Coordenadas : 37 ° 13′37 ″ N 80 ° 25′19 ″ W / 37,227 ° N 80,422 ° WEl tiroteo de Virginia Tech fue un tiroteo masivo que ocurrió el 16 de abril de 2007, que comprende dos ataques en el campus del Instituto Politécnico de Virginia y la Universidad Estatal en Blacksburg , Virginia , Estados Unidos. Seung-Hui Cho , estudiante de pregrado de la universidad y residente en Estados Unidos de ascendencia surcoreana, mató a 32 personas e hirió a otras 17 con dos pistolas semiautomáticas . Otros seis resultaron heridos saltando por las ventanas para escapar de Cho.
Tiroteo de Virginia Tech | |
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Parte de tiroteos masivos en los Estados Unidos | |
![]() La vigilia a la luz de las velas en la noche del 17 de abril de 2007, imagen tomada frente al Burruss Hall
[Mapa interactivo en pantalla completa] | |
Localización | Blacksburg , Virginia , Estados Unidos |
Coordenadas | 37 ° 13′23 ″ N 80 ° 25′16 ″ W / 37.2231 ° N 80.4211 ° W (Ambler Johnston Hall)[1] 37.2294 ° N 80.4231 ° W (Norris Hall)[2] 37 ° 13′46 ″ N 80 ° 25′23 ″ O / |
Fecha | 16 de abril de 2007 [3] : 25 ( EDT ) | c. 7:15 a. M. - 9:51 a . M.
Objetivo | Estudiantes y profesores de Virginia Tech |
Tipo de ataque | Tiroteo escolar , asesinato en masa , asesinato-suicidio , tiroteo en juerga |
Armas |
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Fallecidos | 33 (incluido el autor) [5] : 127 |
Herido | 23 (17 por disparos) [6] : 92 [7] |
Autor | Seung-Hui Cho |
Defensores | Liviu Librescu , Kevin Granata , GV Loganathan , Derek O'Dell, Katelyn Carney, Henry Lee, Zach Petkewicz, Matthew La Porte [8] |
Motivo | Poco concluyente |
El primer ataque ocurrió en West Ambler Johnston Hall, un dormitorio , donde murieron dos personas; el ataque principal fue un tiroteo en una escuela en Norris Hall, un edificio de aulas, donde el resto de las víctimas letales y no letales tuvieron lugar en cuatro aulas y una escalera. Cuando la policía irrumpió en Norris Hall, Cho se disparó fatalmente en la cabeza. Este sigue siendo el tiroteo escolar más mortífero en la historia de EE. UU., [6] : 92 [7] [9] : 78 y también fue el tiroteo masivo moderno más mortífero de EE. UU. Hasta que fue superado nueve años después por el tiroteo en un club nocturno de Orlando .
Los ataques recibieron cobertura de los medios internacionales y provocaron críticas generalizadas a la cultura de las armas de Estados Unidos . [10] Desató un debate sobre violencia armada , leyes de armas , brechas en el sistema estadounidense para tratar problemas de salud mental , el estado mental de Cho, la responsabilidad de las administraciones universitarias, [11] leyes de privacidad , ética periodística y otros temas. Las organizaciones de noticias que transmitieron porciones del manifiesto multimedia de Cho fueron criticadas por las familias de las víctimas, los agentes del orden de Virginia y la Asociación Estadounidense de Psiquiatría . [12] [13]
Cho había sido diagnosticado previamente con mutismo selectivo y depresión severa . Durante gran parte de sus años de escuela intermedia y secundaria , recibió terapia y apoyo de educación especial . Después de graduarse de la escuela secundaria, Cho se inscribió en Virginia Tech. Debido a las leyes federales de privacidad, la universidad desconocía los diagnósticos anteriores de Cho o las adaptaciones que le habían otorgado en la escuela. En 2005, Cho fue acusado de acechar a dos estudiantes. [14] Después de una investigación, un juez especial de Virginia declaró a Cho como enfermo mental y le ordenó que asistiera a tratamiento; sin embargo, debido a que no estaba institucionalizado, se le permitió comprar armas. [15] El tiroteo llevó al estado de Virginia a cerrar las lagunas legales que permitían a las personas juzgadas como mentalmente enfermas comprar pistolas sin ser detectadas por el Sistema Nacional Instantáneo de Verificación de Antecedentes Penales (NICS). También condujo a la aprobación de la única medida federal importante de control de armas en los Estados Unidos desde 1994. La ley que fortalece al NICS fue firmada por el presidente George W. Bush el 5 de enero de 2008. [16]
El Panel de Revisión de Virginia Tech, un organismo designado por el estado asignado para revisar el incidente, criticó a los administradores de Virginia Tech por no tomar medidas que podrían haber reducido el número de víctimas. [17] El informe del panel también revisó las leyes de armas y señaló lagunas en la atención de la salud mental, así como las leyes de privacidad que dejaron sin tratar el deterioro de Cho cuando era estudiante en Virginia Tech. [9] : 78 [18] : 2
Ataques
Los tiroteos ocurrieron en dos incidentes separados. El primer incidente ocurrió en West Ambler Johnston Hall , una residencia donde Seung-Hui Cho mató a dos estudiantes. El segundo incidente ocurrió en Norris Hall , un edificio académico en el lado opuesto del campus donde ocurrieron las otras treinta y una muertes, incluida la del propio Cho, y todas las lesiones no letales. Cho usó dos pistolas durante los ataques: una pistola semiautomática Walther P22 calibre .22 y una pistola semiautomática Glock 19 de 9 mm . [4]
Tiroteos en West Ambler Johnston
Cho fue visto cerca de la entrada de West Ambler Johnston Hall, una residencia mixta que alberga a 895 estudiantes, [1] aproximadamente a las 6:47 am EDT . [3] : 25 [4] Normalmente, la sala es accesible solo para sus residentes a través de tarjetas magnéticas antes de las 10:00 am; El buzón de correo de los estudiantes de Cho estaba en el vestíbulo del edificio, por lo que tenía una tarjeta de acceso que le permitía el acceso después de las 7:30 am, pero no está claro cómo obtuvo la entrada anterior al edificio. [9] : 77 [19] : 13
Alrededor de las 7:15 am, Cho entró en la habitación que la estudiante de primer año Emily J. Hilscher compartía con otro estudiante y le disparó a Hilscher, un joven de 19 años de Woodville, Virginia . Después de escuchar los disparos, un asistente de enfermería , de 22 años de edad, alto Ryan C. Clark, de Martínez , Georgia , intentó ayudar Hilscher. Cho disparó y mató a Clark. [20] [21] Hilscher permaneció con vida durante tres horas después de recibir un disparo, pero nadie de la escuela, la policía o el hospital notificó a su familia hasta después de su muerte. [22] [23]
Cho abandonó la escena y regresó a su habitación en Harper Hall , un dormitorio al oeste de West Ambler Johnston Hall. Mientras la policía y las unidades de servicios médicos de emergencia respondían a los tiroteos en el dormitorio de al lado, Cho se quitó la ropa manchada de sangre, inició sesión en su computadora para borrar sus correos electrónicos y su cuenta de estudiante universitaria, y luego quitó el disco duro. Aproximadamente una hora después del ataque, se cree que Cho fue visto cerca del estanque de patos del campus. Aunque las autoridades sospecharon que Cho había arrojado su disco duro y su teléfono móvil al agua, la búsqueda por parte de los buzos no tuvo éxito. [24] [25]
Casi dos horas después de los primeros asesinatos, Cho apareció en una oficina de correos cercana y envió por correo un paquete de escritos y grabaciones de video a NBC News ; estos materiales resultaron ser de escaso valor investigativo para las autoridades. El paquete tenía matasellos de las 9:01 a. M. [26]
Tiroteos en Norris Hall
Aproximadamente dos horas después de los disparos iniciales, Cho entró en Norris Hall, que albergaba el programa de Ingeniería y Mecánica , entre otros. En una mochila llevaba varias cadenas, candados, un martillo, un cuchillo, dos pistolas con diecinueve cargadores de 10 y 15 cartuchos y cerca de 400 cartuchos. [6] : 88 Con las cerraduras y las cadenas, encadenó las tres puertas de entrada principales cerrándolas y colocó una nota en una, diciendo que intentar abrir la puerta haría explotar una bomba. Poco antes de que comenzara el tiroteo, un miembro de la facultad encontró la nota y la llevó al tercer piso para notificar a la administración de la escuela. Casi al mismo tiempo, Cho había comenzado a disparar a estudiantes y profesores en el segundo piso. La amenaza de bomba nunca llegó. [6] : 89 [27] La primera llamada al 9-1-1 se recibió a las 9:42 am [28] [29]
Según varios estudiantes, Cho examinó varias aulas antes de que comenzara el tiroteo. Erin Sheehan, una testigo ocular y sobreviviente que había estado en la habitación 207, dijo a los periodistas que el atacante "se asomó dos veces" antes en la lección y que "era extraño que alguien en este punto del semestre se perdiera, buscando una clase. ". [30] A las 9:40 am, Cho comenzó a disparar. [31] Su primer ataque después de entrar en Norris ocurrió en una clase de ingeniería hidrológica avanzada impartida por el profesor GV Loganathan (de India) en el salón 206. Trece estudiantes registrados estaban adentro. Cho primero disparó y mató al profesor, luego continuó disparando, matando a nueve de los trece estudiantes en la habitación e hiriendo a otros dos. También le disparó a un estudiante, pero no lo vio. [6] : 90
Luego, Cho cruzó el pasillo hasta la habitación 207, donde el instructor Jamie Bishop estaba enseñando Introducción al alemán. Cho disparó a Bishop y a algunos estudiantes cerca de la puerta, luego caminó por el aula disparando a más víctimas. Bishop y cuatro estudiantes murieron; otros seis estudiantes fueron baleados y heridos. [6] : 90 Cho luego se trasladó a Norris 211 y 204, [28] donde inicialmente se le impidió entrar debido a las barricadas erigidas por instructores y estudiantes.
Al escuchar la conmoción desde abajo, el profesor Kevin Granata llevó a veinte estudiantes de un aula en el tercer piso a su oficina, donde se podía cerrar la puerta. Luego bajó las escaleras para investigar junto con otro profesor, Wally Grant, hasta que Cho les disparó a ambos en la escalera. Grant, quien rápidamente huyó al baño, resultó herido y sobrevivió, pero Granata murió a causa de sus heridas. Ninguno de los estudiantes encerrados en la oficina de Granata resultó herido o asesinado. [32]
En el salón 211 de francés intermedio, la instructora Jocelyne Couture-Nowak y el estudiante Henry Lee fueron asesinados cuando intentaban barricar la puerta mientras el profesor les gritaba a los estudiantes que se tiraran al suelo y debajo de sus escritorios y llamaran al 9-1-1. [33] Desafortunadamente, Cho atravesó la barricada y entró en la habitación. Para distraerse, un estudiante llamado Matthew LaPorte, que era un cadete entrenado en el ROTC de la Fuerza Aérea , cargó contra el pistolero e intentó abordarlo, pero murió después de recibir siete disparos en un intento por salvar a su clase. [a] De los 22 estudiantes inscritos en esta clase, [35] [36] 18 estaban presentes en el momento del tiroteo. Además del profesor, murieron un total de once estudiantes en la sala mientras que otros seis sufrieron heridas de bala. [6] : 91 El único superviviente ileso, Clay Violand, se hizo el muerto y, junto con una estudiante herida, fue una de las dos únicas personas que salieron de la habitación tan pronto como llegó la policía. [37]
El patrón de Cho era disparar a las aulas desde las puertas, luego caminar de un lado a otro por los pasillos y acabar metódicamente con los posibles supervivientes mientras trataban de ponerse a cubierto. No se le escuchó decir una sola palabra durante los eventos. De vez en cuando cargaba en los pasillos y se marchaba y volvía a entrar en algunas aulas varias veces. [6] : 91 [28] Después de su primera entrada a la habitación 207, varios estudiantes habían cerrado la puerta con barricadas y habían comenzado a atender a los heridos. Cuando Cho regresó minutos después, Katelyn Carney y el portavoz Derek O'Dell resultaron heridos mientras mantenían la puerta cerrada. [70] [71] [72] Cho también regresó a la habitación 206. Según un estudiante testigo presencial, los movimientos de un estudiante llamado Waleed Shaalan, que ya estaba herido, distrajeron a Cho de un estudiante cercano después de que el tirador había regresado a la habitación. . Shaalan recibió un segundo disparo y murió. [73] También en la habitación 206, el estudiante herido Guillermo Colman fue protegido de lesiones más graves al colocar el cuerpo del estudiante Partahi Lumbantouran encima de él, pero varios relatos de Colman no dejan claro si tiró el cuerpo de Lumbantouran sobre sí mismo o si Lumbantoruan aterrizó inicialmente. sobre Colman después de recibir un disparo por primera vez. (Cho había entrado en la habitación 206 tres veces). [74] [75] [76]
En el salón 205, los estudiantes cerraron la puerta con una gran mesa después del asistente graduado Haiyan Cheng ( chino :程海燕; pinyin : Chéng Hǎiyàn [77] ), quien sustituía al profesor, y un estudiante vio a Cho dirigirse hacia ellos. Cho disparó a través de la puerta unas siete veces, pero no pudo entrar por la fuerza. Nadie en el salón de clases resultó herido o muerto. [78] [79] [80]
En la habitación 204, el profesor Liviu Librescu , un sobreviviente del Holocausto de Rumania, impidió a Cho entrar en la habitación por la fuerza. Librescu pudo mantener la puerta cerrada con su cuerpo hasta que la mayoría de sus estudiantes escaparon por las ventanas; murió después de recibir un disparo a través de la puerta. Un estudiante de posgrado, Minal Panchal, murió en su salón de clases. Otros dos que yacían en un rincón resultaron heridos, pero sobrevivieron. Los estudiantes heridos que se encontraban en la sala describieron que luego de que la mayoría de sus compañeros de clase escaparon por las ventanas y luego de que el agresor armado atravesara la puerta, finalmente se abrió paso a la fuerza. Al ver las ventanas abiertas y casi ningún estudiante en la sala, se volvió hacia los dos estudiantes que se estaban cubriendo y los hirió de gravedad y, antes de salir de la habitación, disparó a quemarropa tanto al estudiante Panchal como al profesor Librescu. [81]
A las 9:50 am, 10 minutos después de que comenzara el segundo tiroteo, la policía comenzó a ingresar al edificio. [82] No podían abrirse paso a tiros a través de las entradas cerradas con cadena, pero lograron entrar a través de una entrada separada. Subieron al tercer piso, pero escucharon a la estudiante Emily Haas, quien resultó herida y sobrevivió en la habitación 211 (la clase de francés del profesor Nowak), decir que el pistolero estaba en su salón de clases mientras ella permanecía en la línea. Cuando la policía comenzó a bajar las escaleras, Cho ya había comenzado a escuchar los pasos. Miró hacia el pasillo brevemente, antes de regresar al centro de la habitación 211 hacia el frente y, justo cuando la policía llegó al segundo piso, se disparó en la sien con la Glock 19 y murió instantáneamente. Cuando la policía llegó a la habitación 211, vieron a Cho tirado en el suelo con sus armas a su lado, y algunos estudiantes, que estaban heridos o haciéndose el muerto, escucharon las primeras palabras del oficial: "¡Pistolero abajo!". Durante la investigación, el superintendente de la policía estatal William Flaherty dijo a un panel estatal que la policía encontró 203 rondas de municiones restantes en Norris y luego testificó que el agresor armado estaba bien preparado para continuar. [83]
Durante los dos ataques, Cho mató a cinco profesores y veintisiete estudiantes (dos estudiantes en West Ambler Johnston y treinta personas, cinco profesores y otros veinticinco estudiantes, en Norris Hall) antes de suicidarse. [84] El Panel de Revisión de Tecnología de Virginia informó que los disparos de Cho hirieron a otras diecisiete personas; seis más resultaron heridos cuando saltaron desde las ventanas del segundo piso para escapar del aula del profesor Librescu. [6] : 92 Sydney J. Vail, director del centro de traumatología del Carilion Roanoke Memorial Hospital , dijo que la elección de Cho de munición de punta hueca de 9 mm aumentó la gravedad de las lesiones. [85] Veintiocho de las víctimas recibieron disparos en la cabeza. [86]
Autor
El tirador fue identificado como Seung-Hui Cho, de 23 años, estudiante de último año en Virginia Tech. Era un ciudadano surcoreano con estatus de residente permanente en los Estados Unidos que se especializaba en inglés .
El informe del Virginia Tech Review Panel de agosto de 2007 ( Informe Massengill ) dedicó más de veinte páginas a la problemática historia de Cho. [3] : 21 [87] : 31–53 A los tres años de edad, se lo describió como tímido, frágil y receloso del contacto físico. [88] En octavo grado, a Cho le diagnosticaron depresión severa y mutismo selectivo , un trastorno de ansiedad que le impedía hablar en ciertas situaciones y / o con personas específicas. [89] [90] Mientras que los primeros informes de los medios de comunicación publicaron informes de parientes surcoreanos de que Cho tenía autismo , [91] [92] el Informe Massengill declaró que la relación entre el mutismo selectivo y el autismo era "poco clara". [87] : 34–35 La familia de Cho buscó terapia para él, y recibió ayuda periódicamente durante la escuela media y secundaria . [87] : 34-39 Los primeros informes indicaron que Cho fue acosado por dificultades del habla en la escuela secundaria, pero el Panel de Revisión de Tecnología de Virginia no pudo confirmar esto u otros informes de que fue condenado al ostracismo y acosado sin piedad por su clase, altura y Razones relacionadas con la raza en la escuela secundaria, lo que hizo que algunos defensores del acoso escolar sintieran que el Panel de Revisión estaba participando en un encubrimiento que absolvía a la autoridad. [93] [94] Supuestamente, los funcionarios de la escuela secundaria habían trabajado con los padres y los consejeros de salud mental de Cho para apoyarlo durante sus años de segundo y tercer año. Cho finalmente decidió suspender la terapia. Cuando presentó la solicitud y fue admitido en Virginia Tech, los funcionarios escolares no informaron sobre su habla y problemas relacionados con la ansiedad o el estado de educación especial debido a las leyes federales de privacidad que prohíben tal divulgación a menos que un estudiante solicite una adaptación especial. [90]
El Informe Massengill detalló numerosos incidentes de comportamiento aberrante, comenzando durante el tercer año de Cho, que ilustraron su deterioro mental. Varios de los antiguos profesores de Cho informaron que tanto su escritura como su comportamiento en el aula eran perturbadores, y se le animó a buscar asesoramiento. [95] [96] También fue investigado por la universidad por acechar y acosar a dos estudiantes. [14] En 2005, Cho había sido declarado enfermo mental por un juez especial de Virginia y se le ordenó que buscara tratamiento ambulatorio . [97] El diagnóstico psicológico subyacente de Cho en el momento de los disparos sigue siendo una cuestión de especulación.
El Informe Massengill citó malas interpretaciones de las leyes federales de privacidad cuando culpó a los funcionarios de Virginia Tech por no compartir información que hubiera arrojado luz sobre la gravedad de los problemas de Cho. [98] [99] El informe señaló fallas del centro de asesoramiento de la universidad, fallas en las leyes de salud mental de Virginia y servicios estatales de salud mental inadecuados, pero concluyó que "Cho mismo era el mayor impedimento para estabilizar su salud mental" en la universidad. [87] : 53 El informe también indicó que el detalle de la clasificación de que Cho debía buscar tratamiento "ambulatorio" en lugar de "hospitalizado" generalmente se habría interpretado legalmente en ese momento como que no requería que Cho fuera reportado al Central Criminal Records Exchange de Virginia ( CCRE) e ingresó a la base de datos CCRE de personas a las que se les prohíbe comprar o poseer un arma de fuego. [87] : 60
Los primeros informes sugirieron que los asesinatos fueron el resultado de una disputa romántica entre Cho y Emily Hilscher, una de sus dos primeras víctimas. Sin embargo, los amigos de Hilscher dijeron que ella no tenía una relación previa con Cho y no hay evidencia de que él la conociera o hablara con ella antes de los asesinatos. [100] En la investigación que siguió, la policía encontró una nota de suicidio en el dormitorio de Cho que incluía comentarios sobre "niños ricos", "libertinaje" y "charlatanes engañosos". El 18 de abril de 2007, NBC News recibió el paquete que Cho había enviado entre el primer y el segundo episodio de rodaje, que contenía un manifiesto de 1.800 palabras , fotos y 27 videos grabados digitalmente en los que se comparaba a sí mismo con Jesucristo y expresaba su odio. de los ricos. [26] Cho dijo, entre otras cosas: "Me obligaste a arrinconarme y me diste una sola opción ... Te encantaba crucificarme. Te encantaba inducir cáncer en mi cabeza, terror en mi corazón y desgarrar mi alma. todo este tiempo". [101]
Las organizaciones de medios, incluidas Newsweek , MSNBC , Reuters y Associated Press , plantearon preguntas y especularon sobre la similitud entre una postura en uno de los videos de Cho que lo mostraba sosteniendo y levantando un martillo, y una pose de carteles promocionales para el surcoreano. película Oldboy . [102] [103] [104] Los investigadores no encontraron evidencia de que Cho hubiera visto a Oldboy , y el profesor que hizo la conexión inicial desde entonces ha descartado su teoría de que Cho fue influenciado por la película. [105] El Panel de Revisión de Tecnología de Virginia concluyó que debido a la incapacidad de Cho para manejar el estrés y la "perspectiva aterradora" de ser "convertido en el mundo del trabajo, las finanzas, las responsabilidades y una familia", decidió participar en una fantasía en el que "sería recordado como el salvador de los oprimidos, los oprimidos, los pobres y los rechazados". [106] : N-4 – N-5 El panel fue más allá, afirmando que, "Sus procesos de pensamiento estaban tan distorsionados que comenzó a discutir para sí mismo que su plan malvado en realidad estaba haciendo el bien. Su fantasía destructiva ahora se estaba convirtiendo en una obsesión. " [106] : N-5
Respuestas a los incidentes
Emergency services response
Police arrived within three minutes after receiving the emergency call from Norris Hall, but took about five minutes to enter the barricaded building. When they could not break the chains, an officer shot out a deadbolt lock leading into a laboratory; they then moved to a nearby stairwell.[4] As police reached the second floor, they heard Cho fire his final shot;[4][84] Cho's body was discovered in room 211, which was Professor Nowak's classroom.[107]
In the aftermath, high winds related to the April 2007 nor'easter prevented emergency medical services from using helicopters for evacuation of the injured.[108] Victims injured in the shooting were treated at Montgomery Regional Hospital in Blacksburg, Carilion New River Valley Medical Center in Radford, Carilion Roanoke Memorial Hospital in Roanoke, Lewis-Gale Medical Center in Salem, and Holston Valley Hospital in Kingsport, Tennessee.[109]
University response
Virginia Tech first informed students of the situation via e-mail at 9:26 a.m. This was about two hours after the first shooting, which was thought at the time to be isolated and domestic in nature.[110] After the full extent of the shooting became evident, the university canceled classes for the rest of the week and held an assembly and candlelight vigil the following evening, on April 17. Norris Hall was closed for the remainder of the semester.[111] The university offered counseling for students and faculty,[112] and the American Red Cross dispatched several dozen crisis counselors to Blacksburg to help students.[113] University officials also allowed students, if they chose, to abbreviate their semester coursework and still receive a grade.[114]
The day following the shooting, a memorial event was held at Cassell Coliseum. The event included a speech by then-President George W. Bush. The space reached capacity and overflow seating was accommodated at nearby Lane Stadium.
Within a day after the shootings, Virginia Tech, whose supporters call themselves "Hokies"[115] – a nickname coined in a school cheer dating to 1896 – formed the Hokie Spirit Memorial Fund (HSMF) to help remember and honor the victims. The fund was used to cover expenses including, but not limited to: assistance to victims and their families, grief counseling, memorials, communications expenses, and comfort expenses.[116][117] Early in June 2007, the Virginia Tech Foundation announced that $3.2 million was moved from the HSMF into 32 separately-named endowment funds, each created in honor of a victim killed in the shooting. This transfer brought each fund to the level of full endowment, allowing them to operate in perpetuity. The naming and determination of how each fund would be directed was being developed with the victims' families. By early June 2007, donations to the HSMF had reached approximately $7 million.[118] In July 2007, Kenneth R. Feinberg, who served as Special Master of the federal September 11th Victim Compensation Fund of 2001, was named to administer the fund's distributions.[119] In October 2007, the families and surviving victims received payments from the fund ranging from $11,500 to $208,000 .[120]
Early in June 2007, Virginia Tech announced that it would begin to reoccupy Norris Hall within a matter of weeks. The building is used for offices and laboratories for the Engineering Science and Mechanics and Civil and Environmental Engineering departments, its primary occupants before the shootings. Plans were to completely renovate the building and for it to no longer contain classrooms.[121] The southwest wing of Norris Hall, where the shootings took place, was closed in 2008 and completely renovated in 2008 and 2009. The building now houses the Center for Peace Studies and Violence Prevention, the Biomechanics Cluster Research Center, and the Global Technology Center, as well as other programs.[2]
Ambler Johnston Hall was also closed and renovated.[1] The east wing now houses the Honors Residential College,[122] which opened in fall 2011; in fall 2012, the west wing reopened as the Residential College at West Ambler Johnston.[123]
After the release of the Massengill Report, some of the victims' families called for then-Governor Tim Kaine to relieve Virginia Tech's president, Charles W. Steger, and campus police chief, Wendell Flinchum, of their positions. However, Governor Kaine refused to do so, saying that the school officials had "suffered enough".[124]
Campus response
In the hours and days following the shooting, makeshift memorials to those killed or injured began appearing in several locations on the campus. Many people placed flowers and items of remembrance at the base of the Drillfield observation podium in front of Burruss Hall. Later, members of Hokies United, an alliance of student organizations on campus created to respond to shooting,[125] placed thirty-two pieces of Hokie Stone, each labeled with the name of a victim, in a semicircle in front of the Drillfield viewing stand.[126] What was originally termed an "intermediate memorial" was modeled after the makeshift memorial. Thirty-two upright blocks of Hokie Stone were engraved with the names of the victims and placed in a semicircle at the base of the reviewing stand. The original pieces of Hokie Stone placed by Hokies United were offered to the families of the victims. The engraved markers are embedded in a semicircle of crushed gravel with a brick walkway for viewing.[126] There is ground lighting for nighttime illumination[127] and two benches, one on either side of the memorial, in honor of the survivors.[128]
Tech students of South Korean descent initially feared they would be targeted for retribution.[129][130] While no official claims of harassment were made, anecdotal evidence suggests that some Korean students were affected.[131]
The shootings occurred as prospective students were deciding whether to accept offers of admission from colleges and universities. Despite this timing, Virginia Tech exceeded its recruiting goal of 5,000 students for the class of 2011.[132]
Global Support and Outreach
In the days following the shooting, the campus community received several thousand of pieces of artifacts and messages of condolence, arriving from over eighty countries and every state within the U.S.[133] These included artwork, cards, poetry, and original music. These items were later gathered and photographed by the University Library and are available online: Condolence Archives of the University Libraries.
Government response
President Bush and his wife, First Lady Laura Bush, attended the convocation at Virginia Tech the day after the shootings.[134] The Internal Revenue Service and Virginia Department of Taxation granted six-month extensions to individuals affected by the shootings.[135] Governor Kaine returned early from a trade mission to Japan[110] and declared a state of emergency in Virginia, enabling him to immediately deploy state personnel, equipment, and other resources in the aftermath of the shootings.[136]
Governor Kaine later created an eight-member panel, including former Secretary of Homeland Security Tom Ridge, to review all aspects of the incident, from Cho's medical history to Virginia Tech's delay in warning students after the initial shooting.[137] In August 2007, the panel concluded, among more than twenty major findings, that the Virginia Tech Police Department "did not take sufficient action to deal with what might happen if the initial lead proved erroneous".[18]:2 The panel made more than seventy preventive recommendations, directed to colleges, universities, mental health providers, law enforcement officials, emergency service providers, law makers and other public officials in Virginia and elsewhere. While the panel did find errors in judgment and procedure, the ultimate conclusion was that Cho himself was responsible for his own actions, and to imply that anyone else was accountable "would be wrong". The Review Panel validated public criticisms that Virginia Tech police erred in "prematurely concluding that their initial lead in the double homicide was a good one" and in delaying a campus-wide notification for almost two hours.[18]:2 The report analyzed the feasibility of a campus lockdown and essentially agreed with police testimony that such an action was not feasible. The report concluded that the toll could have been reduced if the university had made an immediate decision to cancel classes and a stronger, clearer initial alert of the presence of a gunman.[9]:82, 84
The incident caused Virginia state lawmakers to re-examine gaps between federal and state gun purchase laws. Within two weeks, Governor Kaine had issued an executive order designed to close those gaps (see Effects on gun politics below). Prompted by the incident, the federal government passed the first gun control law in more than a decade.[138] The bill, H.R. 2640, mandates improvements in state reporting to the National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS) in order to halt gun purchases by criminals, those declared mentally ill, and other people prohibited from possessing firearms, and authorizes up to $1.3 billion in federal grants for such improvements.[139] Both the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence and the National Rifle Association (NRA) supported the legislation.[140] The measure passed the House of Representatives on a voice vote on June 13, 2007. The Senate passed the measure on December 19, 2007. President Bush signed the measure on January 5, 2008.[139] On March 24, 2008, the Department of Education announced proposed changes in the regulations governing education records under the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA). Certain changes address issues raised by the Virginia Tech shooting and are intended to clarify for schools the appropriate balance to strike between concerns of individual privacy and public safety.[141]
South Korean response
When the citizenship of the shooter became known, South Koreans expressed shock and a sense of public shame,[142] while the government of South Korea convened an emergency meeting to consider possible ramifications.[143] A candlelight vigil was held outside the U.S. embassy in Seoul. South Korean President Roh Moo-hyun expressed condolences, saying that he hoped that the U.S. would recover quickly from the incident.[144] Although Cho came to the U.S. as a third-grader and was a permanent resident, many South Koreans felt guilt and mourned because they considered him a South Korean by "blood". One South Korean commentator opined that fears of xenophobic reprisals from Americans against them were from a South Korean-centric perspective not applicable to U.S. culture.[145] South Korea's ambassador to the U.S. and several Korean-American religious leaders called on Korean-Americans to participate in a thirty-two day fast, one day for each victim, for repentance.[146][147] Foreign Minister Song Minsoon announced that safety measures had been established for South Korean citizens living in the U.S., in an apparent reference to fears of possible reprisal attacks.[148] A ministry official expressed hope that the shooting would not "stir up racial prejudice or confrontation".[129]
Some South Koreans criticized the fasting proposal, saying that it directed undue attention on Cho's ethnicity and not other reasons behind the shooting. News reports noted that South Koreans seemed relieved that American news coverage of Cho primarily focused the blame on his psychological problems rather than his race or ethnicity.[142] The Korea Tourism Organization pulled its "Sparkling Korea" television advertisements, saying it would be inappropriate to air the ads featuring images of South Korea's culture and natural beauty in between the news reports of the rampage.[149]
Academic/industry response
Hundreds of colleges and universities throughout North America responded to the incident with official condolences and by conducting their own vigils, memorial services, and by other gestures of support.[150] Virginia Tech's traditional sports rival, the University of Virginia (UVA), held a candlelight vigil the night of April 17, at which UVA president John T. Casteen III urged the crowd of students, which overflowed the campus's McIntire Amphitheatre, to continue to move forward to change the world.[151] Some schools also offered or provided cash donations, housing for officers, and additional counseling support for Virginia Tech.[152][153][154] Both inside the U.S. and abroad, the incident caused many universities to re-examine their own campus safety and security procedures as well as their mental health support services.[155][156]
Other responses
The International Association of Campus Law Enforcement Administrators (IACLEA) convened a Special Review Task Force, which issued its report on April 18, 2008, titled, "The IACLEA Blueprint for Safer Campuses". The report was "a synthesis of the reports written following the tragedy at Virginia Tech and related recommendations for campus safety by the International Association of Campus Law Enforcement Administrators". The Task Force made twenty specific recommendations, representing "the Association's priorities for the betterment of campus safety" and reinforcing "key goals and objectives in mitigating and responding to threats at institutions of higher learning."[157] The report states, "IACLEA does not support the carry and concealment of weapons on a college campus, with the exception of sworn police officers in the conduct of their professional duties". The subsequent Position Statement goes into greater detail. Additionally, the report includes an acknowledgement of the "professionalism and well coordinated response" of all the law enforcement agencies and first responders, and ends its conclusion with "Securing the safety of our campuses is an iterative process that requires an institutional and personal commitment from every member of our educational communities. Let these recommendations strengthen that resolve."[157]
EQUITAS, a Canada-based think tank specializing in international law, published a report pertaining to the Virginia Tech shooting which includes a review of measures for counterterrorism and campus security adopted between 1993 and April 16, 2007.[158] The report criticizes Virginia Tech's institutional decision-making process and summarizes the lethal effects of failing to "implement and administer valid procedural and substantive safeguards aimed at securing the broad Va Tech and Blacksburg community against Level II type incidents involving acts of terrorism and mass casualties".[158] The report does not comment on gun control or mental health issues.
Some of Cho's family members expressed sympathy for the victims' families and described his history of mental and behavioral problems. Cho's maternal grandfather was quoted in the Daily Mirror referring to Cho as a person who deserved to die with the victims.[92] On April 20, Cho's family issued a statement of grief and apology, written by his sister, Sun-Kyung Cho, a 2004 graduate of Princeton University who was employed as a contractor for a State Department office. In it, she stated:
He has made the world weep. We are living a nightmare. Our family is so very sorry for my brother's unspeakable actions. It is a terrible tragedy for all of us. We pray for their families and loved ones who are experiencing so much excruciating grief. And we pray for those who were injured and for those whose lives are changed forever because of what they witnessed and experienced. Each of these people had so much love, talent and gifts to offer, and their lives were cut short by a horrible and senseless act.[159]
Many heads of state and international figures offered condolences and sympathy, including Pope Benedict XVI,[160] the presidents of South Korea, Chile, France, Mexico, and Peru, the president-elect of Mauritania, the prime ministers of Greece and Japan, and the king of Morocco. Statements of condolence were issued by officials and diplomats from Canada, Georgia, Hungary, Iran, Nicaragua, Russia, Suriname, Thailand, and Venezuela. A State Department spokesman said, "We haven't seen this kind of sympathy and support since Hurricane Katrina and 9/11."[161] South Korean UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon condemned the killings.[162]
On May 3, 2007, Queen Elizabeth II addressed the Virginia General Assembly and extended her sympathy on behalf of the United Kingdom. She then met privately with some faculty and survivors, including three who were wounded. One of the survivors of the shooting, Katelyn Carney, who was shot in the hand, presented the Queen with a bracelet of thirty-two jewels in the Virginia Tech colors—maroon and orange. The Queen subsequently visited Jamestown, Virginia, to mark the 400th anniversary of the first permanent English settlement in North America, which was the primary purpose of her trip.[163][164]
Sporting teams and leagues at both the college[165] and professional[166] levels, as well as sports figures from football,[167] baseball, basketball, hockey, soccer,[168] and NASCAR racing, paid their respects and joined fundraising efforts to honor the victims, most notably the Washington Nationals, who wore Virginia Tech hats during a game,[169] and D.C. United, who wore special Virginia Tech jerseys during a game;[170] NASCAR put Virginia Tech decals on all its cars for three weeks.[171] East Carolina University made a $100,000 donation, raised at the behest of its Athletics Director, Terry Holland.[172] East Carolina was the opponent for Virginia Tech's opening home football game at Lane Stadium on September 1, 2007, with more than 60,000 in attendance. Prior to the kickoff, thirty-two orange balloons were released in memory of the victims.[173][174]
It came to light that Seung-Hui Cho used eBay to purchase two 10-round magazines for one of the guns used in the shootings. On July 30, 2007, the online auctioneer prohibited the sale of firearms magazines, firearms parts, and ammunition on its site.[175][176]
In May 2010, the American band Exodus released an album titled, Exhibit B: The Human Condition, which included the track "Class Dismissed (A Hate Primer)". Band member Gary Holt stated, "The song was primarily inspired by the massacre at Virginia Tech, as well as Columbine and the many other instances of unhinged individuals who decided to take out their wrath on their classmates, going all the way back to Charles J. Whitman."[177]
Controversial responses
Two students at Pennsylvania State University dressed as Virginia Tech shooting victims for Halloween in 2007, posting their photos on Facebook, which generated outrage at both Penn State and Virginia Tech.[178] Penn State sent a statement to Virginia Tech, stating, "We're appalled that these individuals would display this level of insensitivity and lack of common decency by dressing up in this manner. The fact that one of the individuals is actually from Virginia makes it even more difficult to understand."[179]
An amateur computer video game that re-creates the shooting, V-Tech Rampage, also sparked outrage.[180] The creator, Ryan Lambourn, a resident of Sydney, Australia, who grew up in the U.S.,[180] posted a message on his website stating that he would remove the game in exchange for payment, but later posted that the statement was a joke.[181] New York State Senator Andrew Lanza called for a boycott of the game, stating, "There are certain things in life you don't make light of and should not be turning into a game. It's not a game, it's a tremendous loss of life."[182] The Australian Minister of Communications, Senator Helen Coonan, said that she would launch an official investigation, stating, "The individual responsible for the game is using a terrible tragedy to draw attention to himself and his work. It is in very poor taste and the person concerned may want to consider getting some professional help."[182] Lambourn also created a video game based on the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, which drew criticism and sparked outrage.[183]
Continuing response
A northern Virginia chapter of the B'nai B'rith Youth Organization, founded in November 2008 by Aaron Adler and Ethan Blonder, took on the name Liviu Librescu AZA, in honor of the Holocaust survivor who used his body to barricade Cho from entering his room.[184]
On September 4, 2009, the Marching Virginians, one of Virginia Tech's marching bands, took a 140-mile (230 km) side trip on their way to the season opening football game against the University of Alabama at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta. The 350-member band, twenty cheerleaders, and members of the Corps of Cadets color guard performed at Lakeside High School, alma mater of Ryan C. Clark, along with the Lakeside Marching Band and visiting Evans High's band. The event was organized by the Central Savannah River Area Virginia Tech alumni chapter to honor Clark's memory and as a fundraiser for a scholarship in his name.[185]
Following the shootings, Virginia Tech began employing an alert system on their website and text messages to warn students of danger. The alert system was first activated in 2008 when an exploded cartridge from a nail gun produced sounds similar to gunfire near a campus dormitory. It was again activated on August 4, 2011, when children attending a summer class reported a man carrying a handgun; police were unable to find anyone matching the children's description.[186] Later in 2011, on December 8, the system was activated again after a police officer was shot and killed on campus. This turned out to be a random act by a part-time Radford University student who had carjacked a Mercedes SUV earlier in the day in nearby Radford and had parked it in the general area of a Virginia Tech parking lot, where the officer was conducting a routine traffic stop on a third party. The shooter turned the gun on himself a half-hour later.[187]
Anniversary activities
Beginning with the first anniversary of the attack and continuing since, the Queens' Guard of The College of William & Mary, another public university in Virginia, has memorialized the victims with an honor guard at the head of the College's Sunken Garden. The honor guard is modeled after the honor guard posted at the Tomb of the Unknowns by soldiers of the United States Army's Old Guard.[188][189][190]
Several organizations have hosted annual blood drives on or near the anniversary date of the shooting as a tribute to the victims. The Virginia Tech Alumni Association National Capital Region Chapter (the "DC Hokies") has held a yearly blood drive in remembrance of the victims of the shooting,[191][192] as well as sponsoring a local 3.2-mile (5.1 km) "3.2 for 32" run on or near the anniversary.[193] The Shenandoah Chapter of the Virginia Tech Alumni Association also hosts an annual blood drive.[194][195][196] Other blood drives are held by the Virginia Tech Corps of Cadets[197] and other chapters of the Virginia Tech Alumni Association, under the name "Virginia Tech for life".[198][199][200][201]
Virginia Tech holds a yearly Day of Remembrance for the attack, with events such as a candle lighting ceremony, a wreath laying, a moment of silence at 9:43 A.M., and a Cadet Guard at the Memorial for thirty-two minutes.[202]
Críticas a la respuesta universitaria
University of Waterloo sociology professor Kenneth Westhues criticized both the university's response to the shootings and the Massengill Report.[94][203][204][205] Westhues identified the cause of the shootings as a mobbing Cho had experienced in the Virginia Tech English department and suggested that the explanation for Cho's actions should go beyond what he calls the "defective character" explanation:
A more truthful (and therefore more useful) explanation of the Virginia Tech murders focuses not on Cho's character but on the interaction between it and the situations he was in, not on his personal identity but on the interplay between who he was and how other people treated him.[94]
Westhues cited the experiences of another Virginia Tech student in the same department as being very similar to Cho's. He criticized Virginia Tech and the Massengill Report for failing to advance a fuller explanation of the causes of the shootings, which he suggested should be one of "character-situation interplay".[94]
Novelist Lucinda Roy, the former chair of Virginia Tech's English department, was also critical of the way the university treated Cho as a student. In her book No Right to Remain Silent: The Tragedy of Virginia Tech, Roy recounts how she worked with Cho one-on-one in a poetry tutorial and felt he didn't get the help that he needed.[206]
[W]hen Roy approached campus counseling as well as others in the university about Cho, she was repeatedly told that they could not intervene unless a student sought counseling voluntarily. Eventually, Roy's efforts to persuade Cho to seek help worked. Unbelievably, on the three occasions he contacted the counseling center staff, he did not receive a comprehensive evaluation by them—a startling discovery Roy learned about after Cho's death. ... After responding to questions from the media and handing over information to law enforcement as instructed by Virginia Tech, Roy was shunned by the administration. Papers documenting Cho's interactions with campus counseling were lost. The university was suddenly on the defensive.[206]:Dust jacket
Efectos en la política de armas
The mass shooting reignited the gun politics debate in the U.S., with proponents of gun control legislation arguing that guns are too accessible, citing that Cho, a mentally unsound individual, was able to purchase two handguns despite state laws that should have prevented such a purchase.[207] Opponents of gun control argued that Virginia Tech's gun-free "safe zone" policy ensured that none of the other students or faculty would be armed and that as a result they were unable to stop Cho.[208]
Virginia context
Law enforcement officials found a purchase receipt for one of the guns used in the assault among Cho's belongings.[209] The shooter waited one month after buying a Walther P22 pistol before he bought a second pistol, a Glock 19.[3]:24 Cho used a 15-round magazine in the Glock and a 10-round magazine in the Walther. The serial numbers on the weapons were filed off, but the ATF National Laboratory was able to reveal them and performed a firearms trace.[210]
The sale of firearms by licensed dealers in Virginia is restricted to residents who successfully pass a background check;[211] legal permanent resident aliens may purchase firearms.[212] At the time of the shooting, Virginia law also limited purchases of handguns to one every thirty days.[211] That limit was repealed on April 3, 2013, until it was brought back into law on July 1, 2020.[213] At the federal level, the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act requires a criminal background check for all firearm purchases from licensed dealers, while the Gun Control Act of 1968 prohibits those "adjudicated as a mental defective" from buying guns. Virginia checks other databases in addition to the federally mandated NICS. This exclusion applied to Cho after a Virginia court declared him to be a danger to himself in late 2005 and sent him for psychiatric treatment.[15][214]:71 Because of gaps between federal and Virginia state laws, the state did not report Cho's legal status to the NICS.[15] Governor Kaine addressed this problem on April 30, 2007, by issuing an executive order intended to close those reporting gaps.[215] In August 2007, the Massengill Report called for a permanent change in the Code of Virginia to clarify and strengthen the state's background check requirements.[214]:76 The federal government later passed a law to improve state reporting to the NICS nationwide.[139]
Campus firearms ban
The shootings also renewed debate surrounding Virginia Tech's firearms ban. The university has a general ban on possession or storage of firearms on campus by employees, students, and volunteers, or any visitor or other third parties, even if they are concealed handgun permit holders.[216] In April 2005, a student permitted by the state to carry concealed handguns was discovered in possession of a concealed firearm while in class. While no criminal charges were filed, a university spokesman said Virginia Tech had "the right to adhere to and enforce that policy as a common-sense protection of students, staff and faculty as well as guests and visitors".[217]
In January 2006, prior to the shootings, legislator Todd Gilbert had introduced a related bill into the Virginia House of Delegates, HB 1572, which was intended to forbid public universities in Virginia from preventing students from lawfully carrying a concealed handgun on campus.[218] Virginia Tech opposed the bill, which quickly died in subcommittee. University spokesman Larry Hincker praised the defeat of the bill, stating, "I'm sure the university community is appreciative of the General Assembly's actions because this will help parents, students, faculty and visitors feel safe on our campus."[219]
Impact on state and local law
In August 2007, the Massengill Report recommended that the General Assembly adopt legislation "establishing the right of every institution of higher education to regulate the possession of firearms on campus if it so desires" and went on to recommend campus gun bans, "unless mandated by law." The report also recommended gun control measures unrelated to the circumstances of the shooting, such as requiring background checks for all private firearms sales, including those at gun shows.[214]:76 Governor Kaine made it a priority to enact a private sale background check law in the 2008 General Assembly, but the bill was defeated in the Senate Courts of Justice Committee.[220] Opponents of gun control viewed this larger move as an unwarranted expansion and as a possible prelude waypoint akin to full gun registration for all gun sales.[221]
The shooting and its aftermath energized student activist efforts seeking to overturn bans that prevent gun holders (both "open carry" and "concealed carry permit" holders) from carrying their weapons on college campuses. Thirty-eight states throughout the U.S. ban weapons at schools; sixteen of those specifically ban guns on college campuses.[222] A new group, Students for Concealed Carry on Campus, formed after the shooting; as of March 2008[update], it claimed to have 16,000 members at 500 campuses nationwide.[223][224] Several states considered legislation to allow gun permit holders to carry concealed firearms on university campuses.[225] They cited cases of actual successful neutralization of active campus shooters by armed students to advance their cause. Another attempt by Delegate Gilbert to pass a law to allow concealed weapons on college campuses in Virginia was defeated in March 2008. This law was for the sake of students and faculty members only since the state attorney general ruled that it did not apply to non-students and non-faculty on campus who could carry concealed without restriction on campus. This law would have largely affected students aged 21 years or older, since younger people are not allowed to purchase handguns.[226]
Response
The response to how gun laws affected the shooting was divided. According to a White House statement, "The president believes that there is a right for people to bear arms, but that all laws must be followed".[227] The Brady Campaign said that it was too easy for an individual to get powerful weapons and called for increased gun control measures.[228] NRA board member Ted Nugent, commenting on CNN, called for an end to gun-free zones and contrasted the Virginia Tech shooting with other incidents in which mass shootings have been ended by law-abiding gun owners.[229] Texas Governor Rick Perry proposed that licensed gun owners be allowed to carry their weapons anywhere in Texas.[230]
Some government officials in other countries joined in the criticism of U.S. gun laws and policies.[10] For example, then-Australian Prime Minister John Howard said that stringent legislation introduced after a 1996 Port Arthur massacre had prevented a problematic gun culture in Australia.[231]
Governor Kaine condemned the gun politics debate following the shooting, saying, "To those who want to make this into some sort of crusade, I say take this elsewhere."[232] Advocates opposed to gun control argued that they were merely responding to the crusade by some to use this tragedy as a basis for an expansion of gun control for issues beyond the shootings as perceived to be presented by the Virginia Tech Review Panel. The Review Panel members were:[233]:vii–viii
- Col. Gerald Massengill, Panel Chair, a retired Virginia State Police superintendent
- Dr. Marcus L. Martin, Panel Vice Chair, Professor of Emergency Medicine, Assistant Dean of the School of Medicine, and Associate Vice President for Diversity and Equity at the University of Virginia
- Gordon Davies, former Director of the State Council of Higher Education for Virginia and President of the Kentucky Council on Postsecondary Education
- Dr. Roger L. Depue, an FBI veteran and the founder, past president, and CEO of The Academy Group, Inc., a forensic behavioral sciences services company
- Carroll Ann Ellis, MS, Director of the Fairfax County Police Department's Victim Services Division, a faculty member at the National Victim Academy, and a member of the American Society of Victimology
- Tom Ridge, former governor of Pennsylvania, former Member of the House of Representatives, and the first Secretary of Homeland Security
- Dr. Aradhana A. "Bela" Sood, Professor of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, Chair of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Medical Director of the Virginia Treatment Center for Children at VCU Medical Center
- Diane Strickland, former judge of the 23rd Judicial Circuit Court in Roanoke County and co-chair of the Boyd-Graves Conference on issues surrounding involuntary mental commitment
Consecuencias legales
On June 17, 2008, Judge Theodore J. Markow approved an $11 million settlement in a suit against the state of Virginia by twenty-four of the thirty-two victims' families. Of the other eight victims, two families chose not to file claims, while two remain unresolved. The settlement also covered eighteen people who were injured; their lifelong health care needs were included in the settlement.[120][234]
On March 29, 2011, the Department of Education levied a fine of $55,000 against Virginia Tech for waiting too long to notify students of the initial shootings, in violation of the Clery Act. The fine was the highest amount that the Department of Education could levy.[235] In announcing the fine, the director of a department panel which reviewed the case was quoted as saying, "While Virginia Tech's violations warrant a fine far in excess of what is currently permissible under the statute, the department's fine authority is limited". As of March 30, 2011, the university had announced its intention to appeal the decision.[236] On March 30, 2012, a federal judge overturned the fine, finding that the university did not violate the Clery Act. Ernest Canellos, administrative law judge for the Department of Education, found that Virginia Tech's initial conclusion was reasonable that the initial shootings were a domestic incident and didn't represent an ongoing threat, even though that was later proven wrong.[237] Canellos wrote, "This was not an unreasonable amount of time in which to issue a warning. If the later shootings at Norris Hall had not occurred, it is doubtful that the timing of the e-mail would have been perceived as too late."[238]
On September 1, 2012, Education Secretary Arne Duncan reinstated half the fine–$27,500–reversing the decision by Canellos. In the statement released when the fine was reinstated, Duncan wrote, "Although the police department hypothesized that the crime was 'domestic in nature', the record is clear that the respondent had not located the suspect, had not found the weapon, and was confronted with the distinct possibility that the gunman was armed and still at large." Virginia Tech spokesman Larry Hincker issued a statement, saying, "Once again, the higher education community has been put on notice that timeliness is situational and will be determined by department officials after the fact."[239][240] Duncan agreed to an additional $5,000 fine on January 3, 2014; the Federal Office of Student Aid had sought an additional $27,500. An administrative law judge reduced the amount and Duncan agreed to the reduction. At the time, Virginia Tech announced that it was considering appeals on both fines.[241] Ultimately, Virginia Tech paid a total of $32,500 in February 2014, saying it was closing "this chapter on the tragedy of April 16, 2007," without admitting wrongdoing. The announcement that the fines had been paid was made on April 16, 2014, the seventh anniversary of the shooting. A statement by Larry Hincker said, "While we believe that the department's actions against Virginia Tech are inconsistent with their earlier guidance and policy, further litigation was not prudent in light of the various costs—emotional impact on the community, time lost, as well as financial."[242]
On March 14, 2012, a jury found that Virginia Tech was guilty of negligence for delaying a campus warning.[243] The parents of two slain students, Erin Nicole Peterson and Julia Kathleen Pryde, had filed a wrongful death civil lawsuit that argued that lives could have been spared if university officials had moved more quickly to alert the campus after the initial shooting. On October 31, 2013, the Virginia Supreme Court reversed the verdict, citing the trial judge's instruction to the jury that there was a "special relationship" between Virginia Tech and the two students, since they were "business invitees" of the university. In rejecting the decision, the Virginia Supreme Court said that "even if there was a special relationship between the Commonwealth (meaning the state of Virginia, and its affiliated agencies, such as Virginia Tech) and students of Virginia Tech ... there was no duty for the Commonwealth to warn students about the potential for criminal acts by third parties." The state has claimed that ultimate responsibility rested with Cho for not seeking assistance prior to the shooting. The two families had not joined in a previous settlement with the other families.[244]
Ver también
- List of rampage killers (school massacres)
- List of school-related attacks
- List of school shootings in the United States
- Gun violence in the United States
- Mass shootings in the United States
Fuentes
- Massengill Report: "Mass Shootings at Virginia Tech April 16, 2007: Report of the Virginia Tech Review Panel" (PDF). Commonwealth of Virginia. August 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 15, 2013. Retrieved April 26, 2014. (Additional archive.)
Referencias
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- ^ Massengill Report, Chapter X, "Office of the Chief Medical Examiner".
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- ^ LaPorte was posthumously awarded the Airman's Medal for his actions in 2015, which was accepted by his family at his gravesite in Blacksburg.[34]
Otras lecturas
- Agger, Ben; Aronowitz, Stanley; Ayers, William; Brabazon, Tara; Dunbar-Ortiz, Roxanne; Kellner, Douglas; Kimmel, Michael; King, Neal; Lemert, Charles; Luke, Timothy W.; et al. (March 27, 2008). Agger, Ben; Luke, Timothy W. (eds.). There is a gunman on campus: tragedy and terror at Virginia Tech (Hardcover). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-6129-8.
- Bernstein, Robin (2012). Utopian Movements: Nikki Giovanni and the Convocation Following the Virginia Tech Massacre (PDF). African American Review 45.3: 431-353. Retrieved June 5, 2017. An analysis of the poem Nikki Giovanni performed at the convocation following the massacre.
- Cupp, Kevin; Higgs, Suzanne; Maglalang, Omar; Massey, Laura; Sangalang, Tricia; Thomas, Courtney; Turnage, Neal (August 28, 2007). Lazenby, Roland (ed.). April 16th: Virginia Tech Remembers (Paperback). United States: Plume. ISBN 978-0-452-28934-5. A collection of writings by Virginia Tech journalism students penned as the events of April 16, 2007, were unfolding. Edited by their Virginia Tech journalism professor.
- Garner, Joe; Cronkite, Walter (Foreword); Williams, Brian (Afterword); Kurtis, Bill (Narrator) (October 1, 2008). We interrupt this broadcast: the events that stopped our lives ... from the Hindenburg explosion to the Virginia Tech shooting (Hardcover) (10th anniversary ed.). Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks MediaFusion. ISBN 978-1-4022-1319-9. The book includes three CDs of historical broadcasts and other narration.
- Giduck, John P.; Bail, Jr., Joseph M.; Thor, Brad (Foreword) (2011). Shooter down!: the dramatic, untold story of the police response to the Virginia Tech massacre (Hardcover) (1st ed.). Archangel Group. ISBN 978-0-9767753-4-8.
- Kellner, Douglas (January 31, 2008). Guys and guns amok: domestic terrorism and school shootings from the Oklahoma City bombing to the Virginia Tech massacre (Paperback). Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers. ISBN 978-1-59451-493-7. An account of social theory, exploring cultural and other influences that produce violent perpetrators.
- Pugh, Charles R. (March 24, 2010). The Virginia Tech Tragedy and My Personal Tragedy: Lessons To Learn from an Insider and from Scripture (Paperback). Xulon Press. ISBN 978-1-61579-906-0.
- Worth, Richard (March 2008). Massacre at Virginia Tech: disaster & survival (Library Binding). Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7660-3274-3.
enlaces externos
- "Legal Section". VT 04.16.07. EQUITAS. Archived from the original on April 19, 2008. (Chronological analysis of legislative and executive events that unfolded before and after April 16, 2007)[dead link]
The archive link fails when trying to reach the actual report, which can be found here: "Virginia Tech 04.16.07 Legal Report" (PDF). - "Comparative Section". VT 04.16.07. EQUITAS. Archived from the original on April 13, 2008. (Comparative study timelines of Campus Security policies and legislative counterparts)[dead link]
Not all the links on the archived page work; some do. - "Raw Video: NBC Releases Gunman Video Manifesto" (Video). The Washington Post. Associated Press. April 18, 2007. Archived from the original on September 20, 2017.
- "Virginia Tech Convocation 2 PM-Tuesday, April 17, 2007 Cassell Coliseum, Blacksburg, VA Video Archive". hokiesports.com. April 17, 2007. Archived from the original (Video) on October 5, 2012.
- "The April 16 Archive". Browse Items. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Archived from the original on November 6, 2013. (Digital Archive project based at Virginia Tech)
- "Tuesday, April 17, 2007. 572 front pages from 54 countries". Today's Front Pages. Newseum. April 17, 2007. Archived from the original on March 9, 2014. (Archive of images of newspaper front pages worldwide from April 17, 2007)
- "Wednesday, April 18, 2007. 597 front pages from 57 countries". Today's Front Pages. Newseum. April 18, 2007. Archived from the original on March 9, 2014. (Archive of images of newspaper front pages worldwide from April 18, 2007)
- "Thursday, April 19, 2007. 577 front pages from 55 countries". Today's Front Pages. Newseum. April 19, 2007. Archived from the original on March 9, 2014. (Archive of images of newspaper front pages worldwide from April 19, 2007)
- "Wednesday, April 16, 2008. 629 front pages from 57 countries". Today's Front Pages. Newseum. April 16, 2008. Archived from the original on March 9, 2014. (Archive of images of newspaper front pages worldwide from April 16, 2008)
- "Thursday, April 17, 2008. 649 front pages from 61 countries". Today's Front Pages. Newseum. April 17, 2008. Archived from the original on October 28, 2008. (Archive of images of newspaper front pages worldwide from April 17, 2008)
- Christman, Roger (April 16, 2012). "We Remember: Virginia Tech Five Years Later". The UnCommonWealth. Library of Virginia. Archived from the original on January 31, 2014. (Blog post containing email messages sent and received on April 16, 2007, by senior staff members from Virginia Governor Tim Kaine's administration.)
- "The Virginia Tech Online Memorial". April 2007. Archived from the original on January 8, 2014.
- Helber, Steve (Photographer) (April 15–16, 2009). "Virginia Tech Remembers". Pictures. CBS Interactive Inc. Associated Press (photos); Richmond Times-Dispatch (photos). Archived from the original on May 4, 2014.