Una pieza de ajedrez , o pieza de ajedrez , es cualquiera de los seis tipos diferentes de objetos móviles que se utilizan en un tablero de ajedrez para jugar al ajedrez .
Numero de piezas
Rey | |
reina | |
Torre | |
obispo | |
Caballero | |
Empeñar |
Cada jugador comienza con un total de dieciséis piezas (pero consulte la subsección a continuación para conocer otros usos del término pieza ). Las piezas que pertenecen a cada jugador se distinguen por su color . Las piezas de colores más claros se denominan "blancas" y el jugador que las posee, "blancas". Las piezas de colores más oscuros se denominan "negras" y el jugador que las posee, "negras".
En un juego estándar, cada uno de los dos jugadores comienza con las siguientes dieciséis piezas:
Uso del término pieza
La palabra "pieza" tiene tres significados, según el contexto. El contexto debe dejar claro el significado pretendido ( Burgess 2009 : 523) ( Hooper & Whyld 1992 : 307).
- Puede referirse a cualquiera de las piezas físicas del conjunto, incluidos los peones. Cuando se usa de esta manera, "pieza" es sinónimo de "hombre de ajedrez" ( Hooper & Whyld 1992 : 307) o simplemente "hombre" ( Hooper & Whyld 1987 : 200) . Los juegos de ajedrez se han fabricado en una variedad de estilos, a veces con fines decorativos o artísticos en lugar de un juego práctico, pero el patrón Staunton es estándar para la competencia.
- En juego, el término se usa generalmente para excluir peones, refiriéndose solo a una reina, torre, alfil, caballo o rey. En este contexto, las piezas se pueden dividir en tres grupos: piezas mayores (reina y torres), piezas menores (alfiles y caballos) y el rey ( Brace 1977 : 220).
- En frases como "ganar una pieza", "perder una pieza" o "sacrificar una pieza" y otros contextos relacionados, se refiere solo a piezas menores (alfiles o caballos). Por convención, la dama, las torres y los peones se especifican por su nombre en estos casos, por ejemplo, "ganar una dama", "perder una torre" o "sacrificar un peón" ( Just & Burg 2003 : 5).
Movimientos de las piezas
a | B | C | D | mi | F | gramo | h | ||
8 | 8 | ||||||||
7 | 7 | ||||||||
6 | 6 | ||||||||
5 | 5 | ||||||||
4 | 4 | ||||||||
3 | 3 | ||||||||
2 | 2 | ||||||||
1 | 1 | ||||||||
a | B | C | D | mi | F | gramo | h |
Las reglas del ajedrez prescriben los tipos de movimientos que un jugador puede realizar con cada tipo de pieza de ajedrez. Cada tipo de pieza se mueve de forma diferente. Durante el juego, los jugadores se turnan para mover una de sus propias piezas de ajedrez.
- Una torre mueve cualquier número de casillas vacías hacia adelante, hacia atrás, hacia la izquierda o hacia la derecha en línea recta. También participa, junto con el rey, en un movimiento especial llamado enroque .
- Un alfil mueve cualquier número de casillas vacías en diagonal en línea recta. En consecuencia, un alfil permanece en casillas del mismo color durante todo el juego. Los dos alfiles con los que cada jugador comienza se mueven en cuadrados de colores opuestos.
- La reina mueve cualquier número de casillas vacías en cualquier dirección: hacia adelante, hacia atrás, izquierda, derecha o en diagonal, en línea recta.
- El rey se mueve exactamente una casilla vacía en cualquier dirección: hacia adelante, hacia atrás, izquierda, derecha o en diagonal; sin embargo, no puede moverse a una casilla que está siendo atacada por un oponente, ni un jugador puede hacer un movimiento con otra pieza si deja al rey en jaque. También tiene un movimiento especial llamado enroque, en el que el rey mueve dos casillas hacia una de sus propias torres y en el mismo movimiento, la torre salta sobre el rey para aterrizar en la casilla del otro lado del rey. El enroque solo se puede realizar si el rey y la torre involucrados nunca se han movido previamente en el juego, si el rey no está en jaque, si el rey no viajará a través o en jaque y si no hay piezas entre la torre y Rey.
- A knight moves on an extended diagonal from one corner of any two-by-three rectangle of squares to the farthest opposite corner. Consequently, the knight alternates its square color each time it moves. Other than the castling move described above where the rook jumps over the king, the knight is the only piece permitted to routinely jump over any intervening piece(s) when moving.
- A pawn moves forward exactly one square, or optionally, two squares when on its starting square, toward the opponent's side of the board. When there is an enemy piece one square diagonally ahead of a pawn, either left or right, then the pawn may capture that piece. A pawn can perform a special type of capture of an enemy pawn called en passant ("in passing"). If the pawn reaches a square on the back rank of the opponent, it promotes to the player's choice of a queen, rook, bishop, or knight (Just & Burg 2003:13–16).
Pieces other than pawns capture in the same way that they move, except for castling. A capturing piece replaces the opponent piece on its square, except for an en passant capture by a pawn. Captured pieces are immediately removed from the game. A square may hold only one piece at any given time. Except for castling and the knight's move, no piece may jump over another piece (Just & Burg 2003:13–16).
Valor relativo
The value assigned to a piece attempts to represent the potential strength of the piece in the game. As the game develops, the relative values of the pieces will also change. A bishop positioned to control long, open diagonal spaces is usually more valuable than a knight stuck in a corner. Similar ideas apply to placing rooks on open files and knights on active, central squares. The standard valuation is one point for a pawn, three points for a knight or bishop, five points for a rook, and nine points for a queen (Hooper & Whyld 1992:438–39). These values are reliable in endgames, particularly with a limited number of pieces. But these values can change dramatically depending on the position, the phase of the game (opening, middle game, endings). A bishop pair for example, is worth a half a pawn on average (Soltis 2004:183). In specific circumstances, the values may be quite different: a knight can be more valuable than a queen in a particular decisive attack.
Ilustración histórica
Courier Chess, a predecessor of modern chess, used all six modern chess piece types, plus three additional types of pieces:
- A courier
- A mann (or rath or sage)
- A jester.
Nombres de piezas
The characters implied by pieces' names vary between languages. For example, in many languages, the piece known in English as the "knight" frequently translates as "horse", and the English "bishop" frequently translates as "elephant".
Language | King | Queen | Rook | Bishop | Knight | Pawn | Chess | Check | Checkmate/Mate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
figurine | ♔ ♚ | ♕ ♛ | ♖ ♜ | ♗ ♝ | ♘ ♞ | ♙ ♟ | N/A | + | # or ++ |
Afrikaans | K Koning king | D Dame lady | T Toring tower | L Loper runner | R Ruiter rider | (P) Pion | Skaak | Skaak | Skaakmat |
Albanian | M Mbreti king | D Dama / Mbretëresha lady / queen | T Torra tower | F Fili / Oficeri elephant / officer | K Kali horse | (U) Ushtari soldier | Shahu | Shah | Shah mat |
Arabic | م مَلِك (malik) king | و وزير (wazïr) vizier | ر رخ / طابية (rukhkh / ṭābiya) fortress / castle | ف فيل (fīl) elephant | ح حصان (ħiṣān) horse | ب بيدق / عسكري (baidaq / `askarī) pawn / soldier | شطرنج (shaṭranj) | كِش مَلِك (kish malik) | كِش مات (kish māt) |
Azerbaijani | Ş Şah shah | V Vəzir vizier | T Top cannon | F Fil elephant | A At horse | P Piyada foot soldier | Şahmat | şah shah | mat mat |
Armenian | Ա Արքա (Ark῾a) king | Թ Թագուհի (T῾agowhi) queen | Ն Նավակ (Navak) ship | Փ Փիղ (P῾ił) elephant | Ձ Ձի (Dzi) horse | Զ Զինվոր (Zinvor) soldier | Շախմատ (Šaxmat) Ճատրակ (Čatrak) | Շախ (Šax) | Մատ (Mat) |
Basque | E Erregea king | D Dama lady | G Gaztelua castle | A Alfila | Z Zalduna knight | (P) Peoia pawn | Xake | Xake | Xake mate |
Belarusian (Taraškievica) | К кароль king | Вз візыр vizier | Лд ладзьдзя rook | А афіцэр officer | В вершнік rider | (Л) латнік pawn | Шахматы | Шах | Мат |
Bengali | R রাজা (Raja) king | M মন্ত্রী (Montri) minister | N নৌকা (Nouka) boat | H গজ / হাতি (Goj / Hati) elephant | G ঘোড়া (Ghora) horse | B বোড়া / সৈন্য / পেয়াদা (Bora / Sainya / Peyada) viper / troop / walker | দাবা (daba) | কিস্তি (kisti) | কিস্তিমাত (kistimat) |
Bulgarian | Ц цар king | Д дама lady | Т топ cannon | О офицер officer | К кон horse | (П) пешка | Шахмат / Шах | Шах | (Шах и) мат |
Catalan | R rei | D dama / reina lady / queen | T torre tower | A alfil | C cavall horse | (P) peó | Escacs | Escac / Xec | Escac i mat |
Chinese | K 王 (wáng) king | Q 后 (hòu) queen | R 車 (jū) chariot | B 象 (xiàng) elephant | N 馬 (mǎ) horse | (P) 兵 (bīng) soldier | 國際象棋 (guójì xiàngqí) international chess | 將軍 (jiāngjūn) general | 將死 (jiāngsǐ) general dead |
Czech | K král king | D dáma lady | V věž tower | S střelec shooter | J jezdec rider | (P) pěšec foot soldier | Šachy | Šach | Mat |
Danish | K konge king | D dronning queen | T tårn tower | L løber runner | S springer jumper | (B) bonde peasant | Skak | Skak | Skakmat |
Dutch | K koning king | D dame lady / queen | T toren / kasteel tower / castle | L loper / raadsheer runner / counsellor | P paard horse | (pi) pion | Schaken | Schaak | Mat / Schaakmat |
English | K king | Q queen | R rook, castle | B bishop | N knight | (P) pawn | Chess | Check | Checkmate / Mate |
Esperanto | R reĝo king | D damo lady | T turo tower | K kuriero courier | Ĉ ĉevalo horse | (P) peono | Ŝako | Ŝak | Ŝakmato |
Estonian[1] | K kuningas king | L lipp flag | V vanker chariot / carriage | O oda spear | R ratsu riding horse | (E) ettur forwarder | Male after malev | Tuli / Šahh fire | Matt |
Finnish | K kuningas king | D daami / kuningatar lady / queen | T torni tower | L lähetti messenger | R ratsu horse | (S) sotilas soldier | Shakki | Shakki | Matti / Shakkimatti |
French | R roi king | D dame lady | T tour tower | F fou jester | C cavalier rider | (P) pion | Échecs | Échec | Échec et mat |
Georgian | მფ მეფე (mep'e) king | ლ ლაზიერი (lazieri) queen | ე ეტლი (etli) chariot | კ კუ (ku) tortoise | მ მხედარი (mkhedari) rider | პ პაიკი (paiki) pawn | ჭადრაკი (Čadraki) | ქიში (K'ishi) | შამათი (Shamat'i) |
German[2] | K König king | D Dame lady / queen | T Turm tower | L Läufer runner | S Springer jumper | (B) Bauer peasant | Schach | Schach | Matt / Schachmatt |
Greek | Ρ βασιλιάς (vasiliás) king | Β βασίλισσα (vasílissa) queen | Π πύργος (pýrgos) tower | Α αξιωματικός (axiomatikós) officer | Ι ίππος (íppos) horse | (Σ) πιόνι (pióni) pawn | Σκάκι (Skáki) | Σαχ (Sach) | Mατ (Mat) |
Hindi | R राजा (rājā) king | V वज़ीर (vazīr) vizier | H हाथी (hāthī) elephant | O ऊँट (ūṁṭ) camel | G घोड़ा (ghoṛā) horse | (P) प्यादा (pyādā) infantryman | शतरंज (Shatranj) | शाह (Shāh) | शाहमात (Shāhmāt) |
Hebrew | מ מלך (Melech) king | מה מלכה (Malka) queen | צ צריח (Tzariach) tower | ר רץ (Ratz) runner | פ פרש (Parash) rider | רגלי (Regli) foot soldier | שחמט (Shakhmat) | שח (Shakh) | מט (Mat) |
Hausa | S sarki king | Q sarauniya queen | R sansanin fortress | G giwa elephant | J jarumi mounted warrior | (P) soja soldier | ces | ceki | ceki mat |
Hungarian | K király king | V vezér / királynő vizier / queen | B bástya bastion | F futó runner | H huszár / ló hussar / horse | (Gy) gyalog / paraszt footman / peasant | Sakk | Sakk | Matt |
Icelandic | K kóngur king | D drottning queen | H hrókur rook | B biskup bishop | R riddari knight | (P) peð pawn | Skák | Skák | Skák og mát |
Ido | R rejo king | D damo lady | T turmo tower | E episkopo bishop | K kavalo horse | (P) piono | Shakoludo | Shako | Shakmato |
Indonesian | R raja king | M menteri minister / vizier | B benteng castle / fortress | G gajah elephant | K kuda horse | (P) pion | Catur | Sekak / Ster | Sekakmat |
Interslavic | K kralj king | C carica / dama empress / lady | Z zamok / věža castle / tower | L lovec hunter | J jezdec / konj rider / horse | (P) pěšak infantryman | Šahy | Šah | Mat |
Irish | R rí king | B banríon queen | C caiseal bulwark | E easpag bishop | D ridire knight | (F) fichillín / ceithearnach little chess piece / kern | Ficheall | Sáinn | Marbhsháinn |
Italian | R re king | D donna / regina lady / queen | T torre tower | A alfiere standard-bearer | C cavallo horse | (P) pedone foot soldier | Scacchi | Scacco | Scacco matto |
Japanese | K キング (kingu) | Q クイーン (kuīn) | R ルーク (rūku) | B ビショップ (bishoppu) | N ナイト (naito) | (P) ポーン (pōn) | チェス (chesu) | 王手 (ōte) / チェック (chekku) | 詰み (tsumi) / チェックメイト (chekkumeito) |
Javanese | R raja king | Q ratu / perdhana mentri queen / prime minister | B bèntèng fortress | M mentri minister | K jaran horse | (P) pion | sekak | ||
Kannada | ರಾ ರಾಜ (raaja) king | ಮ ಮಂತ್ರಿ (mantri) minister | ಆ ಆನೆ (aane) elephant | ರ ರಥ (ratha) chariot | ಕು ಕುದುರೆ (kudure) horse | ಪಾ ಪಾದಾತಿ (paadaati) foot sodier | |||
Kazakh | Кр патша (patsha) king | У уәзір (wazir) vizier | Т тура (tura) tower | П піл (pil) elephant | А ат (at) horse | (П) пешка (peshka) / (С) сарбаз (sarbaz) foot soldier / warrior | шахмат (shakhmat) | шах (shakh) | мат (mat) |
Korean | K 킹 (king) | Q 퀸 (kwin) | R 룩 (rug) | B 비숍 (bi syob) | N 나이트 (na i teu) | (P) 폰 (pon) | 체스 (che seu) | 체크 (che keu) | 체크메이트 (che keu me i teu) |
Latin | rex king | regina queen | turris / elephas tower / elephant[3] | signifer / cursor / stultus / alphinus standard-bearer / messenger / fool[3] | eques knight | pedes / pedo foot soldier | Scacci | Scaccus | Mattus |
Latvian | K karalis king | D dāma lady | T tornis tower | L laidnis | Z zirgs horse | (B) bandinieks peasant | Šahs | Šahs | Šahs un mats |
Lithuanian | K karalius king | V valdovė queen | B bokštas tower | R rikis Lithuanian military commander | Ž žirgas horse | (P) pėstininkas pawn | Šachmatai | Šach | Matas |
Lojban | Na noltrunau king | Ni noltruni'u queen | S slanydi'u castle | X xanto elephant | Xi xirma horse | (S) sonci soldier | caxmati | gunta attack | lo nolraitru cu morsi the king is dead |
Luxembourgish | K Kinnek king | D Damm lady | T Tuerm tower | L Leefer runner | P Päerd horse | (B) Bauer farmer | Schach | Schach | Schachmatt |
Macedonian | K крал king | D кралица / дама queen / lady | T топ cannon | L ловец hunter | S коњ horse | P пешак / пион infantryman / pawn | шах | шах | мат |
Malayalam | K രാജാവ് (rajavu) king | Q മന്ത്രി (manthri) minister | R തേര് (theru) chariot | B ആന (anaa) elephant | N/Kt കുതിര (kuthira) horse | (P) കാലാള് / പടയാളി (kalal / padayali) foot soldier | ചതുരംഗം (chathurangam) | ചെക്ക് | ചെക്ക് മേറ്റ് |
Marathi | R राजा (rājā) king | V वजीर (vajīr) vizier | H हत्ती (hātti) elephant | O उंट (Unṭ) camel | G घोडा (ghoḍā) horse | (P) प्यादे (pyāde) foot soldier | बुद्धिबळ (buddhibal) | शह (shāh) | शहमात (shāhmāt) |
Mongolian | Н ноён noyan | Б бэрс (fers) vizier | т тэрэг (tereg) chariot | Т тэмээ (temee) camel | М морь (mor) rider | (Х) хүү (hüü) infantryman | Шатар | шаг / дуг / цод | мад |
Norwegian Bokmål | K konge king | D dronning queen | T tårn tower | L løper runner | S springer jumper | (B) bonde peasant | Sjakk | Sjakk | Sjakkmatt |
Norwegian Nynorsk | K konge king | D dronning queen | T tårn tower | L løpar runner | S springar jumper | (B) bonde peasant | Sjakk | Sjakk | Sjakkmatt |
Persian | ش شاه king | و وزیر vizier / minister | ق/ر قلعه/رخ castle | ف فیل elephant | ا اسب horse | س سرباز soldier | شطرنج | کیش (kish) | مات (mat) |
Polish | K król king | H hetman | W wieża tower | G goniec courier | S skoczek jumper | (P) pion pawn | szachy | szach | mat / szach-mat |
Portuguese | R rei king | D dama / rainha lady / queen | T torre tower | B bispo bishop | C cavalo horse | (P) peão foot soldier | Xadrez | Xeque | Xeque-mate |
Romanian | R rege king | D damă / regină lady / queen | T turn / tură tower | N nebun fool | C cal horse | (P) pion | Șah | Șah | Mat / Șah mat |
Russian | Кр король (korol') king | Ф ферзь (ferz') vizier | Л ладья (ladya) boat | С слон (slon) elephant | К конь (kon') horse | (П) пешка (peshka) | шахматы (shakhmaty) | шах (shakh) | мат (mat) |
Scottish Gaelic | R righ king | B bànrigh queen | T tùr tower | E easbaig bishop | D ridir knight | (P) pàn pawn | feòirne | casg | tul-chasg |
Serbo-Croatian | К краљ (kralj) king | Д краљицa / дама (kraljica / dama) queen / lady | Т топ (top) cannon | Л ловац (lovac) hunter | С скaкaч / коњ (skakač / konj) jumper / horse | (П) пешак / пион (pešak / pion) pedestrian / pawn | Шах (Šah) | Шах (Šah) | Мат (Mat) |
Northern Sotho | К Kgoši | Kg Kgošigadi | N Ntlosebô / Moshate | Mp Mopišopo | M Mogale | S Seitšhireletšo | Tšhêšê | Check | Checkmate |
Sicilian | R re king | D riggina queen | T turru tower | A alferu | S scecc[h]u donkey | (P) pidinu foot soldier | Scacchi | ||
Slovak | K kráľ king | D dáma lady | V veža tower | S strelec shooter | J jazdec horseman | (P) pešiak infantryman / pawn | Šach | Šach | Mat / Šachmat |
Slovene | K kralj king | D dama lady | T trdnjava castle | L lovec hunter | S skakač jumper | (P) kmet farmer | Šah | Šah | Mat / Šahmat |
Spanish | R rey king | D dama / reina lady / queen | T torre tower | A alfil | C caballo horse | (P) peón foot soldier | Ajedrez | Jaque | Jaque mate |
Swedish | K kung king | D dam / drottning lady / queen | T torn tower | L löpare runner | S springare / häst horse | (B) bonde peasant | Schack | Schack | Schack matt |
Tamil | K அரசன் (arasaṉ) king | Q அரசி (araci) queen | R கோட்டை (kōṭṭai) castle | B அமைச்சர் / மந்திரி (amaicchar / manthiri) minister | N/Kt குதிரை (kutirai) horse | (P) காலாள் / சிப்பாய் (kālāḷ / cippāy) foot soldier / sepoy | சதுரங்கம் (sathurankam) | முற்றுகை (muṟṟukai) | இறுதி முற்றுகை (iṟuti muṟṟukai) |
Telugu | రాజు (rāju) king | మంత్రి (maṃtri) minister | ఏనుగు (ēnugu) elephant | శకటు (śakaţu) | గుర్రం (gurraṃ) horse | బంటు (baṃţu) soldier | చదరంగం (cadaraṃgaṃ) | దాడి (dāḍi) | కట్టు (kaţţu) |
Thai | ข ขุน (khun) king | ต เม็ด / ตรี / มนตรี (met / trī / montrī) counselor | ร เรือ (reūa) ship | ค โคน (khōn) | ม ม้า (mā) horse | (บ) เบี้ย (bīa) menial | หมากรุก (mākruk) | รุก (ruk) | จน (jon) |
Turkish | Ş/K şah / kral shah / king | V vezir vizier | K kale castle | F fil elephant | A at horse | (P) er / piyon soldier / pawn | Satranç | Şah | Mat |
Ukrainian | Kр король (korol) king | Ф ферзь (ferz) vizier | T тура (tura) tower | C слон (slon) elephant | K кінь (kin) horse | (П) пішак / пішка (pishak / pishka) foot soldier | Шахи (shakhi) | Шах (shakh) | Мат (mat) |
Urdu | بادشاہ (bādshāh) | وزیر (vazīr) | رخ (rukh) | فيلہ (fiyalah) | گھوڑا (ghōṛā) | پیادہ (pyādah) | شطرنج (šaṭranj) | شہ (sheh) | شہمات (shehmāt) |
Vietnamese | V vua king | H hậu queen | X xe chariot | T tượng statue | M mã horse | tốt soldier | Cờ vua | Chiếu | Chiếu bí / Chiếu hết / Hết cờ |
Welsh | T teyrn / brenin lord / king | B brenhines queen | C castell castle | E esgob bishop | M marchog rider | (G) gwerinwr peasant | Gwyddbwyll | Siach | Siachmat |
(Luiro 2009)
Ver también
- Chessboard
- Chess piece relative value
- Fairy chess piece – a piece used only in chess variants
- Outline of chess
- Rules of chess
- History of chess
- Lewis chessmen
- Staunton chess set
- Chess symbols in Unicode
Notas
- ^ The Estonian chess terms were coined by Ado Grenzstein.
- ^ "Handbook". www.fide.com. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
The pieces bear the names: Koenig, Dame, Turm, Laeufer, Springer, Bauer
- ^ a b H. J. R. Murray, A History of Chess, ch. 11
Referencias
- Brace, Edward (1977), An Illustrated Dictionary of Chess, Craftwell, ISBN 1-55521-394-4
- Burgess, Graham (2009), The Mammoth Book of Chess (3rd ed.), Running Press, ISBN 978-0-7624-3726-9
- Evans, Larry (1973), Evans on Chess, Conerstone Library, ISBN 0-87749-699-4
- Hooper, David; Whyld, Kenneth (1992), "Value of pieces", The Oxford Companion to Chess (2nd ed.), Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-280049-3
- Just, Tim; Burg, Daniel S. (2003), U.S. Chess Federation's Official Rules of Chess (5th ed.), McKay, ISBN 0-8129-3559-4
- Soltis, Andrew (2004), Rethinking the Chess Pieces, Batsford, ISBN 0-7134-8904-9
- Luiro, Ari (2009), Chess pieces in different languages, archived from the original on October 21, 2009, retrieved 2011-11-04
enlaces externos
- FIDE on chess equipment
- History of Staunton Chess Pieces
- Chess pieces in different languages
- Online "Chess Museum" with many historic examples
- How chess pieces are made and constructed
- DIY: How to make a wooden chess pieces [sic]