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Para otros usos, consulte Stream (desambiguación) .
"Rivulet" vuelve a dirigir aquí. Para la polilla, vea Rivulet (polilla) .
Aubach (Wiehl) en Renania del Norte-Westfalia , Alemania
Arroyo rocoso en Italia
Arroyo congelado en Enäjärvi, Pori , Finlandia

Un arroyo es un cuerpo de agua [1] con agua superficial que fluye dentro del lecho y las orillas de un canal . El flujo de una corriente está controlado por tres entradas: agua superficial, agua subterránea y agua subterránea. El agua superficial y subterránea es muy variable entre los períodos de lluvia. El agua subterránea, por otro lado, tiene una entrada relativamente constante y está más controlada por patrones de precipitación a largo plazo. [2] La corriente abarca flujos de agua superficial, subterránea y subterránea que responden a controles geológicos, geomorfológicos, hidrológicos y bióticos. [3]

Dependiendo de su ubicación o de ciertas características, una corriente puede denominarse mediante una variedad de nombres locales o regionales. Los arroyos largos y grandes generalmente se llaman ríos .

Los arroyos son importantes como conductos en el ciclo del agua , instrumentos en la recarga de aguas subterráneas y corredores para la migración de peces y vida silvestre . El hábitat biológico en las inmediaciones de un arroyo se denomina zona ribereña . Dado el estado de la extinción actual del Holoceno , los arroyos desempeñan un papel importante como corredor en la conexión de hábitats fragmentados y, por lo tanto, en la conservación de la biodiversidad . El estudio de arroyos y vías fluviales en general se conoce como hidrología superficial y es un elemento central degeografía ambiental . [4]

Tipos [ editar ]

Un arroyo rocoso en Spearfish Canyon , Dakota del Sur , EE.
Reproducir medios
Creek balbuceando a través de Benvoulin, Canadá , humedales
Wyming Brook en Sheffield , Reino Unido
Un pequeño arroyo en el lago Parramatta , Sydney
Un arroyo de bajo nivel en el condado de Macon , Illinois , EE. UU.

Brook [ editar ]

Un arroyo más pequeño que un arroyo, especialmente uno que es alimentado por un manantial o una filtración . Suele ser pequeño y fácil de vadear . Un arroyo se caracteriza por su poca profundidad.

Creek [ editar ]

Un arroyo ( / k r iː k / ) o grieta ( / k r ɪ k / ): [5] [6]

  • En Australia, Canadá, Nueva Zelanda y Estados Unidos, un arroyo (estrecho) que es más pequeño que un río; un afluente menor de un río; arroyo. [12] A veces es navegable por embarcaciones a motor y puede ser intermitente.
  • En partes de Maryland , Nueva Inglaterra , [13] el Reino Unido y la India, una entrada de marea , generalmente en una marisma o manglar , o entre antiguas marismas o pantanos salinos cerrados y drenados (por ejemplo, Port Creek que separa la isla de Portsea del continente) . En estos casos, la corriente es la corriente de la marea, el curso del agua de mar a través del canal del arroyo durante la marea baja y alta.

Río [ editar ]

Un gran arroyo natural, que puede ser una vía fluvial . [14]

Runnel [ editar ]

El canal lineal entre las crestas o barras paralelas en una playa costera o una llanura aluvial de un río, o entre una barra y la orilla. También se llama pantano .

Tributario [ editar ]

Un afluente es una corriente contributiva, o una corriente que no llega a un cuerpo de agua estático como un lago o un océano, [15] pero se une a otro río (un río padre). A veces también se llama rama o bifurcación. [dieciséis]

Otros nombres [ editar ]

Hay varios nombres regionales para una secuencia.

Reino Unido [ editar ]

  • Allt se utiliza en las Tierras Altas de Escocia . [ cita requerida ]
  • Beck se utiliza en Lincolnshire a Cumbria en áreas que alguna vez fueron ocupadas por los daneses y los noruegos. [17]
  • Bourne o Winterbourne se utiliza en las tierras bajas calcáreas del sur de Inglaterra para los ríos efímeros. [18] Cuando son permanentes, son corrientes de tiza .
  • Brook . [19]
  • Burn se utiliza en Escocia y el noreste de Inglaterra . [20]
  • Gill o ghyll se ve en el norte de Inglaterra y Kent y Surrey influenciados por Old Norse . La variante "ghyll" se usa en el Distrito de los Lagos y parece haber sido una invención de William Wordsworth . [21]
  • Nant se usa en Gales. [22]
  • Rivulet es un término que se encuentra en las publicaciones de la época victoriana. [23]
  • Arroyo
  • Syke se utiliza en las tierras bajas de Escocia y Cumbria para un arroyo estacional. [24]

América del Norte [ editar ]

  • Branch se utiliza para nombrar arroyos en Maryland y Virginia. [25]
  • Creek is common throughout the United States, as well as Australia.
  • Falls is also used to name streams in Maryland, for streams/rivers which have waterfalls on them, even if such falls only have a small vertical drop. Little Gunpowder Falls and the Jones Falls are actually rivers named in this manner, unique to Maryland.[citation needed]
  • Kill in New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and New Jersey comes from a Dutch language word meaning "riverbed" or "water channel", and can also be used for the UK meaning of 'creek'.
  • Run in Ohio, Maryland, Michigan, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, or West Virginia can be the name of a stream.[26]
  • Run in Florida is the name given to streams coming out of small natural springs.[27] River is used for streams from larger springs like the Silver River and Rainbow River.
  • Stream and brook are used in Midwestern states, Mid-Atlantic states, and New England.[26]

Other terminology[edit]

Bar
A shoal that develops in a stream as sediment is deposited as the current slows or is impeded by wave action at the confluence.
Bifurcation
A fork into two or more streams.
Channel
A depression created by constant erosion that carries the stream's flow.
Confluence
The point at which the two streams merge. If the two tributaries are of approximately equal size, the confluence may be called a fork.
Drainage basin
(also known as a watershed in the United States) The area of land where water flows into a stream. A large drainage basin such as the Amazon River contains many smaller drainage basins.[28]
Floodplain
Lands adjacent to the stream that are subject to flooding when a stream overflows its banks.[28]
Gaging station
A site along the route of a stream or river, used for reference marking or water monitoring.[28]
Headwaters
The part of a stream or river proximate to its source. The word is most commonly used in the plural where there is no single point source.[28]
Knickpoint
The point on a stream's profile where a sudden change in stream gradient occurs.
Mouth
The point at which the stream discharges, possibly via an estuary or delta, into a static body of water such as a lake or ocean.
Pool
A segment where the water is deeper and slower moving.
Rapids
A turbulent, fast-flowing stretch of a stream or river.
Riffle
A segment where the flow is shallower and more turbulent.
River
A large natural stream, which may be a waterway.[28]
Run
A somewhat smoothly flowing segment of the stream.
Source
The spring from which the stream originates, or other point of origin of a stream.
Spring
The point at which a stream emerges from an underground course through unconsolidated sediments or through caves. A stream can, especially with caves, flow aboveground for part of its course, and underground for part of its course.[28]
Stream bed
The bottom of a stream.
Stream corridor
Stream, its floodplains, and the transitional upland fringe[29]
Streamflow
The water moving through a stream channel.[28]
Thalweg
The river's longitudinal section, or the line joining the deepest point in the channel at each stage from source to mouth.
Waterfall or cascade
The fall of water where the stream goes over a sudden drop called a knickpoint; some knickpoints are formed by erosion when water flows over an especially resistant stratum, followed by one less so. The stream expends kinetic energy in "trying" to eliminate the knickpoint.
Wetted perimeter
The line on which the stream's surface meets the channel walls.

Sources[edit]

Small tributary stream, Diamond Ridge, Alaska, US
Creek in Perisher Ski Resort, Australia

Streams typically derive most of their water from precipitation in the form of rain and snow. Most of this water re-enters the atmosphere by evaporation from soil and water bodies, or by the evapotranspiration of plants. Some of the water proceeds to sink into the earth by infiltration and becomes groundwater, much of which eventually enters streams. Some precipitated water is temporarily locked up in snow fields and glaciers, to be released later by evaporation or melting. The rest of the water flows off the land as runoff, the proportion of which varies according to many factors, such as wind, humidity, vegetation, rock types, and relief. This runoff starts as a thin film called sheet wash, combined with a network of tiny rills, together constituting sheet runoff; when this water is concentrated in a channel, a stream has its birth. Some creeks may start from ponds or lakes.

Stream in Southbury, Connecticut, US

Characteristics[edit]

Ranking[edit]

To qualify as a stream, a body of water must be either recurring or perennial. Recurring (intermittent) streams have water in the channel for at least part of the year. A stream of the first order is a stream which does not have any other recurring or perennial stream feeding into it. When two first-order streams come together, they form a second-order stream. When two second-order streams come together, they form a third-order stream. Streams of lower order joining a higher order stream do not change the order of the higher stream. Thus, if a first-order stream joins a second-order stream, it remains a second-order stream. It is not until a second-order stream combines with another second-order stream that it becomes a third-order stream.

Gradient[edit]

The gradient of a stream is a critical factor in determining its character and is entirely determined by its base level of erosion. The base level of erosion is the point at which the stream either enters the ocean, a lake or pond, or enters a stretch in which it has a much lower gradient, and may be specifically applied to any particular stretch of a stream.

In geological terms, the stream will erode down through its bed to achieve the base level of erosion throughout its course. If this base level is low, then the stream will rapidly cut through underlying strata and have a steep gradient, and if the base level is relatively high, then the stream will form a flood plain and meander.

Meander[edit]

Meanders are looping changes of direction of a stream caused by the erosion and deposition of bank materials. These are typically serpentine in form. Typically, over time the meanders gradually migrate downstream.

If some resistant material slows or stops the downstream movement of a meander, a stream may erode through the neck between two legs of a meander to become temporarily straighter, leaving behind an arc-shaped body of water termed an oxbow lake or bayou. A flood may also cause a meander to be cut through in this way.

Profile[edit]

Typically, streams are said to have a particular profile, beginning with steep gradients, no flood plain, and little shifting of channels, eventually evolving into streams with low gradients, wide flood plains, and extensive meanders. The initial stage is sometimes termed a "young" or "immature" stream, and the later state a "mature" or "old" stream. However, a stream may meander for some distance before falling into a "young" stream condition.

Stream load[edit]

The stream load is defined as the solid matter carried by a stream. Streams can carry sediment, or alluvium. The amount of load it can carry (capacity) as well as the largest object it can carry (competence) are both dependent on the velocity of the stream.

Perennial and non-perennial[edit]

Perennial streams[edit]

A perennial stream is one which flows continuously all year.[30]:57Some perennial streams may only have continuous flow in segments of its stream bed year round during years of normal rainfall.[31][32] Blue-line streams are perennial streams and are marked on topographic maps with a solid blue line.

Non-perennial streams[edit]

Ephemeral stream[edit]

Generally, streams that flow only during and immediately after precipitation are termed ephemeral. There is no clear demarcation between surface runoff and an ephemeral stream,[30]:58 and some ephemeral streams can be classed as intermittent—flow all but disappearing in the normal course of seasons but ample flow (backups) restoring stream presence — such circumstances are documented when stream beds have opened up a path into mines or other underground chambers.[33]

According to official US definitions, the channels of intermittent streams are well-defined,[34] as opposed to ephemeral streams, which may or may not have a defined channel, and rely mainly on storm runoff, as their aquatic bed is above the water table.[35] An ephemeral stream does not have the biological, hydrological, and physical characteristics of a continuous or intermittent stream.[35] The same non-perennial channel might change characteristics from intermittent to ephemeral over its course.[35]

Intermittent or seasonal stream[edit]

See also: Intermittent river
Australian creek, low in the dry season, carrying little water. The energetic flow of the stream had, in flood, moved finer sediment further downstream. There is a pool to lower right and a riffle to upper left of the photograph.

Washes can fill up quickly during rains, and there may be a sudden torrent of water after a thunderstorm begins upstream, such as during monsoonal conditions. These flash floods often catch travelers by surprise.[citation needed]

USA[edit]

In the United States, an intermittent or seasonal stream is one that only flows for part of the year and is marked on topographic maps with a line of blue dashes and dots.[30]:57–58 A wash or desert wash is normally a dry streambed in the deserts of the American Southwest, which flows only after significant rainfall.[citation needed]

Italy[edit]

In Italy, an intermittent stream is termed a torrent (Italian torrente). In full flood the stream may or may not be "torrential" in the dramatic sense of the word, but there will be one or more seasons in which the flow is reduced to a trickle or less. Typically torrents have Apennine rather than Alpine sources, and in the summer they are fed by little precipitation and no melting snow. In this case the maximum discharge will be during the spring and autumn. However, there are also glacial torrents with a different seasonal regime.[citation needed]

Other regions[edit]

An intermittent stream can also be called an arroyo in Latin America, a winterbourne in Britain, or a wadi in the Arabic-speaking world. In Australia, an intermittent stream is usually called a creek and marked on topographic maps with a solid blue line.[citation needed]

Drainage basins[edit]

The extent of land basin drained by a stream is termed its drainage basin (also known in North America as the watershed and, in British English, as a catchment).[36] A basin may also be composed of smaller basins. For instance, the Continental Divide in North America divides the mainly easterly-draining Atlantic Ocean and Arctic Ocean basins from the largely westerly-flowing Pacific Ocean basin. The Atlantic Ocean basin, however, may be further subdivided into the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico drainages. (This delineation is termed the Eastern Continental Divide.) Similarly, the Gulf of Mexico basin may be divided into the Mississippi River basin and several smaller basins, such as the Tombigbee River basin. Continuing in this vein, a component of the Mississippi River basin is the Ohio River basin, which in turn includes the Kentucky River basin, and so forth.

Crossings[edit]

Stream crossings are where streams are crossed by roads, pipelines, railways, or any other thing which might restrict the flow of the stream in ordinary or flood conditions. Any structure over or in a stream which results in limitations on the movement of fish or other ecological elements may be an issue.

See also[edit]

  • Chalk stream
  • Head cut
  • Playfair's Law
  • River ecosystem
  • Rock-cut basin

References[edit]

  1. ^ Langbein, W.B.; Iseri, Kathleen T. (1995). "Hydrologic Definitions: Stream". Manual of Hydrology: Part 1. General Surface-Water Techniques (Water Supply Paper 1541-A). Reston, VA: USGS. Archived from the original on 2012-05-09.
  2. ^ Basic Biology (16 January 2016). "River".
  3. ^ Alexander, L. C., Autrey, B., DeMeester, J., Fritz, K. M., Golden, H. E., Goodrich, D. C., ... & McManus, M. G. (2015). Connectivity of streams and wetlands to downstream waters: review and synthesis of the scientific evidence (Vol. 475). EPA/600/R-14.
  4. ^ "What is hydrology and what do hydrologists do?" Archived 2014-02-22 at the Wayback Machine U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Atlanta, GA. 2009-05-13.
  5. ^ "creek". dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, LLC. Retrieved 16 May 2019. kreek, krik
  6. ^ "crick". English Oxford Living Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 18 May 2019. Northern, North Midland, and Western U.S.
  7. ^ "creek". oxforddictionaries.com. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 18 May 2019. British...especially an inlet...(whereas) NZ, North American, Australian...stream or minor tributary.
  8. ^ "(US) creek". English Oxford Living Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 18 May 2019. North American, Australian, NZ...A stream, brook, or minor tributary of a river.
  9. ^ "creek". Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, LLC. Retrieved 18 May 2019. U.S., Canada , and Australia…a stream smaller than a river.
  10. ^ "creek". Collins Dictionary. Retrieved 18 May 2019. US, Canadian, Australian and New Zealand a small stream or tributary
  11. ^ "creek". Macmillan Dictionary. Springer Nature Limited. Retrieved 18 May 2019. a narrow stream
  12. ^ [7][8][9][10][11]
  13. ^ Spruce Creek Association. Kittery, ME. "About the Spruce Creek Watershed." Archived 2008-07-03 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2010-10-02.
  14. ^ Wetzel, Robert G. (2001). Limnology: Lake and river ecosystems (3rd ed.). San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0127447605. OCLC 46393244.
  15. ^ Krebs, Robert E. (2003). The Basics of Earth Science. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-31930-3.
  16. ^ Bisson, Peter and Wondzell, Steven. "Olympic Experimental State Forest Synthesis of Riparian Research and Monitoring", United States Forest Service, p. 15 (December 1, 2009).
  17. ^ "OED Online – Beck". Oxford University Press. June 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  18. ^ "OED Online – Bourne". Oxford University Press. June 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  19. ^ "OED Online – Brook". Oxford University Press. June 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  20. ^ "OED Online – Burn". Oxford University Press. June 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  21. ^ "OED Online – Gill". Oxford University Press. June 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  22. ^ "OED Online – Nant". Oxford University Press. June 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  23. ^ "OED Online – Rivulet". Oxford University Press. June 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  24. ^ "OED Online – Sike". Oxford University Press. June 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  25. ^ "OED Online -Branch". Oxford University Press. June 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  26. ^ a b "Derek Watkin's USGS Analysis". Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  27. ^ Steigerwalt, Nancy M.; Cichra, Charles E.; Baker, Shirley M. (2008). "Composition and Distribution of Aquatic Invertebrate Communities on Snags in a North Central Florida, USA, Spring-Run Stream". Florida Scientist. 71 (3): 273–286. JSTOR 24321406.
  28. ^ a b c d e f g "USGS Water Science Glossary of Terms". United States Geological Survey. 26 November 2018.
  29. ^ "Stream Corridor Structure" Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine Adapted from Stream Corridor Restoration: Principles, Processes, and Practices
  30. ^ a b c Meinzer, Oscar E. (1923). Outline of ground-water hydrology, with definitions. Washington, DC: USGS. Archived from the original on 2017-07-09. Water Supply Paper 494.
  31. ^ Meinzer, Oscar E. (1923). Outline of ground-water hydrology, with definitions. Washington, DC: US Geological Survey (USGS). p. 57. Archived from the original on 2017-07-09. Water Supply Paper 494.
  32. ^ "OSM – COALEX State Inquiry Report 97". Archived from the original on 2012-04-15. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  33. ^ Black Creek (Susquehanna River)#Hydrology and climate, 'Black Creek is an ephemeral stream. It used to drain an area between Turtle Creek and the Susquehanna River, but now loses its flow to underground mines via broken bedrock. Its channel is also disrupted by strip mines and rock piles.', 14 Nov 2016.
  34. ^ "2. EVALUATING THE BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF INTERMITTENT STREAMS". www.fs.fed.us. Retrieved 2020-05-18.
  35. ^ a b c "Stream Identification Method and Rating Form: Definitions". Identification Methods for the Origins of Intermittent and Perennial streams, Version 3.1 (PDF). North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Water Quality. 28 February 2005. p. 2. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
  36. ^ Langbein, W.B.; Iseri, Kathleen T. (1995). "Hydrologic Definitions: Watershed". Manual of Hydrology: Part 1. General Surface-Water Techniques (Water Supply Paper 1541-A). Reston, VA: USGS. Archived from the original on 2012-05-09.

External links[edit]

  • Glossary of stream-related terms, StreamNet