La temporada de huracanes del Atlántico de 2020 fue la más activa y la quinta temporada de huracanes más costosa registrada en el Atlántico . La temporada también tuvo la mayor energía ciclónica acumulada (ACE) desde 2017 . Además, fue la quinta temporada consecutiva superior a la media a partir de 2016 . La temporada contó con un total de 31 ciclones ( sub ) tropicales , todos menos uno de los cuales se convirtieron en tormentas con nombre . De las 30 tormentas con nombre, 14 se convirtieron en huracanes, y siete, sin precedentes, se intensificaron aún más en huracanes importantes. [nb 1] Fue la segunda y última temporada para usar la letra griegasistema de nombres de tormentas, la primera en 2005 . De las 30 tormentas nombradas, 11 de ellas tocaron tierra en los Estados Unidos contiguos , rompiendo el récord de nueve establecido en 1916 . Durante la temporada, 27 tormentas tropicales establecieron un nuevo récord de formación más temprana por número de tormentas. Esta temporada también contó con un récord de 10 ciclones tropicales que experimentaron una rápida intensificación , empatándolo con 1995 . [2] Esta actividad sin precedentes fue impulsada por La Niña que se desarrolló en los meses de verano de 2020. A pesar de la actividad extrema, esta fue la primera temporada desde 2015 en la que no se formó un huracán de categoría 5 .
2020 temporada de huracanes en el Atlántico | |
---|---|
Límites estacionales | |
Se formó el primer sistema | 16 de mayo de 2020 |
Último sistema disipado | 18 de noviembre de 2020 |
Tormenta más fuerte | |
Nombre | Iota |
• Vientos máximos | 155 mph (250 km / h) ( 1 minuto sostenido ) |
• Presión más baja | 917 mbar ( hPa ; 27,08 inHg ) |
Estadísticas estacionales | |
Depresiones totales | 31 (récord, empatado con 2005 ) |
Tormentas totales | 30 (récord) |
Huracanes | 14 |
Grandes huracanes ( Cat. 3+ ) | 7 (récord, empatado con 2005 ) |
Total de muertes | ≥ 442 en total |
Daño total | > $ 51.146 mil millones (2020 USD ) |
Artículos relacionados | |
La temporada comenzó oficialmente el 1 de junio y terminó oficialmente el 30 de noviembre. Sin embargo, la formación de tormentas es posible en cualquier época del año, como lo demostró en 2020 la formación temprana de las tormentas tropicales Arthur y Bertha , el 16 y 27 de mayo, respectivamente. Esto marcó el sexto año consecutivo récord con un sistema de pretemporada . El primer huracán, el huracán Hanna , tocó tierra en Texas . El huracán Isaías se formó el 31 de julio y tocó tierra en las Bahamas y Carolina del Norte a principios de agosto, ambas veces como huracán de categoría 1; Isaías causó $ 4.8 mil millones en daños en general. [nb 2] A finales de agosto, Laura tocó tierra en Luisiana como huracán de categoría 4, convirtiéndose en el ciclón tropical más fuerte registrado en términos de velocidad del viento en tocar tierra en el estado, junto con el huracán Last Island de 1856 . [3] Laura causó al menos $ 19 mil millones en daños y 77 muertes. Septiembre fue el mes más activo registrado en el Atlántico, con diez tormentas con nombre. El huracán Sally, de movimiento lento, impactó la costa del Golfo de EE. UU . Y provocó graves inundaciones. El alfabeto griego se utilizó por segunda vez, comenzando con Subtropical Storm Alpha , que tocó tierra en Portugal . El último día de octubre, el huracán Eta se formó y tocó tierra en Nicaragua con una fuerza de categoría 4 el 3 de noviembre. [4] Eta finalmente provocó la muerte de al menos 211 personas y causó daños por valor de US $ 7,9 mil millones. Luego, el 10 de noviembre, la tormenta tropical Theta se convirtió en la tormenta con nombre número 29 de la temporada y, tres días después, se formó el huracán Iota en el Caribe. Se intensificó rápidamente a la categoría 4 de gama alta, lo que también convirtió a 2020 en la única temporada registrada con dos huracanes importantes en noviembre. [5] Iota finalmente tocó tierra en la misma área general de Nicaragua que Eta apenas unas semanas antes y causó daños catastróficos.
A principios de año, los funcionarios de Estados Unidos expresaron su preocupación de que la temporada de huracanes podría exacerbar los efectos de la pandemia de COVID-19 para los residentes costeros de Estados Unidos. [6] [7] Como se expresa en un artículo de opinión de la Revista de la Asociación Médica Estadounidense , "existe una incompatibilidad inherente entre las estrategias para la protección de la población contra los peligros de los huracanes: evacuación y refugio (es decir, transportar y reunir a las personas en grupos ), "y" enfoques efectivos para frenar la propagación del COVID-19: distanciamiento físico y órdenes de quedarse en casa (es decir, separar y mantener a las personas separadas) ". [8]
Previsiones estacionales
Fuente | Fecha | Tormentas con nombre | Huracanes | Huracanes importantes | Árbitro |
Promedio (1981-2010) | 12,1 | 6.4 | 2,7 | [9] | |
Registro de alta actividad | 30 | 15 | 7 † | [10] | |
Registro de baja actividad | 4 | 2 † | 0 † | [10] | |
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– ––––– | |||||
TSR | 19 de diciembre de 2019 | 15 | 7 | 4 | [11] |
CSU | 2 de abril de 2020 | dieciséis | 8 | 4 | [12] |
TSR | 7 de abril de 2020 | dieciséis | 8 | 3 | [13] |
UA | 13 de abril de 2020 | 19 | 10 | 5 | [14] |
TWC | 15 de abril de 2020 | 18 | 9 | 4 | [15] |
NCSU | 17 de abril de 2020 | 18-22 | 8-11 | 3-5 | [dieciséis] |
Fuente de alimentación | 21 de abril de 2020 | 15-24 | n / A | n / A | [17] |
SMN | 20 de mayo de 2020 | 15-19 | 7-9 | 3-4 | [18] |
UKMO * | 20 de mayo de 2020 | 13 * | 7 * | 3 * | [19] |
NOAA | 21 de mayo de 2020 | 13-19 | 6-10 | 3-6 | [20] |
TSR | 28 de mayo de 2020 | 17 | 8 | 3 | [21] |
CSU | 4 de junio de 2020 | 19 | 9 | 4 | [22] |
UA | 12 de junio de 2020 | 17 | 11 | 4 | [23] |
CSU | 7 de julio de 2020 | 20 | 9 | 4 | [24] |
TSR | 7 de julio de 2020 | 18 | 8 | 4 | [25] |
TWC | 16 de julio de 2020 | 20 | 8 | 4 | [26] |
CSU | 5 de agosto de 2020 | 24 | 12 | 5 | [27] |
TSR | 5 de agosto de 2020 | 24 | 10 | 4 | [28] |
NOAA | 6 de agosto de 2020 | 19-25 | 7-11 | 3-6 | [29] |
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– ––––– | |||||
Actividad real | 30 | 14 | 7 | ||
* Solo de junio a noviembre † El más reciente de varios sucesos de este tipo. ( Ver todo ) |
Los pronósticos de la actividad de los huracanes son emitidos antes de cada temporada de huracanes por destacados expertos en huracanes, como Philip J. Klotzbach y sus asociados en la Universidad Estatal de Colorado (CSU), y por separado por los pronosticadores de la NOAA . El equipo de Klotzbach (anteriormente dirigido por William M. Gray ) definió la temporada de huracanes promedio (1981 a 2010) con 12.1 tormentas tropicales, 6.4 huracanes, 2.7 huracanes importantes (tormentas que alcanzan al menos una fuerza de Categoría 3 en la escala Saffir-Simpson ), y un índice de energía ciclónica acumulada (ACE) de 106 unidades. [12] En términos generales, ACE es una medida de la potencia de una tormenta tropical o subtropical multiplicada por el tiempo que existió. Solo se calcula para avisos completos sobre sistemas tropicales y subtropicales específicos que alcanzan o superan velocidades del viento de 39 mph (63 km / h). [30] NOAA define una temporada como por encima de lo normal, casi normal o por debajo de lo normal mediante una combinación del número de tormentas con nombre, el número que alcanza la fuerza de un huracán, el número que alcanza la fuerza de un huracán mayor y el índice ACE. [31]
Previsiones de pretemporada
El 19 de diciembre de 2019, Tropical Storm Risk (TSR), un consorcio público formado por expertos en seguros, gestión de riesgos y pronóstico del clima estacional en University College London , emitió un pronóstico de rango extendido que predice una temporada de huracanes ligeramente superior al promedio. En su informe, la organización pidió 15 tormentas con nombre, 7 huracanes, 4 huracanes importantes y un índice ACE de 105 unidades. Este pronóstico se basó en la predicción de vientos alisios cercanos a la media y temperaturas de la superficie del mar (SST) ligeramente más cálidas de lo normal en el Atlántico tropical, así como una fase neutra de El Niño-Oscilación del Sur (ENSO) en el Pacífico ecuatorial. [11] El 2 de abril de 2020, los pronosticadores de CSU se hicieron eco de las predicciones de una temporada superior al promedio, pronosticando 16 tormentas con nombre, 8 huracanes, 4 huracanes importantes y un índice ACE de 150 unidades. La organización publicó una probabilidad significativamente mayor de que los huracanes atraviesen el Caribe y los huracanes azoten la costa de Estados Unidos. [12] TSR actualizó su pronóstico el 7 de abril, prediciendo 16 tormentas con nombre, 8 huracanes, 3 huracanes mayores y un índice ACE de 130 unidades. [13] El 13 de abril, la Universidad de Arizona (UA) predijo una temporada de huracanes potencialmente hiperactiva: 19 tormentas con nombre, 10 huracanes, 5 huracanes importantes y un índice de energía ciclónica acumulada de 163 unidades. [14] The Weather Company publicó una predicción similar de 18 tormentas con nombre, 9 huracanes y 4 huracanes importantes el 15 de abril. [15] Después de eso, la Universidad Estatal de Carolina del Norte publicó un pronóstico similar el 17 de abril, también solicitando una posiblemente una temporada hiperactiva con 18 a 22 tormentas con nombre, 8 a 11 huracanes y 3 a 5 huracanes importantes. [16] El 21 de abril, el Centro del Sistema de Ciencias de la Tierra de la Universidad Estatal de Pensilvania también predijo números altos, 19,8 +/- tormentas con nombre en total, rango 15-24, mejor estimación 20. [17]
El 20 de mayo, el Servicio Meteorológico Nacional de México publicó su pronóstico para una temporada superior al promedio con 15-19 tormentas con nombre, 7-9 huracanes y 3-4 huracanes importantes. [18] La Oficina Meteorológica del Reino Unido publicó su pronóstico ese mismo día, prediciendo la actividad promedio con 13 tormentas tropicales, 7 huracanes y 3 huracanes importantes que se espera que se desarrollen entre junio y noviembre de 2020. También predijeron un índice ACE de alrededor de 110 unidades. [19] NOAA emitió su pronóstico el 21 de mayo, pidiendo un 60% de probabilidad de una temporada por encima de lo normal con 13-19 tormentas con nombre, 6-10 huracanes, 3-6 huracanes importantes y un índice ACE entre 110% y 190 % de la mediana. Citaron la fase cálida en curso de la oscilación multidecadal del Atlántico y la expectativa de condiciones ENSO-neutrales continuas o incluso de La Niña durante el pico de la temporada como factores que aumentarían la actividad. [20] TSR revisó su pronóstico ligeramente a la baja el 28 de mayo, esta vez prediciendo 17 tormentas con nombre, 8 huracanes y 3 huracanes importantes, mientras aumentaba el índice ACE proyectado a 135. [21]
Previsiones de mitad de temporada
CSU publicó un pronóstico actualizado el 4 de junio, llamando a 19 tormentas con nombre, 9 huracanes y 4 huracanes importantes. [22] UA emitió su segunda predicción para la temporada el 12 de junio, disminuyendo su número a 17 tormentas con nombre, 11 huracanes y 4 huracanes importantes. [23] El 7 de julio, CSU publicó otro pronóstico actualizado, prediciendo 20 tormentas con nombre, 9 huracanes y 4 huracanes importantes. [24] Ese mismo día, TSR revisó su pronóstico a 18 tormentas con nombre, 8 huracanes y 4 huracanes importantes. [25] El 16 de julio, The Weather Company publicó un pronóstico actualizado, llamando a 20 tormentas con nombre, 8 huracanes y 4 huracanes importantes. [26]
El 5 de agosto, CSU publicó un pronóstico actualizado adicional, su último para 2020, pidiendo una temporada casi récord, prediciendo un total de 24 tormentas con nombre, 12 huracanes y 5 huracanes importantes, citando la cizalladura del viento y la superficie anormalmente bajas. presiones a lo largo de la cuenca durante el mes de julio y sustancialmente más cálido que el promedio del Atlántico tropical y condiciones de La Niña en desarrollo. [32] El 5 de agosto, TSR publicó un pronóstico actualizado, su final para 2020, también pidiendo una temporada casi récord, prediciendo un total de 24 tormentas con nombre, 10 huracanes y 4 huracanes importantes, citando el comercio favorable de julio. vientos, baja cizalladura del viento, Atlántico tropical más cálido que el promedio y la anticipada La Niña. [33] Al día siguiente, la NOAA publicó su segundo pronóstico para la temporada, en el que pidieron una temporada "extremadamente activa", prediciendo que contendría entre 19 y 25 tormentas con nombre, entre 7 y 11 huracanes y entre 3 y 6 huracanes importantes. Este fue uno de los pronósticos más activos jamás publicados por la NOAA para una temporada de huracanes en el Atlántico. [29]
Resumen estacional
Actividad de pre / inicio de temporada
Se establecen récords de formación de tormentas tropicales / subtropicales durante la temporada de huracanes del Atlántico 2020 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Número de tormenta | Más temprano | Siguiente más temprano | ||
Nombre | Fecha de formación | Nombre | Fecha de formación | |
3 [34] | Cristóbal | 2 de junio de 2020 | Colin | 5 de junio de 2016 |
5 [35] | Edouard | 6 de julio de 2020 | Emily | 11 de julio de 2005 |
6 [36] | Meter | 9 de julio de 2020 | Franklin | 21 de julio de 2005 |
7 [37] | Gonzalo | 22 de julio de 2020 | Gert | 24 de julio de 2005 |
8 [38] | Hanna | 24 de julio de 2020 | Harvey | 3 de agosto de 2005 |
9 [36] | Isaias | 30 de julio de 2020 | Irene | 7 de agosto de 2005 |
10 [39] | Josefina | 13 de agosto de 2020 | José | 22 de agosto de 2005 |
11 [40] | Kyle | 14 de agosto de 2020 | Katrina | 24 de agosto de 2005 |
12 [36] | Laura | 21 de agosto de 2020 | Luis | 29 de agosto de 1995 |
13 [41] | Marco | 22 de agosto de 2020 | Maria | 2 de septiembre de 2005 |
Sotavento | 2 de septiembre de 2011 | |||
14 [42] | Nana | 1 de septiembre de 2020 | Nate | 5 de septiembre de 2005 |
15 [43] | Omar | 1 de septiembre de 2020 | Ofelia | 7 de septiembre de 2005 |
16 [44] | Paulette | 7 de septiembre de 2020 | Philippe | 17 de septiembre de 2005 |
17 [45] | René | 7 de septiembre de 2020 | Rita | 18 de septiembre de 2005 |
18 [46] | Salida | 12 de septiembre de 2020 | Stan | 2 de octubre de 2005 |
19 [47] | Osito de peluche | 14 de septiembre de 2020 | " Azores " | 4 de octubre de 2005 |
20 [48] | Vicky | 14 de septiembre de 2020 | Tammy | 5 de octubre de 2005 |
21 [49] | Alfa | 17 de septiembre de 2020 | Vince | 8 de octubre de 2005 |
22 [50] | Wilfred | 17 de septiembre de 2020 | Wilma | 17 de octubre de 2005 |
23 [49] | Beta | 18 de septiembre de 2020 | Alfa | 22 de octubre de 2005 |
24 [51] | Gama | 2 de octubre de 2020 | Beta | 27 de octubre de 2005 |
25 [52] | Delta | 5 de octubre de 2020 | Gama | 15 de noviembre de 2005 |
26 [53] | Epsilon | 19 de octubre de 2020 | Delta | 22 de noviembre de 2005 |
27 [54] | Zeta | 25 de octubre de 2020 | Epsilon | 29 de noviembre de 2005 |
28 [55] | Eta | 1 de noviembre de 2020 | Zeta | 30 de diciembre de 2005 |
29 [56] | Theta | 10 de noviembre de 2020 | Formación más temprana en virtud de ser el primero de ese número | |
30 [57] | Iota | 13 de noviembre de 2020 |
La ciclogénesis tropical comenzó en el mes de mayo, con las tormentas tropicales Arthur y Bertha . Esto marcó la primera aparición de dos tormentas tropicales de pretemporada en el Atlántico desde 2016 , y la primera aparición de dos tormentas con nombre en el mes de mayo desde 2012 . La tormenta tropical Cristóbal se formó el 1 de junio, coincidiendo con el inicio oficial de la temporada de huracanes en el Atlántico . La tormenta tropical Dolly también se formó en junio. Las tormentas tropicales Edouard, Fay y Gonzalo, junto con los huracanes Hanna e Isaias , se formaron en julio. Hanna se convirtió en el primer huracán de la temporada y golpeó el sur de Texas, mientras que Isaías se convirtió en el segundo huracán de la temporada y golpeó gran parte del Caribe y la costa este de los Estados Unidos. La Depresión Tropical Diez también se formó a finales de julio frente a las costas de África Occidental, pero se disipó rápidamente. Julio de 2020 empató 2005 como el julio más activo registrado en la cuenca en términos de sistemas nombrados. [58] [59]
Actividad de temporada alta
Las tormentas tropicales Josephine y Kyle se formaron en agosto, al igual que los huracanes Laura y Marco . Marco finalmente se convirtió en el tercer huracán de la temporada, pero se debilitó rápidamente y luego se disipó cerca de la costa centro-sur de Luisiana . Posteriormente, Laura se convirtió en el cuarto huracán y el primer huracán importante de la temporada, antes de tocar tierra en el suroeste de Luisiana con una fuerza de categoría 4 con vientos de 240 km / h (150 mph). Además, se formó una depresión tropical el último día del mes que se intensificó en la tormenta tropical Omar el 1 de septiembre.
Septiembre presentó las formaciones de nueve depresiones, que se convirtieron en: tormentas tropicales Rene, Vicky, Wilfred y Beta ; Tormenta subtropical Alpha ; y los huracanes Nana (que se formaron rápidamente y fueron nombrados unas horas antes que Omar), [60] Paulette , Sally y Teddy . Este enjambre de tormentas coincidió con el pico de la temporada de huracanes y el desarrollo de las condiciones de La Niña. [61] [62] Paulette golpeó las Bermudas como un huracán de categoría 2, convirtiéndose en el primer ciclón tropical en tocar tierra allí desde Gonzalo en 2014. El huracán Sally tocó tierra cerca de Miami, Florida como una depresión tropical antes de causar grandes daños en todo el sureste de los Estados Unidos. también como huracán de categoría 2. Teddy, el octavo huracán de la temporada y el segundo huracán mayor se formó el 12 de septiembre, mientras que Vicky se formó dos días después. Con la formación de este último, cinco ciclones tropicales estuvieron activos simultáneamente en la cuenca atlántica por primera vez desde 1995 . Mientras tanto, el huracán Teddy golpeó el Atlántico canadiense como un ciclón extratropical extremadamente grande el 23 de septiembre. Además, Paulette se reformó brevemente como tormenta tropical antes de volverse postropical una vez más. Alpha se desarrolló de forma atípica en el extremo este del Atlántico y se convirtió en el primer ciclón tropical registrado en azotar Portugal . [63] La intensificación de Beta en una tormenta tropical hizo de septiembre de 2020 el mes más activo registrado con 10 ciclones nombrados. [64] Beta pasó a impactar Texas y el sur profundo antes de disiparse, marcando un abrupto final a la intensa actividad de la temporada alta. [sesenta y cinco]
Actividad tardía
Octubre y noviembre fueron extremadamente activos, con siete tormentas con nombre en desarrollo, cinco de las cuales se intensificaron en huracanes importantes, más del doble del número registrado durante este período en cualquier temporada anterior. [66] El huracán Gamma se formó el 2 de octubre, antes de convertirse en el noveno huracán de la temporada el 3 de octubre. Poco después, Gamma tocó tierra en la península de Yucatán como un huracán mínimo de categoría 1. Al día siguiente, el huracán Delta se desarrolló en el mar Caribe al sur de Jamaica y se convirtió en el décimo huracán de la temporada. Delta se intensificó explosivamente hasta convertirse en un fuerte huracán de categoría 4, antes de debilitarse rápidamente y tocar tierra en la península de Yucatán el 7 de octubre, como un huracán de categoría 2 de alto nivel. Recuperó el estatus de Categoría 3 en el Golfo de México, antes de debilitarse nuevamente y tocar tierra por segunda vez en Luisiana el 9 de octubre. Después de 14 días más de inactividad en la cuenca, la tormenta tropical Epsilon se formó a mediados de octubre y se convirtió en el undécimo huracán de la temporada el 9 de octubre. 20 de octubre, lo que convierte a 2020 en la quinta temporada de huracanes en el Atlántico en la era de los satélites (desde 1966) para tener al menos 10 huracanes para el 20 de octubre, además de 1969 , 1995, 2005 y 2017 . [67] [68] [nb 3] El 21 de octubre, Epsilon se convirtió en un huracán de categoría 3, lo que lo convirtió en el cuarto huracán más importante de la temporada. Posteriormente, la tormenta se debilitó mientras se desplazaba hacia el norte y luego hacia el noreste, antes de volverse extratropical el 26 de octubre. Durante el mismo mes, el huracán Zeta se formó al suroeste de las Islas Caimán y tomó una trayectoria casi idéntica a Delta, golpeando la península de Yucatán a última hora del 26 de octubre. , antes de girar hacia el noreste, acelerar y tocar tierra en el sureste de Luisiana como un huracán de categoría 3, el 28 de octubre. El sistema se movió rápidamente a través del este de los Estados Unidos, antes de traer una gran acumulación de nieve solo dos días después a partes de Nueva Inglaterra, antes de moverse de regreso sobre el Atlántico y corriendo hacia el noreste.
Rango | Costo | Estación |
---|---|---|
1 | ≥ $ 294,703 mil millones | 2017 |
2 | $ 172.297 mil millones | 2005 |
3 | $ 72.341 mil millones | 2012 |
4 | $ 61.148 mil millones | 2004 |
5 | ≥ $ 51.146 mil millones | 2020 |
6 | ≥ $ 50,126 mil millones | 2018 |
7 | ≥ $ 48,855 mil millones | 2008 |
8 | $ 27.302 mil millones | 1992 |
9 | ≥ $ 17.485 mil millones | 2016 |
10 | $ 17.39 mil millones | 2011 |
El huracán Eta , el sexto huracán mayor de la temporada, tocó tierra como tormenta de categoría 4 el 3 de noviembre, a lo largo de la costa caribeña de Nicaragua. [72] Posteriormente, Eta regresó al Caribe y se volvió a fortalecer en una tormenta tropical antes de tomar un camino sinuoso y errático que atravesó Cuba y atravesó los Cayos de Florida antes de detenerse en el sur del Golfo de México. Luego se movió hacia el norte-noreste hacia la costa oeste de Florida, fortaleciéndose brevemente hasta convertirse en un huracán mínimo en el camino. El 10 de noviembre, la tormenta subtropical Theta se formó a partir de una baja no tropical sobre el Atlántico noreste, antes de pasar a una tormenta tropical más tarde ese día. Justo después de que Eta se volviera extratropical frente a la costa este de los EE. UU. , El huracán Iota se formó sobre el Caribe central el 13 de noviembre, empatando 2005 para la mayoría de los ciclones tropicales y subtropicales en un año. Iota se intensificó rápidamente hasta convertirse en un huracán de categoría 4 de alto nivel, convirtiéndose en la tormenta más fuerte de la temporada. Luego pasó a devastar las mismas áreas en América Central que Eta había devastado solo dos semanas antes, y se disipó el 18 de noviembre sobre El Salvador . [73]
La temporada 2020 contó con una actividad a un ritmo récord. La tercera tormenta con nombre de la temporada y cada una a partir de la quinta se formó en una fecha anterior en el año que la tormenta correspondiente en cualquier otra temporada desde que comenzaron los registros confiables en 1851. El índice ACE para la temporada de huracanes del Atlántico 2020 fue de aproximadamente 180 unidades, lo que refleja la actividad de la temporada muy por encima de la media. [74] Los totales representan la suma de los cuadrados para cada intensidad de tormenta (sub) tropical de más de 33 nudos (38 mph; 61 km / h), dividido por 10,000.
Sistemas
Tormenta tropical Arthur
Tormenta tropical (SSHWS) | |
Duración | 16 de mayo - 19 de mayo |
---|---|
Intensidad pico | 60 mph (95 km / h) (1 min) 990 mbar ( hPa ) |
El NHC emitió una Perspectiva del clima tropical especial el 15 de mayo sobre el potencial de desarrollo tropical o subtropical de una depresión de baja presión ubicada sobre el Estrecho de Florida . [75] La depresión tropical Uno se formó a partir de este mínimo alrededor de las 18:00 UTC del 16 de mayo, a unas 125 millas (200 km) al este de Melbourne, Florida . Seis horas después, un avión de reconocimiento de la Fuerza Aérea descubrió que había alcanzado la fuerza de tormenta tropical. La tormenta tropical Arthur zigzagueó a lo largo de la Corriente del Golfo y cambió poco en intensidad al enfrentarse a una cizalladura del viento cada vez mayor. A las 06:00 UTC del 19 de mayo, mientras se encontraba a unas 190 millas (310 km) al este-noreste de Cape Hatteras, Carolina del Norte , la tormenta alcanzó su intensidad máxima con vientos máximos sostenidos de 60 mph (95 km / h) y un mínimo presión barométrica de 990 mbar (29,23 inHg). Poco después, Arthur interactuó con un frente no tropical y se convirtió en un ciclón extratropical a las 12:00 UTC del 20 de mayo. La baja se volvió hacia el sureste antes de disiparse cerca de las Bermudas un día después. [76]
Se emitieron alertas de tormenta tropical desde Surf City hasta Duck, Carolina del Norte y desde Pamlico Sound hasta Albemarle Sound el 16 de mayo; [77] estos se actualizaron a continuación a advertencias de tormenta tropical cuando Arthur se acercó a los Outer Banks . [78] Cuando Arthur pasó por el este, produjo una franja de 3-5 pulgadas (76-127 mm) de lluvia en la región de Inner Banks de Carolina del Norte. También creó una marejada ciclónica menor desde el cabo Hatteras hasta la costa sureste de Virginia . [76] En Florida, Arthur produjo condiciones tormentosas y causó daños por $ 112,000. [79]
Tormenta tropical Bertha
Tormenta tropical (SSHWS) | |
Duración | 27 de mayo - 28 de mayo |
---|---|
Intensidad pico | 50 mph (85 km / h) (1 min) 1005 mbar ( hPa ) |
On May 26, a weak low developed over central and northeastern Florida. By 06:00 UTC the next day, the system, then near the Georgia and South Carolina coasts, developed a well-defined center and sufficient deep convection to be considered a tropical cyclone. After formation, Tropical Storm Bertha strengthened slightly and attained its peak intensity a few hours later, with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) and a central pressure of 1,005 mbar (29.68 inHg) while located about 35 mi (55 km) east-southeast of Charleston, South Carolina. At 13:30 UTC that same day, the storm made landfall near Isle of Palms, South Carolina. Inland, the system turned north and accelerated, before quickly weakening to a tropical depression. During the early hours of May 28, it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone over western Virginia and later dissipated.[80]
Damage was primarily limited to localized flooding, especially around canals, and an EF1 tornado caused minor damage in southern Miami.[81][82] In coastal South Carolina, there was localized flash flooding,[80][83] and one person drowned due to rip currents at Myrtle Beach.[84] Overall, Bertha caused at least $133,000 in damage.[85][86]
Tropical Storm Cristobal
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | June 1 – June 9 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min) 988 mbar (hPa) |
A large area of disturbed weather, associated with the remnant low of Eastern Pacific Tropical Storm Amanda, moved northwestward across the Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico and emerged over the Bay of Campeche on June 1. Later that day, at 18:00 UTC, Tropical Depression Three developed directly from that remnant low. By 12:00 UTC the following day, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Cristobal.[nb 4] Throughout the remainder of the day, Cristobal's wind field became more symmetrical and well defined and it gradually strengthened, with falling barometric pressure as the storm meandered towards the Mexican coastline. Cristobal made landfall as a strong tropical storm just west of Ciudad del Carmen at 13:35 UTC on June 3 at its peak intensity of 60 mph (95 km/h). As Cristobal very slowly moved inland, it weakened to tropical depression status as the overall structure of the storm deteriorated. The storm began accelerating northwards on June 5 and by 06:00 UTC that day, despite being situated inland over the Yucatán Peninsula, Cristobal re-intensified back to tropical storm status. As Cristobal moved further north into the Gulf of Mexico, it again reached winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) before dry air and interaction with an upper-level trough to the east began to strip Cristobal of any central convection, with most of the convection being displaced to the east and north of the center. Late on June 7, Cristobal made landfall over southeastern Louisiana. The system weakened to a tropical depression on the next day, as it moved inland over the state. The storm survived as a tropical depression as it moved up the Mississippi River Valley, before finally becoming an extratropical low at 00:00 UTC on June 10 while centered about 15 mi (25 km) north-northwest of Dubuque, Iowa. The low then moved northeastward across Wisconsin, the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, and Northern Ontario. before dissipating on June 12.[87]
On June 1, the government of Mexico issued a tropical storm warning from Campeche westward to Puerto de Veracruz. Residents at risk were evacuated. Nine thousand Mexican National Guard members were summoned to aid in preparations and repairs.[88] Significant rain fell across much of Southern Mexico and Central America. Wave heights up to 9.8 ft (3 m) high closed ports for several days. In El Salvador, a mudslide caused seven people to go missing. Up to 9.6 in (243 mm) of rain fell in the Yucatán Peninsula, flooding sections of a highway. Street flooding occurred as far away as Nicaragua.[88] On June 5, while Cristobal was still a tropical depression, a tropical storm watch was issued from Punta Herrero to Rio Lagartos by the government of Mexico as well as for another area from Intracoastal City, Louisiana to the Florida-Alabama border, issued by the National Weather Service. These areas were later upgraded to warnings and for the Gulf Coast, the warning was extended to the Okaloosa/Walton County line. Heavy rains and damage were reported within the warning areas during Cristobal's passage and the storm caused an estimated US$665 million in damage.[87]
Tropical Storm Dolly
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | June 22 – June 24 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min) 1000 mbar (hPa) |
Around June 17, an area of disturbed weather developed just north of the Bahamas after part of a tropical wave and an upper-level trough interacted. The disturbance moved north and organized into a low-pressure area early on June 22. Shortly thereafter, the low became a subtropical depression about 405 mi (650 km) east-southeast of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Mid-level dry air and sea surface temperatures that were only marginally favorable resulted in very little strengthening on June 22. However, after moving east-northeastward and away from an upper low, the cyclone developed more deep convection and intensified into Subtropical Storm Dolly by 06:00 UTC on June 23. About six hours later, Dolly transitioned into a tropical cyclone and peaked with sustained winds of 45 mph (75 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 1,000 mbar (30 inHg). However, convection rapidly diminished after Dolly moved north of the Gulf Stream and encountered drier air. Early on June 24, Dolly degenerated into a remnant low about 200 mi (320 km) south of Sable Island. The remnant low continued northeastward and dissipated south of Newfoundland early the next day.[89]
Tropical Storm Edouard
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | July 4 – July 6 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min) 1005 mbar (hPa) |
A weak frontal system moved off the U.S. mid-Atlantic coast at the beginning of July, and an area of low pressure formed over its southern portion well to the east of the northeast Florida coast on July 3. This system soon organized as its convection gradually increased and by 12:00 UTC on July 4, the system had organized into Tropical Depression Five while centered about 290 mi (465 km) west-southwest of Bermuda. The system gradually drifted first east-northeastward than northeastward on the north side of a large mid-level ridge. Westerly vertical wind shear and dry air in the northwestern portion of the depression caused it to change little in strength or organization as the storm accelerated and passed about 70 miles (110 km) northwest of Bermuda around 08:00 UTC on July 5. Despite the marginal conditions for development, a large convective burst formed over the center, allowing it to strengthen into Tropical Storm Edouard at 00:00 UTC on July 6. Edouard further intensified later that day, attaining maximum sustained winds of 45 mph (75 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1005 mbar (29.68 inHg) around 18:00 UTC.[90] By then, however, it was entering region of strong southwesterly vertical wind shear and colder water, and was approaching a frontal system.[91] Edouard became extratropical just six hours later as its circulation merged with the frontal system about 490 miles east-southeast of Cape Race, Newfoundland at 00:00 UTC on July 7. The extratropical low began to slowly weaken on July 8, turning eastward and continuing to move rapidly within the strong mid-latitude westerlies. It moved over southern Ireland and the southern United Kingdom on July 9 and dissipated over the latter country that day.[90]
The Bermuda Weather Service issued a gale warning for the entirety of the island chain in advance of the system on July 4.[92] Unsettled weather later ensued, and the depression caused tropical storm-force wind gusts and moderate rainfall on the island early on July 5. Impacts were relatively minor.[92][93] Edouard's extratropical remnants brought brief, but heavy, rain to the British Isles, the Netherlands, Germany, southern Denmark and north-west Poland.[94][95]
Tropical Storm Fay
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | July 9 – July 11 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min) 998 mbar (hPa) |
The NHC began to track an area of disorganized cloudiness and showers over the far northern Gulf of Mexico early on July 5.[96] This area was associated with the remaining section of the surface trough from which Edouard had recently formed. The disturbance moved inland over the Florida Panhandle by 06:00 UTC the next day. It subsequently emerged off of the South Carolina coast into the Atlantic on July 8. Once offshore, the low moved northeastward, and around 18:00 UTC on July 9, the center re-formed and became better defined near an area of strong convection. At about the same, an Air Force Reserve Hurricane Hunter aircraft observed that the system, then near Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, was producing sustained tropical-storm-force winds. With these developments, the low was designated as Tropical Storm Fay at that time.[97] After formation, the storm moved northward to the east of the Mid-Atlantic states.[98] At 18:00 UTC on July 10, it reached its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 998 mbar (29. 47 inHg).[97] Two hours later, Fay made landfall near Atlantic City, New Jersey with sustained winds of 50 mph (85 km/h).[99] It quickly lost intensity inland, weakening to a remnant low while over southeastern New York,[97] roughly 50 mi (80 km) north of New York City,[100] and was later absorbed into a larger mid-latitude low over southeastern Canada.[97]
Tropical storm warnings were issued for coastal areas of New Jersey, New York, Connecticut and Rhode Island on July 9.[101] A similar warning was issued for Coastal Delaware on July 10.[102] Fay directly caused the death of two people who drowned due to rip currents caused by the storm; four others drowned due to the residual high surf conditions after Fay had passed by.[97] Overall, damage from the storm on the U.S. eastern coast was at least US$350 million, based on wind and storm surge damage on residential, commercial, and industrial properties.[103]
Tropical Storm Gonzalo
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | July 21 – July 25 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 65 mph (100 km/h) (1-min) 997 mbar (hPa) |
A dry, thermal low-pressure area merged with a tropical wave just offshore the west coast of Africa on July 15. scatterometer data early on July 21 indicated that a small, but well-defined low-pressure area formed well east of the Lesser Antilles. After a steady increase in deep convection, the low developed into a tropical depression around 18:00 UTC about 1,440 mi (2,315 km) east of the Windward Islands. Light wind shear and sea surface temperatures of 82 °F (28 °C) allowed the depression to intensify into Tropical Storm Gonzalo around 06:00 UTC on July 22. Gonzalo moved generally westward due to the Bermuda-Azores high-pressure. The storm continued to strengthen throughout the day, with an eyewall under a central dense overcast and hints of a developing eye becoming evident. Gonzalo then peaked with sustained winds of 65 mph (100 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 997 mbar (29.4 inHg) at 06:00 UTC on July 23. However, very dry air from Saharan Air Layer to its north significantly disrupted the central dense overcast. Although convection quickly redeveloped, the storm then encountered high wind shear, causing the cyclone to weaken. Gonzalo weakened to a tropical depression before landfall on Trinidad just north of Manzanilla Beach. Likely due to land interaction, Gonzalo weakened further and degenerated into an open trough near Venezuela's Paria Peninsula by 00:00 UTC on July 26.[104]
Although the system moved westward across the Cabo Verde Islands, little rainfall was recorded as the disturbance had a limited amount of convection. On July 23, hurricane watches were issued for Barbados and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and a tropical storm watch was issued later that day for Grenada and Tobago. After Gonzalo failed to strengthen into a hurricane on July 24, the hurricane and tropical storm watches were replaced with tropical storm warnings. The storm brought squally weather to Trinidad and Tobago and parts of southern Grenada.[104] However, the storm's impact ended up being significantly smaller than originally anticipated.[105] Only two reports of wind damage were received: a fallen tree on a health facility in Les Coteaux and a damaged bus stop roof in Argyle.[104]
Hurricane Hanna
Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | July 23 – July 26 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 90 mph (150 km/h) (1-min) 973 mbar (hPa) |
On July 11, a tropical wave exited the west coast of Africa. Dry air caused the system to be mostly devoid of convection by the time it reached the Lesser Antilles on July 17. Thereafter, unfavorable upper-level winds prevented the wave from developing significantly, as it crossed the Bahamas and Florida on July 20 and July 21. After the wave reached the Gulf of Mexico, upper-level winds became more favorable. The system acquired a well-defined circulation, and a tropical depression formed at 00:00 UTC on July 23 about 235 mi (380 km) south-southeast of Port Eads, Louisiana. Light to moderate wind shear and warm seas but mid-level dry air caused the depression to strengthen slowly, becoming Tropical Storm Hanna about 24 hours after forming as it moved west-northwest. Later on July 24, Hanna began intensifying slightly faster as convective banding increased and an eye feature developed. That same day, the cyclone also curved westward due to a strengthening deep-layer ridge to the north. Hanna reached hurricane intensity at 12:00 UTC on July 25. The storm then curved west-southwestward and peaked with sustained winds of 90 mph (150 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 973 mbar (28.7 inHg). Hanna made landfall on Padre Island, Texas, at the same intensity at 22:00 UTC on July 25, one hour and fifteen minutes before making landfall in Kenedy County. The system rapidly weakened after moving inland, dropping to tropical depression status at 18:00 UTC on July 26 near Monterrey, Nuevo León, and then dissipating shortly thereafter.[106]
The precursor disturbance to Hanna dropped heavy rain to parts of Hispaniola, the Florida Keys, and Cuba. In Walton County, Florida, a 33-year-old man drowned in rip currents while rescuing his son. In portions of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and the Florida Panhandle, the outer bands of Hanna brought heavy rainfall,[106] even threatening street flooding in New Orleans.[107] Immediately after the system was classified as a tropical depression, tropical storm watches were issued for much of the Texas shoreline. At 21:00 UTC on July 24, a hurricane warning was issued from Baffin Bay to Mesquite Bay, Texas, due to Hanna being forecast to become a hurricane before landfall.[106] As the hurricane approached landfall, local officials underscored the reality of the COVID-19 pandemic when warning residents living in flood-prone neighborhoods about the prospect of evacuation. Texas governor Greg Abbott announced the deployment of 17 COVID-19 mobile testing teams focused on shelters and 100 medical personnel provided by the Texas National Guard.[108] Hanna brought storm surge flooding, destructive winds, torrential rainfall, flash flooding and isolated tornadoes across South Texas and Northeastern Mexico. In the former, the storm destroyed several mobile homes and deroofed many poorly-built structures. About 200,000 homes in Cameron and Hidalgo counties combined suffered power outages. Floodwaters entered dozens of building in low-lying areas. Throughout the United States, Hanna killed five people and caused about $1.1 billion in damage. In Mexico, heavy precipitation fell in Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas. More than 250 homes in Coahuila were inundated, while at least 45 neighborhoods in Reynosa reported flood damage. The cyclone caused four deaths in Mexico and caused approximately $100 million in damage.[106]
Hurricane Isaias
Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | July 30 – August 4 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 90 mph (150 km/h) (1-min) 986 mbar (hPa) |
The NHC began tracking a vigorous tropical wave off the coast of Africa on July 23.[109] The wave gradually organized and became better defined, developing a broad area of low pressure.[110] Due to the threat the system posed as it formed to the countries and territories in the eastern Caribbean, the NHC initiated advisories on the system as Potential Tropical Cyclone Nine at 15:00 UTC on July 28.[111] By the next day, the disturbance was producing heavy rains and gale-force winds. Scatterometer passes by early on July 30, indicated that the system had developed a sufficiently well-defined center and it is estimated that it became Tropical Storm Isaias by 00:00 UTC that day about 140 mi (225 km) south of Ponce, Puerto Rico. It made its first landfall 16 later near San Pedro de Macorís, Dominican Republic. Isaias strengthened into a hurricane around 00:00 UTC July 31, shortly after emerging over the Atlantic Ocean while its eye was located just offshore of the northern coast of Hispaniola. Nine hours later, it made landfall on Great Inagua Island, Bahamas.[112] The storm fluctuated in intensity afterwards, due to strong wind shear and dry air, with the storm reaching its initial peak intensity later that day, with sustained winds peaking at 85 mph (137 km/h) and its central pressure falling to 987 mbar (29.1 inHg). At 15:00 UTC on August 1, Isaias made landfall on North Andros, Bahamas with winds around 80 mph (130 km/h), and the system weakened to a tropical storm at 21:00 UTC.[113][114] It then turned north-northwest, paralleling the east coast of Florida and Georgia while fluctuating between 65–70 mph (105–113 km/h) wind speeds. As the storm accelerated northeastward and approached the Carolina coastline, wind shear relaxed, allowing the storm to quickly intensify back into a hurricane at 18:00 UTC on August 3, and at 03:10 UTC, Isaias made landfall on Ocean Isle Beach, North Carolina at peak intensity, with 1-minute sustained winds of 90 mph (140 km/h) and a central pressure falling to 986 mbar (29.1 inHg).[112] Following landfall, Isaias accelerated and only weakened slowly, dropping below hurricane status at 07:00 UTC over North Carolina.[115] The storm passed over the Mid-Atlantic states before transitioning to an extratropical low around 00:00 UTC on August 5, while its center was located about 5 mi (10 km) west-northwest of Rutland, Vermont, and dissipated that morning over Quebec.[112][116]
Numerous tropical storm watches warnings as well as hurricane watches and hurricane warnings were issued for the Lesser Antilles, Greater Antilles, Bahamas, Cuba, and the entire East Coast of the United States. Isaias caused devastating flooding and wind damage in Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic. Several towns were left without electricity and drinking water in Puerto Rico. In the United States, Isaias triggered a large tornado outbreak that prompted the issuance of 109 tornado warnings across 12 states. A total of 39 tornadoes touched down, the strongest being an EF3 tornado that struck a mobile home park near Windsor, North Carolina on August 4.[117] Isaias caused 12 direct deaths across the Greater Antilles and eastern United States: 10 in the continental United States, one in Puerto Rico and one in the Dominican Republic. Additionally, four indirect deaths were reported in the United States and one in the Dominican Republic.[112] Damage estimates exceeded US$4.725 billion, making Isaias the costliest tropical cyclone to strike the Northeastern U.S. since Hurricane Sandy in 2012.[118]
Tropical Depression Ten
Tropical depression (SSHWS) | |
Duration | July 31 – August 1 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min) 1008 mbar (hPa) |
On July 28, a tropical wave emerged off the west coast of Africa. Slow-moving, the system soon developed a defined low on July 29 as it turned north along the east side of an upper-level low. Associated convection became sufficiently organized for the system to be classified as a tropical depression the following day; at this time the cyclone was located about 230 mi (370 km) east-southeast of the easternmost Cabo Verde Islands. The system reached its peak intensity with winds of 35 mph (55 km/h) and a pressure of 1008 mbar (29.77 inHg) around 00:00 UTC on August 1. Scatterometer data revealed conflicting data, with tropical storm-force winds noted in one pass within the deepest convection to the southwest of the storm's center where the weakest winds are typically found. A near-concurrent pass from another satellite showed lower winds and the higher winds were determined to be rain-inflated, and given the conflicting data the NHC determined the system to have not become a tropical storm. Thereafter, a combination of decreasing sea surface temperatures and dry air caused convection to dissipate. The depression turned west-northwest and degraded into a remnant low later that day. It soon dissipated on August 2 north of the Cabo Verde Islands.[119]
Tropical Storm Josephine
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 11 – August 16 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min) 1004 mbar (hPa) |
On August 7, the NHC began monitoring a tropical wave over the tropical Atlantic. Shower and thunderstorm activity on the wave axis increased as it moved westward at 15-20 knots and a mid-level circulation formed on August 9, although the low-level circulation remained elongated and poorly-organized. The wave's circulation then became defined and a low-pressure system with disorganized convection formed late on August 10. A burst of convection near the center followed by some subsequent organization allowed the system to be designated Tropical Depression Eleven at 06:00 UTC on August 11 about 920 mi (1,480 km) west-southwest of the Cabo Verde Islands. However, the depression's ability to intensify was initially hindered by dry mid-level air and moderate easterly wind shear. After over two days with little change in intensity, the shear relaxed some, allowing convection to begin to form closer to the estimated center of the depression. This allowed it to strengthen into Tropical Storm Josephine at 12:00 UTC on August 13, reaching an initial peak intensity of 45 mph (75 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 1,005 mbar (29.7 inHg). Josephine's intensity began to fluctuate on August 14, as wind-shear affected the system, causing convection to be displaced from the circulation. Hurricane Hunter aircraft investigated the system later that day and found that the storm's center had relocated further north in the afternoon hours and Josephine reached its maximum intensity of 45 mph (75 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 1,004 mbar (29.6 inHg) at 18:00 UTC. Nonetheless, Josephine headed into increasingly hostile conditions as it began to pass north of the Leeward Islands. As a result, the storm later weakened, becoming a tropical depression at 06:00 UTC on August 16, just north of the Virgin Islands. The weakening cyclone's circulation became increasingly ill-defined, and Josephine eventually weakened into a trough of low pressure 12 hours later.[120]
Tropical Storm Kyle
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 14 – August 15 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min) 1000 mbar (hPa) |
A mesoscale convective system moved off of the coasts of South Carolina and Georgia early on August 11. The convective activity weakened that day, but a small mid-level circulation formed from the system and it re-developed some thunderstorm activity that night while it moved slowly northeastward off the coast of South Carolina. This activity generated the development of a weak low-level circulation that moved near the coast of southern North Carolina late on August 12. The system became better organized the next day, although it lacked a well-defined center and banding features. The low then moved offshore of the Outer Banks early on August 14, and deep convection increased as most of the circulation was over the warm water temperatures in the Atlantic.[121] The low became better defined overnight as a result of the convection, and became Tropical Storm Kyle around 12:00 UTC on August 14, about 105 mi (170 km) east-northeast of Duck, North Carolina. The storm then moved quickly east-northeastward along the Gulf Stream due to the flow between a broad mid-level trough over the Northeastern United States and the western Atlantic subtropical ridge. Despite moderate-to-strong wind shear, Kyle strengthened on August 15, and reached its peak intensity around 12:00 UTC with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph (80 km/h) and a minimum pressure at 1,000 mbar (29.53 inHg) about 230 mi (370 km) southeast of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Kyle began to weaken afterward due to increasing shear and interaction with a stationary front and its circulation began to become elongated. Kyle became an extratropical cyclone when it embedded itself within the front at 00:00 UTC August 16. Its center dissipated and its remnants were absorbed into the front shortly thereafter.[122] Several days later, extratropical European windstorm Ellen, which contained remnants of Tropical Storm Kyle, brought hurricane-force winds to the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom.[123][124]
Hurricane Laura
Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 20 – August 29 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 150 mph (240 km/h) (1-min) 937 mbar (hPa) |
On August 16, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) began tracking a large tropical wave that had emerged off the West African coast, and was traversing the Intertropical Convergence Zone toward the Windward Islands.[125] As the system moved across the central tropical Atlantic toward the Windward Islands, satellite imagery revealed that the system had developed a well-defined center of circulation with sufficient organized deep convection to be classified as a tropical depression at 03:00 UTC on August 20.[126] The next day at 13:05 UTC, NOAA Hurricane Hunter Aircraft found that the depression had strengthened and become Tropical Storm Laura.[127] It remained quite disorganized, however, and the system was unable to strengthen further, due to moderate wind shear. The storm then moved over the northern Leeward islands, and it then strengthened as it approached Puerto Rico.[128] Early on August 23, Laura made landfall near San Pedro de Macorís, Dominican Republic, with 45 mph (75 km/h) winds.[129] Laura retained large amounts of convection despite interaction with the mountainous terrain of Hispaniola,[130] and gained renewed strength later that day once back over water, moving between Haiti and eastern Cuba.[131] Early on August 25, the storm entered the Gulf of Mexico[132] and became a Category 1 hurricane at 12:15 UTC on the same day.[133] Afterward, it rapidly intensified into a major hurricane, with its sustained wind speeds increasing by 50 mph (80 km/h) during the 24 hours ending at 15:00 UTC on August 26, reaching 125 mph (200 km/h).[134] Later that day, at 18:00 UTC, it attained Category 4 status,[135] and then, at 02:00 UTC on August 27, Laura reached its peak intensity with 1-minute sustained winds at 150 mph (240 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 937 mbar (27.67 inHg).[136] At 06:00 UTC, Laura made landfall near Cameron, Louisiana, with sustained winds of 150 mph (240 km/h),[137] making it the strongest Louisiana-landfalling hurricane in terms of wind speed since the 1856 Last Island hurricane.[3] Laura steadily weakened after moving inland, dropping to tropical storm strength roughly 11 hours later over Northern Louisiana,[138] and then to a tropical depression over Arkansas early on August 28.[139] The deteriorating system turned northeastward, and by 09:00 UTC on August 29, degenerated into a remnant low over north central Kentucky.[140]
As Laura passed through the Northern Leeward Islands, it brought heavy rainfall to the islands of the countries Guadeloupe and Dominica,[141] and prompted the closing of all ports in the British Virgin Islands.[142] The storm produced heavy downpours upon Puerto Rico and Hispaniola.[143] Laura pummeled southwestern Louisiana and southeastern Texas, with Lake Charles, Louisiana being particularly hard hit.[144] Altogether, there were 77 storm related deaths: four in the Dominican Republic, 31 in Haiti, and 42 in the United States.
Hurricane Marco
Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 21 – August 25 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min) 991 mbar (hPa) |
The NHC began to track a tropical wave located over the central tropical Atlantic on August 16.[145] The showers and thunderstorms within the wave became more concentrated when it moved over the central Caribbean on August 19.[146] By 06:00 UTC on August 21, there was a closed circulation and sufficient organized convection for the wave to be designated as Tropical Depression Fourteen. The system turned toward the northwest a few hours after its formation, which later kept its center just offshore of the coasts of Nicaragua and Honduras. Intensification began later that day, and the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Marco around 00:00 UTC on August 22, as it moved over the northwestern Caribbean Sea. This strengthening trend continued, with Marco's sustained winds reaching 65 mph (100 km/h) late that day as the center moved through the Yucatán Channel, and then reaching hurricane strength at 12:00 UTC on August 23, over the southeastern Gulf of Mexico, with maximum sustained winds of 75 mph (120 km/h) and minimum pressure of 991 mbar (29.26 inHg). This would be Marco's peak intensity, as strong southwesterly wind shear caused the system to weaken to tropical storm strength by 00:00 UTC on August 24, while the center was about 265 mi (425 km) south-southeast of the mouth of the Mississippi River. The storm made a westward turn as it neared the Louisiana coast later that day. It then weakened to a depression shortly after 00:00 UTC on August 25, and degenerated to a remnant low a few hours later, without making landfall.[147]
Marco was indirectly responsible for the death of one person in Chiapas, Mexico.[148]
Tropical Storm Omar
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 31 – September 5 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 40 mph (65 km/h) (1-min) 1003 mbar (hPa) |
A vigorous mid to upper-level shortwave trough moved into the Southeastern United States on August 29. The shortwave trough then interacted with the remnants of a frontal system, resulting in the formation of a low-pressure area offshore northeast Florida on August 30. Drifting over the Gulf Stream, the low quickly organized into a tropical depression around 12:00 UTC on August 31 while situated about 150 mi (240 km) south-southeast of Wilmington, North Carolina. Dry air and vertical wind shear offset the warm sea surface temperatures as the system headed northeastward. However, following a burst in deep convection, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Omar around 12:00 UTC on September 1. The storm then peaked with sustained winds of 40 mph (65 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 1,003 mbar (29.6 inHg). An increase in wind shear kept Omar weak. Consequently, the storm struggled to maintain deep convection as it moved eastward and weakened to a tropical depression early on September 3. Omar decelerated due to a weak steering flow, turning northward on September 5, due to a southerly flow associated with a deep-layer trough. Although the cyclone experienced periodic bursts of convection, strong wind shear eventually caused the storm to degenerate into a remnant low about 575 mi (925 km) northeast of Bermuda late on September 5. The low moved generally northward before being absorbed by a frontal system on the following day.[149]
Hurricane Nana
Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 1 – September 3 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min) 994 mbar (hPa) |
On August 27, the NHC began to monitor a tropical wave moving quickly westward over the tropical Atlantic.[150] During the next few days, the system gradually produced a noticeable growth in deep convection. The convection became concentrated near the system's mid-level circulation center late on August 30, and by 06:00 UTC the following day, the system acquired a closed surface circulation and sufficiently organized deep convection to be classified as a tropical cyclone. Already producing tropical-storm-force winds, the cyclone was a tropical storm at the time of formation, while located about 180 mi (290 km) southeast of Kingston, Jamaica.[nb 5][151] Operationally, the cyclone was designated as Tropical Storm Nana at 16:00 UTC that day, after a hurricane hunter aircraft investigating the storm observed its well-defined low-level circulation.[153] By 18:00 UTC that same day, the storm strengthened some, attaining sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h), before moderate northerly shear halted the trend and partially exposed the center of circulation; even so, its pressure continued to drop. After the shear abated slightly late on September 2, Nana redeveloped convection over its center and quickly intensified into a hurricane at 03:00 UTC on September 3, near the coast of Belize and simultaneously reached its peak intensity with sustained winds of 75 mph (120 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 994 mbar (29.36 inHg). At 06:00 UTC, the hurricane made landfall with estimated maximum winds of 75 mph (120 km/h) near Sittee Point, about 50 mi (80 km) south of Belize City.[151] Nana quickly weakened inland, becoming a tropical storm by 09:00 UTC,[154] and then a tropical depression about nine hours later near the Guatemala–Mexico border. It degenerated into a remnant low by 00:00 UTC on September 4, and dissipated shortly thereafter. The mid-level remnants of the system emerged over the Gulf of Tehuantepec where they regenerated into Tropical Storm Julio in the eastern Pacific on September 5.[151]
Nana caused street flooding in the Bay Islands of Honduras.[155] Hundreds of acres of banana and plantation crops were destroyed in Belize, where a peak wind speed of 61 mph (98 km/h) was reported at a weather station in Carrie Bow Cay.[156] Total economic losses in Belize exceeded $20 million. Heavy amounts of precipitation also occurred in northern Guatemala.[157]
Hurricane Paulette
Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 7 – September 22 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 105 mph (165 km/h) (1-min) 965 mbar (hPa) |
The NHC began to track a tropical wave located over Africa on August 30.[158] The wave became better organized over the eastern Atlantic and formed an area of low pressure on September 6, as it moved generally westward. Tropical Depression Seventeen formed from this low around 00:00 UTC roughly 1,150 mi (1,850 km) west of the Cabo Verde Islands. By 12:00 UTC that day it had grown in intensity, becoming Tropical Storm Paulette about 1,380 mi (2,220 km) east of the northern Leeward Islands. The storm moved generally west-northwestward over the central tropical Atlantic as it gradually intensified. At 12:00 UTC on September 9, Paulette reached an initial peak intensity with sustained winds of 60 mph (90 km/h), which lasted for about 12 hours, when an increase in wind shear weakened the storm. On September 11, despite a very harsh environment, Paulette began to re-intensify. The shear later began to lessen, allowing Paulette to become more organized and begin to form an eye, becoming a hurricane at 00:00 UTC on September 13, about 415 mi (670 km) southeast of Tucker's Town, Bermuda. Dry air entrainment gave the storm a somewhat ragged appearance, but it continued to slowly strengthen as it approached Bermuda with its eye clearing out and its convection becoming more symmetric. Paulette then made a sharp turn to the north and strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane as it made landfall in northeastern Bermuda at 08:50 UTC on September 14 with winds of 100 mph (160 km/h). The storm continued to strengthen after moving over Bermuda, reaching its peak intensity later that day, with maximum winds of 105 mph (165 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 965 mbar (28.50 inHg). Then, on September 15, as the hurricane accelerated northeastward, it began an extratropical transition, which it completed the next day.[159]
After gradually weakening over the following few days and slowly curving southward, the extratropical cyclone began to redevelop a warm core as the convection associated with the low gradually increased in coverage and organization, and by 18:00 UTC on September 20, the system reorganized into a tropical storm about 230 mi (370 km) south-southwest of the Azores. Then, at 00:00 UTC on September 22, Paulette reaches a secondary peak intensity of 60 mph (95 km/h).[159] It moved eastward over the next day, and became post-tropical for the second and final time on September 23,[160] and subsequently dissipated.[159]
Trees and power lines were downed throughout Bermuda as Paulette passed over, leading to an island-wide power outage.[161] There were two direct deaths and one injury associated with Paulette, each of which occurred due to rip currents along the Atlantic coast of the United States.[159]
Tropical Storm Rene
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 7 – September 14 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min) 1001 mbar (hPa) |
A tropical wave emerged off of the coast of Africa over the Atlantic Ocean on September 6. A well-defined low-pressure area already existed, though convection initially remained limited. An area of deep convection formed over the center of the low by 06:00 UTC on September 7, marking the formation of Tropical Depression Eighteen approximately 200 mi (320 km) east of the easternmost islands of Cabo Verde. Convection consolidated and organized further, with banding developing later that day, while the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Rene about 12 hours later. Moving west-northwestward for much of its duration, Rene made landfall on Boa Vista Island around 00:00 UTC on September 8 with sustained winds of 40 mph (65 km/h). Dry air and only marginally warm seas caused convection to wane and Rene weakened to a tropical depression several hours later. After another burst in deep convection early on September 9, the cyclone re-strengthened into a tropical storm. At 12:00 UTC on September 10, Rene peaked with sustained winds of 45 mph (75 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1,001 mbar (29.6 inHg). Showers and thunderstorms decreased starting on the following day due to dry air and Rene weakened to a tropical depression on September 12. Strong westerly shear caused further weakening, with Rene degenerating into a trough about 1,035 mi (1,666 km) northeast of the Leeward Islands. The remnants turned southwestward and dissipated a few days later.[162]
Rene brought gusty winds and heavy rain to the Cabo Verde Islands on September 8.[163] A tropical storm warning was issued for the islands on September 7, which remained in effect though late the next day. There were no reports of casualties or damage associated with the storm.[162]
Hurricane Sally
Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 11 – September 17 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 110 mph (175 km/h) (1-min) 965 mbar (hPa) |
On September 10, the NHC began to monitor an area of disturbed weather over The Bahamas for possible development.[164] By 18:00 UTC on September 11, convection within the system became better organized and a well-defined center of circulation developed, marking the formation of Tropical Depression Nineteen between Andros Island and Bimini in the Bahamas, roughly 115 mi (185 km) east-southeast of Miami, Florida. It moved westward and crossed the coast of southeastern Florida near Cutler Bay around 06:00 UTC on September 12, with winds of 35 mph (55 km/h). Six hours later, while its center was over the Evergladess, the depression strengthened, becoming Tropical Storm Sally. Continuing its westward movement, Sally emerged over the Gulf of Mexico around 15:00 UTC that day. Once offshore, the storm turned to the northwest. Moderate northwesterly shear hindered its steady strengthening. When the shear relaxed a bit early the next day, a burst of deep convection developed near and to the east of the storm's center and it began to go through a period of rapid intensification. During this time, Sally became a category 1 hurricane at 06:00 UTC on November 14, while centered about 145 mi (230 km) south of Pensacola, Florida, as its intensity increased from 60 mph (95 km/h) to 85 mph (140 km/h) over an 18 hour period. After weakening to 80 mph (130 km/h) early on September 15, Sally slowed to a crawl while beginning a northward move toward the northern Gulf coast. Late that same day, Sally began a second period of rapid intensification, going from 80 mph (130 km/h) at 18:00 UTC to a high-end category 2 intensity of 110 mph (175 km/h) by 06:00 UTC September 16. At around 09:45 UTC, the system made landfall at peak intensity near Gulf Shores, Alabama, with maximum sustained winds of 110 mph (175 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 965 mbars (28.50 inHg).[165] Sally rapidly weakened as it moved slowly inland, weakening to a Category 1 hurricane at 13:00 UTC[166] and to a tropical storm at 18:00 UTC.[167] Later, the storm weakened to a tropical depression by 06:00 UTC on September 17, and became an extratropical low six hours later over eastern Alabama. It was subsequently absorbed within a cold front.[165]
A tropical storm watch was issued for the Miami metropolitan area when the storm first formed, while numerous watches and warnings were issued as Sally approached the U.S. Gulf Coast.[168] Several coastline counties and parishes on the Gulf Coast were evacuated. In South Florida, heavy rain led to localized flash flooding,[169] while the rest of the peninsula saw continuous shower and thunderstorm activity due to asymmetric structure of Sally. The area between Mobile, Alabama and Pensacola, Florida took the brunt of the storm with widespread wind damage, storm surge and flooding, and over 2 ft (61 cm) of rainfall was recorded near Naval Air Station Pensacola.[170] There were 16 tornadoes reported across the region while Sally was a tropical cyclone. It was responsible for four direct fatalities and for approximately $7.3 billion in damage.[165]
Hurricane Teddy
Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 12 – September 23 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 140 mph (220 km/h) (1-min) 945 mbar (hPa) |
The NHC began to monitor a tropical wave over Africa early on September 7.[171] Though the wave was experiencing moderate northeasterly shear, convection increased early on September 12, which led to the development of a well-defined surface center and the formation of Tropical Depression around 00:00 UTC while the system was located about 575 mi (925 km) southwest of the Cabo Verde Islands. After overcoming a combination of northeasterly shear, dry air in the mid-levels and the large size and radius of maximum winds of the system, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Teddy around 00:00 UTC on September 14. Late the next day, the storm began its first period of rapid intensification. During this time, microwave images indicated that an eye formed, and that Teddy had become a hurricane near 00:00 UTC September 16 about 805 mi (1,295 km) east-northeast of Barbados. The storm continued to intensify, becoming a Category 2 hurricane several hours later. Some slight westerly wind shear briefly halted further intensification, but when it subsided, the storm began another period of rapid intensification early on September 17. Teddy strengthened into a major category 3 hurricane near 12:00 UTC while centered about 575 mi (925 km) east-northeast of Guadeloupe, and to category 4 strength three hours later. then, around 00:00 UTC on September 18, the hurricane reached its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 140 mph (225 km/h) a minimum barometric pressure of 945 mbar (27.91 inHg). That day, an eyewall replacement cycle caused the storm to weaken slightly to category 3; and the following day, an increase in southwesterly shear caused it to drop below major hurricane strength around 00:00 UTC on September 20.[172]
Teddy passed about 230 mi (370 km) east of Bermuda on September 21 as it turned northward and north-northeastward while interacting with a negatively tilted trough. This interaction caused an increase in both the storm's maximum wind speed and size. Teddy reached a secondary peak intensity of 105 mph (170 km/h) between 06:00 UTC and 12:00 UTC on September 22. Interaction with the trough also triggered the extratropical transition process; Teddy's wind field became more asymmetric, and the associated convection become less centralized. At about 18:00 UTC that same day, the hurricane weakened to Category 1 intensity, before becoming a extratropical low at around 00:00 UTC on September 23, while located about 190 mi (305 km) south of Halifax, Nova Scotia. The low then moved onshore of Atlantic Canada approximately 12 hours later near Ecum Secum, Nova Scotia with sustained winds of 65 mph (105 km/h). The system weakened as it moved northward across eastern Nova Scotia and then the Gulf of St. Lawrence, where it was absorbed by a larger non-tropical low early on September 24, near eastern Labrador.[172]
Hurricane Teddy generated large ocean swells which spread along much of the U.S. Atlantic coast and from the northern Caribbean to Bermuda.[173] Two people drowned in the waters off La Pocita in Loíza, Puerto Rico due to rip currents generated by these swells on September 18,[174] as did a swimmer at Point Pleasant Beach, New Jersey on September 23.[175]
Tropical Storm Vicky
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 14 – September 17 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min) 1001 mbar (hPa) |
In the early hours of September 11, a tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa.[176] An area of low pressure associated with the wave moved northwestward and crossed the Cabo Verde Islands on September 12, producing showers and locally heavy rain. The next day, the disturbance steadily organized, and by 00:00 UTC on September 14, the system became Tropical Depression Twenty-One about 195 mi (315 km) west of the northwesternmost of the Cabo Verde Islands. The depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Vicky six hours later based on scatterometer data. Despite extremely strong shear partially caused by Hurricane Teddy's outflow removing all but a small convective cluster to the northeast of its center, Vicky intensified further, reaching its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) and a pressure of 1,001 mbar (29.52 inHg) at 12:00 UTC on September 15. Over the ensuing couple of days, the storm was beset by increasing wind shear, and it weakened to a tropical depression around 12:00 UTC on September 17. Then, about six hours later, it became a remnant low about 920 mi (1,480 km) west-northwest of the northwesternmost Cabo Verde Islands and subsequently dissipated.[177]
The tropical wave from which Vicky developed produced flooding in the Cabo Verde Islands. The floods killed one person in Praia on September 12. There were, however, no reports of damage or casualties directly caused by Vicky.[177][178]
Subtropical Storm Alpha
Subtropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 17 – September 19 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min) 996 mbar (hPa) |
A large, extratropical low-pressure area developed over the northeast Atlantic Ocean on September 14, following the interaction between a surface front and an upper-level low. The low peaked with sustained winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) on September 15. Although the low weakened as it headed south-southeastward, the wind field contracted and convection began forming closer to the circulation due to marginally warm sea surface temperatures and sufficient atmospheric instability. By 06:00 UTC on September 17, the system developed into Subtropical Storm Alpha roughly 405 mi (650 km) east of the Azores. Alpha strengthened attained its peak intensity as a subtropical system around 00:00 UTC on September 18, with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 996 mbar (29.41 inHg). At 18:40 UTC that day, the cyclone made landfall about 10 mi (20 km) south of Figueira da Foz, Portugal. Around 00:00 UTC on September 19, Alpha weakened to a subtropical depression inland over north-central Portugal.[63] Three hours later, it degenerated to a post-tropical remnant low near Viseu, Portugal.[179] and dissipated shortly thereafter.[63]
In preparation for Alpha on September 18, orange warnings were raised for high wind and heavy rain in Coimbra and Leiria districts of Portugal. Alpha and its associated low produced a wind gust up to 55 mph (89 km/h) at Monte Real. High winds downed many trees and caused numerous power outages in coastal Portugal. The storm also spawned at least two tornadoes, both rated EF1 on the Enhanced Fujita scale. In Spain, the front associated with Alpha caused a train to derail in Madrid,[63] while thunderstorms on Ons Island caused a forest fire.[180] There were no reports of injuries or deaths related to Alpha while it was a subtropical cyclone, but its remnants caused one fatality in Spain, as a woman in Calzadilla died after a roof collapsed upon her.[63] Overall, Alpha caused at least $1 million in damage.[181]
Tropical Storm Beta
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 17 – September 22 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 65 mph (100 km/h) (1-min) 993 mbar (hPa) |
On September 10, the NHC began to monitor a trough that had formed over the northeastern Gulf of Mexico.[182] Development of the system was not expected at the time due to strong upper-level winds produced by Hurricane Sally.[183] The disturbance nonetheless persisted, moving into the southwestern Gulf of Mexico where it began to organize, as Sally made landfall on the northern Gulf coast and then moved across the Southeastern United States on September 16.[184] By 12:00 UTC the next day, disturbance had consolidated and developed into Tropical Depression Twenty-Two about 350 mi (565 km) south-southeast of Brownsville, Texas.[185] Later, on the afternoon of September 18, the depression become Tropical Storm Beta about 280 mi (450 km) east-southeast of the mouth of the Rio Grande.[186] Though dry air associated with both a surface front and an upper-level trough was drawn into the storm on September 19, stopping intensification, Beta was able to reach a peak wind speed of 65 mph (105 km/h) on the morning of September 20, and a minimum pressure of 993 mbar (30.47 inHg) later in the day. Then, after turning westward over the Gulf of Mexico, it became nearly stationary, causing upwelling and weakening the storm.[187][188] Beta made landfall at 02:45 UTC on September 22, over the southern end of Matagorda Peninsula, near Port O'Connor, Texas, with maximum sustained winds near 50 mph (80 km/h).[185][189] Several hours later, by 15:00 UTC, the storm weakened to a tropical depression.[190] Late on September 22, the depression turned east-northeastward and became an extratropical low inland near the Texas coast. This post-tropical low moved through the Deep South until dissipating over northeastern Alabama early on September 25.[185]
Beta caused widespread moderate to major flooding in portions of the Greater Houston metropolitan area. The heaviest rains (upwards to near 16 inches) fell over Harris County and the adjacent portions of Brazoria County.[185] Houston officials reported that over 100,000 gallons of domestic wastewater spilled at five locations in the city as a result; officials also reported that one man drowned in Brays Bayou.[191]
Tropical Storm Wilfred
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 17 – September 21 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 40 mph (65 km/h) (1-min) 1006 mbar (hPa) |
A tropical wave and its associated broad low-pressure area emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa on September 13. A well-defined center of circulation formed on September 17. Stronger and more organized and convection appeared later that day, while a scatterometer pass observed tropical storm-force winds. As a result, Tropical Storm Wilfred developed around 18:00 UTC on September 17 while situated about 345 mi (555 km) southwest of the southernmost islands of Cabo Verde. Six hours later, the storm attained its peak intensity with sustained winds of 40 mph (65 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 1,006 mbar (29.71 inHg). Very dry air from the Saharan Air Layer prevented further intensification, while westerly to northwesterly wind shear increased to about 23 mph (37 km/h) by September 19. Deep convection began to diminish on the following day, causing Wilfred to weaken to a tropical depression around 12:00 UTC. Early on September 21, Wilfred degenerated into an trough approximately 920 mi (1,480 km) east of the northern Leeward Islands.[192]
Hurricane Gamma
Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | October 2 – October 6 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min) 978 mbar (hPa) |
On September 30, the NHC began to monitor a tropical wave located over the central Caribbean Sea for potential development.[193] Persistent thunderstorm activity increased over the ensuing days and gradually became better organized. A surface low pressure area developed early on October&2, and then the convection became sufficiently organized, resulting in the formation of Tropical Depression Twenty-Five by 06:00 UTC that day. Twelve hours later, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Gamma while located about 140 mi (225 km) southeast of Cozumel, Quintana Roo. The system began to quickly intensify after formation as it moved across the northwestern Caribbean Sea, reaching category 1 hurricane strength and its peak intensity, with maximum winds 75 mph (120 km/h) and a minimum pressure 978 mbar (28.88 inHg), as it made landfall near Tulum, Quintana Roo at 16:45U UTC on October 3. It quickly weakened to a tropical storm after landfall and continued to weaken as it passed over the northern Yucatán Peninsula.[194] After emerging over the southern Gulf of Mexico 13 hours later, roughly 100 mi (160 km) east-northeast of Progreso, Yucatán with winds of 50 mph (95 km/h),[195] deep convection redeveloped over the center. This enabled some re-intensification to occur, and Gamma briefly reached a secondary peak intensity of 65 mph (105 km/h) by 18:00 UTC on October 4. But it then stalled for several hours, before slowly commencing a move southwestward. During this time, increasing shear and intrusions of dry air weakened the storm, leaving its center exposed by early on October 5. By 18:00 UTC that day, Gamma weakened to a tropical depression. It continued to produce disorganized convection through its final landfall, which occurred at 03:00 UTC on October 6, near San Felipe, Yucatán, with sustained winds of 35 mph (55 km/h). The circulation dissipated over land by 18:00 UTC that day.[194]
Numerous tropical storm watches and warnings were issued by the government of Mexico for parts of the Yucatán Peninsula following the formation of Gamma and several thousand people were evacuated to shelters. Gamma produced strong winds, heavy rainfall, flash flooding, landslides, and mudslides in the region.[196] Reports indicate that Gamma caused six direct fatalities (4 in Chiapas and 2 in Tabasco).[194]
Hurricane Delta
Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | October 4 – October 10 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 140 mph (220 km/h) (1-min) 953 mbar (hPa) |
On October 1, the NHC began to monitor a tropical wave located a few hundred miles east of the Lesser Antilles for potential development.[197] Showers and thunderstorms within the wave fluctuated as it moved across the Caribbean Sea due to moderate wind shear and intrusions of dry air; even so, a well-defined center of circulation formed with sufficiently organized deep convection around 18:00 UTC on October 4, marking the formation of Tropical Depression Twenty-Six. Thunderstorm activity continued to increase after formation, but was initially confined to the southern portion of the circulation due to northerly wind shear. Once the shear lessened on October 5, convection became more symmetric around the center, and the system strengthened to become Tropical Storm Delta by 12:00 UTC that day about 150 mi (240 km) south-southwest of Montego Bay, Jamaica.[198] Delta soon began to rapidly intensify, attaining hurricane strength 12 hours later.[199] As it moved west-northwestward over the western Caribbean Sea, Delta attained category 3, major hurricane intensity by 12:00 UTC October 6, and then reached its peak intensity as a category 4 hurricane with maximum winds of 140 mph (225 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 953 mbar (28.14 inHg) eight hours later, while centered about 200 mi (320 km) south of the Isle of Youth, Cuba. This period of rapid intensification resulted in a 105 mi (165 km/h) increase in winds over a 36-hour period.[198] This breakneck rate of strengthening was due to a combination of extremely warm ocean water temperatures, low wind shear and sufficiently moist air aloft.[200] The hurricane weakened early on October 7 due to a slight increase in mid-level wind shear, which inhibited upper-level outflow from the storm and disrupted its small core.[201] At around 10:30 UTC that day, it made landfall near Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo as a Category 2 hurricane with sustained winds of 105 mph (170 km/h).[198] Delta spent several hours over land before emerging off the coast of the Yucatán Peninsula and into the Gulf of Mexico north of Dzilam de Bravo, Yucatán,[202] as a Category 1 hurricane around 18:00 UTC. Moving northwestward and situated in generally favorable atmospheric and oceanic conditions, Delta again intensified, strengthening back to a major hurricane within 24 hours. It then reached its secondary peak intensity at 00:00 UTC on October 9, with winds of 120 mph (195 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 953 mb (28.14 inHg). During the day, however, an increase in southwesterly shear and a decrease in the oceanic heat content over the northern Gulf of Mexico caused to weaken to category 2 strength as it moved toward the southwestern Louisiana coast.[198] Delta made landfall near Creole, Louisiana with winds of 100 mph (155 km/h) at 23:00 UTC.[203] Its landfall location was only about 10 mi (20 km) east of where Hurricane Laura's eye crossed the coast on August 27.[198] Inland, Delta weakened to tropical storm strength at 06:00 UTC on October 10, about 15 mi (25 km) east-southeast of Alexandria, Louisiana.[204] The storm continued to weaken that day as it turned northeastward, becoming extratropical over Mississippi by 18:00 UTC and then subsequently dissipating.[198]
As Delta was nearing landfall in Quintana Roo, Mexican president Andrés Manuel López Obrador announced on October 6 the activation of the DN-III emergency plan and the mobilization of 5,000 soldiers of the Mexican Armed Forces to help with the evacuation of sheltering people in the region.[205] There were no immediate reports of deaths or injuries, but there were numerous reports of fallen trees and damage to the region's electrical grids.[202] As Delta moved into the northern Gulf of Mexico, widespread watches and warnings were issued along the U.S. Gulf Coast.[206] States of emergency were declared in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama and numerous coastal, low-lying, and flood prone areas were evacuated.[207][208][209] The hurricane and its remnants produced heavy rain, strong winds, storm surge, and tornadoes across much of the Southeastern United States.[210] Altogether, there were six storm-related fatalities, two each in the Yucatán, Louisiana and Florida.[198]
Hurricane Epsilon
Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | October 19 – October 26 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 115 mph (185 km/h) (1-min) 952 mbar (hPa) |
The NHC started monitoring the region of the Atlantic Ocean southeast of Bermuda on October 14, in anticipation of the formation of a broad non-tropical low.[211] The low formed the next day,[212] and later began to undergo gradual tropical development as it moved over increasingly warm sea-surface temperatures. A large cluster of deep convection formed just east of the low by 06:00 UTC on October 19 while it was located about 830 mi (1,335 km) east of Bermuda, resulting in a sufficiently organized structure for it to be designated as Tropical Depression Twenty-Seven. Six hours later, the system strengthened into Tropical Storm Epsilon, and then slowly intensified the following day, as it encountered sporadic bouts of dry-air intrusion imported by moderate vertical wind shear, as it completed a small counter-clockwise loop. The vertical shear subsided and the remaining dry air mixed out of the core on October 20–21, enabling the storm to undergo a period of rapid intensification. It became a hurricane around 00:00 UTC October 21, and rapidly strengthened to a Category 3 hurricane, the fourth major hurricane of the season, 18 hours later, while located about 345 mi (555 km) southeast of Bermuda. Epsilon then reached its peak intensity with maximum winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 952 mbar (28.12 inHg) six hours later.[213] Its rapid intensification was unusual due to the relatively over cool sea surface temperatures and moderate wind shear, and was also the farthest east any tropical cyclone had rapidly intensified this late in an Atlantic hurricane season.[214] By 09:00 UTC on October 22, the storm had weakened to high-end category 1 strength, with its eye becoming increasingly cloud-filled and its eyewall eroded on the west side.[215] Epsilon maintained its intensity over the next two days.[213] Overnight on October 22–23, the hurricane made its closest advance toward Bermuda, passing about 190 mi (310 km) to its east.[216] On October 24, it made a sharp turn toward the northeast and accelerated, then began slowly weakening as it moved northward toward the north extent of the Gulf Stream and encountered colder sea surface temperatures. Epsilon weakened to tropical storm intensity around 18:00 UTC on October 25, and became extratropical 12 hours later about 565 mi (910 km) east of Cape Race, Newfoundland.[213] Epsilon's remnants were later absorbed into a deep extratropical low southwest of Iceland.[217] The trailing weather fronts associated with this low produced waves up to 98 ft (30 m) on the coast of Ireland on October 28.[218]
The hurricane's large wind field prompted the issuance of a tropical storm watch for Bermuda at 15:00 UTC on October 20,[219] which was later upgraded to a warning 24 hours later.[220] Although the Bermuda Weather Service anticipated that hurricane-force winds would not impact the island,[221] the Government of Bermuda warned residents to prepare for power outages and to check their emergency supplies.[222] Additionally, Dangerous Surf Advisory signs were posted at south shore beaches.[223] Rainfall on the island as the storm passed by amounted to less than an inch; winds at Bermuda's airport gusted near tropical storm-force, with a peak wind gust of 38 mph (61 km/h).[216] As it began moving away from Bermuda on October 23, the tropical storm warning was cancelled.[224] The hurricane also generated large sea swells from Bermuda to the Bahamas, the Greater Antilles and the Leeward Islands.[223] The hurricane caused 1 indirect death; a 27-year-old man drowned in Epsilon-induced rip currents in Daytona Beach, Florida.[213]
Hurricane Zeta
Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | October 24 – October 29 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 115 mph (185 km/h) (1-min) 970 mbar (hPa) |
A large area of unsettled weather developed due to the combination of a tropical wave and a midlevel trough October 18–19 over the southwestern Caribbean Sea. The system drifted west-northwestward to a location about 115 mi (185 km) south of Grand Cayman on October 23. Following an increase of deep convection increased overnight into the morning of October 24, satellite data indicated that a well-defined low formed by 12:00 UTC 24 October, marking the formation of Tropical Depression Twenty-Eight. Then, 12 hours later, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Zeta,[225] while located about 270 mi (435 km) east-southeast of Cozumel, Quintana Roo.[226] Despite experiencing some north-northwestwardly shear,[227] the storm steadily intensified, and reached hurricane strength by 06:00 UTC on October 26, while located about 230 mi (370 km) southeast of Cozumel. At 03:55 UTC the next day, it made its first landfall near Ciudad Chemuyil, Quintana Roo with sustained winds of 85 mph (135 km/h).[225] After weakening to a tropical storm inland, Zeta moved offshore of the northern coast of the Yucatán Peninsula eleven hours later, about 25 mi (40 km) north-northeast of Progreso, Yucatán.[228] Dry air wrapped around the northern half of Zeta's circulation as it moved off shore over the southern Gulf of Mexico, leaving its center partially exposed,[229] though it began to re-intensify on October 28, in a conducive environment of low shear and warm Sea surface temperatures.[225] At 06:00 UTC on October 28, while located about 410 mi (660 km) south of New Orleans, Louisiana. Zeta became a hurricane again;[230] this marked the start of a period of rapid intensification, which peaked later that day, at 21:00 UTC, when it became a category 3 major hurricane and attained its peak intensity, with maximum sustained winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 970 mbar (28.65 inHg), as it made its second landfall near Cocodrie, Louisiana. Zeta steadily lost strength after landfall, weakening to tropical storm near Tuscaloosa, Alabama at 06:00 UTC on October 29, before transitioning into a post-tropical cyclone over central Virginia by 18:00 UTC that day, while moving rapidly northeastward. Early on October 30, Zeta's remnants dissipated east of the mid-Atlantic U.S. coast.[225]
Heavy rain in Jamaica caused a landslide that killed two people.[231] Strong winds and rain caused flooding and damaged infrastructure in Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula.[232] There were six storm related deaths in the United States: Alabama, Louisiana and Mississippi each had one death; three people were killed in Georgia.[233] Zeta flooded city streets and knocked out power to more than 2.6 million homes and businesses across the Southeastern United States; it also disrupted 2020 election early voting in several states.[234] As the remnants of Zeta moved off shore from the continental U.S., it left behind accumulating snow across parts of New England.[235]
Hurricane Eta
Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | October 31 – November 13 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 150 mph (240 km/h) (1-min) 923 mbar (hPa) |
Tropical Depression Twenty-Nine formed at 21:00 UTC on October 31,[236] and then strengthened into Tropical Storm Eta at 03:00 UTC on November 1.[237] Eta quickly strengthened, reaching hurricane strength by 09:00 UTC on November 2.[238] Eta's rapid intensification continued through that day, and by 21:00 UTC it had grown into a Category 4 hurricane.[239] Eta reached its peak intensity of 150 mph (240 km/h) and a pressure of 923 mbar (27.26 inHg) at 06:00 UTC on November 3.[240] Later that day, at 21:00 UTC, it made landfall south of Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua, with winds of 140 mph (220 km/h) and a pressure of 940 mbar (27.73 inHg).[241] Eta rapidly weakened over land, moving westward, diminishing to a tropical storm by 09:00 UTC on November 4,[242] and to a tropical depression the following day. By November 7, the depression had turned northeastward back over the Caribbean,[243] where it regained tropical storm strength.[244] Eta made its next landfall in Cuba's Sancti Spíritus Province at 09:00 UTC on November 8.[245] Then, after crossing Cuba and the Straits of Florida, Eta made its third landfall, striking Lower Matecumbe Key in the Florida Keys at 04:00 UTC on November 9, with estimated maximum winds of near 65 mph (100 km/h).[246] Next, after moving into the Gulf of Mexico, Eta briefly re-strengthened into a hurricane southwest of Florida on the morning of November 11,[247] before weakening soon after to tropical storm strength later in the day due to dry air entrainment.[248] It then turned northeastward and made its final landfall near Cedar Key, Florida at 09:00 UTC on November 12, with winds of 50 mph (85 km/h).[249] The storm weakened over land as it accelerated north-northeastward, emerging over the Atlantic Ocean near the Florida–Georgia state line later that day.[250] Eta transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on November 13 while moving northeastward off the coast of the Carolinas.[251]
Hurricane and tropical storm watches and warnings were issued along the Caribbean coast of Honduras and of Northeastern Nicaragua as Eta approached.[252] Eta knocked down power lines and trees while damaging roofs and causing flooding in and around Puerto Cabezas.[253] Overall, more than 210 fatalities across Central America were attributed to the storm,[254] including 74 in Honduras, 53 in Guatemala, 27 in Mexico, 19 in Panama, two each in Nicaragua and Costa Rica, and one in El Salvador.[255][256][257][258][259][260] Relief efforts were severely hampered when, just two weeks later, Hurricane Iota made landfall approximately 15 miles (25 km) south of where Eta moved ashore.[261] Once the system began to reorganize in the Caribbean, tropical storm watches were issued on November 5, in the Cayman Islands. More watches were issued in parts of Cuba, the northwestern Bahamas, and South Florida. Eta bought heavy rainfall and gusty winds to the Cayman Islands and Cuba, the latter of which was already dealing with overflowing rivers that prompted evacuations.[262][263][264] Heavy rainfall and tropical-storm force winds were recorded across much of Florida as a result of Eta's two landfalls there, causing widespread flooding; there was one fatality in Florida during the storm.[265][266]
Tropical Storm Theta
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | November 10 – November 15 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 70 mph (110 km/h) (1-min) 987 mbar (hPa) |
On November 6, the NHC began monitoring a non-tropical area of disturbed weather in the central Atlantic for possible gradual subtropical development.[267] A non-tropical low subsequently formed about 1,300 mi (2,095 km) west-southwest of the Azores on November 8. The system became better organized as it began to detach from a frontal boundary during the following day. At 00:00 UTC on November 10, it developed into Subtropical Storm Theta. By 18:00 UTC that afternoon, the storm had transitioned into a Tropical Storm; it simultaneously attained what would be its peak intensity, with maximum winds of 70 mph (115 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 987 mbar (29.15 inHg). By the following morning, the effects of strong southwesterly shear had weakened Theta somewhat, though it soon began to regain some strength, and by 00:00 UTC on November 12, re-intensified to its earlier peak. Steady weakening occurred on November 13–14, as the storm experienced strong northerly vertical shear. By 06:00 UTC on November 15, Theta had weakened to a tropical depression about 120 mi (195 km) southwest of Madeira Island, and it degenerated to a remnant low six hours later.[268]
Hurricane Iota
Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | November 13 – November 18 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 155 mph (250 km/h) (1-min) 917 mbar (hPa) |
On November 8, the NHC began to monitor a tropical wave over the extreme eastern Caribbean Sea for potential development.[269][270] After producing showers and thunderstorms over a widespread area for several days, the wave, then located over the east-central Caribbean, began to gradually become better organized on November 11.[271] The next day, deep convection increased and then a broad low-pressure system developed. At around 12:00 UTC on November 13, Tropical Depression Thirty-One formed when it was about 185 mi (300 km) northwest of Aruba. Six hours later, the system strengthened into Tropical Storm Iota.[270] Environmental conditions at the time—low vertical wind shear, extremely warm sea surface temperatures and a moist atmosphere—were favorable for rapid or even explosive intensification of the storm into a major hurricane.[272] Iota reached hurricane strength by 06:00 UTC on November 15, while located about 295 mi (475 km) east of Providencia Island, Colombia,[273] and reached category 4 strength 24 hours later. As it was nearing its peak intensity, the hurricane passed very close to the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina, with its eye missing Providencia by only 11 mi (18 km).[274] Around 12:00 UTC on November 16, the hurricane attained its peak intensity with maximum winds of 155 mph (250 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 917 mbar (27.08 inHg). Data from Air Force Reserve reconnaissance aircraft indicated that Iota had strengthened 105 mph (165 km/h) and that its central pressure had fallen 80 mbar (2.36 inHg) during the 42 hours preceding this achievement. Afterward, the hurricane weakened some as it passed over the relatively cool wake created nearly two weeks earlier by Hurricane Eta. At 03:40 UTC on November 17, Iota made landfall near the community of Haulover, Nicaragua (in Pearl Lagoon municipality), with sustained winds of 145 mph (230 km/h).[270] Its landfall location was approximately 15 mi (25 km) south of where Eta made landfall on November 3.[275] After moving inland, it rapidly weakened over the mountainous terrain of Nicaragua, becoming a tropical storm by 18:00 UTC that day while located over western Nicaragua. Then, after moving over southern Honduras and east-central El Salvador, it become a tropical depression by 12:00 UTC on November 18. Iota dissipated over western El Salvador several hours later.[270]
The government of Colombia issued a hurricane warning for Providencia and a hurricane watch for the island of San Andrés on November 14;[276] and a few hours later, hurricane warnings were issued for portions of the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua and of Honduras.[277] Iota damaged much of the infrastructure of Providencia,[278] and its heavy rainfall fell on ground still saturated following Eta, producing widespread flash floods and river flooding across most of Central America and into extreme southeastern Mexico. There were at least 67 direct storm-related fatalities in the region, and total damage estimates for Iota amounted to US$1.4 billion.[270]
Nombres de tormenta
The following list of names was used for named storms that formed in the North Atlantic in 2020. As more than 21 named storms occurred, storms that formed after Wilfred were assigned names corresponding to the letters of the Greek alphabet. Use of this naming protocol had only happened once before, in 2005. The list of storm names for the 2020 season was the same list used in the 2014 season, as no names were retired from that year. The names Isaias, Paulette, Rene, Sally, Teddy, Vicky, and Wilfred from the regular list were used for the first time this year, as were the auxiliary list names of Eta, Theta, and Iota. Isaias and Paulette replaced Ike and Paloma, respectively, after 2008, but both names went unused in 2014.
|
|
|
Auxiliary list | ||
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|
|
Retirement
On March 17, 2021, during the joint 42nd and 43rd Sessions of the RA IV Hurricane Committee in the spring of 2021, the World Meteorological Organization retired the name Laura, replacing it with Leah for the 2026 season. The letters Eta and Iota were also retired.[279]
End of Greek alphabet usage
After the 2005 hurricane season, the WMO hurricane committee decided to keep using the Greek letter names as an auxiliary list each year, determining that retiring a Greek letter name by removing the name from use was not feasible.[280] Instead, a storm with a Greek letter name found worthy of retirement would be included in the list of retired names along with the year of occurrence, but the Greek letter would be kept for future use.[281] In 2020, several highly devastating storms with Greek letter names, particularly Eta and Iota (which, under the previous policy, would have been retired as "Eta (2020)" and "Iota (2020)" respectively), prompted concerns from meteorologists, including retired Hurricane Specialist Unit chief James Franklin, that the current policy would defeat the purpose of name retirement.[282][283] On March 17, 2021, the WMO announced that the use of the Greek list would be discontinued to avoid confusion.[279] Instead, if the regular naming list is exhausted, an auxiliary list consisting of 21 given names would be used, which will allow the names to be retired.[284]
Efectos de temporada
This is a table of all of the storms that have formed in the 2020 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their duration, names, damage, impacted locations, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low. All of the damage figures are in 2020 USD.
Storm name | Dates active | Storm category at peak intensity | Max 1-min wind mph (km/h) | Min. press. (mbar) | Areas affected | Damage (USD) | Deaths | Refs | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arthur | May 16 – 19 | Tropical storm | 60 (95) | 990 | Southeastern United States, The Bahamas, Bermuda | $112,000 | None | [79] | ||
Bertha | May 27 – 28 | Tropical storm | 50 (85) | 1005 | Southeastern United States, The Bahamas | > $130,000 | 1 | [84] | ||
Cristobal | June 1 – 9 | Tropical storm | 60 (95) | 988 | Central America, Mexico, Central United States, Great Lakes region, Northern Ontario | ≥ $665 million | 6 | [87][103] | ||
Dolly | June 22 – 24 | Tropical storm | 45 (75) | 1000 | None | None | None | |||
Edouard | July 4 – 6 | Tropical storm | 45 (75) | 1005 | Bermuda, southern Ireland, southern United Kingdom | Minimal | None | |||
Fay | July 9 – 11 | Tropical storm | 60 (95) | 998 | East Coast of the United States, Southeastern Canada | ≥ $350 million | 2 (4) | [97][103] | ||
Gonzalo | July 21 – 25 | Tropical storm | 65 (100) | 997 | Windward Islands, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela | Minimal | None | |||
Hanna | July 23 – 26 | Category 1 hurricane | 90 (150) | 973 | Greater Antilles, Gulf Coast of the United States, Mexico | $1.2 billion | 4 (5) | [106] | ||
Isaias | July 30 – August 4 | Category 1 hurricane | 90 (150) | 986 | Lesser Antilles, Greater Antilles, Turks and Caicos Islands, The Bahamas, East Coast of the United States, Eastern Canada | $4.8 billion | 12 (5) | [112][118] | ||
Ten | July 31 – August 1 | Tropical depression | 35 (55) | 1008 | Cabo Verde Islands | None | None | |||
Josephine | August 11 – 16 | Tropical storm | 45 (75) | 1004 | None | None | None | |||
Kyle | August 14 – 15 | Tropical storm | 50 (85) | 1000 | The Carolinas | None | None | |||
Laura | August 20 – 29 | Category 4 hurricane | 150 (240) | 937 | Lesser Antilles, Greater Antilles, Yucatán Peninsula, Southern United States | $19.1 billion | 77 | [285][286][287][288] [289][290][291][292] [293][294][295][296] [181] | ||
Marco | August 21 – 25 | Category 1 hurricane | 75 (120) | 991 | Lesser Antilles, Venezuela, Central America, Greater Antilles, Yucatán Peninsula, Gulf Coast of the United States | ≥ $35 million | 1 | [148][297] | ||
Omar | August 31 – September 5 | Tropical storm | 40 (65) | 1003 | Southeastern United States, Bermuda | None | None | |||
Nana | September 1 – 3 | Category 1 hurricane | 75 (120) | 994 | Lesser Antilles, Jamaica, Cayman Islands, Central America, Southeastern Mexico | ≥ $20 million | None | [181] | ||
Paulette | September 7 – 22 | Category 2 hurricane | 105 (165) | 965 | Cabo Verde Islands, Bermuda, East Coast of the United States, Azores, Madeira | > $50 million | 2 | [159][297] | ||
Rene | September 7 – 14 | Tropical storm | 45 (75) | 1001 | Senegal, The Gambia, Cabo Verde Islands | Minimal | None | |||
Sally | September 11 – 17 | Category 2 hurricane | 110 (175) | 965 | The Bahamas, Cuba, Southeastern United States | $7.3 billion | 4 | [165] | ||
Teddy | September 12 – 23 | Category 4 hurricane | 140 (220) | 945 | Lesser Antilles, Greater Antilles, Bermuda, East Coast of the United States, Atlantic Canada | > $35 million | 3 | [174][175][297] | ||
Vicky | September 14 – 17 | Tropical storm | 50 (85) | 1001 | Cabo Verde Islands | Minimal | (1) | [177][178] | ||
Alpha | September 17 – 19 | Subtropical storm | 50 (85) | 996 | Iberian Peninsula | > $1 million | (1) | [63][181] | ||
Beta | September 17 – 22 | Tropical storm | 65 (100) | 993 | Mexico, Gulf Coast of the United States | ≥ $400 million | 1 | [191][297] | ||
Wilfred | September 17 – 21 | Tropical storm | 40 (65) | 1006 | None | None | None | |||
Gamma | October 2 – 6 | Category 1 hurricane | 75 (120) | 978 | Cayman Islands, Central America, Yucatán Peninsula | > $100 million | 6 | [194][297] | ||
Delta | October 4 – 10 | Category 4 hurricane | 140 (220) | 953 | Jamaica, Cayman Islands, Central America, Yucatán Peninsula, Gulf Coast of the United States | $4.19 billion | 2 (4) | [198][298] | ||
Epsilon | October 19 – 26 | Category 3 hurricane | 115 (185) | 952 | Bermuda | Minimal | 1 | [299] | ||
Zeta | October 24 – 29 | Category 3 hurricane | 115 (185) | 970 | Cayman Islands, Jamaica, Central America, Yucatán Peninsula, Gulf Coast of the United States, East Coast of the United States | ≥ $4.4 billion | 8 | [231][233][300] | ||
Eta | October 31 – November 13 | Category 4 hurricane | 150 (240) | 923 | ABC Islands, San Andrés and Providencia, Central America, Mexico, Greater Antilles, The Bahamas, Southeastern United States | ≥ $7.9 billion | ≥ 211 | [254][255][256][257] [258][259][260] | ||
Theta | November 10 – 15 | Tropical storm | 70 (110) | 987 | Canary Islands, Madeira | None | None | |||
Iota | November 13 – 18 | Category 4 hurricane | 155 (250) | 917 | ABC Islands, Venezuela, Colombia, San Andrés and Providencia, Central America, Mexico | ≥ $1.4 billion | ≥ 67(17) | [270] | ||
Season aggregates | ||||||||||
31 systems | May 16 – November 18 | 155 (250) | 917 | > $51.146 billion | ≥ 442 |
Ver también
- Tropical cyclones in 2020
- Atlantic hurricane season
- List of Atlantic hurricane records
- Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone
- South Atlantic tropical cyclone
- 2020 Pacific hurricane season
- 2020 Pacific typhoon season
- 2020 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
- South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons: 2019–20, 2020–21
- Australian region cyclone seasons: 2019–20, 2020–21
- South Pacific cyclone seasons: 2019–20, 2020–21
Notas
- ^ Hurricanes reaching Category 3 (111 miles per hour or 179 kilometers per hour) and higher on the five-level Saffir–Simpson wind speed scale are considered major hurricanes.[1]
- ^ All monetary values are in 2020 United States dollars unless otherwise noted.
- ^ The 10th hurricane in 2010[69] and in 2012[70][71] also formed in October, though in both instances the storm strengthened into a hurricane after October 20.
- ^ According to the NHC's protocol, a tropical cyclone that degenerates into a remnant low in one basin and reforms in another is given a different name.
- ^ At the time, the National Hurricane Center did not name the system at that point because it was unclear whether it had a well-defined low-level-circulation..[151] However, with the storm posing an imminent threat to Central America, the National Hurricane Center initiated advisories on the system as Potential Tropical Cyclone Sixteen on September 1 at 15:00 UTC.[152]
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enlaces externos
- National Hurricane Center Website
- National Hurricane Center's Atlantic Tropical Weather Outlook
- Tropical Cyclone Formation Probability Guidance Product
- Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Reports