Lista de estructuras y edificios más altos

Ver también: Lista de estructuras más altas

Wikipedia list article

Este artículo incluye una lista de referencias generales , pero permanece en gran parte sin verificar porque carece de suficientes citas en línea correspondientes . Ayude a mejorar este artículo introduciendo citas más precisas. ( Septiembre de 2017 ) ( Obtenga información sobre cómo y cuándo eliminar este mensaje de plantilla )

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El Burj Khalifa en Dubai, Emiratos Árabes Unidos.

La estructura artificial más alta del mundo es el Burj Khalifa de 829,8 metros de altura (2722 pies) en Dubai (de los Emiratos Árabes Unidos ). El edificio ganó el título oficial de " edificio más alto del mundo " y la estructura autoportante más alta en su inauguración el 9 de enero de 2010. Burj Khalifa fue desarrollado por Emaar properties , diseñado por Skidmore, Owings y Merrill y construido por BESIX . Samsung Construction y Arabtec . ^[1] La segunda estructura autoportante más alta y la torre más alta del mundo es el Tokyo Skytree.. La estructura arriostrada más alta es el mástil KVLY-TV .

El Consejo de Edificios Altos y Hábitat Urbano , una organización que certifica los edificios como "los más altos del mundo", reconoce un edificio solo si al menos el 50% de su altura está formado por placas de piso que contienen una superficie habitable. ^{[2] Las} estructuras que no cumplen este criterio, como la Torre CN , se definen como " torres ".

Hay docenas de torres de transmisión de radio y televisión que miden más de 600 metros (aproximadamente 2,000 pies) de altura, y solo las más altas están registradas en fuentes de información disponibles públicamente.

Debate sobre definiciones

La evaluación de la altura de las estructuras artificiales ha sido controvertida. Diferentes organizaciones han utilizado varios estándares, lo que ha significado que el título de estructura o edificio más alto del mundo haya cambiado según los estándares que se hayan aceptado. El Consejo de Edificios Altos y Hábitat Urbano ha cambiado sus definiciones con el tiempo. Parte de la controversia con respecto a las definiciones y evaluación de estructuras y edificios altos ha incluido lo siguiente:

• la definición de una estructura, un edificio y una torre
• si una estructura, edificio o torre en construcción debe incluirse en cualquier evaluación
• si una estructura, edificio o torre debe abrirse oficialmente antes de que se evalúe
• si las estructuras construidas y que se elevan por encima del agua deben incluir su altura bajo el agua en cualquier evaluación.
• si una estructura, edificio o torre arriostrada se evalúa en la misma categoría que las estructuras autoportantes.

Dentro de una definición aceptada de un edificio, la controversia adicional ha incluido los siguientes factores:

• si solo se considera la altura habitable del edificio
• si las torres de comunicación con galerías de observación deben considerarse "habitables" en este sentido
• si se deben incluir en la evaluación antenas en los tejados , plataformas de observación o cualquier otra arquitectura que no forme un piso habitable
• si un piso construido en un nivel alto de una torre de telecomunicaciones o de observación debe cambiar la definición de la torre a la de un "edificio"

Estructuras más altas

Artículo principal: Lista de estructuras más altas del mundo.

Mástil de radio de Varsovia , el poseedor del récord de altura de 1974 a 1991

La CN Tower en Toronto , Ontario , fue la estructura independiente más alta del mundo desde 1975 hasta 2007.

Esta categoría no requiere que la estructura esté "oficialmente" abierta, pero sí requiere que esté "rematada".

La estructura artificial más alta es Burj Khalifa , un rascacielos en Dubai que alcanzó los 829,8 m (2722 pies) de altura el 17 de enero de 2009. ^[3] El 8 de abril de 2008 se había construido más alto que el mástil KVLY-TV en Dakota del Norte. , EE.UU. ^[4] Ese septiembre superó oficialmente el mástil de radio de Varsovia de 646,38 m (2120,7 pies) de Polonia , que se mantuvo de 1974 a 1991, para convertirse en la estructura más alta jamás construida. Las torres de celosía arriostradas como estos mástiles habían tenido el récord mundial de altura desde 1954.

La plataforma Petronius se encuentra a 610 m (2.000 pies) del fondo del mar, lo que lleva a algunos, incluido Guinness World Records 2007, a reclamarla como la estructura independiente más alta del mundo. Sin embargo, se debate si se debe contar la altura bajo el agua, de la misma manera que se ignora la altura bajo el suelo en los edificios. La plataforma Troll A mide 472 m (1549 pies), sin que ninguna parte de esa altura esté sostenida por cables. La pierna de tensiónEl tipo de plataforma petrolífera tiene alturas bajo el agua aún mayores, con varios ejemplos de más de 1000 m (3300 pies) de profundidad. Sin embargo, estas plataformas no se consideran estructuras constantes ya que la gran mayoría de su altura está formada por la longitud de los tendones que unen las plataformas flotantes al fondo del mar. A pesar de esto, Guinness World Records 2009 enumeró la plataforma de piernas de tensión Ursa como la estructura más alta del mundo con una altura total de 1.306 m (4.285 pies). La plataforma Magnolia Tension-leg en el Golfo de México es aún más alta con una altura total de 1,432 m (4,698 pies).

Taipei 101 en Taipei, Taiwán, estableció récords en tres de las cuatro categorías de rascacielos en el momento de su inauguración en 2004; en el momento en que se inauguró el Burj Khalifa en 2010, seguía siendo el edificio habitado más alto del mundo 509,2 m (1.671 pies) medido a su altura arquitectónica (aguja). La altura de su techo 449,2 m (1474 pies) y el piso más alto ocupado 439,2 m (1441 pies) habían sido superados por el Shanghai World Financial Center con alturas correspondientes de 487 y 474 m (1598 y 1555 pies). Willis Tower (anteriormente Sears Tower) fue la más alta en la categoría final: la mayor altura hasta la parte superior de la antena de cualquier edificio en el mundo a 527 m (1729 pies).

Burj Khalifa rompió el récord de altura en las cuatro categorías de edificios terminados.

Estructura más alta por categoría

Esta sección necesita citas adicionales para su verificación . Por favor, ayuda a mejorar este artículo mediante la adición de citas de fuentes confiables . El material no obtenido puede ser cuestionado y eliminado. ( Agosto de 2007 ) ( Obtenga información sobre cómo y cuándo eliminar este mensaje de plantilla )

Debido a los desacuerdos sobre cómo medir la altura y clasificar las estructuras, los ingenieros han creado varias definiciones para las categorías de edificios y otras estructuras. Una medida incluye la altura absoluta de un edificio, otra incluye solo agujas y otras características arquitectónicas permanentes, pero no antenas . La tradición de incluir la aguja en la parte superior de un edificio y no incluir la antena se remonta a la rivalidad entre el edificio Chrysler y 40 Wall Street . Un ejemplo moderno es que la antena en la parte superior de la Torre Willis (anteriormente Torre Sears) no se considera parte de su altura arquitectónica, mientras que se cuentan las agujas en la parte superior de las Torres Gemelas Petronas .

Nota: La siguiente tabla es una lista de la estructura completa más alta en cada una de las categorías estructurales a continuación. Para obtener una lista de estructuras por función, consulte la lista más adelante en el artículo. Solo puede haber una estructura en cada categoría, a menos que la más alta sea la misma para más de una estructura en la misma categoría.

Categoría	Estructura	País	Ciudad	Altura (metros)	Pies de altura)	Año de construcción	Coordenadas
Edificio [5] ( lista )	Burj Khalifa	Emiratos Árabes Unidos	Dubai	829,8	2,722	2010	25 ° 11′50.0 ″ N 55 ° 16′26.6 ″ E / 25.197222°N 55.274056°E / 25.197222; 55.274056 (Burj Dubai)
Torre compatible	Petronio (plataforma petrolera)	Estados Unidos	Golfo de México	640	2,100	2000	29 ° 06′30 ″ N 87 ° 56′30 ″ O / 29.10833°N 87.94167°W / 29.10833; -87.94167
Torre autoportante [6] ( lista )	Tokyo Skytree	Japón	Tokio	634	2.080	2011	35°42′36.5″N 139°48′39″E / 35.710139°N 139.81083°E / 35.710139; 139.81083 (Tokyo Skytree)
Guyed steel lattice mast	KVLY-TV mast	United States	Blanchard, North Dakota	629	2,063	1963	47°20′32″N 97°17′21″W / 47.34222°N 97.28917°W / 47.34222; -97.28917 (KVLY-TV mast)
Hyperboloid structure	Canton Tower	China	Guangzhou	604	1,982	2010	23°6′32″N 113°19′8″E / 23.10889°N 113.31889°E / 23.10889; 113.31889
Clock tower (multi-functional structure)	Abraj Al Bait Towers	Saudi Arabia	Mecca	601	1,972	2012	21°25′08″N 39°49′35″E / 21.41889°N 39.82639°E / 21.41889; 39.82639
Fixed Steel Structure	Bullwinkle (oil platform)	United States	Gulf of Mexico	529	1,736	1988	27°53′01″N 90°54′04″W / 27.88361°N 90.90111°W / 27.88361; -90.90111
Moveable Object	Troll A platform	Norway	North Sea	472	1,549	1996	60°40′N 3°40′E / 60.667°N 3.667°E / 60.667; 3.667
Mast radiator	Lualualei VLF transmitter	United States	Lualualei, Hawaii	458	1,503	1972	21°25′11.87″N 158°08′53.67″W / 21.4199639°N 158.1482417°W / 21.4199639; -158.1482417 (VLF transmitter Lualualei, Mast 1) ; 21°25′13.38″N 158°09′14.35″W / 21.4203833°N 158.1539861°W / 21.4203833; -158.1539861 (VLF transmitter Lualualei, Mast 2)
Twin building	Petronas Twin Towers	Malaysia	Kuala Lumpur	452	1,482	1998	3°09′27.45″N 101°42′40.7″E / 3.1576250°N 101.711306°E / 3.1576250; 101.711306 (Petronas Tower 1); 3°09′29.45″N 101°42′43.4″E / 3.1581806°N 101.712056°E / 3.1581806; 101.712056 (Petronas Tower 2)
Steel Building[7]	Willis Tower	United States	Chicago, Illinois	442	1,450	1974	41°52′44″N 87°38′09″W / 41.8789°N 87.6358°W / 41.8789; -87.6358
Chimney (list)	Ekibastuz GRES-2 Power Station	Kazakhstan	Ekibastuz	419.7	1,377	1987	52°1′26.3″N 75°28′34.5″E / 52.023972°N 75.476250°E / 52.023972; 75.476250 (GRES-2 Power Station)
Radar	Dimona Radar Facility	Israel	Dimona	400	1,312	2008	30°58′6.93″N 35°05′49.64″E / 30.9685917°N 35.0971222°E / 30.9685917; 35.0971222 (Dimona Radar Facility) ; 30°58′32.46″N 35°05′55.25″E / 30.9756833°N 35.0986806°E / 30.9756833; 35.0986806 (Dimona Radar Facility)
Lattice tower	Kyiv TV Tower	Ukraine	Kyiv	385	1,263	1973	50°28′16.49″N 30°27′11.97″E / 50.4712472°N 30.4533250°E / 50.4712472; 30.4533250 (Kyiv TV Tower)
Electricity pylon	Jintang-Cezi Overhead Powerline Link	China	Jintang Island	380	1,247	2019	30°05′0.88″N 121°53′10.5″E / 30.0835778°N 121.886250°E / 30.0835778; 121.886250 (Jintang-Cezi Overhead Powerline Link, 380 metres tower) ; 30°05′47.16″N 121°54′34.3″E / 30.0964333°N 121.909528°E / 30.0964333; 121.909528 (Jintang-Cezi Overhead Powerline Link, 380 metres tower)
Partially guyed tower	Gerbrandy Tower	Netherlands	IJsselstein	366.8	1,203	1961	52°00′36.24″N 05°03′12.87″E / 52.0100667°N 5.0535750°E / 52.0100667; 5.0535750 (Gerbrandy Tower)
Guyed tubular steel mast	TV Tower Vinnytsia	Ukraine	Vinnytsia	354	1,161	1961	49°14′30.04″N 28°25′25.25″E / 49.2416778°N 28.4236806°E / 49.2416778; 28.4236806 (TV Tower Vinnytsia)
Bridge	Millau Viaduct	France	Millau	342	1,122	2004	44°05′09.97″N 03°01′17.94″E / 44.0861028°N 3.0216500°E / 44.0861028; 3.0216500 (Viaduc de Millau)
Blaw-Knox Tower (diamond cantilever tower)	Lakihegy Tower	Hungary	Szigetszentmiklós	314	1,031	1946	47°22′23″N 19°00′16″E / 47.37306°N 19.00444°E / 47.37306; 19.00444 (Lakihegy Tower)
Dam	Jinping-I Dam	China	Liangshan	305	1,001	2013	28°11′07″N 101°37′42″E / 28.18528°N 101.62833°E / 28.18528; 101.62833 (Jinping-I Dam)
Landmark Tower design	Star Tower	United States	Cincinnati	291	954	1991	39°12′01″N 84°31′22″W / 39.20028°N 84.52278°W / 39.20028; -84.52278
Elevator test tower	H1 Tower	China	Guangzhou	273.8	898	2020
Wind turbine	Haliade-X Prototype	Netherlands	Rotterdam	270	886	2019	51°57′44.8″N 4°0′41.96″E / 51.962444°N 4.0116556°E / 51.962444; 4.0116556 (Haliade-X Prototype)
Minaret	Djamaa el Djazaïr	Algeria	Algiers	265	870	2019	36°44′09″N 3°08′17″E / 36.73583°N 3.13806°E / 36.73583; 3.13806
Solar power tower	Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park	United Arab Emirates	Seih Al-Dahal	262	860	2020	24°45′17″N 55°21′54″E / 24.7547°N 55.365°E / 24.7547; 55.365
Crane (machine)	LR 13000[8]	Germany		248	814	2013	(movable)
Jackup rig	Noble Lloyd Noble[9]	Liberia		214	702	2016	(moveable)
Cooling tower	Kalisindh Thermal Power Station	India	Jhalawar	202[10]	663	2012	24°32′04.97″N 76°05′57.89″E / 24.5347139°N 76.0994139°E / 24.5347139; 76.0994139 (Kalisindh Power Station cooling tower) ; 24°31′58.33″N 76°06′06.81″E / 24.5328694°N 76.1018917°E / 24.5328694; 76.1018917 (Kalisindh Power Station cooling tower)
Monument	Gateway Arch	United States	St. Louis, Missouri	192	630	1965	38°37′28.62″N 90°11′5.87″W / 38.6246167°N 90.1849639°W / 38.6246167; -90.1849639 (Gateway Arch)
Aerial tramway support tower	Tower 2 of Ha Long Queen Cable Car[11]	Vietnam	Ha Long	189	620	2016
Water tower	Main tower of Kuwait Towers	Kuwait	Kuwait City	187	614	1979	29°23′22.75″N 48°00′11.57″E / 29.3896528°N 48.0032139°E / 29.3896528; 48.0032139 (Kuwait Towers)
Statue	Statue of Unity	India	Narmada district, Gujarat	182	597	2018	21°50′17″N 73°43′09″E / 21.8380°N 73.7191°E / 21.8380; 73.7191 (Statue of Unity)
Masonry tower	Anaconda Smelter Stack	United States	Anaconda, Montana	178.3	585	1919	46°06′36.53″N 112°54′48.8″W / 46.1101472°N 112.913556°W / 46.1101472; -112.913556 (Anaconda Smelter Stack)
Inclined structure	Olympic Stadium	Canada	Montreal	175	574	1976	45°33′33.53″N 73°33′7.61″W / 45.5593139°N 73.5521139°W / 45.5593139; -73.5521139 (Montreal Olympic Stadium)
Obelisk	San Jacinto Monument	United States	La Porte, Texas	173.7	570	1939	29°44′59.46″N 95°04′50.52″W / 29.7498500°N 95.0807000°W / 29.7498500; -95.0807000 (San Jacinto Monument)
Power station building	Niederaussem Power Station	Germany	Bergheim	172	564	2002	50°59′44″N 06°40′09″E / 50.99556°N 6.66917°E / 50.99556; 6.66917
Flagpole	Jeddah Flagpole	Saudi Arabia	Jeddah	171[12]	561	2014	21°30′28.23″N 39°10′11.04″E / 21.5078417°N 39.1697333°E / 21.5078417; 39.1697333 (Jeddah Flagpole)
Ferris wheel	High Roller	United States	Las Vegas	167.6	550	2014	36°07′03″N 115°10′05″W / 36.117402°N 115.168127°W / 36.117402; -115.168127 (High Roller)
Masonry building	Mole Antonelliana	Italy	Torino	167.5	550	1889	45°04′8.45″N 7°41′35.62″E / 45.0690139°N 7.6932278°E / 45.0690139; 7.6932278 (Mole Antonelliana)
Church tower	Ulmer Münster	Germany	Ulm	162	530	1890	48°23′55″N 9°59′30.78″E / 48.39861°N 9.9918833°E / 48.39861; 9.9918833 (Ulmer Münster)
Industrial hall	Vehicle Assembly Building	United States	Kennedy Space Center, Florida	160	525	1966	28°35′9.64″N 80°39′2.11″W / 28.5860111°N 80.6505861°W / 28.5860111; -80.6505861 (Vehicle Assembly Building)
Memorial cross	Santa Cruz del Valle de los Caídos	Spain	El Escorial	152.4	500	1957	40°38′31.46″N 4°9′19.6″W / 40.6420722°N 4.155444°W / 40.6420722; -4.155444 (Santa Cruz del Valle de los Caídos)
Air traffic control tower	Kuala Lumpur International Airport 2 Control Tower	Malaysia	Sepang	141.3	463.6	2013[13]	2°44′26″N 101°40′45″E / 2.740486°N 101.679069°E / 2.740486; 101.679069 (Kuala Lumpur International Airport 2 Control Tower)
Roller coaster	Kingda Ka	United States	Jackson, New Jersey	138.98	456	2005	40°08′26.54″N 74°25′59.83″W / 40.1407056°N 74.4332861°W / 40.1407056; -74.4332861 (Kingda Ka)
Tomb	Great Pyramid of Giza	Egypt	Giza	138.8	455.2	2560 BCE	29°58′44.93″N 31°08′3.09″E / 29.9791472°N 31.1341917°E / 29.9791472; 31.1341917 (Great Pyramid of Giza)
Drop tower	Zumanjaro: Drop of Doom	United States	Jackson Township, NJ	139	456	2014	40°08′26″N 74°26′01″W / 40.140623°N 74.433543°W / 40.140623; -74.433543
Gantry crane	Kockums Crane	South Korea	Ulsan	138	453	1974
Stupa	Jetavanaramaya	Sri Lanka	Anuradhapura	122	400	273–301 CE
Wooden structure	Gliwice Radio Tower	Poland	Gliwice	118	387	1935	50°18′48.12″N 18°41′20.26″E / 50.3133667°N 18.6889611°E / 50.3133667; 18.6889611 (Gliwice Radio Tower)
Storage silo	Swissmill Tower	Switzerland	Zurich	118	387	2016	47°23′23″N 8°31′38″E / 47.389628°N 8.527086°E / 47.389628; 8.527086
Gasometer	Gasometer Oberhausen	Germany	Oberhausen	117.5	386	1929	currently used as an exhibition and event hall
Vertical axis wind turbine	Éole[14]	Canada	Gaspésie	110	361	1987
Clock tower	Joseph Chamberlain Memorial Clock Tower	United Kingdom	Birmingham	100	328	1908	52°27′00″N 1°55′51″W / 52.4499°N 1.9307°W / 52.4499; -1.9307
Wooden building	Mjøstårnet	Norway	Brumunddal	85.4	280	2019
Sphere	Ericsson Globe	Sweden	Stockholm	85	279	1989	59°17′36.92″N 18°04′58.79″E / 59.2935889°N 18.0829972°E / 59.2935889; 18.0829972 (Ericsson Globe)
Lighthouse	Île Vierge Lighthouse	France	Finistère	82.5	271	1902
Gopuram	Murudeshwara Temple	India	Murudeshwara	76	249	2008	14°05′39.11″N 74°29′6.59″E / 14.0941972°N 74.4851639°E / 14.0941972; 74.4851639 (Murudeshwara Temple)
Loam building	Weilburg Pisé House	Germany	Weilburg	23.2	76	1828	50°29′13.28″N 8°15′34.11″E / 50.4870222°N 8.2594750°E / 50.4870222; 8.2594750 (Murudeshwara Temple)

Tallest destroyed structures by category, not surpassed by existing structures

There are some destroyed architectural structures which were taller than the tallest existing structure of their type. There are also destroyed structures omitted from this list that had been surpassed in height prior to being destroyed.

Category	Structure	Country	City	Height (metres)	Height (feet)	Coordinates	Remarks
Guyed mast	Warsaw Radio Mast	Poland	Gąbin	646.38	2,121	52°22′3.74″N 19°48′8.73″E / 52.3677056°N 19.8024250°E / 52.3677056; 19.8024250 (Konstantynow Radio Mast (destroyed))	Completed in 1974, collapsed on August 8, 1991
Scientific research tower	BREN Tower	United States	Nevada Test Site	462	1,516	36°46′50.23″N 116°14′36.9″W / 36.7806194°N 116.243583°W / 36.7806194; -116.243583 (BREN-Tower)	Completed in 1962, demolished May 23, 2012[15]
Guyed tubular steel mast	Shushi-Wan Omega Transmitter	Japan	Tsushima	389	1,276	34°36′53″N 129°27′13″E / 34.61472°N 129.45361°E / 34.61472; 129.45361 (Shushi-Wan Omega Transmitter (dismantled))	Completed in 1973, dismantled in 1998
Structure for scientific experiment	Smokey Shot Tower	United States	Nevada Test Site	213	700	37°11′13.63″N 116°4′7.93″W / 37.1871194°N 116.0688694°W / 37.1871194; -116.0688694 (Smokey Shot Tower(destroyed))	Guyed mast, which carried 44 kt yield nuclear bomb "Smokey" (part of operation Plumbbob) on top until its explosion on August 31, 1957
Solar updraft tower	Manzanares Solar Chimney	Spain	Manzanares	195	640	39°02′34.45″N 3°15′12.21″W / 39.0429028°N 3.2533917°W / 39.0429028; -3.2533917	Completed in 1982, the tower's guy-wires were not protected against corrosion and failed due to rust and storm winds causing the tower to collapse in 1989. Small-scale experimental model of a solar draft tower, newer proposals if built could become the tallest structure on earth.
Wooden structure	Mühlacker Wood Radio Tower	Germany	Mühlacker	190	623	48°56′27.67″N 8°51′8.24″E / 48.9410194°N 8.8522889°E / 48.9410194; 8.8522889 (Mühlacker Wood Radio Tower (replaced by guyed mast))	Completed in 1934, destroyed on April 6, 1945, by the Germans to prevent usage by the Allies, replaced by mast radiator
Masonry building	Mole Antonelliana	Italy	Turin	167.5	549.5	45°04′8.45″N 7°41′35.62″E / 45.0690139°N 7.6932278°E / 45.0690139; 7.6932278 (Mole Antonelliana)	Spire destroyed by a tornado in 1953 (rebuilt since then)
Pre-Industrial era building	Lincoln Cathedral	United Kingdom	Lincoln	160	524	53°14′3.26″N 0°32′10.54″W / 53.2342389°N 0.5362611°W / 53.2342389; -0.5362611 (Lincoln Cathedral)	Completed in 1311, spire blown off in 1549
Telescope	Arecibo Telescope	Puerto Rico	Arecibo, Puerto Rico	150	492	18°20′39″N 66°45′10″W / 18.34417°N 66.75278°W / 18.34417; -66.75278 (Arecibo Telescope)	Completed in 1963, collapsed on December 1, 2020
Gasometer	Gasometer Zeche Nordstern	Germany	Gelsenkirchen	147	482		Completed in 1938, damaged at an air raid on May 13, 1940 in such a manner, that it was not usable any more and had to be demolished.
Storage silo	Henninger Turm	Germany	Frankfurt	120	394	50°05′50.18″N 8°41′36.81″E / 50.0972722°N 8.6935583°E / 50.0972722; 8.6935583 (Henninger Turm)	Constructed in 1961, demolished in 2013

Tallest structure by function

Category	Structure	Country	City	Architectural top
				(metres)	(feet)
Mixed-use*	Burj Khalifa	United Arab Emirates	Dubai	830	2,722
Industrial	Petronius (oil platform)	United States	Gulf of Mexico	640	2,100
Office	Ping An Finance Center	China	Shenzhen	555	1,821
Residential	Central Park Tower	United States	New York City	472.4	1,550
Military	Large masts of INS Kattabomman	India	Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu	471	1,545
Hotel	Gevora Hotel[16]	United Arab Emirates	Dubai	356.3	1,169
Scientific research tower	Amazon Tall Tower Observatory	Brazil	160 km NE of Manaus	325[17]	1,066
Educational	Moscow State University	Russia	Moscow	240	787
Religious	Djamaa el Djazaïr	Algeria	Algiers	265	870
Hospital	Outpatient Center, Houston Methodist Hospital	United States	Houston	156.05	511.8

* "Mixed-use" is defined as having three or more real estate uses (such as retail, office, hotel, etc.) that are physically and functionally integrated in a single property and are mutually supporting.^[18]

Tallest buildings

Main article: List of tallest buildings

Up until the late 1990s, the definition of “tallest building” was not altogether clear. It was generally understood to be the height of the building to the top of its architectural elements including spires, but not including "temporary" structures (such as antennas or flagpoles), which could be added or changed relatively easily without requiring major changes to the building's design. Other criteria for height measurement generally were not considered, which occasionally caused some controversy.

One historic case involved the building now famous for the Times Square Ball. Known as One Times Square (at 1475 Broadway in Midtown Manhattan), it was the headquarters for The New York Times, which gave Times Square its name. Completed in 1905, it reached a height of 364 feet (111 meters) to its roof, or 420 feet (130 meters) including its rooftop flagpole, which the Times hoped would give it a record high status. But because a flagpole is not an integral architectural part of a building, One Times Square was not generally considered to be taller than the 390-foot-high (120 m) Park Row Building in Lower Manhattan, which was therefore still New York's tallest.^[19]

A bigger controversy was the rivalry between two New York skyscrapers built in the Roaring Twenties — the Chrysler Building and 40 Wall Street. The latter was 927 feet (283 meters) tall, had a shorter pinnacle, and had a much higher top occupied floor (the second category in the 1996 criteria for tallest building).^[20] In contrast, the Chrysler Building employed a very long 125-foot (38 m) spire secretly assembled inside the building to claim the title of world's tallest building with a total height of 1,048 feet (319 m), despite having a lower top occupied floor and a shorter height when both buildings' spires are not counted in their heights.^[21] Although the architects of record for 40 Wall were H. Craig Severance and Yasuo Matsui, the firm of Shreve & Lamb (who also designed the Empire State Building) served as consulting architects. They wrote a newspaper article claiming that 40 Wall was actually the tallest, since it contained the world's highest usable floor. They pointed out that the observation deck of 40 Wall was nearly 100 feet (30 m) higher than the top floor of the Chrysler, whose surpassing spire was strictly ornamental and essentially inaccessible.^[22] Despite the protest, the Chrysler Building was generally accepted as the tallest building in the world for almost a year, until it was surpassed by the Empire State Building’s 1,250 feet (380 meters) in 1931.

That was in turn surpassed by the 1,368-foot-high (417 m) twin towers of New York’s original World Trade Center in 1972, which were in turn surpassed by the Sears Tower in Chicago in 1974. Now called the Willis Tower (since 2009) it was 1,451 feet (442 meters) to its flat rooftop, or 1,518 feet (463 meters) including its original antennas.^[23] But in 1978 One World Trade Center (commonly known as the north tower) attained a taller absolute height when it added its 360-foot (110 m) new broadcasting antenna, for a total height of 1,728 feet (527 meters). The WTC north tower maintained this height record (including its antenna) from 1978 until 2000, when the owners of the Willis Tower extended its broadcasting antennae for a total height of 1,729 feet (527 meters).^[23] Thus the status of the Willis Tower as the “totally” tallest was restored in the face of a new threat looming in the Far East — the “Siamese Twins.”

The Petronas Towers remain the tallest twin towers in the world.

A major controversy erupted upon completion of the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in 1998. These twin towers, at 1,483 feet (452 meters), had a higher architectural height (spires, not antennas), but a lower absolute pinnacle height and a lower top occupied floor than the Willis Tower in Chicago. Counting buildings as structures with floors throughout, and with antenna masts excluded, the Willis was still considered the tallest at that time. Excluding their spires, which are 9 meters (30 feet) higher than the flat roof of Willis, the Petronas Towers are not taller than Willis. At their convention in Chicago, the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) found the Willis Tower (without its antennas) to be the third-tallest building, and the Petronas Towers (with their spires) to be the world's two tallest buildings.^[19]

Responding to the ensuing controversy, the CTBUH then revised their criteria and defined four categories in which the world's tallest building can be measured,^[24] retaining the old criterion of height to architectural top, and adding three new categories:^[19]

1. Height to Architectural Top (including spires and pinnacles, but not antennas, masts or flagpoles). This measurement is the most widely used and is used to define the rankings of the 100 Tallest Buildings in the World.
2. Highest Occupied Floor
3. Height to Top of Roof (omitted from criteria from November 2009 onwards)^[25]
4. Height to Tip

The height-to-roof criterion was discontinued because relatively few modern tall buildings possess flat rooftops, making this criterion difficult to determine and measure.^[26] The CTBUH has further clarified their definitions of building height, including specific criteria concerning subbasements and ground level entrances (height measured from lowest, significant, open-air, pedestrian entrance rather than from a previously undefined "main entrance"), building completion (must be topped out both structurally and architecturally, fully clad, and able to be occupied), condition of the highest occupied floor (must be continuously used by people living or working and be conditioned, thus including observation decks, but not mechanical floors) and other aspects of tall buildings.^[26][27]

The height is measured from the level of the lowest, significant, open-air, pedestrian entrance. At the time, the Willis Tower held first place in the second and third categories, the Petronas Towers held the first category, and the original WTC north tower held the fourth (height to tip) category with its antenna.^[19] In 2000, however, a new antenna mast was placed on the Willis Tower, giving it the record in the fourth category. On April 20, 2004, the 101-storey Taipei 101 in Taipei, Taiwan, was completed, taking the world record for the first three categories. On July 21, 2007, it was announced that Burj Khalifa in Dubai, UAE, had surpassed Taipei 101. Since its completion in early 2010, Burj Khalifa leads in all categories (the first building to do so) with its spire height of 2,722 feet (830 meters).

Before Burj Khalifa was completed, Willis Tower led in the height-to-tip category with 1,729 feet (527 meters) after its antenna was extended in 2000, making Willis Tower slightly taller height-to-tip than the WTC north tower's antenna that measured 1,728 feet (527 meters). After the September 11, 2001, attacks, the WTC became the world's tallest two buildings to be destroyed or demolished. They took that distinction from the Singer Building, which stood 612 feet (187 meters) tall until the late 1960s where One Liberty Plaza now stands right across Church Street from the WTC site.

A different superlative for skyscrapers is their number of floors. The original World Trade Center set that record at 110 in the early 1970s, and this was not surpassed until the Burj Khalifa opened in 2010.

Structures such as the CN Tower, the Ostankino Tower and the Oriental Pearl Tower are excluded from these categories because they are not "habitable buildings", which are defined as frame structures made with floors and walls throughout.^[2]

History of record holders in each CTBUH category

Date (event)	Architectural top	Highest occupied floor	Roof	Tip
2010: Burj Khalifa completed	Burj Khalifa	Burj Khalifa		Burj Khalifa
2009: CTBUH omits Height to Roof category	Taipei 101	Shanghai World Financial Center		Willis Tower
2008: Shanghai World Financial Center completed	Taipei 101	Shanghai World Financial Center	Shanghai World Financial Center	Willis Tower
2003: Taipei 101 completed	Taipei 101	Taipei 101	Taipei 101	Willis Tower
2000: Willis Tower antenna extension	Petronas Towers	Willis Tower	Willis Tower	Willis Tower
1998: Petronas Towers completed	Petronas Towers	Willis Tower	Willis Tower	World Trade Center
1996: CTBUH defines categories	Willis Tower	Willis Tower	Willis Tower	World Trade Center

Tallest freestanding structures on land

Main article: List of tallest freestanding structures

Freestanding structures must not be supported by guy wires, the sea or other types of support. It therefore does not include guyed masts, partially guyed towers and drilling platforms but does include towers, skyscrapers (pinnacle height) and chimneys.(See also history of tallest skyscrapers.)

The world's tallest freestanding structure on land is defined as the tallest self-supporting artificial structure that stands above ground. This definition is different from that of world's tallest building or world's tallest structure based on the percentage of the structure that is occupied and whether or not it is self-supporting or supported by exterior cables. Likewise, this definition does not count structures that are built underground or on the seabed, such as the Petronius Platform in the Gulf of Mexico. Visit world's tallest structure by category for a list of various other definitions.

The tallest freestanding structure on land is the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The building surpassed the height of the previous record holder, the 553.3 m (1,815 ft) CN Tower in Toronto, Ontario, on September 12, 2007. It was completed in 2010, with final height of 829.8 m (2,722 ft).

History

The following is a list of structures that have held the title as the tallest freestanding structure on land.

Tallest historical structures

Record from	Record held (years)	Name and location	Constructed	Height (metres)	Height (feet)	Coordinates	Notes
c. 10000 BC	2000	Göbekli Tepe, Anatolia	c. 10000 BC	5-6	18	37°13′23″N 38°55′21″E / 37.22306°N 38.92250°E / 37.22306; 38.92250 (Göbekli Tepe)	The earliest temple of humankind.
c. 8000 BC	4000	Tower of Jericho, West Bank	c. 8000 BC	8.5	28	31°52′19″N 35°26′38″E / 31.872041°N 35.443981°E / 31.872041; 35.443981
c. 4000 BC	1350	Anu Ziggurat, Uruk	c. 4000 BC	13	40
c. 2650 BC	40	Pyramid of Djoser, Egypt	c. 2650 BC	62	203	29°52′16.53″N 31°12′59.59″E / 29.8712583°N 31.2165528°E / 29.8712583; 31.2165528 (Pyramid of Djoser)
c. 2610 BC	5	Meidum Pyramid in Egypt	c. 2610 BC	93.5	307	29°23′17″N 31°09′25″E / 29.38806°N 31.15694°E / 29.38806; 31.15694 (Meidum Pyramid)	Shortly after completion Meidum Pyramid collapsed due to bad design/instability and is now 65 m (213 ft).
c. 2605 BC	5	Bent Pyramid in Egypt	c. 2605 BC	101.1	332	29°47′25″N 31°12′33″E / 29.79028°N 31.20917°E / 29.79028; 31.20917 (Bent Pyramid)	Angle of slope decreased during construction to avoid collapse.
c. 2600 BC	40	Red Pyramid of Sneferu, Egypt	c. 2600 BC	105	345	29°48′31.39″N 31°12′22.49″E / 29.8087194°N 31.2062472°E / 29.8087194; 31.2062472 (Red Pyramid)
c. 2560 BC	3871	Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt	c. 2560 BC	146	481	29°58′44.93″N 31°08′3.09″E / 29.9791472°N 31.1341917°E / 29.9791472; 31.1341917 (Great Pyramid of Giza)	By 1647, the Great Pyramid had eroded to a height of approximately 139 m (456 ft).
1311	238	Lincoln Cathedral in England	1092–1311	160	525	53°14′3.26″N 0°32′10.54″W / 53.2342389°N 0.5362611°W / 53.2342389; -0.5362611 (Lincoln Cathedral)	The central spire was destroyed in a storm in 1549. While the reputed height of 525 ft (160 m) is accepted by most sources,[28][29][30][31][32][33] others consider it doubtful[34]
1549	20	St. Mary's Church in Stralsund, Germany	1384–1478	151	495	54°18′36.01″N 13°5′14.81″E / 54.3100028°N 13.0874472°E / 54.3100028; 13.0874472 (St. Mary's church, Stralsund)
1569	4	Beauvais Cathedral in France	1225–1604	153	502	49°25′49″N 2°05′43″E / 49.43028°N 2.09528°E / 49.43028; 2.09528 (Beauvais Cathedral)	Spire collapsed in 1573 (the cross was removed in 1572); today, the church stands at a height of 67.2 m (220.5 ft).
1573	94 (20+74)	St. Mary's Church in Stralsund, Germany	1384–1478	151	495	54°18′36.01″N 13°5′14.81″E / 54.3100028°N 13.0874472°E / 54.3100028; 13.0874472 (St. Mary's church, Stralsund)	The spire burnt down after a lightning strike in 1647. The current spire's height is 104 m (341 ft).
1647	227	Strasbourg Cathedral in France	1439	142	469	48°34′54.22″N 7°45′1.48″E / 48.5817278°N 7.7504111°E / 48.5817278; 7.7504111 (Strasbourg Cathedral)	By 1647, the Great Pyramid had eroded to a height of approximately 139 m (456 ft) hence Strasbourg Cathedral was higher.
1874	2	St. Nikolai in Hamburg, Germany	1846–1874	147	483	53°32′50.94″N 9°59′26.12″E / 53.5474833°N 9.9905889°E / 53.5474833; 9.9905889 (St. Nikolai, Hamburg)
1876	4	Cathédrale Notre Dame in Rouen, France	1202–1876	151	495	49°26′24.54″N 1°5′41.85″E / 49.4401500°N 1.0949583°E / 49.4401500; 1.0949583 (Rouen Cathedral)
1880	4	Cologne Cathedral in Germany	1248–1880	157	515	50°56′28.08″N 6°57′25.73″E / 50.9411333°N 6.9571472°E / 50.9411333; 6.9571472 (Cologne Cathedral, Tower South) ;50°56′29.11″N 6°57′25.85″E / 50.9414194°N 6.9571806°E / 50.9414194; 6.9571806 (Cologne Cathedral, Tower North)
1884	5	Washington Monument in Washington D.C., United States	1884	169	555	38°53′22.08″N 77°2′6.89″W / 38.8894667°N 77.0352472°W / 38.8894667; -77.0352472 (Washington Monument)	The world's tallest all-stone structure, as well as the tallest obelisk-form structure.
1889	41	Eiffel Tower in Paris, France	1887–1889	300	986	48°51′29.77″N 2°17′40.09″E / 48.8582694°N 2.2944694°E / 48.8582694; 2.2944694 (Eiffel Tower)	First structure to exceed 300 metres in height. The addition of a telecommunications tower in the 1950s brought the overall height to 324 m (1,063 ft).
1930	1	Chrysler Building in New York, United States	1928–1930	319	1,046	40°45′5.78″N 73°58′31.52″W / 40.7516056°N 73.9754222°W / 40.7516056; -73.9754222 (Chrysler Building)
1931	36	Empire State Building in New York, United States	1930–1931	381	1,250	40°44′54.95″N 73°59′8.71″W / 40.7485972°N 73.9857528°W / 40.7485972; -73.9857528 (Empire State Building)	First building with 100+ storeys. The addition of a pinnacle and antennas later increased its overall height to 448.7 m (1,472 ft). This was subsequently lowered to 443.1 m (1,454 ft).
1967	8	Ostankino Tower in Moscow, Soviet Union	1963–1967	540	1,762	55°49′10.94″N 37°36′41.79″E / 55.8197056°N 37.6116083°E / 55.8197056; 37.6116083 (Ostankino Tower)	Remains the tallest in Europe. Fire in 2000 led to extensive renovation.
1975	32	CN Tower in Toronto, Ontario, Canada	1973–1976	553	1,815	43°38′33.22″N 79°23′13.41″W / 43.6425611°N 79.3870583°W / 43.6425611; -79.3870583 (CN Tower)	The tallest in the Western Hemisphere.
2007	present	Burj Khalifa in Dubai, United Arab Emirates	2004–2009	829.8	2,722	25°11′50.0″N 55°16′26.6″E / 25.197222°N 55.274056°E / 25.197222; 55.274056 (Burj Dubai)	Holder of world's tallest freestanding structure. Topped out at 829.8 m (2,722 ft) in 2009.

Diagram of the principal high buildings of the Old World, 1884

Notable mentions include the Pharos (lighthouse) of Alexandria, built in the third century BC and estimated between 115–135 m (377–443 ft). It was the world's tallest non-pyramidal structure for many centuries. Another notable mention includes the Jetavanaramaya stupa in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka, which was built in the third century, and was similarly tall at 122 m (400 ft). These were both the world's tallest or second-tallest non-pyramidal structure for over a thousand years.

The tallest secular building between the collapse of the Pharos and the erection of the Washington Monument may have been the Torre del Mangia in Siena, which is 102 m (335 ft) tall, and was constructed in the first half of the fourteenth century, and the 97-metre-tall (318 ft) Torre degli Asinelli in Bologna, also Italy, built between 1109 and 1119.

World's highest observation deck

Main article: Observation deck

Timeline of development of world's highest observation deck since inauguration of Eiffel Tower.

Record from	Record held (years)	Name and location	Constructed	Height above ground		Notes
				m	ft
1889	42	Eiffel Tower, Paris	1889	275	902	Two lower observation decks at 57 and 115 m (187 and 377 ft).
1931	42	Empire State Building, New York City	1931	369[35]	1,250	On the 102nd floor – a second observation deck is located on the 86th floor at 320 m (1,050 ft).
1973	1	World Trade Center, New York City	1973	399.4	1,310	Indoor observatory on the 107th floor of South Tower opened on April 4, 1973. Destroyed on September 11, 2001
1974	1	Willis Tower, Chicago	1974	412.4	1,353	103rd floor Skydeck opened on June 22, 1974
1975	1	World Trade Center, New York City	1973	419.7	1,377	Outdoor observatory on the South Tower rooftop opened on December 15, 1975. Destroyed on September 11, 2001
1976	32	CN Tower, Toronto	1976	446.5	1,464.9	Two further observation decks at 342 and 346 m (1,122 and 1,135 ft).
2008	3	Shanghai World Financial Center, Shanghai	2008	474	1,555	Two further observation decks at 423 and 439 m (1,388 and 1,440 ft).
2011	3	Canton Tower, Guangzhou	2011	488	1,601	The rooftop outdoor observation deck opened in December 2011. There are also several other indoor observation decks in the tower, the highest at 433.2 m (1,421 ft).
2014	2	Burj Khalifa, Dubai	2010	555	1,821	Opened on October 15, 2014 on the 148th floor. There is another observation deck at 452.1 m (1,483 ft) on the 124th floor, which has been open since the building was opened to the public.
2015	present	Shanghai Tower, Shanghai, China and Ping An Finance Centre (since 2017)	2015	562	1,841	Opened on February 2nd, 2015.

Higher observation decks have existed on mountain tops or cliffs, rather than on tall structures. The Grand Canyon Skywalk, constructed in 2007, protrudes 21 m (70 ft) over the west rim of the Grand Canyon and is approximately 1,100 m (3,600 ft) above the Colorado River, making it the highest of these types of structures.^{[citation needed]}

Timeline of guyed structures on land

As most of the tallest structures are guyed masts, here is a timeline of world's tallest guyed masts, since the beginning of radio technology.

As many large guyed masts were destroyed at the end of World War II, the dates for the years between 1945 and 1950 may be incorrect. If Wusung Radio Tower survived World War II, it was the tallest guyed structure shortly after World War II.

Record from	Record held (years)	Name and location	Constructed	Height		Coordinates	Notes
				m	ft
1913	7	Central mast of Eilvese transmitter, Eilvese, Germany	1913	250	820	52°31′40″N 9°24′24″E / 52.52778°N 9.40667°E / 52.52778; 9.40667 (Eilvese transmitter (demolished))	Mast was divided in 145 m by an insulator, demolished in 1931
1920	3	Central masts of Nauen Transmitter Station, Nauen, Germany	1920	260	853	52°38′56″N 12°54′30″E / 52.64889°N 12.90833°E / 52.64889; 12.90833 (Nauen transmitter)	2 masts, demolished in 1946
1923	10	Masts of Ruiselede transmitter, Ruiselede, Belgium	1923	287	942	51°4′44″N 3°20′6.9″E / 51.07889°N 3.335250°E / 51.07889; 3.335250 (Zendmast Ruiselede (destroyed) (location unclear))?	8 masts, destroyed in 1940
1933	6	Lakihegy Tower, Lakihegy, Hungary	1933	314	1,031	47°22′23.45″N 19°0′17.21″E / 47.3731806°N 19.0047806°E / 47.3731806; 19.0047806 (Lakihegy Radio Tower)	Blaw-Knox Tower, insulated against ground, destroyed in 1945; rebuilt
1939	7	Deutschlandsender Herzberg/Elster, Herzberg (Elster), Germany	1939	335	1,099	51°42′59.76″N 13°15′51.5″E / 51.7166000°N 13.264306°E / 51.7166000; 13.264306 (Deutschlandsender III (dismantled))	Insulated against ground, dismantled 1946/1947
1946	2	Lakihegy Tower, Lakihegy, Hungary	1946	314	1,031	47°22′23.45″N 19°0′17.21″E / 47.3731806°N 19.0047806°E / 47.3731806; 19.0047806 (Lakihegy Radio Tower)	Blaw-Knox Tower, Insulated against ground, rebuilt after destruction in 1945
1948	1	WIVB-TV Tower, Colden, New York, USA	1948	321.9	1,056	42°39′33.19″N 78°37′33.91″W / 42.6592194°N 78.6260861°W / 42.6592194; -78.6260861 (WIVB-TV Tower)
1949	1	Longwave transmitter Raszyn, Raszyn, Poland	1949	335	1,099	52°4′21.72″N 20°53′2.15″E / 52.0727000°N 20.8839306°E / 52.0727000; 20.8839306 (Raszyn Radio Mast)	Insulated against ground
1950	4	Forestport Tower, Forestport, New York, USA	1950	371.25	1,218	43°26′41.9″N 75°5′9.55″W / 43.444972°N 75.0859861°W / 43.444972; -75.0859861 (Forestport Tower (demolished))	Insulated against ground, demolished
1954	2	Griffin Television Tower Oklahoma (AKA KWTV Transmission Tower), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA	1954	480.5	1,576	35°32′58.59″N 97°29′50.27″W / 35.5496083°N 97.4972972°W / 35.5496083; -97.4972972 (Griffin Television Tower Oklahoma)
1956	3	KOBR-TV Tower, Caprock, New Mexico, USA	1956	490.7	1,610	33°22′31.31″N 103°46′14.3″W / 33.3753639°N 103.770639°W / 33.3753639; -103.770639 (KOBR-TV Tower)	Collapsed in 1960; rebuilt
1959	1	WGME TV Tower, Raymond, Maine, USA	1959	495	1,624	43°55′28.43″N 70°29′26.72″W / 43.9245639°N 70.4907556°W / 43.9245639; -70.4907556 (WGME TV Tower)
1960	2	KFVS TV Mast, Cape Girardeau County, Missouri, USA	1960	511.1	1,677	37°25′44.5″N 89°30′13.84″W / 37.429028°N 89.5038444°W / 37.429028; -89.5038444 (KFVS TV Mast)
1962	1	WTVM/WRBL-TV & WVRK-FM Tower, Cusseta, Georgia, USA	1962	533	1,749	32°19′25.09″N 84°46′45.07″W / 32.3236361°N 84.7791861°W / 32.3236361; -84.7791861 (WTVM/WRBL-TV & WVRK-FM Tower)
1963	0	WIMZ-FM-Tower, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA	1963	534.01	1,752	36°08′05.49″N 83°43′28.01″W / 36.1348583°N 83.7244472°W / 36.1348583; -83.7244472 (WIMZ-FM-Tower)
1963	11	KVLY-TV mast, Blanchard, North Dakota, USA	1963	606.0	1,988	47°20′31.85″N 97°17′21.13″W / 47.3421806°N 97.2892028°W / 47.3421806; -97.2892028 (KVLY-TV mast)	75 foot analog antenna was removed from the top of the structure in 2018 in digital repack construction[citation needed]
1974	17	Warsaw Radio Mast, Gąbin, Poland	1974	646.4	2,121	52°22′3.74″N 19°48′8.73″E / 52.3677056°N 19.8024250°E / 52.3677056; 19.8024250 (Konstantynow Radio Mast (destroyed))	Mast radiator insulated against ground, collapsed in 1991
2018	present	KRDK-TV mast, Galesburg, North Dakota, USA	1997	628.0	2,060	47°16′45.06″N 97°20′25.68″W / 47.2791833°N 97.3404667°W / 47.2791833; -97.3404667 (KRDK-TV mast)

Tallest towers

Main article: List of tallest towers in the world

Towers include observation towers, monuments and other structures not generally considered to be "habitable buildings", they are meant for "regular access by humans, but not for living in or office work, and are self-supporting or freestanding, which means no guy-wires for support", meaning it excludes from this list of continuously habitable buildings and skyscrapers as well as radio and TV masts.

Bridge towers or pylons, chimneys, transmission towers, and most large statues allow human access for maintenance, but not as part of their normal operation, and are therefore not considered to be towers.

The Tokyo Skytree, completed in February 2012, is 634 m (2,080 ft), making it the tallest tower, and second-tallest freestanding structure in the world.^[36][37][38]

History of tallest tower

Tokyo Tower held the record of being the tallest tower in the world from 1958 to 1967. In addition, it held the record of being the tallest structure in Japan from 1958 to 2011, when the Tokyo Skytree (the current tallest tower in the world) surpassed it.

The following is a list of structures that have historically held the title as the tallest towers in the world.

Tallest historical towers

From	To	Tower	Town	Pinnacle height
280 BC	1180 AD	Pharos Lighthouse	Alexandria, Egypt	122 m
1180	1240	Malmesbury Abbey Tower	Malmesbury, UK	131.3 m
1240	1311	Tower of Old St Paul's Cathedral	London, UK	150 m
1311	1549	Tower of Lincoln Cathedral	Lincoln, UK	159.7 m
1549	1647	Tower of St Mary's church	Stralsund, Germany	151 m
1647	1874	Tower of Strasbourg Cathedral	Strasbourg, France	142 m
1874	1876	Tower of St. Nikolai	Hamburg, Germany	147 m
1876	1880	Tower of Rouen Cathedral	Rouen, France	151 m
1880	1889	Tower of Cologne Cathedral	Cologne, Germany	157.38 m
1889	1958	Eiffel Tower	Paris, France	312.3 m
1958	1967	Tokyo Tower	Tokyo, Japan	332.6 m
1967	1975	Ostankino Tower	Moscow, Russia	540.1 m
1975	2010	CN Tower	Toronto, Ontario, Canada	553.33 m
2010	2011	Canton Tower	Guangzhou, China	600 m
2011	present	Tokyo Skytree	Tokyo, Japan	634 m

Tallest structures, freestanding structures, and buildings

Burj Khalifa and other tallest structures

The list categories are:

• The structures (supported) list uses pinnacle height and includes architectural structures of any type that might use some external support constructions like cables and are fully built in air. Only the three tallest are listed, as more than fifty US TV masts have stated heights of 600–610 metres (1,970–2,000 ft).
• The structures (media supported) list uses pinnacle height and includes architectural structures of any type that are not totally built in the air but are using support from other, denser media like salt water. All structures greater than 500 metres (1,640 ft) are listed.
• The freestanding structures list uses pinnacle height and includes structures over 500 metres (1,640 ft) that do not use guy-wires or other external supports. This means truly free standing on its own or, in similar sense, non-supported structures.
• The building list uses architectural height (excluding antennas) and includes only buildings, defined as consisting of habitable floors. Both of these follow CTBUH guidelines. All supertall buildings (450 m and higher) are listed.

Notes:

• Eight buildings appear on the freestanding structures category list with heights different from another category. This is due to the different measurement specifications of those lists.
• Only current heights and, where reasonable, target heights are listed. Historical heights of structures that no longer exist, for example, for having collapsed, are excluded.

Rank	Name and location	Year completed	Architectural top[39] (metres)	Architectural top (feet)	Floors
Structures (supported) Main article: List of tallest structures
1	KVLY-TV mast, Blanchard, North Dakota, United States	1998	628.8	2,063	–
2	KRDK-TV mast, Galesburg, North Dakota United States	1986	627.8	2,060	–
3	KXTV/KOVR Tower, Walnut Grove, California, United States	1986	624.5	2,049	–
Structures (media supported)
1	Petronius Platform, Gulf of Mexico	2000	640	2,100	–
2	Baldpate Platform, Gulf of Mexico	1998	579.7	1,902	–
3	Bullwinkle Platform, Gulf of Mexico	1989	529	1,736	–
Freestanding structures Main article: List of tallest freestanding structures
1	Burj Khalifa, Dubai, United Arab Emirates	2009	829.8	2,722	163
2	Tokyo Skytree, Tokyo, Japan	2012	634	2,080	–
3	Shanghai Tower, Shanghai, China	2015	632	2,073	128
4	Abraj Al Bait, Makkah, Saudi Arabia	2011	601	1,972	120
5	Canton Tower, Guangzhou, China	2010	600	1,969	–
6	Ping An Finance Centre, Shenzhen, China	2016	599	1,965	115
7	Goldin Finance 117, Tianjin, China	2020	596.6	1,957	128
8	Lotte World Tower, Seoul, South Korea	2016	555.7	1,823	123
9	CN Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada	1976	553.3	1,815	–
10	One World Trade Center, New York City, USA	2013	546.2	1,792	104
11	Ostankino Tower, Moscow, Russia	1967	540	1,770	–
12	Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre, Guangzhou, China	2016	530	1,739	111
12	Tianjin CTF Finance Centre, Tianjin, China	2018	530	1,739	98
14	China Zun, Beijing, China	2018	528	1,732	108
15	Willis Tower, Chicago, United States	1974	527	1,729	108
Buildings Main article: List of tallest buildings in the world
1	Burj Khalifa, Dubai, United Arab Emirates	2010	828	2,717	163
2	Shanghai Tower, Shanghai, China	2015	632	2,073	128
3	Abraj Al Bait, Mecca, Saudi Arabia	2011	601	1,972	120
4	Ping An Finance Centre, Shenzhen, China	2016	599	1,965	115
5	Goldin Finance 117, Tianjin, China	2020	596.6	1,957	128
6	Lotte World Tower, Seoul, South Korea	2016	554.5	1,819	123
7	One World Trade Center, New York City, USA	2013	541.3	1,776	104
8	Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre, Guangzhou, China	2016	530	1,739	111
9	Tianjin CTF Finance Centre, Tianjin, China	2018	530	1,739	98
10	China Zun, Beijing, China	2018	528	1,732	108
11	Taipei 101, Taipei, Taiwan	2004	509	1,670	101
12	Shanghai World Financial Center, Shanghai, China	2008	492	1,614	101
15	Central Park Tower, New York City, USA	2021	472	1,549	98
14	International Commerce Centre, Hong Kong	2010	484	1,588	118
15	Lakhta Center, Saint Petersburg, Russia	2018	462	1,516	86

Source: Emporis

See also

• List of tallest buildings
• List of tallest towers
• List of tallest structures
• List of tallest freestanding structures
• List of tallest freestanding steel structures
• List of tallest chimneys
• List of tallest bridges
• List of tallest dams
• Lattice tower
• Solar power tower
• Tallest industrial buildings
• List of elevator test towers
• List of hyperboloid structures
• List of tallest cooling towers
• List of tallest oil platforms
• List of tallest statues
• List of tallest minarets
• List of tallest church buildings
• List of tallest wooden buildings
• List of tallest clock towers
• List of tallest residential buildings
• List of tallest hotels
• List of tallest hospitals
• List of tallest educational buildings

References

1. Arabian Business (January 4, 2016). "Six years of success: 'The biggest challenge for the team behind Burj Khalifa was the fact it was working in unchartered territory'". Arabian Business.
2. "CTBUH Criteria for Defining and Measuring Tall Buildings". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Retrieved August 19, 2008.
3. "Burj Dubai all set for 09/09/09 soft opening". Emirates Business24/7. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
4. "Burj Dubai surpasses KVLY-TV mast to become the world's tallest man-made structure" (Press release). Emaar. Retrieved May 28, 2008.
5. ctbuh. "CTBUH Criteria for Defining and Measuring Tall Buildings". www.ctbuh.org. Retrieved November 9, 2018.
6. ctbuh. "CTBUH Criteria for Defining and Measuring Tall Buildings". www.ctbuh.org. Retrieved November 9, 2018.
7. https://www.archdaily.com/73442/worlds-tallest-steel-buildings
8. https://cranemag.com/crane-news/general-news/liebherr-lr13000-with-max-lattice-boom-the-worlds-tallest-crawler-crane/
9. https://www.equinor.com/en/magazine/industry-world-records.html
10. "Comansa Jie builds the world's highest cooling towers". Construcciones Metálicas COMANSA S.A. August 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2013.
11. http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=116831
12. "Tallest Unsupported Flagpole". Guinness Book of World Records.
13. "Tower West". Retrieved May 5, 2015.
14. https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=1849
15. McCord, Keith (May 23, 2012). "Tallest structure in West demolished". KSL-TV. Salt Lake City, UT. Retrieved September 29, 2012.
16. https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/tallest-hotel
17. "Brazil builds giant Amazon observation tower". BBC News.
18. Schwanke D. et al. (2003). Mixed-use Development Handbook, 2nd edition. Washington: Urban Land Institute ISBN 978-0-87420-888-7
19. "History of Measuring Tall Buildings". Archived from the original on April 10, 2012. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
20. "The History of Measuring Tall Buildings". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Archived from the original on April 10, 2012. Retrieved May 3, 2012.
21. "Denies Altering Plans for Tallest Building; Starrett Says Height of Bank of Manhattan Structure Was Not Increased to Beat Chrysler". The New York Times. October 20, 1929. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 26, 2020.
22. Binders, George (August 2006). 101 of the World's Tallest Buildings. p. 102.
23. "Willis Tower, Chicago - SkyscraperPage.com". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
24. "CTBUH Criteria for Defining and Measuring Tall Buildings". Retrieved May 5, 2015.
25. "CTBUH changes height criteria, Burj Khalifa height increases". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. November 17, 2009. Archived from the original on January 5, 2018. Retrieved November 18, 2009.
26. "CTBUH Changes Height Criteria". Archived from the original on January 5, 2018. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
27. "CTBUH Criteria for Defining and Measuring Tall Buildings". Ctbuh.org. Retrieved September 20, 2018.
28. Haughton, Brian(2007),Hidden History: Lost Civilizations, Secret Knowledge, and Ancient Mysteries, p.167
29. Michael Woods, Mary B. Woods(2009), Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, p.41
30. "Lincoln Cathedral". Retrieved May 5, 2015.
31. Darwin Porter, Danforth Prince(2010), Frommer's England 2010, p.588
32. Mary Jane Taber(1905), The cathedrals of England: an account of some of their distinguishing characteristics, p.100
33. A Brief History of the World's Tallest Buildings Time magazine
34. Kendrick, A. F. (1902). "2: The Central Tower". The Cathedral Church of Lincoln: A History and Description of its Fabric and a List of the Bishops. London: George Bell & Sons. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-178-03666-4. The tall spire of timber, covered with lead, which originally crowned this tower reached an altitude, it is said, of 525 feet; but this is doubtful. This spire was blown down during a tempest in January 1547–8.
35. "The Empire State Building". Wired New York. Retrieved December 23, 2007.
36. "Tokyo Sky Tree construction ends: World's tallest tower prepares to open". Cable News Network. March 1, 2012. Archived from the original on March 1, 2012. Retrieved March 1, 2012.
37. Danielle Demetriou (March 1, 2012). "Tokyo unveils world's tallest communications tower". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved March 1, 2012.
38. "Tokyo Skytree website" (in Japanese). Tobu Railway Co., Ltd. & Tobu Tower Skytree Co., Ltd. Retrieved March 8, 2011.
39. height for inhabited buildings with floors; does not include TV towers and antennas

External links

• Tallest Buildings in the Islamic World (2017)
• Collection of many record holders on Skyscraperpage
• tallestbuildingintheworld.net
• A map visualization of each country's tallest building
• The highest abandoned skyscraper in the world