Black Sea in 1941, was obsolete and mechanically unreliable.[31] In comparison, the Soviet Black Sea Fleet had a battleship, three medium cruisers, three light cruisers, three flotilla leaders, eight modern destroyers, five old destroyers, two large torpedo boats, 47 submarines and many other auxiliary and small vessels.[17] The overwhelming superiority of the Soviet Navy forced the Royal Romanian Navy to conduct mainly defensive operations throughout the entire war and its warships rarely hazarded further east than Cape Sarych.[32]
The two Regele Ferdinand-class destroyers were the most powerful surface units available to the Axis powers during the naval war in the Black Sea but were mostly used for convoy escort. The Romanian-built minelayer/destroyer escort Amiral Murgescu and the three auxiliary minelayers of the Romanian Navy played an important role in the defence of Constanța in 1941 and later in securing the merchant convoy routes to the Bosphorus and the supply routes to Odessa and Sevastopol. Mines were the main cause of Soviet submarine losses in the Black Sea naval war. Wartime additions to the fleet included 3 KFK naval trawlers and 3 landing craft of the MFP type.[33]
The Royal Romanian Navy was involved in the evacuation of Axis forces from Crimea in 1944. The Romanian naval commander, Rear Admiral Horia Macellariu, was awarded the German Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross after Operation 60,000, the contingency plan for the evacuation of Crimea.[34] Until King Michael's Coup, the Romanian Navy retreated behind the protection of the coastal mine barrages and anti-aircraft defences of Constanța as the Soviet Air Force began to launch heavy air attacks. On the capitulation of Romania in August 1944, the German warships were ordered to leave Romanian harbours. However, when the Soviet minesweeper T-410 Vzryv, accompanied by Amiral Murgescu, was sunk by a German submarine, the Soviet Navy accused the Royal Romanian Navy of betrayal and seized all vessels using this excuse on 5 September 1944.[35] By this late stage of the war, only one destroyers (Regina Maria), one leader (Mărășești), two gunboats (Dumitrescu and Ghiculescu), one minelayer (Amiral Murgescu) and three motor torpedo boats were still operational. The rest of the warships were in repairs after the evacuation of Crimea and the Soviet air attacks of the last couple of months or had been relegated to training duties. The Soviet Navy moved all Romanian warships to Caucasian ports. They were not return until after the war. The older vessels were received in September 1945, while the more modern ones (such as the Regele Ferdinand class) were kept by the Soviet Black Sea Fleet until the early 1950s.[36] A number of warships were never returned.
The largest Romanian warship loss of the entire war was the accidental sinking of the gunboat Lepri. The gunboat ran into a Romanian mine laid by the minelayer Aurora near Sulina in January 1941, when hostilities between the Soviet Union and the Axis had not begun. While the Royal Romanian Navy had light losses throughout the war, the state merchant navy was practically non-existent by late 1944: every ship of the SMR was sunk or damaged by the Soviet Navy and Air Force because of the light Romanian and German forces in the Black Sea that were unable to provide adequate protection.[37]
The following is a list of battles and operations of the World War II Black Sea Campaign involving the Romanian Navy:
- Raid on Constanța
- Operation München
- Action of 9 July 1941
- Siege of Odessa (1941)
- Crimean Campaign
- Operation Achse
- Crimean Offensive
The Romanian Naval Forces were reorganized during the Soviet occupation of Romania as the Romanian People's Navy.[38][39] Under the Romanian People’s Navy, the "Nava Majestăţii Sale" (NMS) designation (or “His/her Majesty Sale”) that is given to each ship under Romanian Royal Navy was abolished.
World War II Romanian Black Sea Fleet warships
Romanian naval forces in the Black Sea consisted of four destroyers, four torpedo boats, eight submarines, three minelayers, one submarine tender, three gunboats and one training ship.[40]
Vessel | Origin | Type | Notes | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Destroyers | |||||
Mărăști | Italy | Destroyer | Built in Italy for the Romanian Navy, entered service in 1920 | ||
Mărășești | Italy | Destroyer | Built in Italy for the Romanian Navy, entered service in 1920 | ||
Regele Ferdinand | Italy | Destroyer | Built in Italy for the Romanian Navy, entered service in 1930 | ||
Regina Maria | Italy | Destroyer | Built in Italy for the Romanian Navy, entered service in 1930 | ||
Torpedo boats | |||||
Sborul | Austria-Hungary | Torpedo boat | Built in Austria-Hungary during World War I | ||
Viscolul | United Kingdom | Motor torpedo boat | Built in the United Kingdom, acquired in 1940 | ||
Viforul | United Kingdom | Motor torpedo boat | Built in the United Kingdom, acquired in 1940 | ||
Vijelia | United Kingdom | Motor torpedo boat | Built in the United Kingdom, acquired in 1940 | ||
Minelayers | |||||
Regele Carol I | United Kingdom | Minelayer/Seaplane tender | Built in the United Kingdom in 1898 | ||
Amiral Murgescu | Romania | Minelayer/Escort ship | Built at the Galați shipyard in Romania between 1938 and 1941 | ||
Remus Lepri | France | Minelayer/Gunboat | Built in France during the second half of World War I | ||
Submarine tenders | |||||
Constanța | Italy | Submarine tender | Built in Italy for the Romanian Navy between 1927 and 1931 | ||
Gunboats | |||||
Sublocotenent Ghiculescu | France | Gunboat | Built in France during the second half of World War I | ||
Eugen Stihi | France | Gunboat | Built in France during the second half of World War I | ||
Căpitan Dumitrescu | France | Gunboat | Built in France during the second half of World War I | ||
Training ships | |||||
Mircea | Germany | Training ship | Built in Germany for the Romanian Navy in 1938 | ||
Submarines | |||||
Delfinul | Italy | Submarine | Built in Italy for the Romanian Navy, entered service in 1936 | ||
Rechinul | Romania | Submarine | Built at the Galați shipyard in Romania between 1938 and 1943 | ||
Marsuinul | Romania | Submarine | Built at the Galați shipyard in Romania between 1938 and 1943 | ||
CB-1 | Italy | Midget submarine | Acquired in late 1943 after the Italian surrender | ||
CB-2 | Italy | Midget submarine | Acquired in late 1943 after the Italian surrender | ||
CB-3 | Italy | Midget submarine | Acquired in late 1943 after the Italian surrender | ||
CB-4 | Italy | Midget submarine | Acquired in late 1943 after the Italian surrender | ||
CB-6 | Italy | Midget submarine | Acquired in late 1943 after the Italian surrender |
Vessel | Navy | Notes | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Destroyers | |||||
Moskva | Soviet Navy | The Soviet Leningrad-class destroyer was sunk on 26 June 1941 during the Raid on Constanța by Romanian mines,[41][42][43][44] laid by the Romanian minelayers Amiral Murgescu, Regele Carol I and Aurora[45] | |||
Submarines | |||||
Shch-206 | Soviet Navy | The Soviet Shchuka-class submarine was sunk with depth charges near Mangalia by the Romanian torpedo boat Năluca and motor torpedo boats Viforul and Vijelia on 9 July 1941[46][47][48] | |||
M-58 | Soviet Navy | The Soviet M-class submarine was sunk near Constanța on 18 October 1941 by Romanian mines,[49] laid by the Romanian minelayers Amiral Murgescu, Regele Carol I and Aurora[45] | |||
M-34 | Soviet Navy | The Soviet M-class submarine was sunk near Constanța on 30 October 1941 by Romanian mines,[49] laid by the Romanian minelayers Amiral Murgescu, Regele Carol I and Aurora[45] | |||
S-34 | Soviet Navy | The Soviet S-class submarine was sunk near Cape Emine on 12 November 1941 by Romanian mines,[49] laid by the Romanian minelayers Amiral Murgescu, Regele Carol I and Dacia[50] | |||
Shch-211 | Soviet Navy | The Soviet Shchuka-class submarine was sunk near Varna on 16 November 1941 by Romanian mines,[49] laid by the Romanian minelayers Amiral Murgescu, Regele Carol I and Dacia[50] | |||
M-59 | Soviet Navy | The Soviet M-class submarine was sunk with depth charges near Jibrieni by the Romanian destroyer Regele Ferdinand on 17 December 1941[51][52][53] | |||
Shch-210 | Soviet Navy | The Soviet Shchuka-class submarine was sunk near Shabla on 12 or 15 March 1942 by Romanian mines,[49][54] laid by the Romanian minelayers Amiral Murgescu, Regele Carol I and Dacia[50] | |||
M-33 | Soviet Navy | The Soviet M-class submarine was sunk near Odessa on 24 August 1942 by Romanian mines,[55] laid by the Romanian minelayers Amiral Murgescu and Dacia[56] | |||
Shch-208 | Soviet Navy | The Soviet Shchuka-class submarine was sunk near Constanța on 26 August 1942 by Romanian mines,[55] laid by the Romanian minelayers Amiral Murgescu, Regele Carol I and Aurora[45] | |||
M-60 | Soviet Navy | The Soviet M-class submarine was sunk near Odessa on 26 September 1942 by Romanian mines,[55] laid by the Romanian minelayers Amiral Murgescu and Dacia[56] | |||
M-118 | Soviet Navy | The Soviet M-class submarine was sunk with depth charges near Cape Burnas by the Romanian gunboats Ghiculescu and Stihi on 1 October 1942[57][58][55] | |||
Shch-213 | Soviet Navy | The Soviet Shchuka-class submarine was sunk near Constanța on 14 October 1942 by Romanian mines,[59] laid by the Romanian minelayers Amiral Murgescu, Regele Carol I and Aurora[45] | |||
Shch-212 | Soviet Navy | The Soviet Shchuka-class submarine was sunk near the island of Fidonisi on 11 December 1942 by Romanian mines,[60][61][62] laid by the Romanian minelayers Amiral Murgescu and Dacia[63] | |||
L-24 | Soviet Navy | The Soviet Leninets-class submarine was sunk near Shabla on 15 December 1942 by Romanian mines,[55][64] laid by the Romanian minelayers Amiral Murgescu, Regele Carol I and Dacia[50] | |||
M-31 | Soviet Navy | The Soviet M-class submarine was either sunk by Romanian mines near Fidonisi on 17 December 1942[65][66] or sunk with depth charges by the Romanian flotilla leader Mărășești on 7 July 1943[67] | |||
L-6 | Soviet Navy | The Soviet Leninets-class submarine was sunk with depth charges between Constanța and Sevastopol by the Romanian gunboat Ghiculescu supported by the German submarine chaser UJ-104 on 18 or 21 April 1944[68][69][70] |
Mando, control y organización
The Romanian Navy is organized in one Frigate Flotilla and one Riverine Flotilla. Equipment includes two Type 22 frigates, one "Mărășești" class frigate, four corvettes (two Tetal-I and two Tetal-II), three Tarantul-I missile corvettes, three Osa class torpedo boats, one minelayer, four minesweepers, three "Mihail Kogălniceanu" class river patrol monitors, five Smârdan-class river monitor and other small crafts and auxiliary ships.[2]
As of 2015, ca. 7,150 men and women serve in the Romanian Navy.[2] The main base of the Romanian Navy is located at Constanţa. The current chief of the Romanian Navy is Rear Admiral Mihai Panait appointed on 15 August 2020. The Commander of the Romanian Fleet is Rear Admiral Ioan Condur, and the Commander of the River Flotilla is Rear Admiral Cornel Rogozan.
The Romanian Naval Forces ordered three IAR 330 Puma Naval helicopters, with the last one being commissioned in December 2008. The helicopters are in a similar configuration to those of the Romanian Air Force, including the SOCAT upgrade package; the Navy Pumas also have flotation gear fitted under the nose and main undercarriage fairings. They are currently operated from Navy frigates for search and rescue, medevac and maritime surveillance missions.
- Fleet Command[citation needed]
- 56 Frigate Flotilla (Mărășești, Regele Ferdinand and Regina Maria.)
- Naval Helicopter Group (IAR Puma Naval helicopters)
- 150 Missile Fast Patrol Boat Squadron (Tarantul-I missile boats and 4K51 Rubezh anti-ship missile launching systems)
- 50 Corvette Squadron
- Admiral Petre Bărbuneanu class corvettes
- Rear-Admiral Eustațiu Sebastian class corvettes
- 146 MCM Squadron (Musca class minesweepers and the Cosar minelayer)
- River Flotilla
- 67 Gunboat Squadron (Mihail Kogălniceanu class and Brutar-II class)
- 88 River Patrol Boat Squadron (VB 76 class)
- 56 Frigate Flotilla (Mărășești, Regele Ferdinand and Regina Maria.)
- "Mircea cel Bătrân" Naval Academy
- "Vice Admiral Constantin Bălescu" Naval Training School
- "Admiral I. Murgescu" Navy Petty Officer School
- Diving Center
- "CALLATIS" Radio-Electronics and Surveillance Center
- IT Center
- Training, Simulation and Evaluation Center
- Maritime Hydrographic Directorate
- Naval Medical Center
- Navy Museum
- Naval Logistics Base "Pontica"
- Special Destination Ship Squadron
- 338 Naval Maintenance Center
- 335 Logistics Section, Mangalia
- 329 Logistics Section, Brăila
- 330 Logistics Section, Constanța
- 325 Logistics Section, Tulcea
- 307 Marine Battalion
- 110 Communications and IT Battalion
- Naval Forces Support Battalion
Bases
As of 2011, the naval bases are in:
- Constanța – home of the frigate flotilla.
- Mangalia – home of the corvette squadron.
- Tulcea – home of the Smârdan (Brutar-II) class river patrol monitors.
- Brăila – home of the Mihail Kogălniceanu class river patrol monitors and the VB 141 class small river patrol monitors.
The 307th Marine Battalion ('Batalionul 307 Infanterie Marină') is the coastal defence unit of the Romanian Navy.[71] The unit was formed in the mid 1970s for the defence of the Danube Delta and Romanian Black Sea shore. It was initially located at 2 Mai village near Mangalia, but since 1975 the Marine Battalion was moved to Babadag, Tulcea County. "The 307 Marine Battalion is destined to carry out military operations in an amphibious river and lagoon environment, the security of objectives in the coastal area, the Danube Delta and the support of local authorities in case of a civil emergency."[72] Its base is near the largest military training range in Romania.
The battalion is organized into infantry, reconnaissance, sniper, mortars, anti-tank artillery, engineers, communications, logistic and naval support units. Standard equipment includes PA md. 86 assault rifles, PM md. 64 light machine guns, Md. 66 machine guns, 60/82/120mm mortars, AG-7 and AG-9 launchers, 76mm Md. 82 mountain howitzers, 13 ABC-79M and 3 TABC-79M armoured personnel carriers.[2] The 307th Marine Battalion was involved in military exercises with similar troops from United States, the Netherlands, Spain, Portugal, Italy and Ukraine that were organized locally or abroad. Also, two companies from this unit have participated in the KFOR mission "Joint Enterprise" in 2008–09.[1]
Since June 1, 2018, the 307th Marine Battalion has been redesignated as 307th Marine Regiment.
Equipo
Sea Fleet
For the river fleet and auxiliary vessels see List of active Romanian Navy ships .
Name | Type | Class | Origin | Details |
---|---|---|---|---|
Submarine | ||||
Delfinul | Conventional Submarine | Kilo | Soviet Union | Not operational; used for dockside training[73] |
Frigates | ||||
F-221 Regele Ferdinand | Multipurpose Frigate | Type 22 | United Kingdom | Ex-HMS Coventry |
F-222 Regina Maria | Multipurpose Frigate | Type 22 | United Kingdom | Ex-HMS London |
F-111 Mărășești | Multipurpose Frigate | Mărășești | Romania | |
Corvettes | ||||
F-263 Vice-Amiral Eugeniu Roșca | Multipurpose corvette | Tetal-I | Romania | |
F-260 Amiral Petre Bărbuneanu | Multipurpose corvette | Tetal-I | Romania | |
F-264 Contraamiral Eustațiu Sebastian | Multipurpose corvette | Tetal-II | Romania | |
F-265 Contraamiral Horia Macellariu | Multipurpose corvette | Tetal-II | Romania | |
Missile corvette | ||||
F-188 Zborul | Missile corvette | Tarantul class | Soviet Union | |
F-189 Pescărușul | Missile corvette | Tarantul class | Soviet Union | |
F-190 Lăstunul | Missile corvette | Tarantul class | Soviet Union | |
Fast Attack Craft | ||||
F-202 Smeul | Torpedo boats | Epitrop | Romania | Based on the Soviet Osa-class missile boat. |
F-204 Vijelia | Torpedo boats | Epitrop | Romania | Based on the Soviet Osa-class missile boat. |
F-209 Vulcanul | Torpedo boats | Epitrop | Romania | Based on the Soviet Osa-class missile boat. |
Mine Warfare | ||||
F-24 Lt. Remus Lepri | Minesweeper | Musca | Romania | |
F-25 Lt. Lupu Dinescu | Minesweeper | Musca | Romania | |
F-29 Lt. Dimitrie Nicolescu | Minesweeper | Musca | Romania | |
F-30 Slt. Alexandru Axente | Minesweeper | Musca | Romania | |
F-274 Vice-Amiral Constantin Bălescu | Minelayer | Cosar | Romania |
Model | Origin | Type | Variant | Numbers | Details |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IAR 330 | Romania | Maritime helicopter | Puma Naval | 3[74] | Include the SOCAT upgrade package; the Navy Pumas also have flotation gear fitted under the nose and main undercarriage fairings. Currently operated from Navy frigates for search and rescue, medevac, maritime surveillance missions and ASW.[75][76] |
Future equipment
The Romanian government plans to acquire new vessels to modernize the Romanian Naval Forces.[77] This plan includes:
- Buying 4 new ships for the navy. Previously these were to be based on the Sigma 10514 design of Damen Group. The frigates were to be built locally (Damen owns two major shipyards in Romania) and the total deal was estimated to be worth 1.6 billion euros (equivalent to U.S. $1.96 billion). However, the decision to go with Damen Group was repealed last year.[78]
- Acquiring 3 new submarines, which also will be built locally at a Romanian shipyard.[79]
- In July 2019, Naval Group won a €1.2 billion contract, which includes the construction of four new Gowind multi-mission corvettes for the Romanian Navy, as well as a new maintenance center and a training center. Naval Group is due to build the first corvette within three years, while the remaining three corvettes will be constructed by Constanța Shipyard and be delivered before 2026.[80]
Rangos e insignias
Referencias
- Notes
- ^ a b c d IISS (2010), p. 157
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Axworthy, p. 327
- ^ Locot.-Comandor C. Ciuchi – "Istoria Marinei Române în curs de 18 secole" (Tipografia "Ovidiu" H. Vurlis, Constanța, 1906), pag. 160–162
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Gardiner (1984), p. 421
- ^ Warship International, Volume 21, International Naval Research Organization, 1984, p. 160
- ^ a b Neal Bascomb, Red Mutiny: Eleven Fateful Days on the Battleship Potemkin, p. 252
- ^ Neal Bascomb, Red Mutiny: Eleven Fateful Days on the Battleship Potemkin, pp. 286–99
- ^ Anthony Preston, Warship 2001–2002, p. 121
- ^ a b c d e Halpern, p. 276
- ^ Gardiner (1997), p. 419
- ^ Gardiner (1984), p. 423
- ^ a b Halpern, p. 277
- ^ Halpern, p. 278
- ^ a b c Gardiner (1984), p. 422
- ^ a b Gardiner (1980), p. 359
- ^ a b c d Axworthy, p. 328
- ^ Robert Gardiner, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946, Naval Institute Press, 1980, p. 360
- ^ Naval Institute Proceedings, Volume 65, United States Naval Institute, 1939, p. 1364
- ^ Robert Gardiner, Warship 1991, Conway Maritime Press, 1991, p. 147
- ^ a b Earl Thomas Allnutt Brassey, Brassey's Annual: The Armed Forces Year-book, Volume 58, Praeger Publishers, 1947, p. 259
- ^ "AMIRAL MURGESCU minelayers (1941), Navypedia". Archived from the original on 3 May 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
- ^ Frederick Thomas Jane, Jane's Fighting Ships, Sampson Low, Marston and Company, 1974, p. 275
- ^ Robert Gardiner, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946, Naval Institute Press, 1980, p. 361
- ^ a b Robert Gardiner, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946, Naval Institute Press, 1980, p. 362
- ^ Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1922–1946, Conway Maritime Press, 1980, pp. 313–314
- ^ Crăciunoiu, Cristian. Romanian navy torpedo boats (Modelism Publishing, 2003), pp. 154–155.
- ^ Jane's fighting ships: 1953–1954, Sampson Low, Marston, 1955, p. 294
- ^ Axworthy, p. 328-329
- ^ Navypedia: VIFORUL motor torpedo boats (1939/1940) Archived 14 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine[self-published source]
- ^ Axworthy, p. 336
- ^ Axworthy, p. 332
- ^ Cornel I. Scafeș, Armata Română 1941–1945, RAI Publishing, 1996, p. 174.
- ^ Axworthy, p. 344
- ^ Axworthy, p. 345
- ^ Gardiner (1980), p. 361
- ^ Axworthy, p. 348
- ^ Șperlea, Florin (2009). From the royal armed forces to the popular armed forces: Sovietization of the Romanian military (1948-1955). East European monographs. Boulder : New York: East European Monographs ; distributed by Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780880336628.
- ^ "Romania – Navy". GlobalSecurity.org. Archived from the original on 13 April 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
- ^ Ian Dear, Michael Richard Daniell Foot, Oxford University Press, 1995, The Oxford companion to World War II, p. 958
- ^ Robert Forczyk, Where the Iron Crosses Grow: The Crimea 1941–44, p. 39
- ^ David T. Zabecki, World War II in Europe: An Encyclopedia, p. 1468
- ^ Richard L. DiNardo, Germany and the Axis Powers from Coalition to Collapse, p. 109
- ^ John Jordan, Stephen Dent, Warship 2008, p. 112
- ^ a b c d e Antony Preston, Warship 2000–2001, p. 70
- ^ Antony Preston, Warship 2001–2002, p. 72
- ^ Cristian Crăciunoiu, Romanian navy torpedo boats, p. 135
- ^ Donald A Bertke, Gordon Smith, Don Kindell, World War II Sea War, Volume 4: Germany Sends Russia to the Allies, p. 134
- ^ a b c d e Mikhail Monakov, Jurgen Rohwer, Stalin's Ocean-going Fleet: Soviet Naval Strategy and Shipbuilding Programs 1935–1953, p. 265
- ^ a b c d Donald A Bertke, Gordon Smith, Don Kindell, World War II Sea War, Volume 4: Germany Sends Russia to the Allies, p. 323
- ^ Jipa Rotaru, Ioan Damaschin, Glorie și dramă: Marina Regală Română, 1940–1945, p. 67 (in Romanian)
- ^ Donald A Bertke, Gordon Smith, Don Kindell, World War II Sea War, Volume 5: Air Raid Pearl Harbor. This Is Not a Drill, p. 63
- ^ Nicolae Koslinski, Raymond Stănescu, Marina română in al doilea război mondial: 1944–1945, p. 361 (in Romanian)
- ^ Antony Preston, Warship 2000–2001, p. 76
- ^ a b c d e Mikhail Monakov, Jurgen Rohwer, Stalin's Ocean-going Fleet: Soviet Naval Strategy and Shipbuilding Programs 1935–1953, p. 266
- ^ a b Donald A. Bertke, Gordon Smith, Don Kindell World War II Sea War, Volume 6: The Allies Halt the Axis Advance, p. 268
- ^ Antony Preston, Warship 2001–2002, pp. 79–80
- ^ Donald A Bertke, Gordon Smith, Don Kindell, World War II Sea War, Volume 7: The Allies Strike Back p. 179
- ^ "Duikers ontdekken Russische onderzeeër WO II" [Divers discover WW II Russian submarine] (in Dutch). NOS Journaal. 13 September 2010. Archived from the original on 26 September 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
- ^ Donald A Bertke, Gordon Smith, Don Kindell,World War II Sea War, Vol 8: Guadalcanal Secured, p. 77
- ^ "Shch-212 on uboat.net". Archived from the original on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 30 April 2017.
- ^ Shch-212 on wrecksite.eu
- ^ Nicolae Koslinski, Raymond Stănescu, Marina română in al doilea război mondial: 1942–1944, pp. 53–54 (in Romanian)
- ^ Antony Preston, Warship 2000–2001, p. 75
- ^ "Navypedia: "Series XII" submarines (project 40) (1937–1943)". Archived from the original on 29 August 2016. Retrieved 30 April 2017.
- ^ "M-31 on uboat.net". Archived from the original on 16 June 2010. Retrieved 30 April 2017.
- ^ M. J. Whitley, Destroyers of World War Two, p. 224
- ^ Nicolae Koslinski, Raymond Stănescu, Marina română in al doilea război mondial: 1942–1944 (in Romanian)
- ^ Jipa Rotaru, Ioan Damaschin, Glorie și dramă: Marina Regală Română, 1940–1945 (in Romanian)
- ^ Nicolae Koslinski, Raymond Stănescu, Marina română in al doilea război mondial: 1944–1945, p. 364 (in Romanian)
- ^ Zaloga, p. 53
- ^ http://www.navy.ro/en/index1.html[permanent dead link]
- ^ https://www.defensenews.com/naval/2018/02/09/romania-to-buy-3-sub-4-ships-to-bolster-black-sea-ops/
- ^ "Trei elicoptere Puma Socat pentru fregatele Marinei Militare". Archived from the original on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
- ^ "IAR Ghimbav successfully completes PUMA Naval programme:IAR 330 Puma Naval helicopter, among world's top 10 ASW helicopters". Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
- ^ "PUMA for Romanian Navy ASW and ASuW missions". Archived from the original on 20 January 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
- ^ Romania to buy 3 sub, 4 ships to bolster Black Sea ops, DefenseNews, 10 February 2018, retrieved 10 February 2018
- ^ PM Grindeanu: Thursday we’ll repeal Ciolos Government’s decision on corvettes, Nine o'clock, 15 March 2017, archived from the original on 11 February 2018, retrieved 10 February 2018
- ^ Romania’s new defence minister outlines plans for locally built submarines, Jane's 360, 7 February 2018, archived from the original on 10 February 2018, retrieved 10 February 2018
- ^ "Naval Group awarded €1.2 billion contract for 4 Romania navy corvettes". The Defense Post. 3 July 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
- References
- Axworthy, Mark; Scafeș, Cornel; Crăciunoiu, Cristian (1995). Third Axis. Fourth Ally. Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945. London: Arms and Armour. ISBN 1-85409-267-7.
- Gardiner, Robert (1997). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships: 1860–1905 (Conway's naval history after 1850). Conway Maritime Press Ltd. ISBN 978-0-85177-133-5.
- Gardiner, Robert (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships: 1906–1921 (Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, Vol. 2). CUS Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-907-8.
- Gardiner, Robert (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1922–1946. US Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-913-9.
- Halpern, Paul G. (1995). A naval history of World War I. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-85728-498-0.
- Zaloga, Steven (1985). Soviet Bloc Elite Forces. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85045-631-8.
enlaces externos
- Official site of the Romanian Naval Forces (Romanian)