El reajuste de la transmisión televisiva de los Estados Unidos de 1994 a 1996 consistió en una serie de eventos, que involucraron principalmente cambios de afiliación entre estaciones de televisión , que resultaron de un acuerdo multimillonario entre Fox Broadcasting Company (comúnmente conocido como simplemente Fox) y New World Communications , un empresa de medios que, a través de su división de radiodifusión recién formada en ese momento, era propietaria de varias estaciones de televisión VHF afiliadas a las principales cadenas de televisión, principalmente CBS .
El mayor impulso para los cambios fue permitir que Fox mejorara la cobertura de sus afiliados locales, en preparación para el comienzo de sus derechos sobre el paquete de televisión de la National Football Conference (NFC), que la National Football League (NFL) otorgó a la incipiente red en Diciembre de 1993. Como resultado de varios otros acuerdos que siguieron como resultado de los cambios de afiliación creados por el acuerdo entre Fox y New World, más notablemente la compra de CBS por Westinghouse , los cambios constituyeron algunos de los cambios más radicales en la televisión estadounidense. historia. Como resultado de esta realineación, Fox ascendió al estado de una importante red de televisión, comparable en influencia a las tres grandes cadenas de televisión.(CBS, NBC y ABC ).
Casi 70 estaciones en 30 mercados de medios en los Estados Unidos cambiaron de afiliación a partir de septiembre de 1994 y continuaron hasta septiembre de 1996 (aunque se produciría un cambio de afiliación adicional en febrero de 1997, a través del lanzamiento de una estación advenediza que ganó su socio de red a través de uno de los acuerdos complementarios), que, junto con los lanzamientos simultáneos en enero de 1995 de The WB Television Network (una empresa conjunta entre Time Warner , Tribune Company y el director ejecutivo fundador de la red , Jamie Kellner ) y United Paramount Network ( UPN ) ( fundado por Chris-Craft / United Television , a través de una asociación de programación con Paramount Television ), ambos afiliados a ciertas estaciones que perdieron a sus socios de red anteriores a través de varios acuerdos de afiliación, marcaron algunos de los cambios más expansivos que se hayan producido en Estados Unidos. televisión.
Fox adquiere derechos de televisión parciales de la NFL
Durante algún tiempo, desde los preparativos para su lanzamiento, Rupert Murdoch , director ejecutivo de News Corporation , la entonces matriz corporativa de Fox Broadcasting Company, había querido una presencia deportiva de grandes ligas para su cadena. Murdoch pensó que conseguir un paquete de transmisión de deportes en vivo ayudaría a construir el perfil naciente de Fox y elevarlo al nivel de ABC, CBS y NBC, las tres principales redes de transmisión comercial existentes en los Estados Unidos en ese momento.
En enero de 1987, mientras se preparaba para aventurarse en la programación en horario estelar , Fox decidió hacer una oferta para adquirir los derechos de Monday Night Football , entonces el programa de la joya de la corona de la liga, de ABC, por aproximadamente $ 1.3 mil millones, la misma cantidad. esa red había estado pagando en ese momento por el contrato; las negociaciones entre la liga y ABC para renovar el contrato se habían estancado anteriormente debido a un aumento en el gasto por los derechos. Sin embargo, la NFL, en parte porque Fox no se había establecido como una red importante, decidió rechazar la oferta y posteriormente reanudó las discusiones con ABC, llegando finalmente a un acuerdo para mantener el paquete Monday Night Football en esa red. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] Seis años después de que fracasara el primer intento de Fox de adquirir los derechos, la NFL abrió negociaciones para los contratos de televisión para sus dos conferencias y para la Paquetes de fútbol en horario estelar los domingos y lunes. Fox decidió presentar otra oferta a la NFL, esta vez, haciendo un movimiento más agresivo para asegurar con éxito un contrato con la liga, reconociendo que probablemente necesitaría ofertar una cantidad considerablemente más alta que las cadenas predominantes que buscaban renovar. o ampliar sus derechos televisivos existentes de la NFL optarían por ofrecer para adquirir una parte del paquete.
El 17 de diciembre de 1993, Fox sorprendió al mundo de los deportes y la televisión al llegar a un contrato de cuatro años y $ 1.58 mil millones con la NFL a partir de la temporada de 1994 para televisar la temporada regular y los partidos de playoffs que involucran a equipos en la Conferencia Nacional de Fútbol, un paquete que había ha sido propiedad de CBS desde 1956, catorce años antes de la fusión de la NFL y la American Football League (AFL) que resultó en que los equipos que componían las dos ligas respectivamente se dividieran entre la NFC y la American Football Conference (AFC), como así como el Super Bowl XXXI (que se iba a celebrar en enero de 1997). CBS, entonces dirigida por Laurence Tisch , que reducía costos , había ofertado solo $ 290 millones para retener los derechos del paquete de televisión NFC y no estaba dispuesta a acercarse siquiera al precio de la oferta de Fox, que excedía la oferta hecha por CBS en $ 1.29 mil millones. (o más de $ 100 millones por año). [7] [8]
En el momento de la oferta de Fox, algunas de sus estaciones de propiedad y operadas (excepto las de la ciudad de Nueva York , Los Ángeles , Washington, DC y Salt Lake City ) y la mayoría de sus afiliadas (excepto las de San Francisco , Seattle , Las Vegas y Miami ) eran estaciones de UHF que transmitían a una potencia radiada más baja que sus contrapartes de VHF . La mayoría de las estaciones que transmitían la programación de la cadena también tenían poca o ninguna historia previa como afiliada de una cadena importante; sin embargo, algunos (entre ellos, sus puntos de venta en los tres mercados antes mencionados donde poseía una estación) alguna vez estuvieron afiliados con al menos una de las tres grandes cadenas o incluso la cadena de televisión DuMont anteriormente en sus historias. Mientras Fox armaba su nueva división deportiva para cubrir la NFL, buscó afiliarse a estaciones de VHF (que transmitían en los canales 2 a 13) que tenían historias más establecidas y tenían más valor para los anunciantes. [9]
Acuerdo de New World Communications
El 23 de mayo de 1994, Fox acordó comprar una participación del 20% (una inversión de $ 500 millones) en New World Communications, una compañía de medios controlada por el inversionista con sede en la ciudad de Nueva York Ronald Perelman , quien compró la compañía en 1989 en medio de su reestructuración bajo una declaración de quiebra del Capítulo 11 . [10] [11] [12]
New World, que fue fundada por el actor / productor / director Roger Corman y su hermano, el productor de cine Gene Corman , el 8 de julio de 1970, como productor independiente de largometrajes de bajo presupuesto, y a partir de 1984, comenzó a producir programas de televisión como como Crime Story , Santa Barbara y The Wonder Years - se expandió a la transmisión de televisión el 17 de febrero de 1993, después de que Perelman comprara una participación del 51% en SCI Television, con sede en Denver (un grupo descendiente de la antigua Storer Communications que estaba pasando por un complejo reestructuración de su deuda) de Gillett Holdings, controlada por Apollo Partners, por $ 100 millones y $ 63 millones en deuda recién emitida. El día anterior a ese acuerdo, SCI compró WTVT en Tampa, Florida , a Gillett Holdings en un acuerdo separado por $ 163 millones. [13] [14] [15] New World expandió sus participaciones de transmisión en mayo de 1994, cuando compró cuatro estaciones propiedad de Argyle Television Holdings (que Argyle había adquirido de Times Mirror Company el año anterior) en una opción de compra de $ 717 millones. acuerdo estructurado, seguido tres semanas más tarde por la compra de cuatro estaciones propiedad de Great American Communications (que, varios meses después, pasaría a llamarse Citicasters una vez completada su reestructuración corporativa) por $ 350 millones en efectivo y $ 10 millones en garantías de acciones . [16] [17] [18]
La adquisición de capital parcial de New World Communications por parte de Fox también incluyó un acuerdo de varios años, en virtud del cual afiliaría a la mayoría de las estaciones de televisión que la compañía había poseído directamente o estaba en proceso de adquirir de Argyle y Great American con la red, una vez individuales. Los contratos de afiliación con cada uno de los socios de red existentes de las estaciones expiraron. Las siguientes estaciones fueron parte del trato:
Estaciones existentes del Nuevo Mundo
- KNSD (canal 39), San Diego, California - afiliado a NBC
- WAGA-TV (canal 5), Atlanta, Georgia - afiliado a CBS
- WITI-TV (canal 6), Milwaukee, Wisconsin - afiliado a CBS [19]
- WJBK-TV (canal 2), Detroit, Michigan - afiliado a CBS
- WJW-TV (canal 8), Cleveland, Ohio - afiliado a CBS
- WSBK-TV (canal 38), Boston, Massachusetts - operado como una estación independiente
- WTVT (canal 13), Tampa, Florida - afiliado a CBS
Estaciones adquiridas de Argyle Television
- KDFW-TV (canal 4), Dallas, Texas - afiliado a CBS
- KTBC-TV (canal 7), Austin, Texas - afiliado a CBS
- KTVI (canal 2), St. Louis, Missouri - afiliado a ABC
- WVTM-TV (canal 13), Birmingham, Alabama - afiliado a NBC
Estaciones adquiridas de Great American Communications
- KSAZ-TV (canal 10), Phoenix, Arizona - afiliado a CBS [20]
- WBRC-TV (canal 6), Birmingham, Alabama - afiliado a ABC
- WDAF-TV (canal 4), Kansas City, Missouri - afiliado a NBC
- WGHP (canal 8), High Point, Carolina del Norte - afiliado a ABC
Excepciones
Varias estaciones propiedad de los grupos involucrados en las adquisiciones del Nuevo Mundo fueron vendidas a otras partes o quedaron fuera del trato:
- New World retuvo la propiedad de KNSD y WVTM en el ínterin, y ambas estaciones siguieron siendo afiliadas de NBC; En el primer caso, KNSD no se habría unido a Fox en ningún caso, a pesar del acuerdo de afiliación de la red con New World, ya que Fox ya tenía una filial de VHF en San Diego en ese momento, XETV con sede en Tijuana , Baja California , México (canal 6 , luego un afiliado de CW y ahora una estación de Canal 5 dirigida a Tijuana). New World eventualmente vendería ambas estaciones al grupo de estaciones de propiedad y operación de NBC , NBC Television Stations , por $ 425 millones el 22 de mayo de 1996. [21] NBC luego vendió WVTM a Media General el 6 de abril de 2006, como parte de la venta de sus estaciones propias y operadas en cuatro mercados medianos, junto con WCMH-TV (canal 4) en Columbus, Ohio ; WJAR-TV (canal 10) en Providence, Rhode Island ; y WNCN (canal 17, ahora un afiliado de CBS) en Goldsboro, Carolina del Norte , los tres de los cuales fueron adquiridos a través de la compra de NBC en agosto de 1996 de The Outlet Company - por $ 600 millones (para adquirir WVTM, Media General vendió su estación existente en Birmingham, WIAT (canal 42), afiliada de CBS , a New Vision Television por $ 35 millones el 2 de agosto de 2006; aunque la venta de WIAT se realizó para cumplir con una cláusula de las reglas de propiedad de medios de la Comisión Federal de Comunicaciones (FCC) que prohibía propiedad de dos de las cuatro estaciones de televisión mejor calificadas en el mismo mercado, la FCC otorgó a Media General una exención temporal de propiedad cruzada para permitirle conservar ambas estaciones durante seis meses después de que se completó la compra de WVTM). [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28]
- Como las reglas de propiedad de medios de la FCC en ese momento prohibían que una sola compañía poseyera más de doce estaciones de televisión en todo el país (las compras de Argyle y Citicasters, combinadas con sus siete estaciones existentes, dieron como resultado que New World tuviera tres estaciones por encima del límite (quince en total)) y prohibió la propiedad común de dos estaciones de televisión comerciales en el mismo mercado , New World estableció una empresa fiduciaria en preparación para la venta de WGHP y WBRC, en la que colocaría las estaciones en septiembre y octubre de 1994, respectivamente. [29] [30] Según el acuerdo, New World poseía las licencias de WBRC y WGHP, mientras que Citicasters continuaba controlando sus operaciones bajo acuerdos de subcontratación . En abril de 1995, Citicasters transfirió las operaciones de WBRC y WGHP a la subsidiaria de transmisión de la cadena Fox , Fox Television Stations , que asumió el control operativo a través de acuerdos de corretaje de tiempo con New World. Ambas estaciones fueron vendidas directamente a Fox Television Stations tres meses después, el 22 de julio de 1995, a cambio de $ 130 millones en pagarés . [31] [32] [33]
- New World excluyó a WSBK del acuerdo de afiliación con Fox, ya que Fox Television Stations había optado por volver a adquirir WFXT (canal 25), que anteriormente poseía de 1987 a 1989, cuando vendió la estación a los Boston Celtics (en el momento del original venta, News Corporation poseía el Boston Herald y WFXT a través de una exención de propiedad cruzada, ya que las reglas de la FCC prohíben la propiedad común de periódicos y estaciones de televisión de alta potencia en el mismo mercado). Debido a los mismos límites de propiedad de televisión que llevaron a la venta de WBRC y WGHP a Fox, WSBK se vendió más tarde a Paramount Stations Group y se convirtió en una filial de la United Paramount Network ( UPN ) cuando se lanzó el 16 de enero de 1995. [34] [35] [36]
- Great American Communications / Citicasters retuvo la propiedad de WKRC-TV (canal 12) en Cincinnati, Ohio (cuya franquicia de la NFL, los Bengals , son parte de la Conferencia de Fútbol Americano, que luego mantuvo un acuerdo de derechos de transmisión con NBC) y WTSP (canal 10 ) en San Petersburgo, Florida , ambos afiliados a ABC en ese momento. En el caso de Tampa, New World optó por mantener WTVT, que tenía una mayor audiencia y un área de cobertura de señal más amplia, que, a diferencia de WTSP, incluía a Sarasota (el transmisor de WTSP tenía un espacio corto para evitar la interferencia de señal con WPLG (canal 10) en Miami , lo que resultó en que ABC mantuviera una afiliación con WWSB (canal 40) para atender la parte sur del mercado de Tampa), mientras que WXIX-TV , afiliada de Cincinnati Fox , a pesar de estar en el canal 19 de UHF, era (y sigue siendo) competitiva con otros estaciones y muy por delante de la única otra estación comercial independiente de potencia total en el mercado, WSTR-TV , que residía en el canal 64.
Conexión de la NFL para negociar
La clave del acuerdo fue que Fox actualizó sus estaciones en varios mercados. Antes del acuerdo, de los catorce equipos de la NFC en ese momento, solo cuatro - Los Angeles Rams , New York Giants , San Francisco 49ers y Washington Redskins (ahora conocido tentativamente como Washington Football Team desde 2020) - estaban ubicados en mercados. con afiliados de VHF Fox. De las estaciones Fox de esos cuatro mercados, WNYW (canal 5) en la ciudad de Nueva York , KTTV (canal 11) en Los Ángeles y WTTG (canal 5) en Washington, DC son tres de los seis puntos de venta originales de la cadena que opera y opera. ; la filial del Área de la Bahía de San Francisco , Oakland, California, con licencia KTVU (canal 2), era propiedad de Cox Enterprises en ese momento y no sería adquirida por Fox hasta octubre de 2014. [37]
La mayoría de las estaciones involucradas en el acuerdo del Nuevo Mundo estaban ubicadas en mercados con equipos de la NFC, que entonces se consideraba la más prestigiosa de las dos conferencias de la NFL. En particular, la conferencia tenía equipos ubicados en nueve de los diez mercados televisivos más grandes en ese momento, con la excepción de Boston, cuyo equipo de la NFL, los New England Patriots , jugaba en la AFC. Además, la mayoría de los equipos de la NFC existían antes de la formación de la predecesora American Football League y, por lo tanto, contienen historias, rivalidades y tradiciones más largas. Durante este tiempo, la NFC también estuvo en medio de una racha de 13 victorias consecutivas contra la AFC en el Super Bowl . [38] Muchas de las estaciones programadas para unirse a Fox eran afiliadas de CBS con sede en mercados donde se ubicaban los equipos de NFC, por lo que los fanáticos continuarían viendo al menos los juegos de visitantes de su equipo en (las mismas) estaciones locales de VHF.
Equipos NFC en mercados relacionados con el trato
- Cardenales de Arizona (KSAZ-TV) [20]
- Atlanta Falcons (WAGA)
- Panteras de Carolina (WGHP)
- Dallas Cowboys (KDFW y KTBC)
- Leones de Detroit (WJBK)
- Empacadores de Green Bay (WITI)
- St. Louis Rams (KTVI; 1995-2016)
- Bucaneros de Tampa Bay (WTVT)
Equipos de la AFC en mercados relacionados con el trato
- Cleveland Browns (WJW)
- Jefes de Kansas City (WDAF)
KTBC y WITI servían a mercados que contenían una gran cantidad de seguidores para los equipos NFC cercanos. KTBC había transmitido juegos de los Dallas Cowboys (incluidas exhibiciones que ocurren durante la pretemporada) durante años en el mercado de Austin; WITI, mientras tanto, había transmitido los juegos de los Green Bay Packers a su audiencia de Milwaukee desde septiembre de 1977, seis meses después de que se reincorporó a CBS en una reversión de un intercambio de afiliación de abril de 1961 con WISN (canal 12) en el que las dos estaciones habían intercambiado sus respectivas afiliaciones con ABC y CBS (los Packers habían jugado partidos selectos de la temporada regular en Milwaukee durante la temporada 1994 ). Debido a Green Bay siendo un barridos -sólo Nielsen mercado que el papel utilizado diario de sólo la medición de la mayor parte de su historia, el mercado más grande de Milwaukee era (y sigue siendo) cita a menudo más por notas fines de la NFL y las redes que llevan los de la liga juegos que los números del mercado más pequeño de Green Bay. En Cleveland y Kansas City, WJW y WDAF emitieron respectivamente Browns (excepto después de la reubicación del equipo a Baltimore en 1996 antes de su recreación como equipo de expansión en 1998 ) y juegos de Chiefs solo cuando Fox transmitió un juego con un oponente de la NFC (irónicamente en Kansas City , WDAF transmitió la mayoría de los juegos de los Chiefs como un afiliado de NBC a través de los derechos de esa red a la AFC).
En 1995, St. Louis se convirtió en el noveno mercado de NFC con una filial de VHF Fox como resultado de la reubicación de los Rams de Los Ángeles y KTVI, la novena estación (y la sexta en un mercado de NFC) involucrada en el acuerdo del Nuevo Mundo para cambiar - afiliarse a la red. [39] Ese año, los Carolina Panthers se unieron a la NFL como un equipo de expansión, [40] lo que convirtió a WGHP en otra estación satélite "local" para un equipo de la NFL, ya que los Panthers tienen su sede en Charlotte , que está directamente al sur de la región de Piedmont Triad. donde trabaja WGHP.
Debido al tiempo que le tomó a la FCC aprobar la inversión de News Corporation en New World y las compras subsiguientes de la estación de Burnham (además de esperar a que expiraran los contratos de afiliación), los antiguos afiliados del " pato cojo " transmitieron las transmisiones de Fox de la NFL hasta la temporada de 1995 en algunos mercados. Por ejemplo, la mayoría de los juegos de los Cowboys se transmitieron en KDAF (canal 33, ahora afiliado de CW) en Dallas y KBVO (canal 42, ahora afiliado de CBS KEYE-TV ) en Austin, mientras que los Lions se vieron en WKBD-TV (canal 50, ahora una estación de propiedad y operación de CW). WCGV-TV (canal 24, ahora afiliado de MyNetworkTV) en Milwaukee llevó transmisiones por televisión de los Packers hasta que WITI se desafilió de CBS el 1 de diciembre de 1994; El transporte de WCGV de los Packers durante los primeros tres meses de la temporada de 1994 marcó la única interrupción en el transporte de WITI de los juegos del equipo desde que se reincorporó a CBS en 1977. Los juegos de los New Orleans Saints se transmitieron en WNOL (canal 38, ahora afiliado de CW) hasta Diciembre de 1995.
Radiodifusión de Burnham
En marzo de 1994, Fox y Savoy Pictures establecieron una empresa llamada SF Broadcasting para adquirir y operar estaciones de televisión adicionales. Fox no tenía acciones con derecho a voto en la compañía (que en cambio estaba en su totalidad por los presidentes de Savoy Pictures, Victor Kaufman y Lewis Korman), pero suministró el 58% de los $ 100 millones originales en capital. [41] Semanas después del acuerdo con New World, SF adquirió cuatro estaciones propiedad de Burnham Broadcasting:
- KHON-TV (canal 2), Honolulu, Hawaii - afiliado a NBC
- WALA-TV (canal 10), Mobile, Alabama - afiliado a NBC
- WLUK-TV (canal 11), Green Bay, Wisconsin - afiliado a NBC [42]
- WVUE (canal 8), Nueva Orleans, Luisiana - afiliado a ABC
SF Broadcasting compró WLUK-TV el 29 de julio de 1994 por $ 38 millones, [43] y WALA, KHON y WVUE un mes después, el 25 de agosto, por $ 229 millones. El acuerdo le dio a Fox mejoras en el mercado local de los Saints y el mercado local de los Packers (Fox ya había adquirido la filial de CBS en Milwaukee , los Packers otro mercado local oficial), dando filiales de Fox VHF en once de los quince mercados de NFC. [44] El 23 de septiembre de 1994, NBC presentó una petición a la FCC impugnando la compra de WLUK, alegando que SF era una corporación fantasma creada por News Corporation para eludir los límites de la FCC sobre la cantidad de capital que una empresa extranjera puede invertir en un Estación de televisión estadounidense; [45] NBC retiró la petición el 17 de febrero de 1995, [46] y la FCC aprobó el acuerdo dos meses después, el 27 de abril. [42] Después de que se completó la venta, las estaciones no cambiaron inmediatamente sus afiliaciones a Fox: WLUK se convirtió en afiliada de Fox el 28 de agosto de 1995, mientras que las tres estaciones restantes se convirtieron en afiliadas de Fox el 1 de enero de 1996.
Burnham escindió la afiliada de ABC KBAK-TV (canal 29, ahora una afiliada de CBS) en Bakersfield, California , a Westwind Communications, una empresa fundada por varios ex ejecutivos de Burnham. La temporada después de que WLUK comenzara a llevar a los Packers como una estación de Fox ( 1996 ), el equipo ganó el Super Bowl XXXI, el primer Super Bowl televisado por la cadena.
Repercusiones
Mercado | Estación | Afiliación antes del cambio | Afiliación después del cambio | Afiliación actual |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ada - Ardmore - Sherman | KTEN 10 | NBC (primary); ABC (secondary) | NBC (primary); Fox/ABC (both secondary) | NBC (primary); ABC (DT3)[α] |
Atlanta | WAGA-TV 5 | CBS | Fox | same |
WATL 36 | Fox | The WB | MyNetworkTV | |
WGNX 46 (now WGCL-TV) | Independent[β] | CBS | same | |
Austin | KTBC 7 | CBS | Fox | same |
KBVO 42 (now KEYE-TV) | Fox | CBS | same | |
Bakersfield | KERO-TV 23 | CBS | ABC | same |
KBAK-TV 29 | ABC | CBS | same | |
Baltimore | WMAR-TV 2 | NBC | ABC | same |
WBAL-TV 11 | CBS | NBC | same | |
WJZ-TV 13 | ABC | CBS | same | |
Billings | KHMT 4 | N/A[γ] | Fox | same |
KYUS-TV 3 | ABC | Fox | NBC | |
Binghamton | WICZ 40 | NBC | Fox | same |
Birmingham–Tuscaloosa–Anniston | WBRC-TV 6 | ABC | Fox | same |
WDBB 17 | Fox | Independent | The CW | |
WTTO 21 | Fox | Independent | The CW | |
WCFT-TV 33 (now WSES) | CBS | ABC | Heroes & Icons | |
WJSU-TV 40 (now WGWW) | CBS | ABC | Heroes & Icons (primary); ABC (DT2) | |
WNAL-TV 44 (now WPXH-TV) | Fox | CBS | Ion Television | |
W58CK 58 (now WBMA-LD) | Independent | ABC | same | |
Boston | WBZ-TV 4 | NBC | CBS | same |
WHDH-TV 7 | CBS | NBC | Independent | |
Brownsville–McAllen (Matamoros–Reynosa) | XHFOX-TV 17 (now XHTAM-TDT) | N/A[δ] | Fox | Las Estrellas |
Cedar Rapids–Waterloo–Dubuque | KDUB-TV 40 (now KFXB-TV) | ABC | Fox[ε] | CTN |
Charleston | WCBD 2 | ABC | NBC | same |
WCIV 4 (now WGWG) | NBC | ABC | Heroes & Icons | |
Cincinnati | WCPO-TV 9 | CBS | ABC | same |
WKRC-TV 12 | ABC | CBS | same | |
Cleveland | WJW-TV 8 | CBS | Fox | same |
WOIO 19 | Fox | CBS | same | |
Corpus Christi | K47DF 47 (now K22JA-D) | Independent | Fox | Independent[ζ] |
Dallas–Fort Worth | KDFW-TV 4 | CBS | Fox | same |
KTVT 11 | Independent | CBS | same | |
KDAF 33 | Fox | The WB | The CW | |
KXTX-TV 39 | The WB | Independent | Telemundo | |
Denver | KCNC-TV 4 | NBC | CBS | same |
KMGH-TV 7 | CBS | ABC | same | |
KUSA-TV 9 | ABC | NBC | same | |
Detroit | WJBK-TV 2 | CBS | Fox | same |
WKBD-TV 50 | Fox | UPN | The CW | |
WGPR-TV 62 (now WWJ-TV) | Independent | CBS | same | |
Evansville | WTVW 7 | ABC | Fox | The CW[η] |
WEHT 25 | CBS | ABC | same | |
WEVV-TV 44 | Fox | CBS | both | |
Fairbanks | KTVF 11 | CBS | NBC | same |
K13XD 13 (now KXDF-CD) | N/A[θ] | CBS | same | |
Flint–Bay City–Saginaw | WNEM-TV 5 | NBC | CBS/UPN | CBS |
WEYI-TV 25 | CBS | NBC | same | |
Green Bay–Fox Cities | WLUK-TV 11 | NBC | Fox | same |
WGBA-TV 26 | Fox | NBC | same | |
Greensboro–Winston-Salem–High Point | WGHP 8 | ABC | Fox | same |
WNRW 45 (now WXLV-TV) | Fox | ABC | same | |
Honolulu | KHON-TV 2 | NBC | Fox | same |
KHNL 13 | Fox | NBC | same | |
Jacksonville | WJKS 17 (now WCWJ) | ABC | The WB | The CW |
WJXX 25 | N/A[ι] | ABC | same | |
WBSG 21 (now WPXC-TV) | The WB | ABC | Ion Television | |
Kansas City | WDAF-TV 4 | NBC | Fox | same |
KSHB-TV 41 | Fox | NBC | same | |
Laredo (Nuevo Laredo) | XHFTX-TV 57 (now XHLAR-TDT) | N/A[κ] | Fox | Las Estrellas |
Lincoln–Grand Island | KSNB-TV 4 | ABC | Fox | NBC |
KTVG-TV 17 | Independent | Fox | defunct[λ] | |
Macon | WGXA-TV 24 | ABC | Fox | both |
WPGA-TV 58 | Fox | ABC | Independent | |
Marquette | WLUC-TV 6 | ABC | NBC | same |
WBKP 5 | N/A[μ] | ABC | The CW/ABC | |
Medford | KMVU 26 | N/A[ν] | Fox | same |
Memphis | WHBQ-TV 13 | ABC | Fox | same |
WPTY-TV 24 (now WATN-TV) | Fox | ABC | same | |
Miami–Fort Lauderdale | WFOR-TV 4 (formerly WCIX) | Channel allocations changed[ξ] | CBS | |
WTVJ 6 | NBC | |||
Milwaukee | WITI-TV 6 | CBS | Fox | same |
WCGV-TV 24 | Fox | UPN | defunct[ο] | |
WDJT-TV 58 | Independent | CBS | same | |
Mobile | WALA-TV 10 | NBC | Fox | same |
WPMI 15 | Fox | NBC | same | |
Monroe–El Dorado | KARD-TV 14 | ABC | Fox | same |
Myrtle Beach–Florence | WGSE 43 (now WFXB) | The WB | Fox | same |
New Orleans | WVUE-TV 8 | ABC | Fox | same |
WGNO 26 | The WB | ABC | same | |
WNOL 38 | Fox | The WB | The CW | |
Philadelphia | KYW-TV 3 | NBC | CBS | same |
WCAU-TV 10 | CBS | NBC | same | |
Phoenix | KTVK 3 | ABC | The WB | Independent |
KPHO-TV 5 | Independent | CBS | same | |
KSAZ-TV 10 | CBS | Fox[π] | same | |
KNXV-TV 15 | Fox | ABC[ρ] | same | |
Pocatello–Idaho Falls | KPVI-TV 6 | ABC[σ] | NBC | same |
KIFI-TV 8 | NBC | ABC | same | |
Providence | WLNE-TV 6 | CBS | ABC | same |
WPRI-TV 12 | ABC | CBS | same | |
Raleigh–Durham-Fayetteville | WNCN 17 (formerly WYED) | The WB[τ] | NBC | CBS |
WRDC 28 | NBC | UPN | MyNetworkTV | |
WFAY 62 (now WFPX-TV) | Independent | Fox | Court TV[υ] | |
Rapid City | KIVV 5 (now KHSD-TV) | NBC | Fox | ABC |
KEVN-TV 7 (now KOTA-TV) | NBC | Fox | ABC[φ] | |
Reno | KRXI-TV 11 | N/A[χ] | Fox | same |
KAME-TV 21 | Fox | UPN | MyNetworkTV | |
Rockford | WREX 13 | ABC | NBC | same |
WTVO 17 | NBC | ABC | same | |
St. Louis | KTVI 2 | ABC | Fox | same |
KDNL-TV 30 | Fox | ABC | same | |
Sacramento | KXTV 10 | CBS | ABC | same |
KOVR 13 | ABC | CBS | same | |
Salt Lake City | KUTV 2 | NBC | CBS | same |
KSL-TV 5 | CBS | NBC | same | |
San Antonio | KABB 29 | Independent | Fox | same |
KMYS 35 | Fox | UPN | The CW | |
Seattle–Tacoma | KIRO-TV 7 | CBS | UPN | CBS |
KSTW 11 | Independent | CBS | The CW | |
South Bend | WSJV 28 | ABC | Fox | Heroes & Icons |
W58BT 58 (now WBND-LD) | N/A[ψ] | ABC | same | |
Tampa–St. Petersburg | WTSP 10 | ABC | CBS | same |
WTVT 13 | CBS | Fox | same | |
WFTS-TV 28 | Fox | ABC | same | |
Terre Haute | WBAK-TV 38 (now WAWV-TV) | ABC | Fox | ABC |
Tupelo–Columbus–West Point | WLOV-TV 27 | ABC | Fox[ω] | same |
Twin Falls | KKVI-TV 35 (now KXTF) | ABC | Fox | TCT[αα] |
Victoria | KVCT 19 | Independent[αβ] | Fox | same |
Wilmington | WJKA-TV 26 (now WSFX-TV) | CBS | Fox | same |
Yuma–El Centro | KECY-TV 9 | CBS | Fox | Fox/ABC |
KSWT 13 (now KYMA-DT) | ABC | CBS | CBS/NBC[αγ] | |
Notes:
|
The affiliation changes informally commenced on April 17, 1994, when ABC affiliate KARD (channel 14) in Monroe, Louisiana, became a Fox affiliate, through an agreement unrelated to the network's group affiliation deal with New World; CBS affiliates KECY-TV (channel 9) in El Centro, California/Yuma, Arizona and WJKA-TV (channel 26, now WSFX-TV) in Wilmington, North Carolina also switched their affiliations to Fox that same year, along with TBN affiliate KVCT (channel 19) in Victoria and low-powered independent station K47DF (channel 47; now K22JA-D, which returned to independent status in February 2008) in Corpus Christi, Texas.
The switches officially began on September 3, 1994, when CBS affiliate WJW-TV became the first station involved in the New World agreement to switch its affiliation to Fox; the CBS affiliation in Cleveland consequently moved to the market's Fox charter affiliate WOIO (channel 19). Sister station WDAF-TV followed suit on September 12, trading affiliations with original Fox affiliate KSHB-TV (channel 41; New World had finalized its acquisition of KSAZ-TV (which temporarily became an independent station) and WDAF only three days before the latter switched from NBC to Fox). The majority of the New World stations switched their affiliations to Fox between December 1994 and August 1995 (WGHP and WBRC respectively did not become Fox stations until September 1, 1995, and September 1, 1996, due to their existing affiliation contracts with ABC). The affiliation changes formally concluded on September 1, 1996, when WBRC officially joined Fox as an owned-and-operated station; however, an additional affiliation transaction caused by an agreement spurred by the Fox-New World deal occurred on February 1, 1997, when upstart WJXX (channel 25) in Orange Park, Florida, signed on as the new ABC affiliate for the Jacksonville market, replacing WJKS (channel 17, now WCWJ), which became a WB affiliate under the callsign WJWB.
With ABC, NBC and CBS suddenly in need of new affiliates in the markets affected by the New World and Burnham deals, major affiliation shakeups began to occur. In some markets (such as Kansas City, Austin, Cleveland and Honolulu), the old Fox affiliates simply assumed the previous affiliation of the new Fox affiliate;[47][48][49] in other markets (such as Detroit and Phoenix), the former Fox station affiliated with a network that was not the prior affiliation of the new Fox outlet, resulting in swaps involving multiple stations. The shakeups involving the Big Three networks were mostly along station group lines, which also affected markets where neither New World or Burnham had operated stations.
WBRC's switch in Birmingham resulted in the most complicated swap, in which six stations changed affiliations. Although Fox Television Stations assumed ownership once its purchase of the station from the New World-controlled trust was completed in January 1996, it had to continue operating WBRC as an ABC station for nine additional months as its affiliation contract with the network did not expire until August 31, 1996; as Fox had purchased WBRC the previous summer, this gave ABC a year's leeway to find a new affiliate in the area. In January 1996, it reached a unique deal with Allbritton Communications in which WCFT-TV (channel 33, now Heroes & Icons affiliate WSES) and WJSU-TV (channel 40, now WGWW, also a Heroes & Icons affiliate), the respective CBS affiliates for Tuscaloosa and Anniston (which had both been annexed from the Birmingham Designated Market Area by Arbitron in 1977, and eventually were collapsed back into that market by Nielsen in September 1998[50]), would jointly become the ABC affiliate for central Alabama (weeks prior to that deal, Allbritton had entered into an agreement with Osborne Communications Corporation to take over the operations of WJSU under a local marketing agreement). However, because over-the-air reception of both stations in Birmingham proper was marginal at best and neither would likely be able to be counted in Nielsen ratings reports for that market as WCFT and WJSU were officially out-of-market stations, Allbritton purchased low-power independent station W58CK (channel 58, now WBMA-LD); under the deal, Albritton would also affiliate W58CK with ABC and make it the main station of the cluster, while WCFT and WJSU would serve as its satellites.[51][52] Gadsden Fox affiliate WNAL-TV (channel 44, now WPXH-TV) replaced WJSU-TV as the CBS affiliate for northeast Alabama – the second in the area, alongside Birmingham's WIAT (WNAL would later become the Pax TV (now Ion Television) O&O for the entire Birmingham market in August 1999, three years after it was acquired by Paxson Communications (now Ion Media Networks), the network's parent company).[53] WTTO (channel 21) and its semi-satellite WDBB (channel 17), the Fox affiliates for Birmingham and Tuscaloosa, became independent stations before affiliating with The WB in February 1997, several months after WDBB became a full-time repeater of WTTO.
Among the many deals that resulted, ABC reached a group agreement with Scripps-Howard Broadcasting on June 16, 1994, after CBS approached WEWS (channel 5) in Cleveland and WXYZ-TV (channel 7) in Detroit about replacing WJW and WJBK as its affiliates for those markets. Under that agreement, in addition to renewing affiliation agreements with the company's two largest stations, Scripps also agreed to switch the affiliations of three other stations (NBC affiliate WMAR-TV (channel 2) in Baltimore; and two Fox affiliates set to be displaced by the New World deal, KNXV-TV (channel 15) in Phoenix and WFTS-TV (channel 28) in Tampa) to the network.[54][55] In September 1995, Scripps-owned CBS affiliate WCPO-TV (channel 9) in Cincinnati agreed to switch to ABC, but that station had to wait until June 3, 1996 to switch its affiliation due to its then-existing affiliation contract with CBS.[56] McGraw-Hill and Allbritton Communications also expanded their relationships with ABC, adding a combined five affiliates (two of which maintained satellite stations, including the W58CK/WCFT/WJSU cluster in Birmingham) as part of deals that renewed agreements with existing ABC stations owned by both companies.[57][58][59]
Westinghouse Broadcasting (popularly known as Group W), concerned over its top-rated Baltimore station WJZ-TV (channel 13) losing its ABC affiliation to WMAR-TV, reached a deal to affiliate WJZ-TV and its two NBC affiliates (WBZ-TV (channel 4) in Boston and KYW-TV (channel 3) in Philadelphia) with CBS on July 14, 1994, as part of a deal that renewed the network's affiliation agreements with KDKA-TV (channel 2) in Pittsburgh and KPIX (channel 5) in San Francisco.[60][61][62] KYW-TV's switch to CBS prompted the network to sell its longtime Philadelphia O&O WCAU-TV (channel 10) to NBC (incidentally, New World briefly considered purchasing WCAU with the intent to convert it into a Fox affiliate; Paramount Stations Group would sell that network's existing affiliate WTXF-TV (channel 29) to Fox Television Stations, while in turn, acquiring independent station WGBS (channel 57, now CW owned-and-operated station WPSG) – which Fox attempted to purchase in August 1993, before terminating that deal to acquire WTXF – from Combined Broadcasting). After CBS discovered that an outright sale of WCAU would have resulted it having to pay a high tax rate from the proceeds accrued, CBS, Group W and NBC entered into a complex trade deal involving four stations which took effect on September 10, 1995. NBC traded KCNC-TV (channel 4) in Denver and KUTV (channel 2) in Salt Lake City, to CBS; meanwhile, CBS-owned WCIX (channel 6, now WFOR-TV on channel 4) in Miami swapped transmitter facilities and channel frequencies with NBC-owned WTVJ (channel 4, now on channel 6) as compensation for the trades.[63]
As a result of losing the National Football Conference television rights to Fox, CBS's problems accelerated as it struggled to compete in the ratings (lagging behind ABC and NBC, but placing ahead of Fox) with a slate of programming that attracted an older audience than the other networks.[64] As a direct result of the New World-Fox alliance, only six of the new CBS affiliates were VHF stations (including KTVT (channel 11) in Dallas-Fort Worth;[65] KSTW (channel 11) in Seattle–Tacoma[65][66][67] and KPHO-TV (channel 5) in Phoenix, although KSTW would lose its CBS affiliation to the market's previous affiliate, KIRO-TV (channel 7), on June 30, 1997, in a deal that resulted in KSTW assuming the UPN affiliation held by KIRO since January 1995[68]); in Atlanta,[69] Detroit and Milwaukee, CBS found itself in the extremely undesirable situation of ending up on low-profile UHF stations with far less transmitting power and viewer recognition than their previous affiliates or even the UHF stations that CBS affiliated with in other markets, due in part to unwillingness by other local stations to agree to switch to the then-struggling network. While the former CBS affiliates in the three markets – WAGA, WJBK and WITI – were all considered to be ratings contenders, local viewership for CBS programming dropped significantly after the network moved to the lower-profile UHF stations, which had virtually no significant history as a former major network affiliate or as a first-tier independent station. The network's viewership eventually recovered, and CBS became the most-watched broadcast television network in the U.S. by 1999.
One major positive that came from the deal was an increase in local news programming on the new Fox affiliates, a benefit that came as the network had demanded that its affiliates launch newscasts in the run-up to the launches of Fox News Channel and the Fox NewsEdge affiliate news service in August 1996. The new Fox affiliates retained most of their existing newscasts, but expanded their morning newscasts by one or two hours and early evening newscasts by a half-hour to replace news programs aired by their former network, with the majority also adding newscasts in the final hour of prime time (9:00 or 10:00 pm, depending on the time zone). However, most of the twelve stations involved in the New World-Fox deal chose not to carry Fox's children's programming block, Fox Kids, which resulted in Fox deciding to allow its owned-and-operated stations and affiliates to drop the block if another local station was interested in airing it. A complication of this was that religious-secular independent KNLC (channel 24, now a MeTV affiliate) in St. Louis, owned by the New Life Christian Church, chose to air ministry messages (dealing with controversial topics such as abortion, same-sex marriage and the death penalty) instead of commercials during the block's program breaks, resulting in Fox moving the block to KTVI in September 1996.[70]
Many of the new Big Three UHF affiliates found difficulty gaining an audience, and all but two of them had to give in to launching newscasts to back up the national news programs provided by the networks. Four stations affected by the switches – WEVV-TV (channel 44) in Evansville, Indiana (which became a CBS affiliate after losing its Fox affiliation to WTVW (channel 7, now a CW affiliate) through a separate deal),[71] WWJ-TV (channel 62) in Detroit,[72][73][74] KDNL-TV (channel 30) in St. Louis and WXLV-TV (channel 45) in the Piedmont Triad – failed to gain traction with their competitors in the local news field and eventually either cancelled or outsourced their newscasts (although WWJ-TV,[75] KDNL-TV[76][77] and WXLV[78] have since made other attempts at news programming in some form to mixed results; WEVV-TV was the only one that failed in its previous news programming to fully resume in-house news operations, launching a news department in August 2015, months after its sale to Bayou City Broadcasting was finalized[79][80]). Generally, the stations that continue to air newscasts to this day have generally finished in third or fourth place behind their VHF competitors, although some have experienced gradual ratings growth.
Cambios posteriores al cambio
Fox continued to upgrade its stations in at least two unrelated deals struck later:
- On August 18, 1994, Fox Television Stations purchased ABC affiliate WHBQ-TV (channel 13) in Memphis – a station that was once part of the RKO General broadcasting empire, which had collapsed in the late 1980s due to corruption and perjury – from Communications Corporation of America.[81] Former Fox affiliate WPTY-TV (channel 24, now WATN-TV) assumed the ABC affiliation on December 1, 1995.
- On September 8, 2002, UPN affiliate KMSP-TV (channel 9) in Minneapolis–St. Paul – the home market of the Minnesota Vikings of the NFC – became a Fox affiliate, trading affiliations with WFTC (channel 29, now a MyNetworkTV owned-and-operated station).[82] A similar swap occurred that year in Portland, Oregon, when the Meredith Corporation swapped the affiliations of Fox affiliate KPDX (channel 49, now a MyNetworkTV affiliate) and newly acquired UPN affiliate KPTV (channel 12); KPTV and KMSP were previously affiliated with Fox from the network's launch in October 1986 until September 1988, when they both disaffiliated from the network due to issues over its then-weakly performing programs. Fox had purchased both stations as part of its 2001 acquisition of Chris-Craft Industries' television station group,[83] but traded KPTV to Meredith in exchange for WOFL (channel 35) in Orlando and its Gainesville semi-satellite WOGX (channel 51) in 2002.
Between 1997 and 1999, Fox gained several affiliates in smaller markets, including WFFF-TV (channel 44) in Plattsburgh, New York; WVFX (channel 10) in Clarksburg, West Virginia; WFXS (channel 55) in Wausau/Rhinelander, Wisconsin; KFFX-TV (channel 11) in Yakima, Washington; KPTH (channel 44) in Sioux City, Iowa; and K24EJ (channel 24, now KKFX-CD) in Santa Barbara/San Luis Obispo, California. However, there have been several occasions since that time when several markets lost over-the-air availability of Fox programming with no immediate local replacement. For example, in October 2001, Pegasus Broadcasting-owned WDBD (channel 40) in Jackson, Mississippi (which would reaffiliate with Fox in 2006) and WPXT (channel 51, now a CW affiliate) in Portland, Maine became affiliates of The WB due to a payment dispute between Pegasus and Fox; the network would not be available over-the-air in the state of Maine until April 2003 (after an attempt by WCKD-LP [channel 30, now a JUCE TV affiliate] to affiliate with the network fell through), when Pax station WPFO (channel 23) became Portland's second Fox affiliate and WFVX-LP (channel 22) signed on as the network's first Bangor-based affiliate.[84][85]
In early 2002, two Televisa-owned stations, XHFOX-TV (channel 57, now XHTAM-TDT) in Matamoros/Reynosa (serving the Harlingen–Brownsville–McAllen market) and XHFTX-TV (channel 2, now XHLAR-TDT) in Nuevo Laredo (serving the Laredo market), were stripped of their affiliations with Fox and consequently became affiliates of Televisa's Canal de las Estrellas (now simply Las Estrellas).[86] This left the western and southern areas of South Texas without an over-the-air Fox affiliate until 2005, when XHRIO-TV (channel 15, now a CW Plus affiliate) became the network's affiliate for the Harlingen–Brownsville–McAllen market. (KXOF-CA [channel 39, now UniMás affiliate KETF-CD] signed on as the network's new affiliate for the Laredo area in July 2007; it swapped programming and call letters with a sister low-power outlet on virtual channel 31 in December 2018.)
Another switch occurred in San Diego on August 1, 2008, when KSWB-TV (channel 69) – one of 16 charter CW affiliates owned by Tribune Broadcasting – became a Fox affiliate, swapping networks with XETV.[87] Although it might have been seen as a downgrade on the surface, as KSWB's analog position was UHF channel 69 while XETV was on VHF channel 6, the market has heavy cable penetration and the majority of its stations are on UHF, which then brand by their dominant cable channel slot rather than their broadcast channel allocation; as such, KSWB is branded as "Fox 5" and only uses its over-the-air channel position as its PSIP virtual channel, in legally required station IDs and (from 2008 to 2012) a short sweep of a "Fox 69" logo in the bug seen during its newscasts. With the switch to Fox, Tribune re-established a news department for KSWB (which produced a prime time newscast from September 1999 to September 2005, before production was taken over by KNSD through a news share agreement).[88][89][90] In regards to the NFL, this switchover was an irrelevant issue; as the Chargers, who played in San Diego until 2017, play in the AFC, most of the team's Sunday afternoon games aired locally on CBS affiliate KFMB-TV (channel 8) from 1998 to 2016 (ironically, Chargers games had aired on KNSD from 1977 to 1997). Beginning with the 2017 season, with the Chargers moving to the Los Angeles area, the primary station for the team's games in that market is CBS' West Coast flagship KCBS-TV (channel 2).
CBS saw an affiliate downgrade from VHF to UHF in an unrelated transaction in the Jacksonville–Brunswick market – home of the Jacksonville Jaguars (whose games also air on CBS through its rights to the AFC) – after Post-Newsweek Stations announced in April 2002 that it would end the network's affiliation with WJXT (channel 4) due to a dispute over planned reverse compensation demands by CBS.[91] On July 15, 2002, WTEV-TV (channel 47, now WJAX-TV[92]) became the market's CBS affiliate, with Fox-affiliated sister station WAWS (channel 30, now WFOX-TV[92]) assuming its displaced UPN affiliation as a secondary affiliation.[93] The loss of the CBS affiliation on WJXT, which became an independent station, caused a switch in nearby Gainesville (home to the University of Florida, whose football games regularly air on CBS through its contract with the Southeastern Conference), where primary WB/secondary UPN affiliate WGFL (channel 53, now on channel 28) switched to CBS in order for the network to remain available in that area; UPN and The WB were relegated to a digital subchannel of the station (now affiliated with MyNetworkTV, as well as low-power WMYG-LP), one of the earliest instances of a subchannel being established to carry a major network prior to the 2006 realignment resulting from the merger of The WB and UPN to form The CW.
Out of the CBS affiliates in the 16 AFC markets, WJAX-TV and Cleveland affiliate WOIO – in the home market of the Browns – are the only stations which have virtual channels corresponding to the UHF band. WOIO (which actually transmits its digital signal over VHF channel 10) was Cleveland's charter Fox affiliate before swapping affiliations with WJW as a result of the New World deal, and has even held rights to the teams' preseason games from 1988 as a Fox affiliate until 1995, and in 2005 as a CBS affiliate. Currently, WOIO only airs the Browns' CBS game telecasts, due to conflicts between the team and WOIO's news department in the past over coverage about personal issues involving team players and ownership that resulted in the Browns organization choosing not to renew its preseason rights deal with WOIO after the 2005 season; ABC affiliate WEWS (channel 5) carries the bulk of the team's preseason games and other Browns programs.
On July 1, 2013, CW affiliate WJZY (channel 46) in Charlotte, North Carolina, became a Fox owned-and-operated station, after Fox Television Stations purchased it and MyNetworkTV-affiliated sister station WMYT-TV (channel 55) from the Capitol Broadcasting Company that April; similar to the situation it faced following its purchase of WBRC, Fox Television Stations had to operate WJZY as a CW affiliate for three months after its purchase of the WJZY-WMYT duopoly was completed, as that station's existing contract with the network did not expire until June 30, 2013. The switch resulted in an upgrade for The CW through the network's move to displaced Fox charter affiliate WCCB, as that station broadcasts on UHF channel 18,[94][95] and also has a news department (becoming one of a handful of news-producing CW-affiliated stations as a result), which WJZY did not have until January 2014 as a Fox O&O.
Another notable switch involving an AFC market occurred in Indianapolis, after a dispute between station management at WISH-TV (channel 8) and the network during affiliation renewal negotiations over reverse compensation demands led CBS to reach an agreement with Tribune Broadcasting on August 11, 2014, in which WTTV (channel 4) and its Kokomo-based satellite WTTK (channel 29) would jointly become the market's CBS affiliate through a broader deal that renewed affiliations for the company's five existing CBS stations (KFSM-TV [channel 5] in Fort Smith, Arkansas; WHNT-TV [channel 19] in Huntsville, Alabama; WTKR [channel 3] in Norfolk, Virginia; WTVR-TV [channel 6] in Richmond, Virginia; and WREG-TV [channel 3] in Memphis).[96] WTTV/WTTK originally planned to move its CW affiliation to a digital subchannel upon the January 1, 2015, switch until Tribune decided to sell The CW's Indianapolis affiliation rights to WISH owner Media General (which had completed its merger with that station's former owner LIN Media three days earlier) on December 22, 2014, with WTTV/WTTK opting instead to operate its DT2 subchannel as an independent station.[97] The switch was an upgrade for The CW, due to WISH's prior history as a major network station and its operation of a news department; it was also an upgrade at least for WTTV even if it was arguably one for CBS, as the station had not been a major network affiliate since it lost the ABC affiliation to WLWI (channel 13, now NBC affiliate WTHR) in October 1957, had not maintained a news department since November 1990 or aired any newscasts of its own since the termination of an agreement with ABC affiliate WRTV (channel 6) in December 2002, following Tribune's purchase of the station (the newscasts that Tribune re-established for WTTV upon the switch use resources from WXIN (channel 59)'s existing news department, which began operations in September 1991, but compete against and maintain anchor teams largely separate from its Fox-affiliated sister station). In fact, the major impetus of the deal was that it allowed WTTV to become the local broadcaster of the Indianapolis Colts through CBS' rights to the AFC.[98]
Impacto a largo plazo
Growth of Fox Sports
The affiliation switches helped elevate Fox to major network status, on par with its older, established competitors. As of 2015, its sports division has expanded to include Major League Baseball,[99] NASCAR[100] and collegiate events from select NCAA athletic conferences. In addition, Fox aired National Hockey League games from 1995 to 1999[101] and the Bowl Championship Series (except for the Rose Bowl) from 2007 to 2010. Other former properties include Formula One races (now held by ESPN) and the Cotton Bowl Classic (which moved to ESPN in 2015). Fox Sports' coverage also has expanded to encompass several cable networks, led by its Fox Sports Net chain of regional sports networks (a group launched in 1996, that is composed largely of channels that were formerly part of the Prime Sports and SportsChannel groups) and its two flagship national networks, Fox Sports 1 and Fox Sports 2 (both of which launched in August 2013, replacing existing niche sports networks Speed and Fuel TV).
In the fall of 2011, Fox added regular season college football games from the Pac-12 and Big 12 Conferences,[102][103] and the Big Ten and Pac-12 championship games,[104] as well as four matches per year from the Ultimate Fighting Championship.[105] England's FA Cup final came to the network on May 11, 2013. In August 2013, Fox Sports signed a deal to broadcast the three major open championships of the United States Golf Association, including the U.S. Open, starting in 2015.[106] Current Fox Sports properties seen over-the-air also include exclusive coverage of the Daytona 500 and the final game of the UEFA Champions League. In addition, the World Superbike Championship races at Indianapolis Motor Speedway were moved to Fox Sports 1 in 2013.
Rise of Fox in prime time
Fox's entertainment programs have also benefited from the heavy promotion they received during the sports telecasts, including shows that it already aired at the time (such as Beverly Hills, 90210, Melrose Place, Married... with Children, The X-Files and The Simpsons), as well as newer programs (such as American Idol, 24 and House). In fact, Idol was the highest-rated prime time network program for eight consecutive seasons, from 2003–04 to 2010–11, the longest such streak in U.S. television history.[107]
The resilience of CBS
While CBS eventually recovered from the loss of the National Football Conference package, the network's recovery is partially linked to, ironically, its re-acquisition of broadcast rights to the NFL in 1998 when it took over the television contract to the American Football Conference from NBC.[108] The last year that NBC held the AFC rights saw the Denver Broncos, an original AFL team, defeat the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XXXII, which aired on NBC and ended a 13-year drought against the NFC in the Super Bowl.
Around the time CBS assumed the American Football Conference rights, the league trend of the 1980s and 1990s reversed, in that the AFC became the dominant NFL conference over the NFC. The New England Patriots dynasty in the 2000s in the only top-10 market at the time with an AFC franchise and no NFC team also contributed to the ratings surge. In fact, the primary stations for both the Broncos and Patriots are the same as when NBC carried the AFC (before their respective switches in September 1995 through the trade deal between CBS/Group W and NBC) – KCNC-TV in Denver and WBZ-TV in Boston (KUSA and WHDH-TV carried those teams' games from August 1995 [WHDH]/September 1995 [KUSA] to January 1998).
In addition, the current AFC deal also saw CBS indirectly acquire the rights to air games played by the Pittsburgh Steelers, which air locally on KDKA-TV (which was a CBS O&O by the time the network re-acquired the NFL rights, and has long been one of CBS's strongest stations) and often earn the highest television ratings for an NFL team due to the Steelers' rabid fanbase on a national level. Coincidentally, before the AFL-NFL merger, the team's road games had aired on KDKA as part of the NFL's deal for CBS to air its games, while home games could not be televised at all during this period, even if tickets for each individual matchup played in the Steelers' home stadium did sell out.
Impact on NBC
As CBS took the hardest hit from the switches, due partly to having been relegated to lower-tier affiliates in several major markets, NBC became the most-watched network in the United States, as it not only experienced the fewest effects of the switchover, but also benefited from a strong slate of programming at the time (including Friends, Frasier, Seinfeld, Law & Order, ER and Dateline NBC). NBC would maintain its ratings lead until 1999, the year after it lost the AFC television rights to CBS, which overtook it for first place.[108]
After Friends and Frasier ended their runs in 2004, NBC largely struggled in the ratings until 2013. Although it would be helped by its exclusive rights to the Olympic Games (a deal effective with the 2000 Summer Olympics in which, along with retaining its existing rights to the Summer Olympics, it assumed the exclusive rights to the Winter Olympics from CBS starting in 2002), the network's ratings troubles were also abetted by a slow decline in its sports division's event portfolio that began with the earlier loss of broadcast rights to the AFC to CBS, and later its share of Major League Baseball rights to Fox in 2000 and its contract with the National Basketball Association (NBA) to ABC and ESPN in 2002.
However, one of the few NBC shows to earn strong ratings during the late 2000s and the 2010s was Sunday Night Football, which moved to the network from ESPN in September 2006 as part of the same NFL television contract that saw ABC's venerable Monday Night Football move to ESPN. NBC Sunday Night Football eventually beat Fox's American Idol to become the most watched program on U.S. television beginning in 2012. Additionally, NBC Sports' portfolio was also aided in May 2004 by gaining the rights to air National Hockey League games; however, the network would not air any NHL games until 2006 due to a lockout that canceled the league's 2004–05 season.
Estados actuales
On July 17, 1996, News Corporation announced that it would acquire New World outright in an all-stock transaction worth $2.48 billion, making the latter company's ten Fox affiliates owned-and-operated stations of the network;[109][110] the deal was completed on January 22, 1997. Today, six of the New World stations that switched to Fox (KDFW, WAGA, WJBK, KSAZ-TV, WTVT and KTBC) are owned by Fox Corporation – a company created from the acquisition of the since-renamed 20th Century Fox and select other assets owned by 21st Century Fox by The Walt Disney Company (the parent of ABC, which could not legally acquire the Fox network and the television stations group due to the FCC's "dual network" rule that bars common ownership of two of the four major broadcast television networks); 21st Century Fox itself was created from the 2013 split of News Corporation, and the company spun off its U.S. broadcasting businesses prior to the closure of the Disney merger. Fox Television Stations, the division of Fox Corporation that controls the stations, announced on June 13, 2007 – while under News Corporation ownership – its intent to sell nine of its stations, six of which were formerly owned by New World (WJW, KTVI, WDAF-TV, WITI-TV, WBRC and WGHP; Fox also announced it would sell WHBQ-TV, KDVR [channel 31] in Denver and its Fort Collins satellite KFCT [channel 22], and KSTU [channel 13] in Salt Lake City). Of these nine, only WITI is currently located in an NFC market through the Green Bay Packers' unique two-market area encompassing Green Bay and Milwaukee; KTVI, also in an NFC market, was affected in 2016 by the relocation of the Rams from St. Louis to its previous home market of Los Angeles (the primary station for the team in that market is now Fox's West Coast flagship KTTV). On December 21, 2007, Fox sold eight of the stations – excluding WHBQ – to Local TV, a subsidiary of Oak Hill Capital Partners that was formed on May 7 of that year to assume ownership of the broadcasting division of The New York Times Company, for $1.1 billion; this group deal closed on July 14, 2008.[111][112]
Because of FCC rules that bar same-market ownership of two of the four highest-rated stations by one company, Fox exempted WHBQ from the Local TV sale as that group already owned Memphis' CBS affiliate, WREG-TV; Fox Television Stations took WHBQ off the sale block on January 16, 2009, retaining it as a Fox O&O. As part of its June 24, 2014, acquisition of KTVU and sister independent station KICU-TV (channel 36) from Cox Media Group, Fox announced that it would trade WHBQ and WFXT to Cox in exchange for the San Francisco duopoly; the deal was finalized on October 8, 2014.[37][113] On January 6, 2009, Local TV announced that it would trade WBRC to Raycom Media, in exchange for CBS affiliate WTVR-TV in Richmond, Virginia.[114][115] The Local TV stations were operated under a joint management agreement with Tribune Broadcasting, which provided web hosting, technical and engineering services to the Local TV stations, along with news content sharing among all of the stations; the Local TV/Tribune stations also made up the nucleus of the Antenna TV digital subchannel network, which launched in January 2011.[116] Tribune purchased Local TV outright for $2.75 billion on July 1, 2013, adding the seven former Fox O&Os to the six Fox affiliates that it already owned (KSWB-TV; WXIN; KCPQ [channel 13] in Seattle; WXMI [channel 17] in Grand Rapids; WPMT [channel 43] in Harrisburg; and KTXL [channel 40] in Sacramento), making Tribune the largest owner of Fox-affiliated stations by total market coverage (surpassing the Sinclair Broadcast Group, which remains the largest Fox affiliate owner by total number of stations owned and/or operated).[117] The sale was completed on December 27, 2013.[118]
Following an aborted sale of Tribune to Sinclair that ended in a lawsuit centering on the latter's unwillingness to comply with FCC directives to sell conflicting Tribune-owned properties in markets where Sinclair already operated stations, on December 3, 2018, Nexstar Media Group announced it would acquire Tribune—including the five former New World-owned Fox stations then under its purview—in an all-cash deal worth $6.4 billion ($4.1 billion, plus $2.3 billion in debt).[119][120][121] The deal was approved by the FCC on September 16, 2019[122] and was completed three days later on September 19; the deal resulted in Nexstar inheriting Tribune's status as the largest owner of Fox-affiliated stations by total market coverage (combining the ten Fox stations it acquired from Tribune with Nexstar's 31 existing affiliates—primarily located in small and lower-ranked mid-sized markets—that it owned directly or operated through outsourcing agreements) and, incidentally, placed the five ex-Tribune stations involved in the Fox/New World affiliation agreement under common ownership with KHON-TV, which was involved in the Fox/SF Broadcasting agreement.[123][124] On November 5, 2019, Nexstar announced that would sell WITI and the Seattle sister duopoly of Fox affiliate KCPQ and MyNetworkTV affiliate KZJO to Fox Television Stations for $350 million, in exchange for Fox's Charlotte duopoly of WJZY/WMYT-TV; the deal would make WITI a Fox owned-and-operated station for the second time in its history. Fox stated that Milwaukee and Seattle were "two key markets that align with the company's sports rights" (referring to their primary carriage of Seattle Seahawks and Green Bay Packers home games, respectively, through the network's rights to the National Football Conference). The sale was completed on March 2, 2020.[125][126]
SF Broadcasting sold its stations on November 28, 1995, to Silver King Communications (a group operated by former Fox executive Barry Diller, which otherwise consisted of Home Shopping Network-affiliated stations); Silver King later sold the four Fox affiliates to Emmis Communications for $307 million in cash and $90 million in stock on April 1, 1998 (Silver King, later known as USA Broadcasting, eventually sold its remaining independent stations and HSN affiliates to Univision Communications in December 2000 to form the nucleus of the present-day UniMás network).[127][128] Emmis later sold WLUK and WALA to LIN TV on August 22, 2005, as part of a $260 million deal that included WALA's WB-affiliated duopoly partner WBPG (channel 55, now CW affiliate WFNA) and CBS affiliates WTHI-TV (channel 10) in Terre Haute, Indiana and KRQE (channel 13) in Albuquerque, New Mexico; Emmis then sold KHON to the Montecito Broadcast Group (which subsequently sold KHON to New Vision Television, which ironically was purchased by LIN in May 2012) on September 15 of that year, as part of a $259 million deal that included CBS affiliate KOIN (channel 6) in Portland, Oregon, and NBC affiliates KSNW (channel 3) in Wichita and KSNT (channel 27) in Topeka, Kansas.[129][130][131] KHON was among the stations acquired by Media General in its 2014 merger with LIN, while the company respectively sold WLUK and WALA to the Sinclair Broadcast Group and the Meredith Corporation (the latter of which Media General announced that it would acquire for $2.4 billion on September 8, 2015, before terminating that deal to accept a counter-offer valued at $4.6 billion by Nexstar Broadcasting Group on January 27, 2016) due to ownership conflicts with two existing Media General stations, ABC affiliate WBAY-TV (channel 2) and CBS affiliate WKRG-TV (channel 5) in the Green Bay and Mobile markets; WVTM was sold to Hearst Television due to an ownership conflict in Birmingham with LIN-owned CBS affiliate WIAT through that same merger.[132][133][134][135][136]
On May 5, 2008, Emmis sold WVUE – whose sale process was made more difficult in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, which greatly affected its New Orleans viewing area – to the Louisiana Media Company, founded by New Orleans Saints owner Tom Benson, for $41 million;[137][138] the sale closed on July 18, 2008. On November 20, 2013, Raycom Media announced it would operate WVUE under a shared services agreement that took effect on December 16, with Louisiana Media retaining ownership of the station.[139][140] WVUE was among the Raycom stations acquired by Gray Television in a deal worth $3.65 billion that was announced on June 25, 2018,[141] and completed on January 2, 2019.[142]
All of the stations involved in the New World and SF Broadcasting deals, as well as other related affiliation transactions involving Fox (except for two Indiana stations – WTVW in Evansville and WAWV-TV (channel 38, now an ABC affiliate) in Terre Haute – that were affected by the network's 2011 dispute with the Nexstar Broadcasting Group over reverse retransmission consent compensation; and KEVN-TV (channel 7) in Rapid City, South Dakota, which had its Fox affiliation and other intellectual assets transferred to a low-power station in March 2016, in a transaction tied to Schurz Communications' merger with Gray Television that resulted in the intellectual assets of ABC affiliate KOTA-TV [channel 3, now MeTV affiliate KHME] being transferred to KEVN's former full-power signal), remain Fox affiliates.
Westinghouse purchased CBS for $5.4 billion on August 1, 1995, resulting in all of the CBS-affiliated Group W stations becoming CBS O&Os when the sale was completed that November. This merger deal came just one day after The Walt Disney Company announced that it would acquire Capital Cities/ABC, parent company of rival ABC.[143][144] Viacom bought Westinghouse/CBS for $36 billion in September 1999, which created duopolies in several markets between O&Os of CBS and UPN. Viacom and CBS split in December 2005, with the successor CBS Corporation (a name previously used by the entity that owned CBS's properties under Westinghouse) retaining the company's broadcasting assets, including UPN.[145][146] CBS—which would reintegrate with the successor Viacom entity to form ViacomCBS, incorporated upon completion of the re-merger on December 4, 2019—still owns the stations that it acquired either through the station swap with NBC or through its merger with Westinghouse, except for KUTV, which was sold to the Four Points Media Group in 2007 (the Four Points stations – with the exception of CW affiliate WLWC (channel 28) in Providence – are now owned by the Sinclair Broadcast Group).[147]
On November 3, 2010, ABC sold WJRT and WTVG back to SJL Broadcasting, now owned by the principal owners of Lilly Broadcasting, for $30 million.[148] On July 24, 2014, Gray Television purchased both stations for $128 million.[149] On October 3, 2011, McGraw-Hill sold its television stations to the E. W. Scripps Company for $212 million, adding four ABC affiliates to the six Scripps already owned (WXYZ-TV, WEWS, WCPO-TV, WMAR-TV, KNXV-TV and KGTV (channel 10) in San Diego), making that company the second-largest owner of ABC-affiliated stations by total market coverage (after Argyle successor Hearst Television).[150] On July 29, 2013, Allbritton Communications sold its seven ABC-affiliated stations to the Sinclair Broadcast Group for $985 million.[151][152] However, in September 2014, Sinclair sold WCIV, WCFT-TV and WJSU-TV to Howard Stirk Holdings due to ownership conflicts with Fox affiliate WTAT-TV (channel 24) and MyNetworkTV affiliate WMMP (channel 36) in Charleston and CW affiliate WTTO/WDBB and MyNetworkTV affiliate WABM (channel 68) in Birmingham, which led to the termination of its local marketing agreement with WTAT through its owner Cunningham Broadcasting, the WCIV intellectual unit and call letters migrating to WMMP, and WDBB and WABM becoming subchannel-only repeaters of WBMA-LD (with WDBB replacing WSES as its west-central Alabama repeater; WGWW also relegated its simulcast of WBMA's programming to a digital subchannel).[153]
Efecto en los 10 principales mercados
To this day, Washington, D.C. is the only Nielsen market ranked among the ten largest U.S. television markets in 1994 outside of New York City, Los Angeles and Chicago that did not have its major network affiliations (outside of network shutdowns and launches) affected during and since the time period of the switches (Atlanta, Dallas and Detroit were affected by the New World deal, while Boston and Philadelphia were affected via the Westinghouse deal).
While Houston was the only major Southern city not affected by the switches and its major network affiliates still remain the same, it did not become a Top 10 market until 2005–06 when it swapped the 10th position with Detroit. Instead, Houston was in the midst of ownership realignments that began a decade before and have remained the same since. CBS affiliate KHOU was acquired by Belo (now part of Tegna) in 1984. KTRK-TV became an ABC owned-and-operated station when its owner Capital Cities completed its acquisition of ABC in January 1986 and Fox launched on KRIV as a charter O&O in October of that year. Post-Newsweek Stations announced its acquisition of KPRC-TV from its locally owned semi-original owner, H&C Communications, on April 22, 1994; H&C was divesting its assets in preparation for its dissolution.[154] On September 18, 1995, Tribune Broadcasting announced its acquisition of KHTV from Gaylord Broadcasting; KHTV joined The WB two days later. KHTV did not become an affiliate of The WB at the January 11 launch because of Gaylord's entanglements with CBS' negotiations for an affiliation with KTVT to replace long-time affiliate, KDFW, in the aftermath of Fox's affiliation deal New World Communications.
San Francisco was also unaffected by the 1994 switches, as Westinghouse-owned KPIX-TV had been a CBS affiliate since it signed on in 1948. However, on January 1, 2002, KRON-TV (channel 4) became an independent station after a bitter dispute between NBC and the station's then-owner Young Broadcasting (which merged with Media General in 2013); after Young outbid NBC to buy the station from the Chronicle Publishing Company (publishers of the San Francisco Chronicle, which was sold to the Hearst Corporation as part of a liquidation of Chronicle's assets[155]) for $823 million in November 1999,[156][157] NBC demanded that Young run the station under the conventions of an NBC O&O as a condition of renewing its affiliation;[158] Young refused these demands, along with the affiliation renewal. In February 2000, NBC struck an affiliation deal with Granite Broadcasting-owned KNTV (channel 11) in San Jose; it became a WB affiliate (in conjunction with the network's existing Bay Area affiliate, then-sister station KBWB (channel 20, now independent station KOFY-TV)) in July 2000 after agreeing to disaffiliate from ABC due to a market exclusivity claim for the network in San Jose by ABC O&O KGO-TV (channel 7).[159] As KNTV had been serving the Monterey Bay area as its ABC affiliate – more so than San Jose (located 50 miles (80 km) to the north) – KGO was added to cable systems in that area as compensation for the loss (the Monterey–Salinas market would eventually regain an ABC station of its own, when Salinas-based NBC affiliate KSBW-TV (channel 8) launched an ABC-affiliated digital subchannel on April 18, 2011).[160] NBC announced its acquisition of KNTV from Granite on December 17, 2001, and formally took control of the station in April 2002.[161][162]
A similar situation occurred in Boston 15 years later. WHDH (channel 7) – which replaced WBZ-TV as an NBC affiliate in 1995 through the CBS/Group W deal – lost its NBC affiliation on January 1, 2017, after owner Sunbeam Television's refusal to sell WHDH to NBC led the network to decline renewal of its affiliation agreement and create an owned-and-operated station from scratch; the parties' strained relationship traces to Sunbeam owner Ed Ansin's objections to NBC's 1987 purchase of WTVJ to replace WSVN (channel 7) as its Miami outlet (a move which led to WSVN assuming the Fox affiliation from CBS-acquired WCIX in January 1989), and conflicts surrounding WHDH's aborted 2009 plans to substitute short-lived prime time talk show strip The Jay Leno Show with a simulcast of the 10:00 p.m. newscast it produces for CW-affiliated sister station WLVI (channel 56) due to the uncertainty of Leno's potential effect on its 11:00 newscast's viewership, which proved to be correct and led to Jay Leno controversially re-taking The Tonight Show back from Conan O'Brien after just seven months.[163][164][165][166] Through NBC's contracts with the NFL, WHDH served as the local broadcaster of the Foxborough-based New England Patriots from 1995 to 1997 (most Patriots games have aired since then on WBZ-TV, through CBS' 1998 acquisition of the AFC television contract), and carried occasional Patriots Sunday Night Football games from 2006 to 2016.
While early reports suggested that NBC would move to existing Telemundo O&O WNEU (channel 60), it eventually purchased low-powered WNEU repeater WBTS-LD (channel 8) from ZGS Communications in September 2016 to carry "NBC Boston," and initiated simulcasting arrangements with WNEU (which respectively relays WBTS-LD's NBC and Cozi TV programming on two of its digital subchannels) and WMFP (channel 62, which maintains a subchannel leasing agreement with NBC) to help provide full-market coverage; WBTS formed its news department through resources from New England Cable News (which NBCUniversal acquired through its 2011 acquisition by Comcast), employing both existing NECN staff and newer hires.[167][168][169][170][171] Ansin filed a court challenge to stop the planned switch on grounds that a potential transfer of the network to Merrimack, New Hampshire-based WNEU – which provides signal coverage ranging from Grade B to non-existent in the southern half of the Boston market – would violate an FCC-imposed condition of Comcast's 2011 acquisition of NBCUniversal to maintain over-the-air availability of NBC programming and not use its cable properties to influence affiliation deals (Massachusetts District Court Judge Richard Stearn dismissed the suit per Comcast's request on May 16, 2016, citing realities of corporate competition);[172][173][174][175] Senators Edward Markey and Elizabeth Warren also expressed concerns that OTA-reliant viewers living in neighborhoods and outlying suburbs of Boston outside of WNEU's signal range would not have access to NBC programs.[176][177][178] Rather than assume WLVI's CW affiliation, Sunbeam chose to operate WHDH as a news-intensive independent station, filling morning and evening time periods formerly occupied by NBC programs with an expanded morning newscast, and a revamped prime time lineup of syndicated programs and an expanded 2½-hour news block (including a simulcast of the WLVI newscast).[179][180][181]
Ver también
- 1994 in American television
- 2006 United States broadcast TV realignment – the next major affiliation shuffle in America, involving the shutdowns of The WB and UPN and the subsequent launches of The CW and MyNetworkTV
- 2001 Vancouver TV realignment – a similar event that occurred in Canada involving five television stations in southern British Columbia
- 2007 Canada broadcast TV realignment
- Primary NFL television stations
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Notes
- ^ KTEN maintained its primary affiliation with NBC and its part-time affiliation with ABC during its part-time affiliation with Fox between July 1994 and September 1998. After the part-time affiliations with Fox and ABC were dropped, the Sherman/Ada market lacked over-the-air Fox and ABC affiliates until 2006 and 2010, when KXII and KTEN launched affiliates of those networks on their secondary signals.
- ^ WGNX was initially slated to become an affiliate of The WB upon the network's launch in January 1995.
- ^ KHMT was previously known as ABC affiliate KOUS-TV (now KSVI), which moved from channel 4 to channel 6 in January 1993; between 1994 and August 1995, KSVI had a part-time affiliation with Fox.
- ^ XHFOX-TV signed on as a Fox affiliate on September 4, 1994; it would disaffiliate from the network in February 2002. The network would lack an over-the-air affiliate in the Brownsville–McAllen market between 2002 and 2005, when XHRIO-TV began operations; KFXV-LD became the region's Fox affiliate in August 2012 and was converted to a translator of KFXV in May 2020.
- ^ KFXB-TV became a satellite of Fox affiliate KFXA-TV on August 13, 1995.
- ^ K47DF's Fox affiliation would be transferred to KUQI (now KSCC) in February 2008.
- ^ WTVW disaffiliated from Fox and became an independent station on July 1, 2011 as a result of a dispute between Fox and Nexstar Broadcasting Group; the station would take over the CW affiliation from WAZE-TV in January 2013 after Roberts Broadcasting filed for bankruptcy, which happened shortly before that station's repeaters ceased operations.
- ^ K13XD signed on as a CBS affiliate on August 7, 1996; KTVF had a part-time affiliation with NBC prior to K13XD's sign-on.
- ^ WJXX signed on as an ABC affiliate on February 9, 1997.
- ^ XHFTX-TV signed on as a Fox affiliate on September 3, 1995; it would disaffiliate from the network in February 2002. The Laredo area would not gain another over-the-air Fox affiliate until July 2007, when KXOF-CA affiliated with the network; the KXOF callsign and Fox affiliation would be transferred to another station in 2018.
- ^ KTVG (which later functioned as a satellite of KFXL-TV) signed off the air in April 2010; its license was cancelled by the FCC in January 2014.
- ^ WBKP signed on as an ABC affiliate on October 30, 1996; WLUC had part-time affiliations with NBC and Fox before it formally became a primary affiliate of NBC.
- ^ KMVU signed on as a Fox affiliate on August 8, 1994.
- ^ WFOR-TV and WTVJ retained their affiliations in the September 1995 transmitter/channel allocation swap through the trade deal between Group W/CBS and NBC that caused KYW-TV and WCAU to swap their affiliations, as the respective networks were included among the intellectual assets held by WFOR and WTVJ that were involved in the transfer.
- ^ WCGV surrendered its license to the FCC in January 2018 and moved its non-license assets (including all programming) to a digital subchannel of WVTV.
- ^ KSAZ-TV operated as an independent station from September 15 to December 14, 1994, as its contract with CBS ended three months prior to KNXV's handover of the Fox affiliation and assumption of the ABC affiliation.
- ^ KNXV-TV operated as a part-time ABC affiliate from August 29, 1994, until it formally became a primary affiliate of the network on January 9, 1995, carrying ABC programs that KTVK began removing from its schedule during its eventual transition into a WB affiliate.
- ^ KPVI had a part-time affiliation with UPN programming between January and December 1995.
- ^ Despite its primary affiliation with The WB, WNCN aired NBC programs that were preempted by WRDC between January and September 1995; during that time, WRDC aired UPN programs in time slots that were not occupied by NBC programming.
- ^ WFAY served as the Fox affiliate for the southern areas of the Raleigh–Durham market (including Fayetteville) between 1994 and 1998. During this time, WLFL still served as the Fox affiliate for most of the Raleigh–Durham market; WRAZ-TV would replace WLFL as the network's Raleigh affiliate shortly after WFAY became a charter affiliate of PAX.
- ^ KEVN-TV's non-license assets would be transferred KEVN-LD in September 2015.
- ^ KRXI-TV signed on as a Fox affiliate on January 1, 1996.
- ^ W58BT signed on as an ABC affiliate on October 18, 1995.
- ^ WLOV-TV operated as a part-time Fox affiliate between August 1994 and October 10, 1995, when it became a primary affiliate of the network.
- ^ KKVI held a part-time affiliation with Fox between its sign-on in January 1989 and 1996 as a satellite of KPVI, which was affiliated with ABC at the time; the Fox affiliation for the Twin Falls market would move to KXPI-LD in July 2012.
- ^ KVCT, which carried a secondary affiliation with FamilyNet on a per-program basis as a religious independent station after its prior disaffiliation from ABC in July 1990, was off the air between March and September 1994 due to financial problems that were affecting the station's owners.
- ^ KSWT had its license merged with that of KYMA-DT in January 2020.
enlaces externos
- Essay on cause of WBZ-WHDH affiliation switch, including a chart of changes