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| Montenegro |
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Aeropuertos [ editar ]
Montenegro tiene dos aeropuertos internacionales, con sus códigos de aeropuerto IATA :
- Aeropuerto de Podgorica - TGD
- Aeropuerto de Tivat - TIV
Ambos aeropuertos se reconstruyeron a fondo en 2006, y se construyó una nueva terminal de pasajeros en el aeropuerto de Podgorica. Los aeropuertos tuvieron un tráfico combinado de 2,184,857 pasajeros en 2017. Ambos aeropuertos tuvieron más de 1 millón de pasajeros por primera vez en 2017. [1]
There are also airports at Berane, Žabljak and Nikšić, but those are used mostly for general aviation, and are not equipped to handle larger aircraft. Ulcinj has a grass-type airport.
Railways[edit]
total:250 km
standard gauge:(1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)) 250 km
narrow gauge:none
Rail links with adjacent countries[edit]
- Serbia - yes - same gauge, couplings, brakes, electrification system
- Albania - yes - used for freight only
- Croatia - no direct links
- Bosnia and Herzegovina - no direct links
Overview[edit]
The Montenegrin part of the Belgrade–Bar railway is the backbone of the Montenegrin railway system. It opened in 1976, and then was a state-of-the art railway, with features such as the Mala Rijeka viaduct (highest railway viaduct in the world) and the 6.2 km long Sozina tunnel. About one-third of the Montenegrin part of the railway is in tunnels or on viaducts.
El ferrocarril sufrió una insuficiencia crónica de fondos en la década de 1990, lo que provocó que se deteriorara y se volviera inseguro. Esto culminó en el desastre del tren de Bioče en 2006 , cuando un tren de pasajeros descarriló y mató a 47 pasajeros. Se están realizando esfuerzos para reconstruir a fondo este ferrocarril.
The Nikšić-Podgorica railway (56,6 km long) was built in 1948 as a narrow gauge railway, and upgraded to standard gauge in 1965. From 1992 to 2012, it has been used solely for freight traffic, particularly bauxite from the Nikšić mine to the Podgorica Aluminium Plant, with the maximum speed on the railway reduced to 30 km/h. Railway was reconstructed and electrified in the 2006-2012 period, with passenger traffic starting in 2012 and maximum speeds being between 75 and 100 km/h.
El ferrocarril Podgorica-Shkodër , que se extiende hasta Tirana , se ha utilizado exclusivamente para el tráfico de mercancías durante algún tiempo. Partes en Albania sufrieron daños en 1997, pero la conexión se restauró en 2002. Hay planes para reconstruir el ferrocarril y reintroducir el tráfico de pasajeros, ya que es importante para los intereses de Montenegro y Albania . Actualmente, los ferrocarriles se encuentran en fase de reparación y modernización planificadas con un presupuesto, dado por el gobierno para 2009, de 9,7 millones de euros.
Carreteras [ editar ]
La longitud total de las carreteras en Montenegro es de 5.277 km, de los cuales 1.729 km están pavimentados. Las carreteras de Montenegro se clasifican de la siguiente manera:
- Autopistas ( Autoputevi ): actualmente no hay carreteras construidas según los estándares de las autopistas. Actualmente se está construyendo una autopista Bar - Boljare , tramo de Mateševo (cerca de Kolašin ) a Smokovac (cerca de Podgorica ). Segunda autopista, tramo montenegrino de la autopista Adriático-Jónica se encuentra en fase de planificación inicial.
- Main roads (Magistralni putevi) - roads connecting bigger cities or economic regions of Montenegro. Most of the main roads of Montenegro are listed with International E-road network, and are locally labeled with M letter followed by a number. Typically, these are paved roads of single carriageway type, featuring one lane per direction, with frequent addition of a third overtaking lane on sections with steep gradients. Curve radii usually allow speeds of up to 80 km/h, and width of a single traffic lane is usually at least 3m. Main roads listed with International E-road network in Montenegro are:
E-65 / E-80, locally M-1, M-1.1, M-2 and M-5 (Debeli Brijeg/Croatia - Petrovac - Sutomore - Podgorica - Kolašin - Berane - Rožaje - border with Serbia)- E-762, locally M-4 and M-3 (Border with Albania - Božaj - Tuzi - Podgorica - Danilovgrad - Nikšić - Plužine - Šćepan Polje - border with Bosnia & Herzegovina)
- E-763, locally M-2 (Bijelo Polje - border with Serbia)
- E-851, locally M-1 (Sutomore - Bar - Krute - Ulcinj - Sukobin - border with Albania)
Sections of E65/E80 (Debeli Brijeg - Petrovac) and E851 (Petrovac - Ulcinj) together make up for the Montenegrin section of Adriatic Highway.
- Regional roads (Regionalni putevi) - these are road connections between regional centers, and connections to the other regional roads, main roads or road network of other countries. Typically, these are paved roads, but with smaller curve radii and narrower lanes than those of the main roads. Thus, lower speed limits are more common on regional roads. These roads are locally labeled with R letter followed by a number.
- Local roads (Lokalni putevi) - local roads connections of villages and other settlements of local communities. Quality of road infrastructure varies wildly between local roads, so these can be both unpaved dirt roads, as well as roads resembling regional roads in quality and appearance.
In January 2016, after many years, categories of roads have been changed to more reflect their importance and quality.[2] Before that categorization of some of the roads had become obsolete in some cases, with upgrades of some road sections, and decay of the others. For example, road Kolašin - Mateševo - Andrijevica road, was labelled as Main road, is greatly inferior in quality to the Šavnik - Žabljak road, which was designated as a Regional road.
In recent years roads connecting Podgorica and the coastal towns have improved significantly with the completion of Sozina tunnel and numerous upgrades of roads towards Cetinje, Budva and Bar. Sozina tunnel shortened the journey from Podgorica to Bar to under half an hour and made the trip significantly safer.
In the north, the road from Podgorica to Kolašin through Morača canyon to Serbia is considered the bottleneck of Montenegrin road network, as it is a curvy mountainous road, often unsafe during the winter. Bar - Boljare motorway is envisioned as a replacement for this corridor. In 2015, work has begun on section of Bar - Boljare motorway that would bypass the canyon. Long term plans also include the Montenegrin section of Adriatic–Ionian motorway as a significant transit link.
Hay una ruta propuesta desde la ciudad de Podgorica a Gusinje . La carretera, que se espera que atraviese el noroeste de Albania (de Grabom a Vermosh ), significará un tiempo de viaje a Gusinje y Plav de aproximadamente media hora.
Además, está previsto que en el futuro se construya el puente Verige que atraviesa la bahía de Kotor y parte de la autopista del Adriático .
Carreteras principales [ editar ]
Esta es la lista de todas las carreteras principales de Montenegro . [2]
| Designacion | Ruta |
|---|---|
 M-1 | Debeli Brijeg / Croacia - Meljine (M-12) - Lipci (M-8) - Kotor (R-1) - Cruce de Krtolska (M-11) - Budva (M-10) - Petrovac (M-2) - Sutomore ( M-1.1) - Bar (R-28 y R-29) - Ulcinj (R-22) - Krute (R-29) Vladimir (R-15) - Sukobin / Albania |
 M-1.1 | Sutomore (M-1) - Túnel Sozina - Virpazar (raskrsnica sa M-2) |
 M-2 | Petrovac (M-1) - Sotonići - Virpazar (M-1.1 y R-15) - Golubovci - Podgorica (M-3, M-4 y R-27) - Bioče (R-13) - Mioska (R-21) - Kolašin (R-13) - Mojkovac (R-10) - Slijepač Most (R-11) - Ribarevina (M-5) - Bijelo Polje - Barski most / Serbia |
 M-3 | Šćepan Polje / Bosnia y Herzegovina - Plužine (R-16) - Jasenovo Polje (M-6) - Vir (R-7) - Nikšić (M-7) - Cerovo (R-23) - Danilovgrad (R-14) - Podgorica (M-10 y M-2) |
 M-4 | Podgorica (M-2) - Tuzi - Božaj / Albania |
 M-5 | Ribarevina (M-2) - Berane (R-2) - Budimlja (R-12) - Kalače (R-12) - Rožaje (R-5) - Most Zeleni (R-6) - Dračenovac / Serbia |
 M-6 | Ranče / Serbia - Trlica (R-11) - Pljevlja (R-18) - Đurđevića Tara (R-10) - Vrela (R-26) - Žabljak - Virak (R-20) - Pošćenski kraj (R-16) - Šavnik (R-20) - Jasenovo Polje (M-3) |
 M-7 | Nikšić (M-3) - Riđani (R-17) - Vilusi (M-8 y M-9) - Ilijino Brdo / Bosnia y Herzegovina |
 M-8 | Lipci (M-1) - Grahovo - Vilusi (M-7); |
 M-9 | Vilusi (M-7) - Petrovići - Deleuša / Bosnia y Herzegovina |
 M-10 | Podgorica (M-3) - Cetinje (R-1) - Budva (M-1); |
 M-11 | Lepetani (Ferry to M-1) - Tivat - Krtolska crossroad (M-1); |
 M-12 | Meljine (M-1) - Petijevići - Sitnica/Bosnia and Herzegovina |
Regional roads[edit]
This is list of regional roads in Montenegro.[2]
| Designation | Route |
|---|---|
 R-1 | Cetinje (M-10) - Čekanje (R-17) - Krstac (R-25) - Trojica - Kotor (M-1) |
 R-2 | Berane (M-5) - Buča (R-24) - Andrijevica (R-19) - Murino (R-9) - Plav - Gusinje - Grnčar/Albania |
 R-3 | Pljevlja (R-18) - Dajevića Han (R-4) - Metaljka/Bosnia and Herzegovina |
 R-4 | Dajevića Han (R-3) - Čemerno/Serbia |
 R-5 | Rožaje (M-5) - Kula - Stubica/Kosovo |
 R-6 | Most Zeleni (M-5) - Vuča/Serbia |
 R-7 | Vir (M-3) - Krstac/Bosnia and Herzegovina |
 R-8 | Resna (R-17) - Grahovo - Nudo/Bosnia and Herzegovina |
 R-9 | Murino (R-2) - Bjeluha//Kosovo |
 R-10 | Đurđevića Tara (M-6) - Mojkovac (M-2) |
 R-11 | Slijepač Most (M-2) - Tomaševo - Pavino Polje - Trlica (M-6) |
 R-12 | Budimlja (M-5) - Podvade (R-12.1) - Kalače (M-5) |
 R-12.1 | Podvade (R-12.1) - Petnjica |
 R-13 | Bioče (M-2) - Mateševo (R-19) - Kolašin (M-2) |
 R-14 | Danilovgrad (M-3) - Čevo (R-17) |
 R-15 | Vladimir (M-1) - Ostros - Virpazar (R-28 and M-2) - Rijeka Crnojevića - Donji Ulići (M-10) |
 R-16 | Plužine (M-3) - Trsa - Pošćenski kraj (M-6) |
 R-17 | Čekanje (R-1) - Resna (R-8) - Čevo (R-14) - Riđani (M-7) |
 R-18 | Pljevlja (M-6 and R-3) - Gradac - Šula |
 R-19 | Mateševo (R-13) - Andrijevica (R-2) |
 R-20 | Virak (M-6) - Tušina (R-21) - Šavnik (M-6) |
 R-21 | Mioska (M-2) - Semolj - Boan - Tušina (R-20) |
 R-22 | Ulcinj (M-1) - Ada Bojana |
 R-23 | Cerovo (M-3) - Bogetići - Glava Zete - Danilovgrad - Spuž - Vranjske njive |
 R-24 | Buča (R-2) - Lubnice |
 R-25 | Cetinje - Ivanova Korita - Međuvršje (R-25.1) - Krstac (R-1) |
 R-25.1 | Međuvršje (R-25) - Lovćen |
 R-26 | Vrela (M-6) - Njegovuđa |
 R-27 | Cijevna Zatrijebačka/Albania - Dinoša - Podgorica (M-3) |
 R-28 | Bar (M-1) - Virpazar (R-15) |
 R-29 | Bar (M-1) - Kamenički most - Krute (M-1) |
Ports and harbors[edit]
Port of Bar is the major seaport in Montenegro. It is capable of handling about 5 million tons of cargo, and is a port for ferries to Bari and Ancona in Italy. Kotor, Risan, Tivat and Zelenika (in Bay of Kotor) are smaller ports.
Montenegro's rivers are generally not navigable, except for tourist attractions such as rafting on Tara River.
See also[edit]
- Montenegrin car license plates
References[edit]
- ^ "Airports of Montenegro". montenegroairports.com.
- ^ a b c "Pravilnik o kategorizaciji državnih puteva" [Regulation on categorisation of state roads]. www.sluzbenilist.me (in Montenegrin). Official Gazette of Montenegro. 5 January 2016. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
External links[edit]
- Montenegro Travel Service
- Road Map of Montenegro
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Transport in Montenegro. |