La tormenta de St. Jude , también conocida como Cyclone Christian , [2] y otros nombres, fue una fuerte tormenta de viento europea con fuerza de huracán que azotó el noroeste de Europa el 27 y 28 de octubre de 2013 y causó al menos 17 muertes. La velocidad del viento más alta fue en Dinamarca , donde se registró una ráfaga de 194,4 km / h (120,8 mph) en el sur del país (en Als ) en la tarde del 28 de octubre, el viento más fuerte registrado en la historia del país. [3]
![]() Christian tocó tierra en Dinamarca el 28 de octubre de 2013. | |
Tipo | Ciclón extratropical Tormenta europea |
---|---|
Formado | 26 de octubre de 2013 |
Disipado | 31 de octubre de 2013 [1] |
Ráfaga más alta | 194,4 km / h (120,8 mph; 105,0 nudos), Als , Dinamarca |
Presión más baja | 967 mb (28,56 inHg ) |
Damnificados | 17 muertos, 1 desaparecido |
Zonas afectadas | Reino Unido , Francia , Bélgica , Países Bajos , Alemania , Dinamarca , Suecia , Noruega , Letonia , Estonia , Finlandia , Rusia |
Nombre
Aunque se informó que la tormenta fue nombrada por un empleado de la Met Office del Reino Unido , [4] las mismas Met Office han declarado que no saben quién [5] nombró la tormenta. [6] La tormenta fue nombrada por el meteorólogo del Weather Channel Reino Unido Leon Brown, después de la fiesta de San Judas Apóstol , que tiene lugar el 28 de octubre, el día en que se esperaba que la tormenta estuviera en su apogeo. [7] [8] Se informa que el nombre se popularizó en Twitter antes de ser adoptado por los medios de comunicación en el Reino Unido . [8]
La tormenta fue nombrada "cristiana" el 26 de octubre de 2013 por el instituto meteorológico de la Universidad Libre de Berlín . [9] Según The Guardian , las instituciones de la Unión Europea se refieren oficialmente a la tormenta como "cristiana". [8]
El Instituto Meteorológico e Hidrológico de Suecia nombró a la tormenta "Simone", basándose en la lista de días de nombres suecos . [5] El Centro Europeo de Tormentas de Viento, [10] un pronosticador con sede en el Reino Unido, le dio a la tormenta el nombre de "Carmen". [8] El Instituto Meteorológico Danés se refirió a ella como la tormenta de octubre de 2013 ( Oktoberstormen 2013 ), [11] pero luego fue nombrada "Allan" por solicitud del Ministro de Clima, Energía y Construcción, Martin Lidegaard . [12]
La confusión sobre el nombre de la tormenta, particularmente en el Reino Unido e Irlanda , y el impacto severo subsecuente, llevaron a Met Office y Met Eireann a comenzar más tarde a nombrar oficialmente las tormentas de viento europeas, comenzando con el primer sistema de la temporada inaugural 2015-16 , Storm. Abigail .
Historia meteorológica
Una depresión se formó frente a la costa este de los Estados Unidos y se dirigió hacia el este, asistida por la corriente en chorro . [13] La tormenta de St. Jude se formó en el Atlántico occidental como una baja secundaria en los flancos sur de un área de baja presión al este del sur de Groenlandia; este bajo islandés fue nombrado "Burkhard" por la Universidad Libre de Berlín. [14] La tormenta de St. Jude se formó a partir de un frente de onda el 26 de octubre en el Atlántico noroeste frente a la costa este de América del Norte. [15] La baja en desarrollo se movió bajo la corriente en chorro que pasa por los remanentes de la ex-tormenta tropical Lorenzo situada en el Atlántico medio. [15] [16] El aire tropical de esta tormenta proporcionó una entrada de energía, [17] fortaleciendo la corriente en chorro y ayudando a intensificar la profundización de la baja en un área más cercana a Europa de lo habitual. Esto, junto con una fuerte corriente en chorro, llevó a una rápida profundización de la baja de St. Jude antes de que golpeara Europa occidental como una tormenta cada vez más fuerte. [ cita requerida ] Se ha citado que la tormenta cumple y no cumple con los estrictos criterios de profundización explosiva . [18] [19] El sistema de tormentas atravesó el Atlántico a un ritmo rápido moviéndose hacia el este con una velocidad promedio de 77 km / h (48 mph), y cruzó más de 2.000 km (1.200 millas) en menos de 26 horas. [20]
En el sur de Inglaterra se observaron dos zonas de fuertes vientos, la primera antes de la tormenta que azotó la costa sur , y una segunda zona que azotó East Anglia y el sureste cuando la tormenta pasó al Mar del Norte . Esta segunda zona de vientos ha sido identificada por los meteorólogos como potencialmente un chorro de picadura , un área donde la velocidad del viento se ve reforzada por el aire frío que desciende rápidamente desde lo alto de la tormenta. [21] [22] La tormenta se desarrolló como una hoja baroclínica sobre Inglaterra. [22] Durante 20 horas entre el 27 de octubre a las 18:00 UTC y el 28 de octubre a las 14:00 UTC, la presión central de la tormenta se redujo en 22 hPa (0,65 inHg). [17] La tormenta se intensificó cuando cruzó el Mar del Norte con la presión central cayendo a un estimado de 965 mb (28,5 inHg), la presión terrestre más baja de 967,6 mb (28,57 inHg) se registró en Thyboron , Dinamarca . [20] El centro de baja presión de la tormenta llegó a Finlandia a las 01:00 UTC del 29 de octubre y solo se llenó a 970 mb (29 inHg). [20]
Pronóstico
![](http://wikiimg.tojsiabtv.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Boucle_cartes_m%C3%A9t%C3%A9o_Christian_2013-10-25_29.gif/300px-Boucle_cartes_m%C3%A9t%C3%A9o_Christian_2013-10-25_29.gif)
La tormenta se pronosticó por primera vez una semana antes de que ocurriera, y la supercomputadora de la Oficina Meteorológica modeló la tormenta cuatro días antes de que se formara. [23] Las predicciones iniciales, transmitidas el 24 de octubre, eran que la costa sur se vería afectada. Un pronóstico posterior fue que la tormenta pasaría sobre el Reino Unido en una ruta más al norte, afectando todas las áreas al sur de Midlands . [24] Las predicciones fueron de 20 a 40 mm (0,79 a 1,57 pulgadas) de lluvia, con velocidades del viento de 130 km / h (80 mph) cayendo en un período de seis a nueve horas. [13] Estos se actualizaron más tarde, con vientos de Fuerza 11 predichos. [25]
La Oficina Meteorológica emitió advertencias "Ámbar: prepárate" el 24 de octubre para la tormenta a lo largo de la costa sur de Inglaterra, con una advertencia "Amarilla: ten cuidado" que se extiende hasta Midlands . [26] Las advertencias hasta las Midlands se actualizaron a ámbar el 25 de octubre. [27]
La tormenta pronosticada se informó ampliamente en la prensa británica el 25 de octubre, con comparaciones con la Gran Tormenta de 1987 y la Tormenta del Día de Burns de 1990. [28] Una portavoz de la Oficina Meteorológica dijo que la tormenta de 1990, cuando los vientos dañinos afectaron a un un área más grande del Reino Unido, fue una mejor comparación que la tormenta de 1987, aunque de hecho la gran tormenta de 1987 sí afectó una franja similar de Inglaterra cuando se combinó con esta tormenta. [29] Proyecciones posteriores predijeron que la tormenta tendría una gravedad más parecida a las tormentas de octubre de 2000 , enero de 2007 y marzo de 2008 . [30] Los meteorólogos del Reino Unido pensaron últimamente que la tormenta afectaría a Inglaterra de manera similar a la tormenta del 27 al 28 de octubre de 2002 . [ cita requerida ] Michael Fish , quien cometió un error infame al pronosticar la Gran Tormenta de 1987, escribió que sentía que la gente debería retrasar su viaje al trabajo debido a la tormenta. [31] La Met Office recibió elogios por la precisión de su pronóstico. [32] [33]
El 26 de octubre, Météo-France emitió advertencias naranjas para Bretaña , Normandía , la costa de Picardía y Nord-Pas de Calais . Se pusieron en alerta doce departamentos del norte de Francia , todos en las regiones de Bretaña , Haute Normandie y Nord-Pas-de-Calais , así como en los departamentos de Calvados , Loire-Atlantique , Manche y Somme . [34]
El Instituto Meteorológico Real de los Países Bajos emitió una advertencia de ráfagas severas de 75 a 100 km / h (47 a 62 mph) el lunes con ráfagas de entre 90 y 120 km / h (56 y 75 mph) previstas para la tarde del 28 de octubre. . En los Países Bajos , cuatro provincias fueron puestas en alerta: Utrecht , Holanda Septentrional , Holanda Meridional y Zelanda . En la costa noroeste de los Países Bajos, se pronosticaron vientos de Fuerza 11 . [35]
El Instituto Meteorológico Danés advirtió sobre la posibilidad de una tormenta y aguas costeras altas para el lunes por la tarde, y se esperan ráfagas con fuerza de tormenta. [36] El Instituto Meteorológico e Hidrológico Sueco advirtió a las autoridades del país que la tormenta podría continuar hasta la costa oeste de Suecia . [37]
Preparación
Antes de la tormenta, el Servicio de Policía Metropolitana de Londres recomendó a las personas que solo usaran el número de teléfono de emergencia 999 en caso de emergencia y que usaran el servicio 101 Número Único para No Emergencias para reportar situaciones que no sean de emergencia, anticipando que los servicios de emergencia se estirarán debido a paso. [30] [38]
Impacto
La tormenta tocó tierra en las primeras horas del 28 de octubre. Se registró una ráfaga de 159 km / h (99 mph) en The Needles Batteries , Isla de Wight . [39] Sobre el continente británico, las ráfagas máximas se limitaron a 120 km / h (75 mph). [20] Se midieron velocidades de 230 km / h (150 mph) en el parque eólico marino Gunfleet Sands . [40]
En la isla de Ouessant , Finisterre, Francia, se registró una ráfaga de 133 km / h (83 mph). [34] En la costa holandesa y en IJsselmeer , se registraron ráfagas de 90 a 130 km / h (56 a 81 mph). [41]
La tormenta fue la más fuerte en los Países Bajos desde la tormenta del Día de las Quemaduras de 1990, con ráfagas de viento que miden velocidades entre 140 y 150 km / h (87 a 93 mph) en el Mar de Wadden . [42]
Dos estaciones privadas de registro meteorológico en las islas alemanas de Borkum y Heligoland registraron un posible récord nacional de velocidad del viento de baja elevación de 191 km / h (119 mph) el 28 de octubre, con vientos máximos sostenidos de 130 km / h (81 mph) que aún no han sido verificados por el servicio meteorológico alemán. [20]
Una ráfaga de 194,4 km / h (120,8 mph) se registró en el sur de Dinamarca , el viento más fuerte registrado en la historia del país, [3] sin embargo, el Instituto Meteorológico Danés está convencido de que la tormenta de 1999 tuvo velocidades de viento aún más altas, pero diferentes métodos y equipos defectuosos significaron que las grabaciones fueron menores que en 2013. [43]
Daño
Reino Unido
El peor daño fue causado por árboles derribados por el viento (ya que muchos aún no habían dejado caer sus hojas) que cayeron sobre edificios, automóviles y líneas eléctricas. [44] Los daños estructurales generales a los edificios residenciales y comerciales fueron limitados en el Reino Unido, con la mayoría de los daños a los techos, revestimientos y acristalamientos. [44] Se esperaban muchas reclamaciones de seguros por alimentos en congeladores que se descongelaron después de cortes de energía. [44]
Algunos de los incidentes más notables en el Reino Unido incluyeron: En Essex , el helicóptero en Clacton Pier fue derribado y el recinto de orangután en el zoológico de Colchester sufrió daños en el techo. [45] [46] En Londres, una grúa colapsó encima de la Oficina del Gabinete , cerrando Whitehall entre Horse Guards Avenue y Parliament Square . [47] Una segunda grúa se derrumbó en el sureste de Londres, cerrando Old Kent Road , [48] ambas grúas eran del mismo modelo y posteriormente el fabricante y el Ejecutivo de Salud y Seguridad iniciaron una investigación . [49] [50] Las obras de construcción a través de Londres estaban en lock-down durante la tormenta, Francis Road en Leyton vio de cien metros de largo (330 pies) de colapso de andamio dos plantas y en Mayfair 's Berkeley Square otro gran andamio se derrumbó . [51] En Hounslow , Londres, dos personas murieron cuando una explosión de gas destruyó tres casas y dañó dos después de que la tormenta derribara un árbol. [52] En Ipswich , Suffolk, los fuertes vientos arrancaron el revestimiento exterior de los edificios con vistas al puerto deportivo, con paredes de ladrillo y vallas que también se derribaron, lo que provocó cierres de carreteras. [53] Un autobús de dos pisos con dos pasajeros a bordo voló cerca de Hadleigh , Suffolk . [54]
Bélgica
Los daños en Bélgica fueron relativamente limitados. [55] Quince personas fueron evacuadas de sus hogares cuando un andamio colapsó en Merksem Antwerp , dañando los autos estacionados debajo. [55] [56] Los andamios en Ostende también se derribaron durante la tormenta. [55] Un camión de paredes altas cargado de chocolate voló en la ruta europea E34 entre Amberes y Alemania, derramando su contenido en la carretera y provocando retrasos. En otras partes de Flandes, la ciudad costera de Nieuwpoort sufrió fuertes ráfagas que dañaron dos carpas que habían sido sede del Salón Náutico Internacional, a pesar de estar lastradas con grandes bloques de hormigón, el daño se estimó en más de 200.000 euros. [55] [57] En Bruselas una gran pancarta en la Comisión Europea 's edificio Berlaymont fue arrancada a jirones por los vientos. [58] También en Bruselas, una sección de la carretera de circunvalación orbital se cerró después de que los fuertes vientos derribaran las señales de tráfico. [55]
Países Bajos
El récord de la ráfaga más alta en el país (para el mes de octubre) se rompió tres veces, con una ráfaga de 148,2 kilómetros por hora (92,1 mph) medida en Texel , Holanda del Norte , una de 151 kilómetros por hora. (94 mph) en Vlieland , Frisia , y la ráfaga más fuerte de 152 km / h (94 mph) en Lauwersoog, De Marne en Groningen . [59] Vlieland sostuvo vientos de Fuerza 11 durante una hora y vientos de Fuerza 12 durante al menos 20 minutos. Dos personas murieron, una mujer en Amsterdam y un hombre en Veenendaal , mientras que al menos otras 25 resultaron heridas. [60]
Se informó de daños generalizados en todo el país, con miles de árboles cayendo y dañando automóviles, líneas de gas, edificios y provocando interrupciones en el transporte. En Ámsterdam, cientos de árboles fueron arrancados de raíz, destruyendo automóviles y hundiendo al menos una casa flotante en los canales de la ciudad. Los techos volaron de los edificios y los escombros hicieron que gran parte de los servicios de tranvía de la ciudad se detuvieran, mientras que los autobuses sufrieron grandes retrasos y, según informes, el sistema de metro estaba abarrotado. La estación de tren Amsterdam Centraal se cerró debido a los daños causados por la tormenta, y prácticamente no hubo tráfico ferroviario en la ciudad y sus alrededores durante la mayor parte del día, lo que dejó a miles de viajeros varados. KLM canceló 47 vuelos desde el aeropuerto de Schiphol , mientras que muchos otros sufrieron grandes retrasos. Las autoridades municipales cerraron la mayoría de los parques de la ciudad además del zoológico Artis , y varios permanecieron cerrados un día después del paso de la tormenta, incluidos Vondelpark y Amstelpark . Una fotografía que circula en Twitter muestra una noria en el centro de Ámsterdam que parece estar dañada, pero resultó ser una demolición planificada por los propietarios. [61]
Las grabaciones cargadas de la tormenta en los Países Bajos incluyeron a un ciclista en Amsterdam que escapó por poco de un árbol que caía en Haarlemmerplein, [62] y un video del techo de una casa siendo dañado por los fuertes vientos en Dokkum , Frisia . [63]
El puerto de Rotterdam se cerró para todos los envíos el 28 de octubre, mientras que el ferry King Seaways, propiedad de DFDS, con 1.080 personas a bordo procedentes de Newcastle, se vio obligado a abandonar el atraque en IJmuiden y regresar al mar para esperar a que pasara la tormenta. [64] [65]
El 29 de octubre, las autoridades del Servicio Forestal advirtieron a las personas que no se aventuraran en áreas boscosas durante los próximos días, ya que muchos árboles estaban debilitados y junto con la caída de ramas representaba un peligro para la vida de las personas. [66] Las estimaciones iniciales de daños superaron los 95 millones de euros y se esperaba que aumentaran aún más, ya que solo incluían informes individuales y no daños causados al sector agrícola o público. [67] Se realizaron más de 10.000 llamadas de emergencia en los Países Bajos durante el día, y Amsterdam tuvo el total más alto de 366. [68]
Alemania
Los fuertes vientos derribaron muchos árboles en el noroeste de Alemania, y el campo de viento más fuerte impactó en las islas de Frisia Oriental y Heligoland. Los daños por tormentas ocurrieron principalmente en los estados de Baja Sajonia , Bremen , Hamburgo y Schleswig Holstein , con daños menores reportados en Renania del Norte-Westfalia y Mecklenburg-Vorpommern . En la isla de Nordeney, en Frisia oriental, se capturaron imágenes de un techo que se desprendía de los fuertes vientos. [69] En la Universidad de Flensburg, el techo de un edificio del campus fue volado hacia un estacionamiento debajo. [70]
El molino de viento de Oost Mühle, en Greetsiel , Baja Sajonia, fue adaptado. [Nota 1] Su gorra y velas volaron. [71] [72] Se filmó el viento de cola. [73]
En Gotinga , también en Baja Sajonia, parte de la fachada de un edificio de la universidad de la ciudad fue derribada por ráfagas de tormenta sobre autos estacionados vacíos. [74] [75]
Dinamarca
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En Dinamarca, la estación de tren de Lyngby resultó dañada. Los árboles fueron derribados en casi todas partes del país y los accidentes automovilísticos también fueron causados por la tormenta. Un techo en Haderslev, en la región sur de Dinamarca, aterrizó sobre una anciana. Un hombre murió después de ser golpeado por un ladrillo de una casa caída. Al día siguiente, 29 de octubre, un hombre murió después de estrellarse contra un árbol caído en la carretera. [76] En Copenhague, áreas de la principal calle comercial Strøget , fueron cerradas por la policía debido al peligro de caída de andamios con el viento, también en la ciudad una grúa de 17 pisos fue derribada en Bryggen. [77] En Faaborg , el molino de viento Åstrup Mølle tenía dos velas arrancadas. [78] La empresa operadora de trenes DSB rail dijo que esperaba que los daños totalizaran al menos cinco millones de coronas , posiblemente hasta 10 millones de coronas, con 25 trenes dañados que debían ser reparados. [79] El operador de pistas y señales Banedanmark dijo que 500 árboles habían caído en las líneas en el país y esperaba que los daños totalizaran entre cinco y siete millones de coronas por la tormenta. [79]
Estonia
La ráfaga de viento más fuerte de 33,2 m / s (120 km / h; 74 mph) se registró en la isla estonia de Vilsandi el 29 de octubre. [80] Unos 160.000 clientes se quedaron sin electricidad durante el paso de la tormenta y muchas casas y bosques resultaron dañados.
Velocidades del viento
País | Velocidad sostenida | Ráfagas de viento máximas | Escala de Beaufort |
---|---|---|---|
Reino Unido | 159 km / h (99 mph) | Fuerza de tormenta 11 | |
Francia | 134 km / h (83 mph) | Fuerza de tormenta 11 | |
Países Bajos | 140-150 km / h (87-93 mph) | Fuerza de tormenta 11 | |
Alemania | 142 kilómetros por hora (88 mph) | 192 km / h (119 mph) | Hurricane-Force 12 |
Dinamarca | 194,4 km / h (120,8 mph) | Hurricane-Force 12 |
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tranquilo | Aire ligero | Light Breeze | Gentle Breeze | Moderate Breeze | Fresh Breeze | Strong Breeze | Near Gale | Gale | Strong Gale | Storm | Violent Storm | Hurricane Force |
Light Winds | High Winds | Gale-force | Storm-force | Hurricane-force | ||||||||
<1 mph <1 knot <0.3 m/s <2 km/h | 1–3 mph 1–3 knots 0.3–1.5 m/s 2–5 km/h | 4–7 mph 4–6 knots 1.6–3.3 m/s 6–11 km/h | 8–12 mph 7–10 knots 3.4–5.5 m/s 12–19 km/h | 13–18 mph 11–16 knots 5.5–7.9 m/s 20–28 km/h | 18–24 mph 17–21 knots 8.0–10.7 m/s 29–38 km/h | 25–31 mph 22–27 knots 10.8–13.8 m/s 39–49 km/h | 31–38 mph 28–33 knots 13.9–17.1 m/s 50–61 km/h | 39–46 mph 34–40 knots 17.2–20.7 m/s 62–74 km/h | 47–54 mph 41–47 knots 20.8–24.4 m/s 75–88 km/h | 55–63 mph 48–55 knots 24.5–28.4 m/s 89–102 km/h | 64–72 mph 56–63 knots 28.5–32.6 m/s 103–117 km/h | ≥73 mph ≥63 knots ≥32.7 m/s ≥118 km/h |
Ruptura
Electricity supplies
- More than 850,000 homes lost power in the UK[81] at some point.
- At Luton, Devon, on 27 October, an 27-metre-tall (89 ft) wind turbine was blown down.[25]
- Both nuclear power reactors at Dungeness B were shut down due to weather-related circumstances, with operator EDF Energy expecting generation on the site to be off for seven days after power to the site was cut, and the reactors shut down safely in response.[citation needed]
- In France, 65,000 houses lost power in Brittany, Normandy and Picardy.[82]
- The NorNed HVDC connector between Norway and the Netherlands was put out of action following the destruction of the converter station roof in the Netherlands, the connection was not expected to be restored until 15 November. The outage lowered Nordic energy prices as Norway's ability to export surplus electricity was reduced.[83]
- In Denmark, around 100,000 houses lost power in Vejen, Kolding and southern Funen.[84][85]
- Swedish energy companies reported that 66,000 people were without electricity at 03:00 on 29 October.[86]
- In Finland, thousands of people were without electricity in the south and southwest, but the storm was less severe than expected, with the strongest winds passing to the south of the country through Estonia.[87]
- In Estonia, 160,000 customers were without power during the storm's passage,[88] with Pärnu county and Saaremaa worst hit.[89] Latvian energy company Latvenergo lent technical assistance to Eesti Energia, helping to restore energy in the south of the country.[90]
- In Latvia 2000 households were left without power and three towns with a population of 68,000.[citation needed] 1000 power line support beams were replaced in four days.[90]
- In Russia, more than 1,500 people in the Leningrad region,[91] about 16,000 persons in the Novgorod region[92] and about 360 settlements in the Pskov region[93] lost power.
Transport
Air
- In the United Kingdom, 130 flights from Heathrow Airport were cancelled in total.[47]
- In the Netherlands, 42 KLM flights from Schiphol Airport were cancelled.[94]
- In Denmark, Copenhagen Airport closed for all departures and arrivals for a while Monday evening, beside several delays and cancellations.
- In Germany, Hamburg Airport several flights were cancelled or were diverted to Hannover airport, about 151 km (94 mi) south of Hamburg, beside several delays and cancellations.[95]
Rail
- France
- SNCF cancelled all services to and from Gare de Lille-Flandres.[82]
- United Kingdom
- Network Rail dealt with a landslip in the New Forest area, and more than a hundred fallen trees.[96][97] An empty passenger train hit a fallen tree near Ivybridge, Devon.[47]
- East Coast warned travellers that a revised timetable would be in force. Trains south of York would run at a reduced speed.[98]
- East Midlands Trains cancelled all services in to and out of St Pancras until 10:00 on 28 October. The Nottingham to Norwich services were also cancelled until 10:00.[98]
- First Capital Connect announced that they did not expect to run any services before 09:00 on 28 October.[98]
- Abellio Greater Anglia announced that they did not expect to run any services before 09:00 on 28 October.[98]
- London Overground cancelled all trains due to depart before 09:00.[98]
- Southern announced that it was highly unlikely to run any service before 09:00 on 28 October.
- South West Trains cancelled all trains due to depart before 08:00 of 28 October, and warned of delays as those trains running would be restricted to 50 miles per hour (80 km/h).[30] It also warned people not to travel on 28 October and stated that a significantly reduced timetable would be operating.[98]
- Transport for London reported that services on six Tube lines were affected on account of debris on the tracks.[47]
- International
- Eurostar cancelled all trains due to depart before 07:00 UTC,[98] and warned of delays as those trains running would do so at a reduced speed.[30]
- Thalys trains between Belgium and the Netherlands were diverted off the high-speed lines, leading to delays of two hours.[99]
- Belgium
- Trains in Belgium were severely delayed, with 60 percent of them arriving late. The average delay was 15 minutes, with 20 percent of trains being delayed by more than the average.[99]
- Netherlands
- HTM Personenvervoer cancelled all tram services in The Hague, South Holland, the Netherlands due to fallen trees and damage to the catenary.[100]
- RandstadRail operated a reduced sercvice to Zoetermeer, South Holland.[100]
- Nederlandse Spoorwegen had suspended all traintraffic from 11:00 around Amsterdam, as later also the whole northern part of the Netherlands. During the end of the morning, as also most of the afternoon, these areas had no railway services. Two trains hit fallen trees on the railway and were heavily damaged. At many railways trees had collapsed and major delays occurred till the late hours.[101] All trains north of Zwolle, Overijssel were suspended.[102]
- Public transport in Amsterdam, provided by GVB Gemeentelijk Vervoerbedrijf, suspended its trams and ferries. Also many buses had major delays due to damage by the storm. Services resumed later the same evening.[103]
- Denmark
- Trains in Denmark were cancelled. Trees on the tracks was the major reason.[104]
- The station building at Lyngby railway station was damaged as the roof of a nearby building was blown off, landing on the station. All services through the station were suspended, with the station not due to be reopened before 1 November.[105]
- Sweden
- Swedish authorities (Trafikverket) cancelled traffic on a few small lines in Sweden that are prone to be seriously affected by strong winds, the announcement being made one day in advance.[106] On the 28th, main lines in South-West Sweden were also closed to avoid having passengers stranded out on the lines. The closure was a preemptive action.
- Russia
- Tramway and trolleybus transport networks of St. Petersburg were stopped for almost two hours.[107]
Road
- The A249 Sheppey Crossing in Kent was closed on 27 October due to high winds. A diversion was put in place via the Kingsferry Bridge.[30] The A282 Queen Elizabeth II Bridge at Dartford, Kent was closed.[39]
- The M4 Second Severn Crossing was closed to traffic from 19:00 on 27 October due to high winds.[108] The M48 Severn Bridge was also closed.[39]
- Whitehall in London between Horse Guards Avenue and Parliament Square was closed because of a collapsed crane on the Cabinet Office.[47]
- The Orwell bridge on the A14 road was closed leading to severe congestion on diversionary routes for haulage through Ipswich.[109]
- In The Hague, South Holland, the Netherlands, bus services were suspended on 28 October.[100]
- In Denmark four bridges, Great Belt Bridge, New Little Belt Bridge, Vejle Fjord Bridge and Alssund Bridge, were closed including the Oresund bridge between Denmark and Sweden.[110]
Sea
- In the Atlantic Ocean, the container ship Maersk Salina lost 45 containers whilst off the coast of Brittany, France.[111]
- Irish Ferries cancelled services between Holyhead, Anglesey and Dublin.[108]
- Sailings between Penzance and the Isles of Scilly, operated by the Isles of Scilly Steamship Co.'s Scillonian III, were cancelled.[112]
- The Fal River ferry in Cornwall was suspended.[112]
- In France, Penn-ar-Bed cancelled its sailings between Ouessant, Finistère and the Île de Sein.[34]
- Brittany Ferries cancelled a number of sailings on 27 October. The 16:30 from Roscoff, Finistère, France to Plymouth, Devon and the 23:00 from Plymouth to Roscoff.[112]
- Condor Ferries cancelled its sailings on the Poole–Weymouth–Channel Islands route and also those between Saint-Malo and the Channel Islands.[34]
- The Port of Dover was closed between 06:00 and 09:30 on 28 October; two P&O ferries with a total of 463 passengers on board were held at sea in The Downs, off Deal, Kent.[82][113]
- In the Netherlands, ferries between Harlingen, Friesland and Vlieland were cancelled.[114]
- In the North Sea, the container ship YM Unicorn lost two containers off Terschelling, Friesland, Netherlands.[115]
- In Germany, ferry services to Heligoland and Sylt were cancelled on 27 and 28 October.[116]
- Mols Line cancelled four sailings between Jutland and Sjællands Odde.[117]
- In the Baltic Sea, a Stena Line passenger ferry with 33 staff on board was driven by high winds to ground: the Stena Alegra anchored outside the Swedish port of Karlskrona. The 89-metre-long (292 ft) bulk carrier R:tterdam's anchor was uprooted, but managed to weigh anchor again.[118]
- One hundred people were evacuated from the Siri oil platform in the North Sea.[119]
- Ferry services between Rønne on Bornholm and Ystad were also cancelled.[117]
Damnificados
Country | Fatalities | Missing |
---|---|---|
![]() | 8 | 0 |
![]() | 4 | 1 |
![]() | 3 | 0 |
![]() | 3 | 0 |
![]() | 1 | 0 |
Total | 19 | 1 |
France
A woman of 47 was swept into the sea from Belle Île, an island off the coast of Brittany.[120][121] Her dead body was found the next morning.[122]
United Kingdom
At Newhaven, East Sussex, a 14-year-old boy was swept out to sea on 27 October.[123] The search for him, involving the Newhaven Lifeboat David and Elizabeth Acland and a Coastguard helicopter, was called off at 21:45 on 27 October.[124] A man died in Watford, Hertfordshire when a tree fell on his car.[125] In Hever, Kent, a 17-year-old girl died after the storm blew a tree onto the static caravan in which she was living.[39] In Hounslow, London, two people were killed when a gas explosion destroyed three houses and damaged two after the storm blew a tree down.[52]
Netherlands
In Amsterdam, a woman died after a tree fell on her at the Herengracht. A tree that fell on a taxi severely injured the male passenger inside.[126] A 22-year-old man was severely injured in Veenendaal when he was struck by a tree branch, and he died later in the hospital.[127]
Germany
In Cologne, a sailor died on 27 October when his boat capsized.[128] A fisherman died in a separate incident. On 28 October, two people, a mother and child, were killed in Gelsenkirchen when an uprooted tree fell on their car.[74][129] A Flensburg newspaper reported the death of a German male in Flensburg, hit by a falling tree.[130] The German media claimed at least 8 dead.[131]
Denmark
A 21-year-old man who was taking pictures in Gilleleje near Copenhagen was killed by flying tiles.[132] A man was found dead in his car in Holbæk after his car had crashed into a fallen tree.[133]
Secuelas
Insurance industry
The track of the St. Jude storm across Europe took it over densely populated areas of southern England and the Netherlands, impacting on its route the major cities of London, the Dutch Randstad, Hamburg and Copenhagen, which could indicate a high level of insured exposure.[134]
Immediately following the passage of the storm in the United Kingdom, a surge of calls to insurance groups led to companies drafting in additional staff to handle claims and assess damage.[135] Many of the larger insurers also found that their share price fell as investors feared the potential financial costs the storm could bring to the companies,[135] although the Financial Times reported that shares in UK insurers were trading at a level broadly similar to the wider market during the morning of 28 October.[136]
Willis Re estimated the total costs to the insurance industry of the storm were likely to range between £300 million and £500 million in the UK on 29 October 2013. The Executive Director said the damage was comparable to windstorm Kyrill, which struck in 2007 and according to data from the Association of British Insurers would have incurred costs of £370 million in 2013.[137] In an update released on 4 November Willis Re stated they expected losses to be lower than their initial estimates in the UK, and estimated Europe-wide losses to be between €800m and €1.3bn (£677m and £1.1bn).[138] The catastrophe modelling company AIR Worldwide estimated on 7 November that they expected European losses to be higher at between 1.5 and 2.3 Euros.[44][139]
Perils AG, the independent reporting agency established to aggregate and provide the insurance industry with catastrophe insurance data,[140] launched an investigation into the storm.[141] The initial estimate of damages form the storm were published on 6 December at €994 million, later updated to €1,068 million on 27 January 2014. The third estimate of €1,091 million was released on 28 April 2014.[142]
Electricity supplies
In the United Kingdom 3,110 homes were still without power on 1 November mostly in the east of England, with Suffolk being the worst-hit area of the country.[143] UK Power Networks said the storm caused extensive damage to overhead power lines, forcing it to draft in more than 1,000 specialist engineers.[143] By the afternoon of 1 November only 100 homes were without power.[81] National Grid estimated that two gigawatts (2000 MW) of wind power generation was lost during 24 hours as the St. Jude storm passed over the UK (turbines shut down during very high winds as a safety precaution), generation by fuel type during the storm was 10.5 percent wind, 40 percent coal and 23 percent gas fired, which a spokesman said was typical for a windy day.[144] UK Power Networks the Distribution network operator in the East of England, London and parts of South East England paid 13,000 eligible customers compensation totalling £1,134,000 as a result of power outages lasting longer than 48 hours due to the storm.[145]
In Estonia the tabloid Õhtuleht was critical of the government owned Eesti Energia following the storm damage to the countries' electricity infrastructure. The newspaper questioned if the company was investing enough in the domestic power grid, especially in rural areas.[146] The director of Elektrilevi, the power distribution subsidiary of Eesti Energia announced that 80 percent of Estonia would be covered by a weatherproof grid by 2025.[147]
Cultural References
Florence Welch wrote a song about the personal struggles she was experiencing around the time the storm hit Britain. She said that she felt as if a huge storm were following her, both physically and mentally.
Notas
- ^ When a windmill is tailwinded, the wind is blowing from the rear of the mill. A fantail cannot turn the cap to face into wind, and the cap may be lifted and/or blown off.[148]
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enlaces externos
- EU Emergency Response Centre, 29 October 2013: Northern Europe – Storm Impact
- EU Emergency Response Centre, 28 October 2013: Europe – Severe Weather
- RMS reconstructed wind field map
- UK Met Office report: Autumn storm, October 2013
- October 2013 storm - UK government response
- German Weather Service report: Heavy storm Christian on 28 October 2013