Alameda ( / ˌ æ l ə m i d ə / AL -ə- MEE -də ; Español: [Alameda] ) es una ciudad en el condado de Alameda , California , Estados Unidos. Se extiende por la isla Alameda y la isla Bay Farm . Es adyacente ay al sur de Oakland y al este de San Francisco a través de la Bahía de San Francisco . Bay Farm Island, una parte de la cual también se conoce como "Harbour Bay Isle", es parte del continente adyacente al Aeropuerto Internacional de Oakland.. La población estimada de la ciudad en 2019 fue 77,624. [11] Alameda es una ciudad autónoma , en lugar de una ciudad de ley general, y adoptó un gobierno de concejo-administrador en 1916.
Alameda, California | |
---|---|
Ciudad de Alameda | |
Municipalidad | |
Bandera Sello | |
Apodo (s): La ciudad de la isla [1] | |
Ubicación en el estado de California y el condado de Alameda | |
Alameda Ubicación en el Área de la Bahía de San Francisco | |
Coordenadas: 37 ° 45′22 ″ N 122 ° 16′28 ″ W / 37,75611 ° N 122,27444 ° WCoordenadas : 37 ° 45′22 ″ N 122 ° 16′28 ″ O / 37,75611 ° N 122,27444 ° W | |
País | Estados Unidos |
Expresar | California |
condado | Alameda |
Fundado Incorporado | 6 de junio de 1853 7 de marzo de 1872 [2] |
Gobierno | |
• Tipo | Administrador del consejo |
• Alcalde | Marilyn Ezzy Ashcraft [3] |
• Senador estatal | Nancy Skinner ( D ) [4] |
• Asambleísta | Rob Bonta ( D ) [5] |
• representante de EE. UU. | Barbara Lee ( D ) [6] |
Área [7] | |
• Total | 59,83 km 2 (23,10 millas cuadradas ) |
• Tierra | 10,45 millas cuadradas (27,07 km 2 ) |
• Agua | 12,65 millas cuadradas (32,76 km 2 ) 53,79% |
Elevación [8] | 33 pies (10 m) |
Población ( 2010 ) | |
• Total | 73,812 |
• Estimación (2019) [9] | 77,624 |
• Densidad | 7,426.00 / mi sq (2,867.30 / km 2 ) |
Demonyms | Alamedan, isleño [ cita requerida ] |
Zona horaria | UTC − 8 ( Pacífico ) |
• Verano ( DST ) | UTC-7 ( PDT ) |
Códigos postales [10] | 94501, 94502 |
Codigo de AREA | 510, 341 |
Código FIPS | 06-00562 |
ID de funciones de GNIS | 277468 , 2409669 |
Sitio web | alamedaca |
Historia
Historia temprana y asentamiento
Alameda ocupa lo que originalmente era una península conectada a Oakland. Gran parte de ella era baja y pantanosa. Los terrenos más altos cercanos y las partes adyacentes de lo que ahora es el centro de Oakland fueron el sitio de uno de los bosques de robles costeros más grandes del mundo. Los colonos españoles llamaron a la zona Encinal , que significa "bosque de robles de hoja perenne". [12] Alameda significa "arboleda de álamos" o "avenida arbolada". [13] Fue elegido como el nombre de la ciudad en 1853 por votación popular. [14]
Los habitantes en el momento de la llegada de los españoles a finales del siglo XVIII eran una banda local de la tribu Ohlone . La península fue incluida en el vasto Rancho San Antonio otorgado en 1820 a Luis Peralta por el rey español que reclamó California. La concesión fue confirmada más tarde por la República de México tras su independencia en 1821 de España.
Con el tiempo, el lugar pasó a conocerse como Bolsa de Encinal o Encinal de San Antonio. [15]
Desarrollo de la ciudad
La ciudad fue fundada el 6 de junio de 1853, después de que Estados Unidos adquiriera California después de la Guerra México-Estadounidense de 1848. La ciudad originalmente contenía tres pequeños asentamientos. "Alameda" se refería al pueblo en las calles Encinal y High, Hibbardsville estaba ubicado en la terminal de transbordadores y embarcaciones de North Shore, y Woodstock estaba en el oeste cerca de los muelles de transbordadores del Ferrocarril de la Costa del Pacífico Sur y el Pacífico Central . Finalmente, el muelle de transbordadores del Pacífico Central se convirtió en Alameda Mole , con conexiones de tránsito entre los transbordadores de San Francisco, los trollies locales y las líneas de pasajeros del Pacífico Sur (anteriormente Pacífico Central).
La primera oficina de correos se abrió en 1854. [15] La primera escuela, Schermerhorn School, se abrió en 1855 (y finalmente pasó a llamarse Lincoln School); La Escuela Encinal se inauguró en 1860 (y se cerró en 1980). El ferrocarril de San Francisco y Alameda abrió la estación de Encinal en 1864. [15] El área de Encinal también se conocía como la estación de Fasskings en honor a Frederick Louis Fassking. [15] La propia oficina de correos de Encinal abrió en 1876, pasó a llamarse West End en 1877 y cerró en 1891. [15] El área de West End se llamó originalmente Bowman's Point en honor a Charles G. Bowman, uno de los primeros colonos de Estados Unidos. [15]
El 6 de septiembre de 1869, la Terminal Alameda hizo historia; fue el sitio de la llegada del primer tren a través del Primer Ferrocarril Transcontinental para llegar a las costas de la Bahía de San Francisco , [16] logrando así el primer ferrocarril transcontinental de costa a costa en América del Norte . La terminal transcontinental se cambió al muelle de Oakland dos meses después, el 8 de noviembre de 1869.
Las fronteras de Alameda se hicieron coextensivas con la isla en 1872, incorporando Woodstock en Alameda. [15] En su autobiografía, el escritor Mark Twain describió a Alameda como "El jardín de California". [17]
Playa de neptuno
En 1917, se construyó un parque de entretenimiento privado llamado Neptune Beach en el área ahora conocida como Crab Cove. A menudo comparado con Coney Island en Brooklyn, Nueva York, el parque fue un importante destino de recreación en las décadas de 1920 y 1930. Los propietarios originales, la familia Strehlow, se asociaron con un pastelero local para crear delicias exclusivas de Neptune Beach. Tanto el cono de nieve americano [18] como la paleta [19] se vendieron por primera vez en Neptune Beach. La muñeca Kewpie , pintada a mano y vestida con vestidos únicos cosidos a mano, se convirtió en el premio original por ganar juegos de azar en la playa, otra innovación de Neptune Beach. [20] [21] Los Strehlow eran propietarios y operaban la playa por su cuenta. Llenaron una sección de la bahía para agregar una piscina olímpica adicional y una montaña rusa, lo que debió haber dado a los pasajeros una vista espectacular de la bahía. Los baños de la cabaña estaban disponibles para alquilar.
Las dos grandes piscinas al aire libre de Neptune Beach albergaron carreras de natación y exhibiciones de nadadores tan notables como el olímpico Johnny Weissmuller y Jack LaLanne . Más tarde, Weissmuller protagonizó películas como el personaje original de Tarzán . LaLanne inició una cadena duradera de gimnasios y apareció en televisión. El parque cerró en 1939 porque la Gran Depresión dejó a muchas personas sin mucho dinero, la finalización del puente de la bahía de San Francisco-Oakland cambió los patrones de tráfico, la gente evitó pagar el precio de admisión y el auge de la cultura del automóvil dio a la gente muchas más opciones para destinos de recreación.
Una vez que se completó el Puente de la Bahía, las líneas ferroviarias, que pasaban por la entrada de Neptune Beach en el camino hacia la Alameda Mole y el Ferry, perdieron pasajeros en gran número a medida que la gente se cambiaba a los automóviles. La gente comenzó a usar sus automóviles para escapar de la ciudad y los suburbios cercanos como Alameda y viajaron más lejos en California. Los lugares más distantes atrajeron a los turistas ricos en efectivo de San Francisco en los años de la posguerra. Los jóvenes de la ciudad se dieron cuenta de las formas de evitar pagar un centavo por la entrada al parque. Los nadadores fuertes o las aves zancudas podrían colarse en el lado de la bahía simplemente nadando alrededor de la cerca.
Algunos complejos turísticos y edificios de la era de Neptune Beach todavía existen en la actual Alameda. El edificio Croll , en la esquina de Webster Street y Central Avenue, fue el sitio de Croll's Gardens and Hotel, utilizado como cuartel de entrenamiento para algunos de los mejores luchadores en la historia del boxeo desde 1883 hasta 1914. [22] James J. Corbett, Bob Fitzsimmons, Jim Jeffries, Jack Johnson y varios otros campeones se quedaron y entrenaron aquí. [23] En la actualidad, este edificio conservado se ha adaptado para comercios minoristas y restaurantes. [24] Neptune Court, a una cuadra de distancia en la esquina de las avenidas Central y McKay, también es un edificio sobreviviente de la era del resort.
La gran mayoría de las estructuras de Neptune Beach (el carrusel tallado a mano de la mundialmente famosa Dentzel Company, la noria , la montaña rusa y otras atracciones) se subastaron en 1940, obteniendo centavos por dólar de su costo original. la ciudad no construyó instalaciones para nadar ni desarrolló una playa local para reemplazar la de Neptune Beach.
Transporte
Cuando el ferrocarril llegó a la ciudad en la década de 1860, Park Street se convirtió en la vía principal de la ciudad. Después de que la principal estación de tren de Alameda se ubicó aquí, los residentes de Old Alameda levantaron las estacas y se mudaron al otro lado de la ciudad hacia el nuevo centro de la ciudad. La ubicación de la calle fue elegida por dos propietarios que deseaban atraer inquilinos y desarrollo a sus tierras. Designaron su línea de propiedad mutua como Park Street.
La necesidad de ampliar las instalaciones de transporte y el aumento del flujo de corriente a través del estuario llevó al dragado de un canal de mareas a través de las marismas entre Oakland y Alameda. La construcción comenzó en 1874, pero no se completó hasta 1902, por lo que Alameda se convirtió en una isla. [25]
La mayor parte del suelo del dragado del canal se utilizó para rellenar el pantano cercano. El área de Alameda llamada Bay Farm Island ya no es una isla, sino que está unida por relleno a Oakland. En su juventud, se sabía que el autor Jack London participó en la piratería de ostras en los muy productivos criaderos de ostras cerca de Bay Farm Island, hoy desaparecido.
El Astillero Alameda Works fue uno de los astilleros más grandes y mejor equipados del país. Junto con otras instalaciones industriales, se convirtió en parte del desarrollo de la industria de defensa antes y durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, que atrajo a muchos inmigrantes afroamericanos y euroamericanos de otras partes de los Estados Unidos para los trabajos bien remunerados. En la década de 1950, las industrias de construcción naval e industrial de Alameda prosperaron a lo largo del Estuario de Alameda . Este fue el sitio de operación de la primera grúa de transporte en contenedores con base en tierra del mundo.
A principios del siglo XXI, el puerto de Oakland , al otro lado del estuario, se ha convertido en uno de los puertos más grandes de la costa oeste. Sus operadores utilizan tecnologías de envío que se experimentaron originalmente en Alameda. Al 21 de marzo de 2006, Alameda es una "Ciudad de la Guardia Costera", una de las siete designadas en ese momento en el país. A partir de 2018, es uno de los veintiuno en el país. [26]
Además de los trenes regulares que iban a Alameda Mole , Alameda también contaba con líneas locales de pasajeros de vapor del Pacífico Sur (inicialmente, el Pacífico Central). Alameda era el sitio de West Alameda Shops del Pacífico Sur, donde todos los trenes eléctricos fueron mantenidos y reparados. Estos se adaptaron más tarde como East Bay Electric Lines . Los trenes electrificados de Southern Pacific no eran tranvías , sino vagones de ferrocarril de tamaño completo que se conectaban al continente a través de puentes en Webster Street y Fruitvale (solo el último puente sobrevive hoy). Los trenes iban tanto al Oakland Mole como al Alameda Mole. Una línea que corría entre los dos topos se denominó "Línea de herradura" por la forma de la ruta en un mapa. Poco después de la finalización del Puente de la Bahía, los trenes de Alameda se conectaron directamente a San Francisco por el piso inferior del puente. Los transbordadores se volvieron innecesarios.
En la década de 1930, Pan American Airways estableció un puerto de hidroaviones junto con el relleno que conducía a la Alameda Mole. Esta fue la base de operaciones original del hidroavión China Clipper . En 1929, la Universidad de California estableció el aeródromo de San Francisco ubicado cerca del actual metro de Webster Street como aeropuerto público. El aeródromo de la bahía celebró su fiesta de bautizo de gala en 1930. El aeródromo era un lugar muy concurrido, ya que fue la primera base de operaciones de Coastal Air Freight, Varney Air Lines, West Coast Air Transport, Western Air Express, Transbay Air Ferries y Boeing's Pacific Air. Transporte. El aeródromo se cerró en 1941 cuando su tráfico aéreo interfirió con la recién construida Estación Aérea Naval Alameda (NAS Alameda). [27] Con el advenimiento de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, se llenó un vasto tramo de la zona pantanosa al suroeste de la Alameda Mole y se estableció la NAS Alameda. Esta importante instalación naval incluía un gran aeródromo, así como muelles para varios portaaviones . Cerró en 1997.
A partir de la década de 1940 y continuando hasta la de 1970, se consideraron múltiples propuestas para construir un puente vial desde la Alameda hasta la Península de San Francisco, conocido como el Cruce del Sur .
El Bay Area Rapid Transit actualmente está estudiando la creación de un segundo Transbay Tube ; algunas posibles alineaciones llevarían el servicio BART a la isla Alameda.
1950-presente
A fines de la década de 1950, Utah Construction Company comenzó un vertedero más allá del Old Sea Wall y creó South Shore .
El 7 de febrero de 1973, un avión de combate USN Vought A-7E Corsair II en una misión de entrenamiento de rutina desde la Estación Aérea Naval de Lemoore se incendió repentinamente, a 28.000 pies (8.534 m) sobre la Bahía de San Francisco y se estrelló contra los Apartamentos Tahoe en Alameda. Once personas, incluido el teniente piloto Robert Lee Ward, murieron en el accidente y el incendio. [28] [29]
Geografía
El apodo de Alameda es "La ciudad de la isla" (o simplemente "la isla"). La ciudad actual ocupa dos islas, así como una pequeña sección del continente. Hoy en día, la ciudad se compone de la sección original principal, con la antigua Estación Aérea Alameda Naval (NAS Alameda) en el extremo oeste de la isla de Alameda, Costasur a lo largo del lado sur de la isla de Alameda, y la bahía de la isla de la granja , que es parte de la tierra firme adecuado. El área de la antigua NAS ahora se conoce como "Alameda Point". El área de la Costa Sur está separada de la parte principal de la Isla Alameda por una laguna; la orilla norte de la laguna se encuentra aproximadamente donde estaba la orilla sur original de la isla. Alameda Point y Southshore están construidos sobre un relleno de bahía.
No toda la isla de Alameda es parte de la ciudad de Alameda, una pequeña porción de un vertedero al oeste de la antigua pista de aterrizaje en la Estación Aérea Naval de Alameda se extiende lo suficiente en la Bahía de San Francisco que está sobre la línea del condado y es parte de la Ciudad y Condado de San Francisco . [30]
Coast Guard Island , una pequeña isla entre la isla Alameda y Oakland, también es parte de Alameda y es el hogar del Comando de Apoyo Integrado Alameda [31]
Clima
Esta región experimenta veranos cálidos (pero no calurosos) y secos e inviernos frescos (pero no fríos) y húmedos. Según el sistema de clasificación climática de Köppen , Alameda tiene un clima mediterráneo de verano cálido , abreviado "Csb" en los mapas climáticos. [32] La precipitación anual es de aproximadamente 22 pulgadas (560 mm), toda lluvia (la nieve es extremadamente rara al nivel del mar en el área de la Bahía de San Francisco).
Los datos climáticos de Alameda NAS, California | |||||||||||||
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Mes | ene | feb | mar | abr | Mayo | jun | jul | ago | sep | oct | nov | dic | Año |
Promedio alto ° F (° C) | 58,3 (14,6) | 61,8 (16,6) | 64,6 (18,1) | 67,5 (19,7) | 69,4 (20,8) | 71,6 (22,0) | 72,0 (22,2) | 73,0 (22,8) | 74,3 (23,5) | 72,3 (22,4) | 65,4 (18,6) | 58,5 (14,7) | 67,4 (19,7) |
Media diaria ° F (° C) | 52,3 (11,3) | 55,3 (12,9) | 57,7 (14,3) | 59,7 (15,4) | 61,8 (16,6) | 63,9 (17,7) | 64.7 (18.2) | 65.7 (18.7) | 66.6 (19.2) | 64.5 (18.1) | 58.7 (14.8) | 52.9 (11.6) | 60.3 (15.7) |
Average low °F (°C) | 46.4 (8.0) | 48.9 (9.4) | 50.8 (10.4) | 51.9 (11.1) | 54.2 (12.3) | 56.2 (13.4) | 57.5 (14.2) | 58.4 (14.7) | 58.9 (14.9) | 56.6 (13.7) | 52.0 (11.1) | 47.3 (8.5) | 53.3 (11.8) |
Average rainfall inches (mm) | 4.21 (107) | 4.10 (104) | 2.74 (70) | 1.18 (30) | 0.72 (18) | 0.15 (3.8) | 0.01 (0.25) | 0.04 (1.0) | 0.19 (4.8) | 1.94 (49) | 2.50 (64) | 4.00 (102) | 21.78 (553.85) |
Average rainy days (≥ 0.01 in) | 10.3 | 9.5 | 11.4 | 5.5 | 3.1 | 1.4 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 1.6 | 3.6 | 8.4 | 10.6 | 66.4 |
Source: NCEI (Data Tools: 1981-2010 Normals)[33] |
Demografía
Historical population | |||
---|---|---|---|
Census | Pop. | %± | |
1860 | 460 | — | |
1870 | 1,557 | 238.5% | |
1880 | 5,708 | 266.6% | |
1890 | 11,165 | 95.6% | |
1900 | 16,464 | 47.5% | |
1910 | 23,383 | 42.0% | |
1920 | 28,806 | 23.2% | |
1930 | 35,033 | 21.6% | |
1940 | 36,256 | 3.5% | |
1950 | 64,430 | 77.7% | |
1960 | 63,855 | −0.9% | |
1970 | 70,968 | 11.1% | |
1980 | 63,852 | −10.0% | |
1990 | 76,459 | 19.7% | |
2000 | 72,259 | −5.5% | |
2010 | 73,812 | 2.1% | |
2019 (est.) | 77,624 | [9] | 5.2% |
U.S. Decennial Census[34] |
2010
The 2010 United States Census[35] reported that Alameda had a population of 73,812. (2015 census estimates place the population at 78,630)
The population density was 3,214.9 people per square mile (1,241.3/km2). The racial makeup of Alameda was 37,460 (50.8%) White, 23,058 (31.2%) Asian, 4,759 (6.4%) African American, 426 (0.6%) Native American, 381 (0.5%) Pacific Islander, 2,463 (3.3%) from other races, and 5,265 (7.1%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8,092 persons (11.0%).
The Census reported that 72,316 people (98.0% of the population) lived in households, 857 (1.2%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 639 (0.9%) were institutionalized.
There were 30,123 households, out of which 9,144 (30.4%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 13,440 (44.6%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 3,623 (12.0%) had a female householder with no husband present, 1,228 (4.1%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 1,681 (5.6%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 459 (1.5%) same-sex married couples or same-sex partnerships. 9,347 households (31.0%) were made up of individuals, and 2,874 (9.5%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40. There were 18,291 families (60.7% of all households); the average family size was 3.06.
The age distribution of the population shows 15,304 people (20.7%) under the age of 18, 5,489 people (7.4%) aged 18 to 24, 21,000 people (28.5%) aged 25 to 44, 22,044 people (29.9%) aged 45 to 64, and 9,975 people (13.5%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40.7 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.5 males.
Per capita money income in past 12 months (2013 dollars), 2009 – 2013 was $41,340.00 per US Census. Median household income, 2009 – 2013 was $74,606.00 per US Census.[36]
There were 32,351 housing units at an average density of 1,409.0 per square mile (544.0/km2), of which 30,123 were occupied, of which 14,488 (48.1%) were owner-occupied, and 15,635 (51.9%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.1%; the rental vacancy rate was 5.7%. 37,042 people (50.2% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 35,274 people (47.8%) lived in rental housing units.
|
2000
As of the census[38] of 2000, there were 72,259 people, 30,226 households, and 17,863 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,583.3/km2 (6,693.4/mi2). There were 31,644 housing units at an average density of 1,131.3/km2 (2,931.2/mi2). The racial makeup of the city was 56.95% White, 6.21% Black or African American, 0.67% Native American, 26.15% Asian, 0.60% Pacific Islander, 3.29% from other races, and 6.13% from two or more races. 9.31% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 30,226 households, out of which 27.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.7% were married couples living together, 11.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.9% were non-families. 32.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 3.04.
In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 21.5% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 33.6% from 25 to 44, 24.6% from 45 to 64, and 13.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.5 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $56,285, and the median income for a family was $68,625. Males had a median income of $49,174 versus $40,165 for females. The per capita income for the city was $30,982. About 6.0% of families and 8.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.4% of those under age 18 and 6.1% of those age 65 or over.
There is a large Filipino community; and also a major Portuguese community, from which Tom Hanks' mother came and where Lyndsy Fonseca was raised for some time. Alameda also has a historic Japanese American community and had a small Japanese business district on a portion of Park Street before World War II, when the city's Japanese population was interned. A Japanese Buddhist church is one of the few remaining buildings left of Alameda's pre-war Japanese American community.[39]
Política
According to the California Secretary of State, as of February 10, 2019, Alameda has 48,609 registered voters. Of those, 27,323 (56.2%) are registered Democrats, 5,240 (10.8%) are registered Republicans, and 13,950 (28.7%) have declined to state a political party.[40]
Transporte
Vehicle access to Alameda Island is via three bridges from Oakland (Park Street, Fruitvale Avenue, and High Street Bridges), as well as the two one-way Posey and Webster Street Tubes leading into Oakland's Chinatown. Connections from Alameda to Bay Farm Island are provided via the Bay Farm Island Bridge for vehicular traffic as well as the Bay Farm Island Bicycle Bridge (the only pedestrian/bicycle-only drawbridge in the United States[41]).[42] California State Route 61 runs down city streets from the Posey and Webster Street Tubes, across the Bay Farm Island Bridge, and south to the Oakland Airport. The island is just minutes off Interstate 880 in Oakland. The speed limit for the city is 25 mph (40 km/h) on almost every road.
Public transportation options include:
- AC Transit buses, which range from local connections to Oakland and Berkeley to express service to San Francisco
- Ferry services – In addition to the Alameda/Oakland Ferry and the Alameda Harbor Bay Ferry routes, San Francisco Bay Ferry also provides service between Alameda Main Street Station and South San Francisco. All ferry services are operated by the Water Transit Authority.
- The closest BART stations are Lake Merritt and 12th Street, near the exit to the Posey Tube, and Fruitvale, near the Fruitvale Bridge. BART's long-term plans for a second tunnel include Alameda as a candidate for the first stop on a new East Bay line.[43]
Atracciones
Victorian houses comprise 9% of all single-family houses (1,500) in Alameda and many more have been divided into two- to four-unit dwellings.[44]
Due to its proximity to the Bay, wind surfers and kite surfers can often be seen at Robert W. Crown Memorial State Beach. From the beach, there are also views of the San Francisco skyline and the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge.
The aircraft carrier USS Hornet, a museum ship, has been moored at the former Naval Air Station as the USS Hornet Museum since 1998. This ship was originally named the USS Kearsarge, but was renamed in honor of the previous Hornet (CV-8) (famous for the Doolittle raid), which was lost in October 1942.
Alameda was twice home to the official offices and training facility of the National Football League Oakland Raiders. First from 1966 until 1983 when the team moved to Los Angeles and the offices and training facility moved to El Segundo, California, and again from 1996 until 2020 when the team moved to Las Vegas and the offices and training facility moved to Henderson, Nevada.
At the turn of the 19th century, the city of Alameda took a large chunk of Charles Froling's land away to build a street. Froling had planned to build his dream house on the plot of land he received through inheritance.[45] To spite the city and an unsympathetic neighbor, Froling built a house 10 feet (3.0 m) wide, 54 feet (16 m) long and 20 feet (6.1 m) high on the tiny strip of land left to him.[45] The Froling spite house is still standing and occupied.[45]
The Fourth of July parade is advertised as the second oldest and second-longest Fourth of July parade in the United States.[46] It features homemade floats, classic cars, motorized living room furniture, fire-breathing dragons, and marching bands.
The Historic Park Street Business District has many buildings that date back to the 1800s and is a designated Historic Commercial District on the National Register. This main thoroughfare of downtown Alameda Is filled with local shops, restaurants, drinking establishments, and services. The renovated 1932 Alameda Theatre & Cineplex is the cultural centerpiece of the commercial district.
Economía
Top employers
According to the city's 2016 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[47] the top employers in the city are:
# | Employer | # of Employees |
---|---|---|
1 | Alameda Unified School District | 1100 |
2 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc | 900 |
3 | Penumbra Inc | 858 |
4 | Alameda Hospital | 694 |
5 | City of Alameda | 518 |
6 | Safeway | 480 |
7 | Wind River Systems | 447 |
8 | Kaiser Foundation Health Plan | 425 |
Alameda Point
Naval Air Station Alameda (NAS) which was decommissioned in 1997, has been turned over to the City of Alameda for civilian development.
America's Cup
The 33rd America's Cup Race was won by Golden Gate Yacht Club racing team BMW Oracle, founded by Larry Ellison. Possible use of the air station that was considered was to partner with San Francisco for 34th America's Cup. Within 2 weeks of the Golden Gate Yacht Club winning the America's Cup, Alameda city council with local support sent a unanimous letter of support to hold AC 34 in San Francisco Bay Area. In early 2011, the City Council created an ad hoc America's Cup Citizens Advisory Committee to look for ways that Alameda could draw interest from teams and potential spectators. Through these efforts, the Swedish Artemis Racing team created their team based in one of the former air station hangars on Alameda Point, with a dock at Seaplane Lagoon.
Beer, wine and spirits production
A cluster of artisan distilleries, wineries, breweries and tasting rooms along Monarch Street at Alameda Point is now referred to by the City of Alameda as "Spirits Alley".[48] These business include Rock Wall Winery, Building 43 Winery,[49] Hangar 1, St. George Spirits and Faction Brewing.[50] In 2017, Admiral Maltings opened at Alameda Point.[51] Designed to supply craft brewers and whisky producers, it is the first craft malting house in California.[51]
The modern era of winemaking in Alameda begins in 1978 when Alameda veterinarian Kent Rosenblum and his wife Kathy founded Rosenblum Cellars. In 2008, the company was purchased by Diageo Estates for $105 million.[52] In 2014, the Rosenblum tasting room at Alameda Point closed and moved to Jack London Square in Oakland.[53] Shauna Rosenblum, daughter of Kent and Kathy, is the winemaker for Rock Wall Winery. In December 2007, St. George Absinthe Verte, produced by St. George Spirits became the first brand of American-made absinthe to be legally produced in the United States since a ban was enacted in 1912.
Alameda Island Brewing is located on Park Street.
Medios de comunicación
Alameda's first newspaper, the Encinal, appeared in the early 1850s and the paper's editor was instrumental in the movement to incorporate the city. Following the Encinal, several other papers appeared along geographic lines, and the Daily Argus eventually rose to prominence. A young Alameda native, Joseph R. Knowland, wrote political and historical articles for the Alameda papers. Later, Knowland owned the powerful Oakland Tribune. Around 1900, the Daily Argus began to fade in importance and east and west papers The Times and The Star combined to take the leading role as the Alameda Times-Star in the 1930s. The Times-Star was sold to the Alameda Newspaper Group in the 1970s.
In 1997, the Hills Newspaper chain was bought by Knight Ridder, at the time, the second-largest newspaper chain in the U.S. Following the buyout, former Hills Newspapers employees recognized the lack of a local community voice in Alameda, and again formed a new locally based newspaper, the Alameda Sun, in 2001. In 2006, Knight Ridder announced its impending sale to McClatchy Corp., a Sacramento-based publishing firm. McClatchy Corp. has put the Contra Costa Times, which under the Knight-Ridder reorganization included all five of the original Hills Newspapers, up for sale. The current owners of the Alameda Times-Star, Digital First Media, based in Colorado, have announced a strong interest in buying both the Contra Costa Times chain and the San Jose Mercury News, consolidating the daily newspaper market of the East Bay, effectively under one owner. MediaNews closed the Times-Star in 2011.
The Alameda community is currently served by two weekly newspapers, the Alameda Journal, owned by the Digital First Media, and the Alameda Sun.
Servicios
Alameda Free Library
After two previous failures, voters in the city passed a ballot measure in 2000 authorizing a bond measure for construction of a new main library to replace the city's Carnegie Library, damaged during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. The city also received state funds for the new main library and opened the doors to the new facility in November 2006.
There are three library locations: the Main Library in downtown Alameda and two library branches; the Bay Farm Island Library serving the Bay Farm and Harbor Bay communities and the West End Library serving the West End of Alameda.
Alameda Hospital
Founded in 1894, Alameda Hospital is located at Clinton Avenue and Willow Street.
Alameda Municipal Power
Unlike surrounding communities, Alameda has a municipal power service, Alameda Municipal Power (AMP), that delivers services directly to consumers. AMP sold the majority of its telecommunications business to Comcast in 2008 but continues to provide telecommunication service at Alameda Point.
During the California electricity crisis of 2000 and 2001, Alameda Municipal Power did not raise electricity rates, while residents in most of the state endured significant price increases.[54]
arte y Cultura
The Alameda Arts Council (AAC) serves as the local Alameda City arts council. The Alameda Civic Ballet is the ballet troupe of the city.[55] The Alameda Museum features displays on the history of Alameda.[56] The Alameda Art Association has about 80 members as of January 2011, and has a gallery space at South Shore Center mall. The Association began in 1944. An annual benefit, Circus for Arts in the Schools, was started by clown artist Jeff Raz in 2004. Photo-realist Robert Bechtle has painted numerous Alameda subjects, including Alameda Gran Torino, which was acquired by SFMOMA in 1974 and remains one of Bechtle's most famous works.[57]
Films shot in Alameda
Alameda has been home to many movie sets. Some of the movies filmed on the island have included Bicentennial Man, The Net, The Matrix Reloaded, The Matrix Revolutions, Bee Season, the original 1968 Your, Mine and Ours and the movie musical Rent. Parts of Alameda High School were animated for the Animatrix episode "Kid's Story". A massive hangar at the former Naval Air Station Alameda was used to film special scenes requiring computer-generated imagery for movies such as Bicentennial Man, Flubber, What Dreams May Come, Mission: Impossible 2 and many scenes from the Matrix trilogy, including the signature bullet time scene. The open space of the decommissioned naval base often hosts MythBusters' more dangerous experiments. The movie "Spirit Of '76" was filmed all throughout Alameda.
The documentary, Shallow Waters: The Public Death of Raymond Zack was filmed at Alameda locations, and chronicled the 2011 Death of Raymond Zack on Crown Beach in Alameda. The film was screened in 2016 at the Michaan Auction House Theater in Alameda.
The USS Hornet Museum, permanently moored at Alameda Point, has been the site for scenes used in major theatrical releases: Pearl Harbor (2001), XXX: State of the Union, Rescue Dawn, and The Master. In addition, the aircraft carrier has been used for television shows such as JAG, Carrier, Looking, The Great Escape, and the special military episode of Fear Factor; plus a number of television commercials.[58]
Theaters
The city restored the historic Art Deco city landmark Alameda Theatre, expanding it to include a theater multiplex. The public opening was May 21, 2008.
The Altarena Playhouse, which performs comedies, dramas, and musicals, was founded in 1938 and is the longest continuously operating community theater in the San Francisco Bay Area.[citation needed]
Festivals on Webster Street
Webster Street in Alameda has long been the host of many arts, crafts and holiday festivals. During some of these festivals, the Chamber of Commerce along with the West Alameda Business Association (WABA) will block off a portion of Webster St. for the entertainment of festival-goers. Festivals such as The Island JAM bring a lot of local and outside visitors. Other events on the "West End" include Trick-or-Treat on Webster Street where merchants supply goodies for local children and culminate with a parade and costume contest; in December "Santa Claus Meet-n-Greet on Webster Street" happens with elves, and a photo with Santa Claus.
Festivals on Park Street
There are three major events when the street in Alameda's historic downtown district is closed to vehicular traffic. The Park Street Spring Festival takes place every May during the weekend of Mother's Day and attracts over 50,000 visitors. The Park Street Art & Wine Faire takes place the last weekend of every July and attracts over 100,000 visitors. Both street fairs feature over 150 arts & crafts vendors, food vendors, beer and wine pouring, a children's area, and two stages with regional entertainment. The Park Street Classic Car Show is held on the second Saturday every October and displays over 400 vintage vehicles.[59]
Sand Castle and Sculpture Contest
The annual Sand Castle and Sculpture Contest takes place in June at the Robert Crown Memorial State Beach. The first contest was held in 1967.[60] Participants compete in three different categories: Ages 12 and Under, Ages 13 and Over and Family.
Gente notable
- Gavin Christopher Newsom; son of an Appellate Judge,and business woman, father, business man. In 1997 he became one of San Francisco's youngest members of the board of Supervisors,serving a full term from 1998 to 2002. San Francisco's 49th Lieutenant Governor, and California's 40th Governor.
- Albert Arents, a mining engineer who helped develop mineral resources of the Rocky Mountains.
- Ian Axel, originally from Fair Lawn, New Jersey; singer-songwriter, lead singer of two-member indie group A Great Big World.
- John Baker, MLB catcher for San Diego Padres and Chicago Cubs, was born in Alameda.
- Shirley Temple Black, actress and former U.S. ambassador, resident.
- Mike Brisiel, an offensive guard for Oakland Raiders.
- Virginia Lee Burton, Caldecott-winning children's author and illustrator.
- Harold Camping, television and radio personality, president and general manager of Family Stations, Inc.
- Phyllis Diller, television comedian, attended Sunday school at First Presbyterian, married and lived in Alameda at the start of her comedy act in SF in the 1950s.
- General James Doolittle, who received the Medal of Honor for his bombing of Japan during World War II; Doolittle was born in Alameda in 1896.
- Garrett Eckbo, landscape architect who lived in Alameda as a child, later forming the Bay Area firm of Eckbo, Royston, Williams with Robert Royston and Edward Williams.
- Leif Erickson, actor, born in Alameda in 1911.
- Larry Eustachy, college basketball coach, born in Alameda.
- Debbi Fields, founder of Mrs. Fields Cookies, attended Alameda High School, where she was a cheerleader.
- Albert Ghiorso, nuclear scientist, co-discoverer of 12 chemical elements on the periodic table; in Guinness Book of World Records for Most Elements Discovered.
- Brad Gillis, guitarist with Night Ranger, a San Francisco rock band formed in the 1980s.
- Katharine Graham, the late publisher of The Washington Post, lived in Alameda as a child, according to Personal History, her autobiography.
- Tim Hardaway Jr., a professional basketball player, was born in Alameda.
- Horace Heidt, bandleader and radio personality, born in Alameda on May 21, 1901.
- Bruce Henderson, author, grew up in Alameda, according to his book Hero Found: The Greatest POW Escape of the Vietnam War.
- Benjamin Jealous, former President of the NAACP, lived in Alameda.
- Mikael Johnston, a founding member of Warner Bros. Records house music act Mephisto Odyssey.
- Joseph R. Knowland, congressman and Alameda native, was editor and publisher of the Oakland Tribune.
- William Fife Knowland, U.S. Senator, was student body president at Alameda High School.
- Robert L. Lippert, theater chain owner and film producer, was an Alameda native.
- Paul Mantz, air racer and Hollywood stunt pilot, was born in Alameda in 1903.
- Louis A. McCall, Sr., drummer and musician knew as co-founder of Con Funk Shun.
- Margaret McNamara, founder of Reading is Fundamental, and wife of Robert McNamara, grew up in Alameda.
- George P. Miller, a congressman from 1945 to 1973.
- Jack Mingo, author[61]
- Hugo Wilhelm Arthur Nahl, designer of Seal of California.
- Don Perata, former President Pro Tempore of California State Senate, lives in Alameda; once taught at Saint Joseph Notre Dame High, Encinal High, and Alameda High, among other Alameda schools.
- Carl Ravazza, bandleader, born in Alameda, 1910.
- Bill Rigney, Major League Baseball player and manager, was born in Alameda.
- Dutch Ruether, pitcher for 1927 New York Yankees, was born in Alameda.
- Operatic mezzo-soprano Frederica Von Stade still gives performances and supports the arts in local schools, but no longer lives in Alameda.
- Robert Louis Stevenson, briefly lived in Alameda[citation needed]
- Sharon Tate, actress, resident in early to late-1960s.[62]
- Charles Lee Tilden, for whom Tilden Regional Park is named, was a longtime resident of Alameda; Tilden Way at the southeast end of the city is named for him.
- Baseball Hall of Famer Willie Stargell, MLB player Tommy Harper, MLB player Curtell Howard Motton, 2003 National League Rookie of the Year Dontrelle Willis, 2007 National League Most Valuable Player Jimmy Rollins, NBA player J.R. Rider, and NFL players Melvin Carver[63] and Junior Tautalatasi[64][65] all attended Encinal High School.
- Jason Kidd (NBA player and coach) and Joe Nelson (MLB pitcher) attended St. Joseph Notre Dame High School in Alameda.
- MLB players Ray French, Johnny Vergez, Andy Carey, Bill Serena, Erik Schullstrom, Dick Bartell, Duffy Lewis and Chris Speier all attended Alameda High School.
- Many people from naval families, including celebrities such as Ann Curry, Phyllis Diller, Brigette Lundy-Paine, Tom Hanks, and Jim Morrison of The Doors,[66] have lived in Alameda.
- Marielle Heller, actress, and comedian Emily Heller
Educación
Public primary and secondary education in Alameda is the responsibility of the Alameda Unified School District, which is legally separate from the City of Alameda government (as is common throughout California). The College of Alameda, a two-year community college in the West End is part of the Peralta Community College District. The city has numerous private primary schools, and one private high school, St. Joseph Notre Dame High School, a Catholic school.
Ciudades hermanas
Alameda's relationships with Wuxi and Jiangyin were initiated in 2005, in part, by Stewart Chen, who then served on the City of Alameda Social Service and Human Relations board, and who went on to be elected to Alameda City Council in November, 2012.[67]
Wuxi, China, is a so-called friendship city, because the diplomacy organization Sister Cities International does not recognize the relationship.[68]
- Jiangyin, China
- Arita, Japan
- Yeongdong-gun, South Korea
- Lidingö, Sweden. Initiated in 1959 as part of President Eisenhower's people-to-people-movement, whose purpose was to develop better understanding among people from different countries after World War II. Both Alameda and Lidingö are islands with a bridge connecting them to a big city.
- Dumaguete City of Negros Oriental, Philippines
Friendship city
- Wuxi, China (Friendship city since 2004)
Controversy
In September 2013, a Tibetan rights group initiated a social media and e-mail campaign [69] targeting the Mayor of Alameda, complaining that City of Alameda's participation in, and association with, a flag-raising ceremony to recognize National Day of the People's Republic of China on October 1 was tantamount to endorsing the communist regime in China, its human rights abuses, and the occupation of Tibet. The City of Alameda responded that the ceremony was a function of the Alameda Sister City Association and the Alameda Wuxi Friendship Committee, not a function of the City of Alameda. The Tibetan rights group responded that on September 26, the City of Alameda Social Service and Human Relations board appointed a member, Michael Robles-Wong, as a representative to the Sister City Association.[70]
On October 1, 2013, the Tibetan rights groupsTibetTruth and Bay Area Friends of Tibet sent roughly 75 protesters to Alameda City Hall to protest the ceremony, which organizers ultimately canceled before it began. Former City of Alameda Councilmember Frank Matarrese announced the cancellation.[71] Then-city councilmember Stewart Chen subsequently defended the ceremony, as a diplomatic, not political, exercise.[72]
Ver también
- Earl King, Ernest Ramsay, and Frank Conner, convicted of murdering a ship's officer in Alameda, 1936
- Coast Guard Island
- List of islands of California
- List of ships built in Alameda, California
Referencias
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- ^ "Members Assembly". State of California. Retrieved March 18, 2013.
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- ^ a b c d e f g Durham, David L. (1998). California's Geographic Names: A Gazetteer of Historic and Modern Names of the State. Clovis, Calif.: Word Dancer Press. p. 592. ISBN 1-884995-14-4.
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- ^ a b c Rubin, Sylvia. (January 7, 1988) San Francisco Chronicle Neighbor against neighbor; Mediators can resolve disputes. Section: People, Page B3.
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- ^ http://www.uss-hornet.org/groups/filming/ USS Hornet Museum website, film and television location rentals
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- ^ tibettruth (September 25, 2013). "Asking The Mayor Of Alameda Not To Fly China's Flag". Retrieved July 13, 2017.
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- U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Alameda, California
enlaces externos
- Official website
- . Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 468–469.