El lado sur es un área de Chicago . Es el más grande de los tres lados de la ciudad que irradian desde el centro , los otros son el lado norte y el lado oeste .
Lado sur | |
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Distrito | |
![]() El Monumento a la Victoria , que figura en el Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos , se encuentra en el distrito Black Metropolis-Bronzeville, cerca del punto de partida del desfile Bud Billiken. | |
Coordenadas: 41 ° 48′19.67 ″ N 87 ° 36′31.50 ″ W / 41.8054639 ° N 87.6087500 ° WCoordenadas : 41 ° 48′19.67 ″ N 87 ° 36′31.50 ″ O / 41.8054639 ° N 87.6087500 ° W | |
País | EE.UU |
Expresar | Illinois |
condado | Condado de Cook |
Ciudad | Chicago |
Elevación | 597 pies (182 m) |
Zona horaria | UTC − 06: 00 ( CST ) |
• Verano ( DST ) | UTC − 05: 00 ( CDT ) |
Gran parte del South Side provino de la anexión de municipios como Hyde Park . [1] Históricamente, los Lados de la ciudad han estado divididos por el río Chicago y sus ramas. [2] [3] El lado sur de Chicago se definió originalmente como toda la ciudad al sur de la rama principal del río Chicago, [4] [5] pero ahora excluye el Loop . [3] El lado sur tiene una composición étnica variada y una gran disparidad en los ingresos y otras medidas demográficas . [6] Aunque tiene la reputación de tener altos niveles de delincuencia, [7] [8] el lado sur va desde los ricos a los de clase media y los pobres. [9] [10] barrios Sur secundarios tales como armadura Square , de las Empacadoras , Bridgeport , y Pullman anfitrión más de cuello azul y de la clase media residentes, mientras que Hyde Park , el parque de Jackson Highlands Distrito , Kenwood , Beverly , Monte Greenwood , y West Morgan Park cuentan con residentes ricos y de clase media alta . [11]
El South Side cuenta con una amplia gama de ofertas culturales y sociales, como equipos deportivos profesionales, edificios emblemáticos, museos, instituciones educativas, instituciones médicas, playas y partes importantes del sistema de parques de Chicago. El lado sur es servido por numerosos autobuses y trenes 'L' a través de la Autoridad de Tránsito de Chicago y varias líneas de cercanías ferroviarias de Metra . [12] Tiene varias carreteras nacionales e interestatales . [13]
Límites
Existe cierto debate sobre los límites del South Side. Originalmente, los lados se tomaron de las orillas del río Chicago. El sistema de numeración de direcciones de la ciudad utiliza una cuadrícula que delimita Madison Street como el eje Este-Oeste y State Street como el eje Norte-Sur. Madison está en medio del Loop. [14] Como resultado, gran parte del distrito "Loop" del centro de la ciudad está al sur de Madison Street (y el río), pero el Loop generalmente se excluye de cualquiera de los lados. [3] [6] [15]
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Una definición tiene el lado sur comenzando en Roosevelt Road , en el límite sur del Loop, con el área comunitaria conocida como Near South Side inmediatamente adyacente. Otra definición, teniendo en cuenta que gran parte de Near South Side es en efecto parte del distrito comercial que se extiende en una línea ininterrumpida desde South Loop, ubica el límite inmediatamente al sur de 18th Street o Cermak Road , donde Chinatown en la comunidad de Armour Square Comienza el área. [4]
El lago Michigan y la frontera del estado de Indiana proporcionan límites al este. La frontera sur cambió con el tiempo debido a la evolución de los límites de la ciudad de Chicago; los límites de la ciudad están ahora en 138th Street (en Riverdale y Hegewisch ). [16] El lado sur es más grande en área que los lados norte y oeste combinados.
Subdivisiones
Los límites exactos que dividen los lados suroeste, sur y sureste varían según la fuente. [15] Si se siguen principalmente líneas raciales , el lado sur generalmente se puede dividir en un lado suroeste blanco e hispano, un lado sur mayoritariamente negro y un lado sureste más pequeño y racialmente diverso centrado en el área de la comunidad del lado este e incluyendo el adyacente áreas comunitarias de South Chicago , South Deering y Hegewisch . [17]
Las diferentes interpretaciones del límite entre los lados sur y suroeste se deben a la falta de un límite natural o artificial definido. [15] Una fuente afirma que el límite es Western Avenue o las vías del ferrocarril adyacentes a Western Avenue. [6] Esta frontera se extiende más hacia el sur hasta un antiguo derecho de vía del ferrocarril paralelo a Beverly Avenue y luego a la Interestatal 57 .
El lado suroeste de Chicago es una subsección del lado sur que comprende principalmente vecindarios blancos, negros e hispanos, generalmente dominados por una de estas razas. En el lado suroeste exclusivamente, la parte norte tiene una alta concentración de hispanos, la parte occidental tiene una alta concentración de blancos y la parte este tiene una alta concentración de negros. Arquitectónicamente, el Southwest Side se distingue por el tramo de Bungalow Belt de Chicago, que lo atraviesa. [18]
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Archer Heights , un enclave polaco a lo largo de Archer Avenue , que conduce hacia el aeropuerto Midway , está ubicado en el lado suroeste de la ciudad, al igual que Beverly y Morgan Park , hogar de una gran concentración de estadounidenses irlandeses .
Historia
Con sus fábricas, acerías y plantas de envasado de carne , el lado sur vio un período sostenido de inmigración que comenzó alrededor de la década de 1840 y continuó durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial . Los inmigrantes irlandeses , italianos , polacos , lituanos y yugoslavos , en particular, se asentaron en barrios adyacentes a zonas industriales. [20]
La Constitución de Illinois dio lugar a municipios que proporcionaban servicios municipales en 1850. Varios asentamientos que rodean Chicago se incorporaron como municipios para servir mejor a sus residentes. El crecimiento y la prosperidad sobrecargaron muchos sistemas de gobierno local. En 1889, la mayoría de estos municipios determinaron que estarían mejor como parte de una ciudad más grande de Chicago. Lake View, Jefferson, Lake, Hyde Park Townships y la parte de Austin de Cicero votaron para ser anexados por la ciudad en las elecciones del 29 de junio de 1889. [1] [21] [22]
Después de que la Guerra Civil liberó a millones de esclavos, durante la Reconstrucción, los sureños negros emigraron a Chicago y causaron que la población negra casi se cuadriplicara de 4.000 a 15.000 entre 1870 y 1890. [23]
En el siglo XX, el número aumentó con la Gran Migración , cuando los negros abandonaron el Sur agrario en busca de un futuro mejor en el Norte industrial, incluido el Sur. En 1910, la población negra de Chicago alcanzó los 40.000, y el 78% residía en el cinturón negro. [23] [24] Extendiéndose 30 cuadras, principalmente entre las calles 31 y 55, [25] a lo largo de State Street , pero solo unas pocas cuadras de ancho, [23] se convirtió en una comunidad vibrante dominada por negocios, música, comida y cultura negros. . [24] A medida que más negros se mudaron al South Side, los descendientes de inmigrantes anteriores, como la etnia irlandesa, comenzaron a mudarse. Más tarde, las presiones inmobiliarias y los disturbios cívicos provocaron que más blancos abandonaran el área y la ciudad. Los residentes mayores de los medios se mudaron a viviendas suburbanas más nuevas a medida que nuevos inmigrantes ingresaban a la ciudad, [26] [27] impulsando más cambios demográficos.
El lado sur estuvo segregado racialmente durante muchas décadas. Durante las décadas de 1920 y 1930, los casos de vivienda en el South Side, como Hansberry v. Lee , 311 U.S. 32 (1940), fueron a la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos . [28] El caso, que restableció las limitaciones de la cosa juzgada , desafió con éxito las restricciones raciales en la subdivisión de Washington Park al reabrirlas para argumentos legales. [28] Los negros residían en Bronzeville (alrededor de las calles 35 y State) en un área llamada "el cinturón negro". Después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial , los negros se extendieron por el South Side; sus porciones centro, este y oeste. El Black Belt surgió de las prácticas inmobiliarias discriminatorias de los blancos contra los negros y otros grupos raciales. [20]
A principios de la década de 1960, [29] durante el mandato del entonces alcalde Richard J. Daley , la construcción de la autopista Dan Ryan generó controversia. Muchos percibieron la ubicación de la carretera como una barrera física intencional entre vecindarios blancos y negros, [30] particularmente cuando Dan Ryan dividió el propio vecindario de Daley, el Bridgeport tradicionalmente irlandés, de Bronzeville. [31]
Las condiciones económicas que llevaron a la migración hacia el lado sur no se mantuvieron. La reestructuración industrial de mediados de siglo en el envasado de carne y la industria del acero costó muchos puestos de trabajo. Los negros que se educaron y obtuvieron trabajos de clase media también se fueron después del Movimiento de Derechos Civiles a otras partes de la ciudad.
Las pandillas callejeras han sido prominentes en algunos vecindarios del lado sur durante más de un siglo, comenzando con las de los inmigrantes irlandeses, que establecieron los primeros territorios en una lucha contra otros inmigrantes europeos y negros. Algunos otros vecindarios se mantuvieron relativamente seguros para ser una gran ciudad. En la década de 1960, pandillas como los Vice Lords comenzaron a mejorar su imagen pública, pasando de empresas delictivas a programas sociales operativos financiados por subvenciones gubernamentales y privadas. Sin embargo, en la década de 1970 las pandillas volvieron a la violencia y al narcotráfico. Para el año 2000, las pandillas tradicionalmente compuestas exclusivamente por hombres cruzaron las líneas de género para incluir aproximadamente al 20% de mujeres. [32]
Alojamiento
En la década de 1930, la ciudad de Chicago se jactaba de que más del 25% de sus estructuras residenciales tenían menos de 10 años, muchas de las cuales eran bungalows . Estos continuaron construyéndose en el South Side de clase trabajadora en la década de 1960. [33] [34] Los apartamentos tipo estudio , con camas Murphy y cocinas pequeñas o cocinas Pullman , constituyeron una gran parte de la oferta de viviendas durante y después de la Gran Depresión , especialmente en el "Cinturón Negro". [35] El South Side tenía una historia de vivienda subsidiada filantrópica que se remonta a 1919. [36]
El Congreso de los Estados Unidos aprobó la Ley de Vivienda de 1949 para financiar y mejorar la vivienda pública para los desfavorecidos. La CHA elaboró un plan de proyectos para toda la ciudad, que fue rechazado por algunos de los concejales blancos del Ayuntamiento de Chicago que se oponían a la vivienda pública en sus distritos. Esto llevó a una política de la CHA de construcción de viviendas familiares en áreas residenciales negras, concentradas en los lados sur y oeste. [37]
Gentrificación
La gentrificación de partes del área comunitaria de Douglas ha reforzado el distrito Black Metropolis-Bronzeville . [38] La gentrificación en varias partes del South Side ha desplazado a muchos ciudadanos negros. [39] El South Side ofrece numerosas cooperativas de vivienda . Hyde Park tiene varias cooperativas de ingresos medios y otras regiones del lado sur tienen cooperativas de capital limitado (subsidiadas, con precio controlado). [40] Estas regiones experimentaron la construcción y conversión de condominios en las décadas de 1970 y 1980. [40]
A fines del siglo XX, South Side tenía una de las peores condiciones de vivienda en los EE. UU., Pero la Autoridad de Vivienda de Chicago (CHA) comenzó a reemplazar las antiguas viviendas públicas de gran altura con desarrollos de ingresos mixtos y de menor densidad, parte del Plan de la ciudad. para la Transformación. [41] Muchos de los enormes proyectos de vivienda pública de la CHA, que se alineaban en varias millas de South State Street, han sido demolidos. Entre las más grandes se encontraban las Robert Taylor Homes . [42]
Demografía
El lado sur tiene una población de 752,496, de los cuales más del 93% son afroamericanos. [43] Algunas secciones censales (4904 en Roseland , 7106 en Auburn Gresham ) son 99% negras. [44] El lado sur cubre más del 50% de la superficie terrestre de la ciudad solo. Tiene una proporción más alta de viviendas unifamiliares y secciones más grandes divididas en zonas para la industria que los lados norte u oeste. [ cita requerida ]
Hyde Park es el hogar de la Universidad de Chicago , así como de la población judía más grande del lado sur , centrada en la sinagoga más antigua de Chicago , el Chicago Landmark KAM Isaiah Israel . [45] La composición étnica del Southwest Side también incluye la mayor concentración de Górals , ( montañeses de los Cárpatos ) fuera de Europa; es la ubicación de la Alianza de Montañeses Polacos de América del Norte . [46] Una gran población mexicano-estadounidense reside en La Villita (South Lawndale) y áreas al sur de la Calle 99. [47]
Desfiles étnicos
El desfile irlandés del lado sur ocurre en el vecindario de Beverly a lo largo de Western Avenue cada año el domingo antes del Día de San Patricio . El desfile, que se fundó en 1979, en un momento se dijo que era la celebración de St. Patrick en el vecindario irlandés más grande del mundo fuera de Dublín , Irlanda , [48] y fue, hasta que se redujo en 2012, en realidad más grande que el de Chicago. otro desfile del Día de San Patricio en el Loop. El desfile del South Side se convirtió en un evento tal que fue transmitido por la filial de CBS de Chicago . [49] [50] Después del desfile de 2009, los organizadores declararon que el grupo "no planeaba realizar un desfile en su forma actual". [50] El desfile fue cancelado en 2010 y 2011 antes de ser revivido con seguridad y aplicación de la ley más estrictas. [51] El desfile y picnic Bud Billiken , el segundo desfile más grande de los EE. UU. Y el desfile negro más grande del país, [52] se realiza anualmente en Martin Luther King Drive entre las calles 31 y 51 en el vecindario de Bronzeville, a través de la parte principal de la Lado sur.
Desarrollo economico
La rehabilitación del vecindario (y, en algunos casos, la gentrificación) se puede ver en partes de Washington Park , Woodlawn (# 42) y Bronzeville, así como en Bridgeport y McKinley Park. La remodelación del histórico Pullman es otro ejemplo de un trabajo en progreso. Chinatown está ubicado en el lado sur y ha experimentado un aumento en el crecimiento. Se ha convertido en un destino cada vez más popular tanto para turistas como para lugareños y es una piedra angular de la comunidad china de la ciudad . [ cita requerida ] El South Side ofrece muchas comodidades al aire libre, como millas de parques y playas públicos frente al lago, ya que limita con el lago Michigan en su lado este. [ cita requerida ]
El South Side de hoy es principalmente una combinación de los antiguos Hyde Park y Lake Townships. Dentro de estos municipios, muchos habían hecho apuestas especulativas sobre la prosperidad futura. Gran parte del South Side se desarrolló a partir de estas inversiones especulativas. Stephen A. Douglas , Paul Cornell , George Pullman y varias entidades comerciales desarrollaron bienes raíces en el sur de Chicago. El distrito de Pullman , una antigua ciudad de la compañía, el municipio de Hyde Park, varias comunidades y subdivisiones planificadas fueron el resultado de tales esfuerzos. [53]
The Union Stock Yards , que alguna vez estuvieron ubicados en el área comunitaria de New City (# 61), en un momento dado emplearon a 25,000 personas y produjeron el 82 por ciento de la producción nacional de carne de EE. UU. [54] Fueron tan sinónimo de la ciudad que durante más de un siglo fueron parte de la letra de " My Kind of Town " de Frank Sinatra , en la frase: "The Union Stock Yard, Chicago es ..." Union Stock Yard Gate que marcaba la antigua entrada a los corrales fue designada como Monumento de Chicago el 24 de febrero de 1972, [55] y Monumento Histórico Nacional el 29 de mayo de 1981. [56] [57]
Otras regiones del lado sur han sido conocidas por su gran riqueza, como Prairie Avenue . La remodelación del siglo XXI incluye One Museum Park y One Museum Park West . [58]
El lado sur alberga gran parte del negocio de conferencias de la ciudad con varios centros de convenciones . El actual Centro de Convenciones McCormick Place es el centro de convenciones más grande de los EE. UU. Y el tercero más grande del mundo. [59] Anteriormente, el South Side albergaba convenciones en el Chicago Coliseum y el Anfiteatro Internacional . [6] El Ford City Mall y el distrito comercial circundante incluyen varios minoristas importantes .
Figuras políticas
El South Side ha sido el hogar de algunas de las figuras más importantes de la historia de la política estadounidense. Estos incluyen a Richard J. Daley y su hijo, Richard M. Daley ; el primer presidente estadounidense de raza negra , Barack Obama y la ex primera dama Michelle Obama ; la primera senadora estadounidense de raza negra , Carol Moseley Braun ; y el primer candidato presidencial negro en ganar una primaria, Jesse Jackson . Antes que ellos, Harold Washington , un congresista y el primer alcalde negro de Chicago , así como el revolucionario congresista William L. Dawson , lograron el éxito político en el South Side. [60]
Educación
Colegios y universidades
La Universidad de Chicago es una de las universidades más importantes del mundo, con 22 ganadores del Premio Nobel trabajando en la universidad en el momento del anuncio del premio, lo que la coloca en el tercer lugar entre las instituciones estadounidenses (detrás de Harvard y Stanford). [61] En Chicago Pile-1 En la universidad, la primera reacción nuclear en cadena autosostenida se logró bajo la dirección de Enrico Fermi en la década de 1940. [62]
Otras instituciones educativas de cuatro años son el Instituto de Tecnología de Illinois , la Universidad St. Xavier , la Universidad Estatal de Chicago , el Colegio de Optometría de Illinois y el Colegio Shimer . [63] El South Side también alberga universidades comunitarias como Olive-Harvey College , Kennedy-King College y Richard J. Daley College . [64]
Escuelas primarias y secundarias
Escuelas Públicas de Chicago opera las escuelas públicas en el lado sur, incluyendo DuSable High School secundaria , la Academia de carreras Simeón , John Hope College Prep High School y la Phillips Academy High School . [65] [66] [67] [68] El Instituto De La Salle , ubicado en el área comunitaria de Douglas al otro lado de la calle de la sede del Departamento de Policía de Chicago , ha enseñado a cinco alcaldes de Chicago : [69] Richard J. Daley , Michael A. Bilandic , Martin H. Kennelly , Frank J. Corr y Richard M. Daley . Tres de estos alcaldes provienen del área comunitaria de Bridgeport del lado sur , que también produjo otros dos alcaldes de Chicago. [70]
University of Chicago Lab School, affiliated with the University of Chicago, is a private school located there.[63]
Monumentos
The South Side is home to many official landmarks and other notable buildings and structures.[71][72] It hosts three of the four Chicago Registered Historic Places from the original October 15, 1966 National Register of Historic Places list (Chicago Pile-1, Robie House and Lorado Taft Midway Studios).[73]
One Museum Park, which is along Roosevelt Road, is the tallest building on the South Side.[74] One Museum Park West, which is next door to One Museum Park, is another of Chicago's tallest. 1700 East 56th Street in Hyde Park is the tallest building south of 13th Street. This neighborhood hosts several other highrises.
Many landmark buildings are found in the Black Metropolis-Bronzeville District,[75] including Powhatan Apartments, Robie House and John J. Glessner House.[76][77][78] The South Side has many of Chicago's premier places of worship such as Eighth Church of Christ, Scientist, First Church of Deliverance and K.A.M. Isaiah Israel Temple.[45][79][80]
The South Side has several landmark districts including two in Barack Obama's Kenwood community area: Kenwood District, North Kenwood District and (partially) Hyde Park-Kenwood Historic District.[81][82] The South Side hosts the Museum of Science and Industry,[83] located in the Palace of Fine Arts, one of the few remaining buildings from the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition,[84] which was hosted in South Side.
The South Side is the residence of other prominent black leaders such as Jesse Jackson and Louis Farrakhan. It is also where U.S. Congressman Bobby Rush (a former Black Panther leader) serves.[62]
The South Side has been a place of political controversy. Although the locations of some of these notable controversies have not become official landmarks, they remain important parts of Chicago history. The Chicago Race Riot of 1919 was the worst of the approximately 25 riots during the Red Summer of 1919 and required 6,000 National Guard troops.[85] As mentioned above, segregation has been a political theme of controversy for some time on the South Side as exhibited by Hansberry v. Lee, 311 U.S. 32 (1940).[86]
President Obama announced in 2015 that the Barack Obama Presidential Center would be built adjacent the University of Chicago campus.[87][88] Both Washington Park and Jackson Park were considered and it was announced in July 2016 that it would be built in Jackson Park.[89]
Transporte
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The South Side is served by mass transit as well as roads and highways. Midway International Airport is located on the South Side.[90][91] Among the highways through the South Side are I-94 (which goes by the names Dan Ryan Expressway, Bishop Ford Freeway and Kingery Expressway on the South Side), I-90 (which goes by the names Dan Ryan Expressway and Chicago Skyway on the South Side), I-57, I-55, U.S. 12, U.S. 20 and U.S. 41.[92]
Several Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) bus and train lines and Metra train lines link the South Side to rest of the city. The South Side is served by the Red, Green and Orange lines of the CTA and the Rock Island District, Metra Electric and South Shore Metra lines and a few stops on the SouthWest Service Metra line. Standard local metropolitan bus service and CTA express service bus routes provide service to the Loop.[93]
Letras
Chicago's African American community, concentrated on the South Side, experienced an artistic movement from the 1930s until the 1960s. The movement was concentrated in and around the Hyde Park community area. Prominent writers and artists included Gwendolyn Brooks, Margaret Burroughs, Elizabeth Catlett, Eldzier Cortor, Gordon Parks, and Richard Wright.[94]
Other Chicago Black Renaissance artists included Willard Motley, William Attaway, Frank Marshall Davis, and Margaret Walker. St. Clair Drake and Horace R. Cayton represented the new wave of intellectual expression in literature by depicting the culture of the urban ghetto rather than the culture of blacks in the South in the monograph Black Metropolis.[23][95] In 1961, Burroughs founded the DuSable Museum of African American History. By the late 1960s the South Side had a robost art movement led by Jim Nutt, Gladys Nilsson, Karl Wirsum and others, who became known as the Chicago Imagists.
Music in Chicago flourished, with musicians bringing blues and gospel influences up from the South and creating a Chicago sound in blues and jazz that the city is still renowned for. The South Side was known for its R&B acts and the city as a while had successful rock acts. Many major and independent record companies had a presence in Chicago.[96] In 1948, Blues was introduced by Aristocrat Records (later Chess Records). Muddy Waters and Chess Records quickly followed with Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Little Walter, Jimmy Rogers, and Howlin' Wolf.[23][97]
Vee-Jay, the largest black-owned label before Motown Records, was among the post-World War II companies that formed "Record Row" on Cottage Grove between 47th and 50th Streets. In the 1960s, it was located along South Michigan Avenue.[96][97] Rhythm and blues continued to thrive after Record Row became the hub of gospelized rhythm and blues, known as soul. Chicago continues as a prominent musical city.[97]
Many other artists have left their mark on Chicago's South Side. These include Upton Sinclair and James Farrell via fiction, Archibald Motley, Jr. via painting, Henry Moore and Lorado Taft via sculpture and Thomas Dorsey and Mahalia Jackson via gospel music.[6] The South Side has numerous art museums and galleries such as the DuSable Museum of African American History,[98] National Museum of Mexican Art,[99] National Vietnam Veterans Art Museum,[100] and the David and Alfred Smart Museum of Art (known as the Smart Museum).[101] In addition, cultural centers such as the South Shore Cultural Center, South Side Community Art Center, Harold Washington Cultural Center and Hyde Park Art Center bring art and culture to the public while fostering opportunities for artists.[102] The Bronzeville Children's Museum is the only African American Children's museum in the U.S.[103]
Parques
The Chicago Park District boasts 7,300 acres (30 km2) of parkland, 552 parks, 33 beaches, nine museums, two world-class conservatories, 16 historic lagoons and ten bird/wildlife gardens.[104] Many of these are on the South Side, including several large parks that are part of the legacy of Paul Cornell's service on the South Parks Commission. He was also the father of Hyde Park.
Chicago Park District parks serving the South Side include Burnham Park,[105] Jackson Park,[106] Washington Park,[107] Midway Plaisance,[108] and Harold Washington Park.[109] Away from the Hyde Park area, large parks include the 69-acre (28 ha) McKinley Park,[110] 323-acre (131 ha) Marquette Park,[111] the 198-acre (80 ha) Calumet Park,[112] and the 173-acre (70 ha) Douglass Park.[113] The parks of Chicago foster and host tremendous amounts of athletic activities.
The South Side has the only Illinois state park within the city of Chicago: William W. Powers State Recreation Area. Other opportunities for more "natural" recreation are provided by the Cook County Forest Preserve's Dan Ryan Woods and the Beaubien Woods on the far south side, along the Little Calumet River[114]
Various events cause the closure of parts of Lake Shore Drive. Although the Chicago Marathon causes many roads to be closed in its route that goes as far north as Wrigleyville and to Bronzeville on the South Side, it does not cause closures to the drive.[115] However, on the South Side, the Chicago Half Marathon necessitates closures[116] and the entire drive is closed for Bike The Drive.[117]
Beginning in 1905, the White City Amusement Park, located on 63rd Street provided a recreational area to the citizens of the area.[118][119] Until the early 1920s, a dirigible service ran from the park, which was also where Goodyear Blimps were first produced, to Grant Park. This service was discontinued after the Wingfoot Air Express Crash.[120] A fire destroyed much of the park in the late 1920s and more was torn down in the 1930s. The park filed for bankruptcy in 1933 and 1943. Despite attempts to resurrect the park in 1936 and 1939, by 1946 all the remaining equipment was auctioned off.[121]
Deportes
The South Side hosts three major professional athletic teams: Major League Baseball's Chicago White Sox play at Guaranteed Rate Field in the Armour Square neighborhood, while the National Football League's Chicago Bears and Chicago Fire FC of Major League Soccer play at Soldier Field, adjacent to the Museum Campus on the Near South Side.[122][123][124] Nine other teams—five now defunct, two playing in other media markets, and two now playing in another part of Chicago—have called the South Side home. When the National League baseball team now known as the Chicago Cubs was founded in 1870, their first playing field was Dexter Park in the Back of the Yards neighborhood. From 1874 to 1877 they played at 23rd Street Grounds in what is now Chinatown, and from 1891 to 1893 they played some of their games at South Side Park, which was located in the same place that Comiskey Park was built for the Chicago White Sox in 1910. South Side Park was also home to the Chicago Pirates of the short-lived Player's League in 1890. Another baseball field, also known as South Side Park, stood nearby in 1884 and was home to the Chicago Unions of the equally short-lived Union League.[125] The defunct Chicago American Giants baseball club of the Negro leagues played at Schorling's Park from 1911 to 1940,[6] and then at Comiskey Park until 1952. In football, the Chicago Cardinals of the National Football League originally played at Normal Park but eventually moved to Comiskey Park in the late 1920s.[6] The Cardinals left Chicago for St. Louis in 1960 and in 1988 for Phoenix, where they became the Arizona Cardinals.[126] In hockey, the Chicago Cougars of the WHA played in the International Amphitheatre, located next to the Union Stock Yards, from 1972 until their demise in 1975.[127]
Two NBA teams also briefly played on the South Side. The Chicago Packers played at the Amphitheatre in their inaugural season of 1961–62. The following season, they changed their name to the Zephyrs and played at the Chicago Coliseum on the Near South Side. The team moved to Baltimore after that season and now plays in Washington, D.C. as the Washington Wizards.[128] Chicago's current NBA team, the Bulls, played at the Amphitheatre during their first season[129] before moving away from the South Side to Chicago Stadium and eventually to United Center.
The Chicago Sky of the WNBA moved to Wintrust Arena, which opened in 2017 at McCormick Place on the Near South Side, in 2018. The venue is also home to both the men's and women's basketball teams of DePaul University, with the men exclusively using Wintrust Arena and the women splitting home games between that venue and DePaul's North Side campus.[130]
The defunct Chicago Sting soccer club played at Soldier Field and Comiskey Park from 1974 to 1984.[131][132]
In NCAA Division I sports, the Chicago State Cougars represent the South Side, competing in the Western Athletic Conference. As noted above, DePaul began playing its home men's basketball games on the South Side in 2017, though most of its other sports (including part of the women's basketball home schedule) remain on or near its main North Side campus.
2016 Olympic bid
The South Side played a prominent role in Chicago's bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics. The Olympic Village was planned in the Douglas (#35) community area across Lake Shore Drive from Burnham Park.[133] In addition, the Olympic Stadium was expected to be located in the Chicago Park District's Washington Park located in the Washington Park (#40) community area.[134] Many Olympic events were planned for these community areas as well as other parts of the South Side.[135]
Referencias en cultura popular
The South Side's gritty reputation often makes its way into popular culture.
- The opening lines of Jim Croce's song "Bad, Bad Leroy Brown" state that the South Side is "the baddest part of town".[136]
- Richard Wright's novel Native Son (ISBN 978-0-06-083756-3) takes place on the South Side and focuses on the plight of African Americans in the ghetto, including the housing practices that created such slums.[137]
- Upton Sinclair's novel The Jungle ( ISBN 978-1-884365-30-0) was a revelation about the Union Stock Yards at the turn of the 20th century.[138]
- A Raisin in the Sun ( ISBN 978-0-451-18388-0) is a story of Lorraine Hansberry's youth growing up in the Woodlawn community area.[139]
- Barbershop and parts of The Blues Brothers take place on the South Side. David Auburn's play Proof takes place exclusively in the Hyde Park neighborhood; the film adaptation expands the setting.[140]
- The Spook Who Sat by the Door is a novel and film dealing with the integration of the CIA. The majority of the story takes place on the South Side of Chicago where the sole graduating black cadet is from.[141]
- The Boondocks, a comic strip and animated series, stars the Freeman family, who have recently moved from the South Side of Chicago to an affluent suburb.[142]
- James T. Farrell's novels, collectively called the Studs Lonigan Trilogy, are set in an Irish neighborhood on the South Side.[143]
- Iceberg Slim, the author of Pimp, was raised on the South Side of Chicago, which is the setting of most of his stories. He sold over six million books, which were translated, further disseminating his depiction of life of the South Side.[144]
- Chicago's South Side is the setting for the Showtime series Shameless and the Chicago Fire, Chicago Med and Chicago PD TV series produced by Dick Wolf.
- The South Side is seen in Netflix's Sense8 series, in the scenes of Will.
- In Kanye West's song "All Falls Down" he can be heard saying "South Side, South Side, we gon' set this party off right".
- In the film Mean Girls, which takes place in Evanston, Illinois, Mr. Duvall responds to a school-wide fight with, "Oh hell no, I did not leave the South Side for this!"
Ver también
Notas
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Referencias y lecturas adicionales
- Bachin, Robin F. Building the South Side: Urban space and civic culture in Chicago, 1890-1919 (U of Chicago Press, 2020).
- Pacyga, Dominic A. Polish immigrants and industrial Chicago: Workers on the south side, 1880-1922 (University of Chicago Press, 2003).
- Ralph, James (2006). "Chicago, Illinois". In Reich, Steven A. (ed.). Encyclopedia of the Great Black Migration. 1. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32983-4.
- Rotella, Carlo. The World Is Always Coming to an End: Pulling Together and Apart in a Chicago Neighborhood (2020) excerpt
- Borrelli, Christopher. "A writer comes home to ever-changing South Shore to find the middle class disappearing" Chicago Tribune May 9, 2019
- Rodkin, Dennis. "Why does South Shore resist gentrification? Carlo Rotella is a Boston-based author of a new book that explores race, class and history in the lakefront Chicago neighborhood where he grew up." Crain's Chicago Business June 26, 2019
- Small, Mario Luis. "Is there such a thing as ‘The Ghetto’? The perils of assuming that the South Side of Chicago represents poor black neighborhoods." City 11.3 (2007): 413-421.
enlaces externos
Media related to South Side of Chicago at Wikimedia Commons