Glosario de términos botánicos

Este glosario de términos botánicos es una lista de definiciones de términos y conceptos relevantes para la botánica y las plantas en general. Los términos de la morfología de las plantas se incluyen aquí, así como en el Glosario de morfología de las plantas y el Glosario de morfología de las hojas más específicos . Para conocer otros términos relacionados, consulte el Glosario de fitopatología y la Lista de palabras latinas y griegas de uso común en nombres sistemáticos .

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ab-: Un prefijo que significa "desde, lejos o fuera".
abaxial: La superficie de un órgano que se aleja del eje del órgano, por ejemplo, la superficie inferior de un órgano lateral como una hoja o un pétalo. ^[1]Adaxial de contraste .
abortar: Abandonar el desarrollo de una estructura u órgano.
abscisión: El desprendimiento de un órgano maduro o envejecido, como un fruto maduro o una hoja vieja.
zona de abscisión: Una capa especializada de tejido que permite que un órgano se desprenda por abscisión cuando está maduro o senescente. Tal tejido se forma comúnmente, por ejemplo, en la base de un pecíolo o pedicelo .
acaule: No tener tallo aparente , o al menos ninguno visible sobre la superficie del suelo. ^{[1] Los} ejemplos incluyen algunas especies de Agave , Oxalis y Attalea . ^[2] Antónimo de caulescente (que posee tallo)
accrescente: Aumento de tamaño con la edad, como un cáliz que continúa creciendo después de que la corola ha caído, ^[1] por ejemplo, en Physalis peruviana .
accumbente: Acostado contra otra parte de la planta; cuando se aplica a un cotiledón , significa que un borde del cotiledón se encuentra a lo largo de la radícula .
-aceae: Un sufijo agregado a la raíz de un nombre genérico para formar el nombre de una familia taxonómica ; por ejemplo, Rosaceae es la familia de las rosas, cuyo género tipo es Rosa .
aquenio: Fruto indehiscente seco de una sola semilla ^[3] en el que el verdadero fruto no es la llamada "baya", sino los aquenios, que son las llamadas "semillas" en la infrutescencia , por ejemplo, en el género Fragaria .
acicular: Delgado o en forma de aguja. ^[3]
acropetal: Pasar de las raíces a las hojas, por ejemplo, de señales moleculares en plantas.
acrofilo: Las hojas regulares de una planta madura, producidas por encima de la base, a diferencia de la batifila .
acróstico: (que describe un tipo de soro ) Cubre toda la superficie abaxial de una fronda , generalmente densamente, como en Elaphoglossum y Acrostichum .
actino-: Un prefijo que indica un patrón, forma o morfología radial .
actinodroma: ( Nervadura de la hoja ) Nervadura palmeada o dispuesta radialmente con tres o más nervaduras primarias que surgen en o cerca de la base de la hoja y alcanzan o no el margen .
actinomorfo: Regular o radialmente simétrico; ^[4] puede dividirse en dos mitades similares en al menos dos planos. Se aplica, por ejemplo, a las estelas y flores en las que lossegmentos de perianto dentro de cada verticilo son similares en tamaño y forma. Compare regular ; contraste asimétrico , irregular y cigomórfico .
aculeato: Armado con espinas, ^[5] por ejemplo, el tallo de una rosa.
puntiagudo: Se estrecha gradualmente hasta un punto, con los lados cóncavos acercándose al punto. ^[5] Contraste agudo y mucronato .
agudo: 1. Muy puntiagudo, pero no estirado, con lados rectos acercándose a la punta. ^[5] Contraste acuminado .; 2. Convergencia en un ángulo de menos de 90 °. Contraste obtuso .
anuncio-: Un prefijo que significa "cerca o hacia"; también significa "añadido a". ^[5]
adaxial: La superficie de un órgano que mira hacia el eje del órgano, ^[5] por ejemplo, la superficie superior de un órgano lateral como una hoja o un pétalo. Contraste abaxial .
adelfa: Plural: adelphiae. Un haz o estructura de estambres que forman una unidad en una flor adelfa ; por ejemplo, el tubo del estambre alrededor del pistilo de Hibiscus .
adelfa: Tener órganos, particularmente filamentos como estambres, conectados en una o más adelphiae , ya sea en forma de racimos o tubos, como se ve comúnmente en familias como Malvaceae . El uso del término no es consistente; algunos autores incluyen filamentos muy agrupados, mientras que otros incluyen solo adelphiae en los que los filamentos están conectados en sus bases al menos. Ver por ejemplo, Sims: "... los filamentos están tan apretados que tienen la apariencia de ser monadelfos ...". ^[6] Compare términos derivados como monadelfos , que tienen estambres que crecen en un solo racimo o tubo, por ejemplo en Hibiscus , y diadelfos que crecen en dos racimos.
adherente: Ligeramente unido a un órgano de otro tipo, ^[5] generalmente a una parte de otro verticilo, por ejemplo, un sépalo conectado a un pétalo. Contraste adnate .
adnato: Crecido a partir de un órgano de un tipo diferente o estrechamente fusionado con él, ^[5] especialmente a lo largo de un margen , por ejemplo, un estambre fusionado con un pétalo. Las anteras adnatas tienen sus mitades unidas al filamento en la mayor parte de su longitud. ( Connato de contraste .)
adventicio: Producido en una posición impredecible o inusual, ^[5] por ejemplo, una yema adventicia producida a partir de un tallo en lugar de la axila más típica de una hoja . Las raíces adventicias pueden desarrollarse a partir de nudos de tallos postrados de algunas especies de plantas, o del hipocótilo en lugar de la radícula de una monocotiledónea en germinación .
adventista: Introducido accidentalmente ^[5] (generalmente se refiere a una maleza ).
aéreo: Del aire; creciendo o transportado por encima de la superficie del suelo o del agua. ^[7]
estivación: La disposición de los sépalos y pétalos o sus lóbulos en un capullo sin expandir . Versin de contraste .
aff. (affinis): Con afinidad con los demás, similar a; se utiliza a menudo para un taxón reconocido provisionalmente pero sin nombre considerado cercano a ese nombre, quizás una variante híbrida o extrema.
fruta agregada: Un racimo de frutos formado a partir de los carpelos libres de una sola flor, por ejemplo, una mora . Compare varias frutas .
mala hierba agrícola: Ver marihuana .
agrófico: una serie de venas en forma de peine que se bifurcan desde un solo lado de una vena primaria o secundaria
alate: Tener un ala o alas.
albumen: Un nombre más antiguo para el endospermo de las plantas con flores. Excepto por ser un tejido de almacenamiento de nutrientes, no se parece en nada a la albúmina (clara de huevo ) de los embriones animales.
albuminoso: (de semillas ) Que contienen endospermo .
-ventas: Un sufijo agregado a la raíz de un nombre genérico o descriptivo para formar el nombre de un orden taxonómico .
extraterrestre: Cualquier planta introducida en un área fuera de su área de distribución natural. A menudo se usa indistintamente o en combinación con extranjeros , exóticos , no nativos y no indígenas .
alcaloide: Cualquiera de una clase vagamente definida de compuestos orgánicos que se encuentran en los tejidos de muchas especies de plantas. Las moléculas de alcaloide tienen uno o más átomos de nitrógeno que reaccionan con álcalis en sus estructuras de carbono. Muchos alcaloides son comercialmente importantes como fármacos o venenos, por ejemplo, cafeína , morfina , quinina y estricnina , cada uno de los cuales se encuentra naturalmente en ciertas plantas.
alterno: 1. (adj.) (De hojas o flores ) Nacen individualmente en diferentes niveles a lo largo de un tallo , incluidas las partes en espiral. Contraste opuesto .; 2. (prep.) Ocurre entre otra cosa, por ejemplo, estambres alternando con pétalos .
amento: Sinónimo de amento .
anfitropo: Cuando el óvulo se dobla para que ambos extremos estén cerca el uno del otro. Contraste anátropo , campilótropo y ortótropo .
amplexicaul: Con la base dilatada y agarrando el tallo, generalmente de hojas.
estrella de amylum: un cuerpo propagativo vegetativo lleno de almidón (amylum) y ubicado alrededor de los nudos inferiores de ciertas agripalmas .
anastomosis: Se ramifica y luego se vuelve a unir, como con la nervadura de la hoja .
anastomosis: Una conexión o fusión de dos o más venas que normalmente divergen o se ramifican, formando así una red.
anátropo: (de un óvulo ) Invertido para que el micropilo mire hacia la placenta (esta es la orientación de óvulos más común en las plantas con flores). Contraste amphitropous , campylotropous y ortótropo .
androdioico: Tener flores bisexuales y flores masculinas en individuos separados. Contraste andromonoico , poligamodioico , poligamomonoico y polígamo .
androceo: Un nombre colectivo para las partes reproductoras masculinas de una flor ; los estambres de una flor considerados colectivamente. Gineceo de contraste . A abreviado ; por ejemplo, A 3 + 3 indica seis estambres en dos verticilos .
andróginophore: Un tallo que lleva tanto el androceo como el gineceo de una flor por encima del nivel de inserción del perianto .
andrógino: Tener flores masculinas y femeninas en la misma inflorescencia .
andróforo: El tallo o columna que sostiene los estambres en ciertas flores.
andromonoico: Tener flores bisexuales y flores masculinas en la misma planta individual. Contraste androdioico , ginomonoico , poligamodioico , poligamonoico y polígamo .
anemófilo: Adaptado a la polinización por viento .
anemofilia: Adaptación a la polinización por viento .
angiosperma: Una planta con flores ; una planta con semillas en desarrollo encerradas en un ovario .
anisomery: La condición de tener un verticilo floral con un número diferente (generalmente menor) de partes de los otros verticilos florales.
anisotómico: Ramificación, con ramas que tienen diámetros desiguales, como un tronco y su rama. Contraste isotómico .
anual: Una planta que completa su ciclo de vida (es decir, germina, se reproduce y muere) en un solo año o temporada de crecimiento.
anillo: 1. Una estructura en forma de anillo; en forma de anillo. Las cerdas de pappus a veces se unen a un anillo llamado anillo o disco en la parte superior del pico del aquenio . En algunos granos de polen , la exina alrededor de las aberturas es más gruesa o más delgada. En los poros, este borde se denomina anillo. Algunas flores tienen constricciones en forma de anillo en la boca de la flor, por ejemplo, en Huernia y Aristolochia .; 2. Un anillo de células especializadas en el esporangio .
anterior: Colocado al frente, hacia el ápice . Compare distal .
anthemoide: En Compositae , un estilo con un mechón de pelos en forma de cepillo en la punta de cada rama del estilo.
antera: La parte portadora de polen de un estambre .
antherode: Una antera estéril de un estaminodo .
antesis: 1. (de una flor) El período durante el cual se presenta el polen y / o el estigma es receptivo.; 2. (de una planta con flores) El período durante el cual están presentes las flores en antesis. No definido para algunos casos, como cuando el polen se libera en la yema.
antocarpo: Un tipo de fruto en el que una parte de la flor persiste adherida al pericarpio , por ejemplo, en Nyctaginaceae .
antóforo: Una estructura en forma de tallo, entrenudo ubicado entre el cáliz y las otras partes de la flor.
anticlinal: Apuntando hacia arriba, lejos de o perpendicular a una superficie. Contraste periclinal .
antrorse: Dirigido hacia o hacia arriba, por ejemplo, de los pelos de un tallo. Retorno de contraste .
apétalo: Sin pétalos .
apéndice: pl. ápices
La punta; el punto más alejado del punto de unión.
afanntoso: (de flores) Inconspicuo o poco ostentoso, a diferencia de fanerante o llamativo.
aflebia: pl. aphlebiae
Terminaciones de hojas imperfectas o irregulares que se encuentran comúnmente en helechos y fósiles de helechos del período Carbonífero .
apical: En o sobre el ápice de una estructura, generalmente un brote , un tallo o el tronco de un árbol, por ejemplo, un meristemo apical o una yema apical .
apiculado: especialmente de hojas, terminando en una punta triangular corta.
afortunadamente: Una forma de polinización mediante la cual el polen es distribuido por las abejas melíferas .
apo-: Un prefijo que significa "lejos de, separado, sin".
apocarpo: (de un gineceo ) Consiste en uno o más carpelos que están libres entre sí (o casi), por ejemplo, en miembros de Ranunculaceae y Dilleniaceae .
apomixis: adj. apomíctico
Tipo de reproducción asexual mediante la cual las semillas o esporas viables se producen asexualmente, sin fertilización , de modo que el material genético que contienen es un clon del material genético de los padres. Una planta producida de esta manera se llama apomict .
apomorfia: En cladística , una "forma diferente" de la forma de un antepasado (es decir, una innovación ) de uso para determinar la pertenencia a un clado .
apopétalo: Tener pétalos separados , no fusionados ( simétalos ).
apófisis: 1. La parte externa de una escala de cono .; 2. Una consecuencia de un órgano o un agrandamiento de un tallo .
apéndice: Una parte secundaria unida a una estructura principal; un crecimiento externo que rara vez tiene una función obvia, por lo tanto, apendicular .
apendicular: Tener la naturaleza de un apéndice s.
apresado: Presionadas de cerca pero no fusionadas, por ejemplo, hojas contra un tallo.
planta acuática: Una planta cuyo hábitat natural es el agua, que vive en el agua o sobre el agua durante la totalidad o una parte sustancial de su vida útil; generalmente restringido a aguas dulces o continentales.
aracnoides: Telaraña, por estar cubierta de finos pelos blancos.
arborescente: Parecido a un árbol en crecimiento o apariencia general.
arboreto: pl. arboreta
Una colección de árboles organizada taxonómicamente .
arqueófito: Un no- nativo planta que ha sido sin embargo, presente en un área geográfica particular por algún tiempo. Neófito de contraste .
arquegonio: Estructura u órgano multicelular de la fase gametofito de ciertas plantas, que produce y contiene el óvulo o gameto femenino. El órgano masculino correspondiente se llama anteridio.
arctotoide: En las Compositae , un estilo con un anillo de pelos arrolladores que nace en el eje del estilo próximo a las ramas del estilo.
areolado: Tener o estar compuesto de areolas , como un liquen areolado costroso .
areola: 1. Un espacio entre los hilos de una red, por ejemplo, la parte de la superficie de una hoja definida por cada uno de los elementos de una red de venas ; como ocurre con los cactus, el área entre los nervios de una hoja.; 2. Una estructura en el nudo del tallo de un cactus ; la región de un cactus sobre el que nacen espinas y flores.; 3. En liquenología , una pieza poligonal de la superficie de un talo donde se rompe un liquen incrustado como pintura vieja seca y agrietada, o como las "islas" poligonales de barro seco en el lecho de un lago seco .
arilo: Apéndice membranoso o carnoso formado por la expansión del funículo que cubre parcial o totalmente una semilla , por ejemplo, la capa exterior carnosa de la fruta de lichi , o la que se encuentra en miembros de las Sapindaceae .
aristate: Con una punta o arista rígida en forma de cerda .
artículo: Un segmento de un tallo articulado o de una fruta con constricciones entre las semillas; una parte del órgano que se separa fácilmente del resto del órgano en una articulación o articulación.
articular: Articulado separándose libremente, dejando una cicatriz limpia; por ejemplo, las frondas de ciertos helechos donde se unen al rizoma .
ascendente: 1. (de un tallo ) Se extiende horizontalmente, luego se dirige hacia arriba; un tallo ascendente está más o menos postrado cerca de su base, luego erecto .; 2. (de un óvulo ) Adherido algo por encima de la base.
reproducción asexual: Reproducción que no involucra gametos . A menudo se usa indistintamente con reproducción vegetativa .
aspereza: Tener una textura rugosa y similar al papel de lija, por ejemplo, algunas superficies de hojas.
asimétrico: Irregular o desigual; sin ningún plano de simetría ; por ejemplo, flores de Canna .
atenuar: Estrechando gradualmente.
aurícula: Un lóbulo en forma de oreja , particularmente un apéndice lateral pequeño y redondeado de una hoja o un órgano con forma de hoja.
arista: 1. Cualquier apéndice largo con forma de cerda .; 2. En las Poaceae , un apéndice que termina o en el dorso de las glumas y / o lemas de algunas espiguillas de gramíneas .; 3. En las Geraniaceae , la parte del estilo que queda adherida al carpelo que se separa del carpóforo (columna).; 4. Un elemento de pappus generalmente recto y rígido , que varía desde rígidas en forma de cerdas hasta duras y en forma de aguja. En Strophanthus , la arista es el pico de la semilla , el tallo de los pelos en coma .
axila: El ángulo superior entre una parte de una planta y otra, por ejemplo, el tallo y una hoja.
axil: Sobre un eje; de una placenta , en el eje central del ovario .
axilar: Nacido en la axila o surgiendo de ella , por lo general se refiere a la axila de una hoja.
eje: El tallo principal de una planta entera o inflorescencia ; también, la línea a lo largo de la cual se extiende este tallo.

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baculiforme: En forma de varilla; más largo que ancho. Comparar cilíndrico .
lengüeta: Un punto orientado hacia atrás, como en un anzuelo .
mordaz: Tener púas apuntando en una dirección.
barbellado: Tener pelos con púas ( barbellae ).
ladrar: La capa externa protectora de tejido en los tallos y raíces de árboles y arbustos leñosos ; incluye todo el tejido vivo y no vivo externo al cambium .
basal: Situado o adosado en la base.
basificado: Algo unido por su base, por ejemplo, una antera unida al filamento . Compare dorsifixed .
basipetal: Se desarrolla secuencialmente desde el ápice hacia la base (es decir, con las más jóvenes hacia la base), por ejemplo, de flores en una inflorescencia . Además, pasar de las hojas a las raíces, por ejemplo, de señales moleculares en plantas.
batifilo: Una hoja especializada producida en la base de una planta, generalmente cuando la planta es inmadura, y que sirve para anclar la planta a un sustrato; especialmente notable en el helecho Teratophyllum . Acrófilo de contraste .
pico: Proyección terminal prominente y puntiaguda, especialmente de un carpelo o fruto .
baya: Un tipo de fruta indehiscente con las semillas sumergidas en la pulpa, por ejemplo, un tomate .
bi-: Un prefijo que significa "dos"; por ejemplo , bisulcado , que tiene dos surcos o ranuras.
bienal: Una planta que completa su ciclo de vida (es decir, germina, se reproduce y muere) en dos años o temporadas de crecimiento. Las plantas bienales suelen formar una roseta basal de hojas en el primer año y luego florecen y fructifican en el segundo año.
bífido: Ahorquillado; cortar en dos por aproximadamente la mitad de su longitud. Compárese con trífido .
bifoliado: (de una hoja compuesta ) que tiene precisamente dos folíolos , generalmente en un par simétrico, por ejemplo, una hoja de Colophospermum mopane . Compárese las hojas lobuladas de jugate , por ejemplo, la mayoría de las especies de Bauhinia .
bifusiforme: Fusiforme con un pellizco en el medio.
morder: Ternate , con cada división dividida en tres.
bilabiado: Tener dos labios, por ejemplo, la forma de los pétalos en muchas flores irregulares .
bilateral: 1. Tener dos lados distinguibles, como las dos caras de una hoja dorsiventral .; 2. Dispuestos en lados opuestos, p. Ej. Hojas en un tallo ; cf. distichous y opuesto .; 3. Simétrico bilateralmente, como en una hoja con un contorno simétrico.
bilocular: Tener dos lóculos , por ejemplo, en anteras u ovarios .
binomio: Haciendo uso de nombres que constan de dos palabras para formar el nombre científico (o combinación) en forma latina. Por ejemplo, donde el primero es el nombre del género al que pertenece la especie y el segundo es el epíteto específico que se le da a esa especie para distinguirla de otras del mismo género.
nomenclatura binomial: El sistema de nomenclatura en el que el nombre científico de una especie (y no de un taxón en cualquier otro rango) es una combinación de dos nombres, siendo el primer nombre el nombre genérico . El segundo nombre se conoce botánicamente como el epíteto específico . Tenga en cuenta que los dos nombres juntos (no solo el segundo nombre) constituyen el nombre de la especie.
bipinnado: Doblemente pinnado ; por ejemplo, una hoja compuesta con folíolos individuales divididos pinnadamente.
bipinnatisect: Una hoja pinnatisecta con segmentos profundamente disecados.
bisexual: Tener órganos reproductores masculinos y femeninos; generalmente, flores con estambres y carpelos ; sinónimo de hermafrodita , sinoica y monoclinosa . Las flores bisexuales ocurren solo en plantas monoicas . Ver también morfología reproductiva andrógina , monoica y vegetal .
bitegmico: (de un óvulo ) Cubierto por dos tegumentos . Contraste unitegmic .
bivalvo: Tener dos válvulas o partes con bisagras. Trivalva de contraste .
espada: La lámina o aplanada parte de una hoja , excluyendo el tallo o pecíolo .
florecer: Polvo ceroso blanco o azulado fino que se encuentra en las partes de la planta, generalmente tallos, hojas y frutos. Se quita fácilmente frotando.
tronco: El tronco de un árbol, generalmente la porción debajo de la rama más baja. Compare el dosel .
bostrychoid: Dispuestos sobre una superficie cónica (como la concha de un caracol); se utiliza para describir las inflorescencias en las que las yemas están dispuestas de manera casi helicoidal en el exterior de un raquis cónico largo y ahusado .
bráctea: Hoja modificada asociada con una flor o inflorescencia y que difiere en forma, tamaño o color de otras hojas (y sin yema axilar ).
bracteado: Poseer brácteas .
bractéola: Una pequeña bráctea que nace individualmente o en pares sobre el pedicelo o cáliz ; sinónimo de bráctea .
bracteolate: Poseer bractéolas (brácteas).
bráctea: Ver bractéola .
rama: Una pequeña rama .
brevideciduo: Una planta que pierde todas sus hojas solo brevemente antes de que crezcan otras nuevas, de modo que se queda sin hojas solo por poco tiempo, por ejemplo, aproximadamente dos semanas.
cerda: Cabello liso y rígido (liso o con dientes diminutos); la parte superior de un toldo (cuando este último está doblado y tiene una parte inferior, más gruesa y generalmente torcida, llamada columna ).
brochidodromous: Nervadura de la hoja pinnada en la que las nervaduras secundarias no terminan en el margen de la hoja, sino que se unen en una sucesión de arcos prominentes.
brochus: pl. brochi
Ancho de un lumen de un retículo de granos de polen y la mitad del ancho de los muri (paredes) circundantes, por lo tanto heterobrocado y homobrocado , donde las luminas son de tamaños diferentes o similares, respectivamente.
briofita: De manera informal, cualquier planta que sea musgo , agrimonia o hepática . Formalmente, estas plantas se colocan en tres divisiones separadas: hornworts ( Anthocerophyta ), hepáticas ( Marchantiophyta ) y musgos ( Bryophyta ).
bulbo: Órgano de almacenamiento grueso, generalmente subterráneo, que consta de un tallo y bases de hojas (las internas carnosas).
bulbel: Una bombilla que surge de otra bombilla. Ver bulblet .
bulbil: Un bulbo o tubérculo pequeño de hoja caduca formado en la axila de una hoja o pabellón auricular ; un medio de propagación vegetativa.
bulblet: Una bombilla que surge de otra bombilla; un bulbo .
bullate: Tener ampollas redondeadas o globulares en la superficie.
rebaba: 1. Una fruta espinosa .; 2. Un propágulo rugoso o espinoso que consiste en una semilla o fruto y las partes florales o brácteas asociadas .
contrafuerte de la raíz: A raíz crece de un vástago sobre el suelo o en el maletero, y proporcionar apoyo, por ejemplo, comúnmente de Ficus macrophylla .
byssoid: Una forma de crecimiento de un talo de liquen que es susurrante, como lana burlona .

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C, C−, C +: En liquenología , "C" es una abreviatura del resultado de la prueba de colocar una solución al 5% de hipoclorito de calcio o hipoclorito de sodio (p. Ej., Lejía casera sin aditivos) en la corteza o médula de un liquen , para notar el cambio de color, sin reacción. se indica como "C−", y la producción de un color brillante se indica como "C +".
caduco: Caída temprana, por ejemplo, los sépalos de amapola, que se caen cuando los pétalos comienzan a abrirse. Compare persistente y fugaz .
cespitoso: Copetudo o similar al césped, por ejemplo, la forma de crecimiento de algunas hierbas.
calcarate: que posee una espuela .
calcáreo: Un tipo de suelo o un tipo de roca sustrato de líquenes que es rico o está compuesto en gran parte por carbonato de calcio .
calloso: Curtido; espesado calloso.
callo: pl. calli
1. Una masa de tejido que sobresale; 2. Crecimiento de tejido indiferenciado formado en respuesta a la herida; puede cultivarse in vitro .; 3. En las orquídeas, excrecencias carnosas del labelo que pueden tener diversas formas, desde papilas hasta placas.; 4. En las gramíneas, una extensión endurecida desde la base de un flósculo (formado por la articulación de la raquilla y / o la base de la lema ) que puede o no alargarse y que a menudo está cubierto de pelos o cerdas.
calicifloroso: Tener pétalos y estambres adheridos al cáliz .
calicofila: Una estructura similar a una hoja formada por un lóbulo de sépalo o cáliz que se agranda, generalmente muchas veces, antes o después de la antesis , especialmente cuando la mayoría de los otros sépalos o lóbulos del cáliz conservan su tamaño original. Más extremo que un acrescente cáliz, calycophylls se encuentran en Rubiaceae . Comparar semaphyll y pterophyll .
calicular: Tener un epicáliz .
calculo: 1. Una estructura en forma de copa formada por brácteas que se asemejan a un cáliz externo .; 2. En algunas Asteraceae , un círculo de brácteas debajo del involucro .
caliptra: Una capucha o tapa. Ver opérculo .
cáliz: pl. cálices
Término colectivo para los sépalos de una flor; el verticilo exterior de una flor, generalmente verde. Compárese con la corola .
tubo de cáliz: Un tubo formado por la fusión de los sépalos ( cáliz ), al menos en la base.
cambium: Una capa de tejido que proporciona células parcialmente indiferenciadas para el crecimiento de las plantas.
en forma de la campana: En forma de campana.
camptodromo: Nervadura pinnada en la que las venas secundarias se curvan hacia los márgenes, en algunos casos se vuelven casi paralelas a ellas y no se reconectan con otras venas para formar bucles.
campilótropo: Cuando el óvulo está orientado transversalmente (es decir, con su eje en ángulo recto con su tallo) y con un saco embrionario curvo . Compare anfitropo , anátropo y ortótropo .
canaliculado: Canalizado; que tiene una ranura longitudinal.
grisáceo: Se acerca al color blanco, como en una hoja cubierta de plumón o lana blanca.
pabellón: Las ramas y el follaje de un árbol; la corona . También se refiere a la capa superior protectora de un bosque. Compare el maletero .
capilar: 1. Un tubo, poro o pasaje con una sección transversal interna estrecha.; 2. Delgado; parecido a un cabello.
en forma de la cabeza: 1. (de una inflorescencia ) Tiene una cabeza en forma de nudo, con las flores sin pedúnculo y agregadas en un denso racimo.; 2. (de un estigma ) Como la cabeza de un alfiler.
capitulo: Un grupo denso de sésiles o subsésiles flores o floretes , por ejemplo, una flor de la cabeza de la familia de las margaritas, Asteraceae . Ver pseudantio .
cápsula: Fruto seco formado a partir de dos o más carpelos unidos y que se dehisce cuando está maduro (por lo general, partiéndose en pedazos o abriéndose en la cima con dientes o poros).
carduoide: En las Asteraceae , tiene un estilo con un anillo de pelos arrastrados en el eje del estilo debajo de las ramas del estilo.
carina: Ver quilla .
canal carinal: Una cavidad longitudinal en los tallos de Equisetum y Equisetopsida extinta , coincidiendo con una cresta en la superficie del tallo.
carnoso: Color carne, especialmente cuando se aplica a algunas flores.
carnosa, carnosa: De textura carnosa o pulposa, especialmente cuando se aplica a algunos tejidos u órganos. Contraste coriáceo y córneo .
trocito de fruta: El órgano reproductor femenino básico en las angiospermas , ya sea que consta de un solo esporofilo o un solo lóculo de un ovario compuesto , con un estilo y un estigma . El gineceo es el término colectivo para todos los carpelos de una sola flor .
carpopodio: En aquenios (Cypselas), un alargamiento de la base del gineceo que se ve distinto; la zona de abscisión , donde el aqueno se separa del receptáculo .
de cartílago: Duro y duro; cartilaginoso. Compare córnea y coriácea .
carúncula: Un pequeño trozo de tejido similar a la carne, generalmente abultado o verrugoso, que crece en la testa cerca del hilio . Arilo de contraste .
cariópside: Fruto seco, indehiscente , de una sola semilla en el que la cubierta de la semilla se fusiona estrechamente con la pared del fruto, por ejemplo, en la mayoría de las gramíneas.
Franja de Casparia: Una banda continua de suberina en las paredes celulares primarias radiales de la endodermis en los tallos y raíces de las plantas vasculares que forma una barrera de permeabilidad a la difusión pasiva de agua externa y solutos en el tejido vascular.
cassideous: Con forma de capucha, casco o capota; generalmente se refiere a la anatomía floral, por ejemplo, en las flores de Aconitum , Satyrium , etc.
extraterrestre casual: Una planta exótica que aparece sin asistencia humana aparente pero que no desarrolla una población sostenida, o una que persiste solo por nuevas introducciones repetidas. Comparar alien .
catafilo: Cualquier estructura vegetal que sea morfológicamente una hoja pero que tenga como máximo una función fotosintética incidental o transitoria . O bien se desprenden cuando su función principal ha sido completada, o bien se incorporan a estructuras donde, cuando mueren, tienen un propósito protector o de apoyo.
catenular: En forma de cadena; formado por partes o células conectadas como si estuvieran encadenadas, por ejemplo, algunas diatomeas , algas y cianobacterias como Anabaena . Véase también concatenar .
pendiente: Una espiga , generalmente colgante, en la que la mayoría de las flores pequeñas son unisexuales y sin un perianto llamativo , por ejemplo, en sauces , álamos , robles y casuarinas . Las flores individuales a menudo tienen brácteas escamosas y generalmente son polinizadas por el viento . Los amentos generalmente se arrojan como una unidad.
con la cola: Tener un apéndice o una punta angosta en forma de cola, por ejemplo, una punta de goteo . Contraste acuminado , cuspidado y mucronado .
caudex: pl. caudices
El tallo de una planta, especialmente leñosa ; también se utiliza para significar un patrón , o particularmente una estructura de tallo basal o un órgano de almacenamiento del que surge un nuevo crecimiento. Compárese con lignotuber .
caudiciforme: En forma de tallo o caudex ; a veces se usa para significar " pachycaul ", que significa "de tallo grueso".
caulescente: que posee un tallo bien desarrollado sobre el suelo, similar al caulino . Antonym de acaulescent (que carece de un vástago aparente)
caulina: Nace en un tallo aéreo o caulis , como con hojas, flores o frutos (cuando se aplica a los dos últimos órganos, generalmente se refiere a tallos más viejos; sinónimo de cauliflorous ).
célula: 1. La unidad microscópica básica de la estructura de la planta, que generalmente consta de compartimentos en un fluido viscoso rodeado por una pared celular .; 2. Una cavidad de una antera o un ovario .
cenanthous: (de un perianto ) Sin estambres ni pistilo , es decir, una flor sin androceo ni gineceo .
centrifugado: De un órgano de dos ramas unido por su centro, por ejemplo, un cabello o una antera .
ceraceous: Tener una apariencia, color o textura cerosa, por ejemplo, flores de muchas especies de Ceropegia y el fruto ceroso de algunas especies de Myrica .
cernuo: Asintiendo, cayendo de cabeza o boca abajo; inclinado, agachado o inclinado hacia adelante. Se aplica a muchas especies con el hábito de inclinar la cabeza y agacharse , como muchas especies de Narcissus y Dierama . Muchas especies de plantas llevan el epíteto específico " cernua ".
cespitoso: Una ortografía alternativa de cespitosa , que significa copetudo o similar al césped, por ejemplo, la forma de crecimiento de algunas hierbas.
cartáceo: Tener una textura parecida al papel.
cámara: La cavidad del ovario .
canalizado: Hundido debajo de la superficie, dando como resultado un canal redondeado.
casmogamo: De flores que se polinizan cuando el perianto está abierto. Compárese con cleistógamo .
casmofita: Planta adaptada para crecer en grietas o huecos, como en los acantilados. Compárese cremnophyte . ^[8]^[9]
quimera: Un individuo compuesto por dos o más tejidos genéticamente distintos, más comúnmente como resultado de un injerto y, a veces, por mutaciones que ocurren durante la división celular o las transferencias celulares durante el desarrollo de la semilla.
quiropterófilo: Polinizado por murciélagos .
clorofila: Cualquiera de una variedad de pigmentos químicos diferentes en los cloroplastos que son esenciales para la fotosíntesis .
cloroplasto: Un orgánulo presente en células de la planta que contiene clorofila .
clorosis: Una falta anormal o palidez de color en un órgano normalmente verde.
cilios: cantar. cilio ; adj. ciliados
Pelos muy pequeños o protuberancias similares a pelos más o menos confinados a los márgenes de un órgano, como ocurre con las pestañas; en las células móviles, protuberancias diminutas parecidas a pelos que ayudan a la motilidad.
circina: Enrollado en espiral con la punta más interna, por ejemplo, vernación circinada de las frondas en desarrollo de la mayoría de los helechos.
cirrosis: (de una hoja) Terminando en un zarcillo en el ápice .
cladodio: Una rama o tallo fotosintético , a menudo con forma de hoja y generalmente con hojas de follaje ausentes o muy reducidas. Compárese con phyllode .
clase: La categoría principal para la clasificación de taxones entre división y orden .
clatrato: Con forma de red o celosía; perforado con aberturas, como con una jaula.
clavar: En forma de maza.
clavúncula: En las Apocynaceae , un estigma agrandado en forma de tambor del cual los lados y la superficie inferior son las zonas receptivas. Coherente con las anteras o no.
garra: 1. Porción basal angosta, parecida a un tallo, de un pétalo , sépalo o bráctea .; 2. En Melaleuca , la porción unida de un haz de estambres .
cleistógamo: Tener flores que se autopolinizan y nunca se abren completamente, o que se autopolinizan antes de abrirse. Compárese con casmogamo .
trepador: Una planta que crece más o menos erecta al apoyarse o enroscarse alrededor de otra estructura para soporte, o al aferrarse con zarcillos .
cline: adj. clinal
Una variación morfológica continua en la forma dentro de una especie o, a veces, entre dos especies.
clon: Planta derivada de la reproducción vegetativa asexual de una planta madre, teniendo ambas plantas composiciones genéticas idénticas.
coalescente: Hacer que las partes de la planta se fusionen o crezcan juntas para formar una sola unidad.
cocleariforme: Cóncava y en forma de cuchara.
cocleato: Enroscada como la concha de un caracol.
cenobio: Colonia ordenada de algas que actúa como un solo organismo.
cenocito: Una sola célula con múltiples núcleos , formada cuando la división nuclear no fue seguida por citocinesis .
coleoptilo: Un tipo de vaina en la estructura de las semillas monocotiledóneas . El coleoptilo es una vaina o capuchón protector ( pileus ), generalmente más o menos puntiagudo, que recubre la plúmula monocotiledónea a medida que emerge del suelo. Generalmente se vuelve verde y contribuye a la fotosíntesis hasta que su función es reemplazada por el crecimiento principal de la plántula. Contraste esto con la coleorhiza , que permanece bajo tierra hasta que es reemplazada cuando emergen las raíces.
coleorhiza: Un tipo de vaina en la estructura de las semillas monocotiledóneas . La coleorhiza conecta el coleoptilo a la radícula y protege la radícula monocotiledónea durante la germinación. A diferencia del coleóptilo, la coleorhiza está asociada a la raíz y no emerge del suelo durante la germinación. Coleoptilo de contraste .
colénquima: Un tejido especializado que consta de células vivas con paredes celulares de celulosa y pectina engrosadas de manera desigual que realiza una función de apoyo en órganos como hojas y tallos jóvenes que se componen de tejidos vegetales primarios.
coleccionista: Un cabello glandular multicelular que generalmente produce una sustancia mucilaginosa y se encuentra en sépalos , estípulas o pecíolos , o en partes cercanas de los tallos ; se encuentra comúnmente en plantas del orden Gentianales .
columela: En plantas con flores, el eje central del cono o fruto , por ejemplo en Callitris .
columna: 1. Una estructura que se extiende por encima del ovario e incorpora el estilo y los estambres también conocidos como gynostegium , por ejemplo, en orquídeas y algodoncillos .; 2. En los pastos, la parte inferior, más gruesa y generalmente retorcida de un arista , distinta de la parte superior delgada o cerda.
de columna: Con forma de columna.
coma: 1. Un mechón de pelos de testa o funiculus en uno o ambos extremos de algunas semillas, por ejemplo, en Strophanthus , Asclepias o Alstonia .; 2. Brácteas estériles , por ejemplo, en Curcuma , Ananas o Eucomis .; 3. Flores estériles , por ejemplo, en Muscari y Leopoldia , en el ápice de algunas inflorescencias .; 4. Un mechón de pelos en la base de algunas flores, por ejemplo, en Pfaffia gnaphalioides .; 5. Un mechón de pelos en el ápice o base de algunas espiguillas .; 6. Un mechón axilar de pelos en inflorescencias en algunas Poaceae , por ejemplo, en Eragrostis comata .
nombre comercial: Un nombre que a menudo no tiene una reputación botánica y no se rige por el ICNCP . El término generalmente se aplica a nombres tales como nombres de marcas comerciales, nombres cubiertos por derechos de obtentor, patentes y nombres promocionales, que a menudo se utilizan para mejorar la venta de una planta.
comisura: La costura o cara a la que se adhieren dos carpelos . Ver también fisura y sutura .
comunidad: Un conjunto ecológico de plantas que característicamente ocurren juntas.
compuesto: Compuesto por varias partes, por ejemplo, una hoja compuesta por múltiples folíolos , un gineceo compuesto por múltiples carpelos o una inflorescencia compuesta por múltiples inflorescencias más pequeñas.
palmeado compuesto: Tener folletos que irradian desde un punto central (generalmente en la parte superior de un pecíolo ), como dedos extendidos que irradian desde la palma de una mano. Compárese palmeado .
comprimido: Aplanado longitudinalmente, ya sea lateralmente (de lado a lado) o dorsalmente (de adelante hacia atrás).
concatenar: Unidos en forma de cadena. Véanse también concatenar y catenar .
concoloro: Tener el mismo color en todas partes; uniformemente coloreado.
conduplicado: Dispuestos de manera que dos lados de una superficie plana se pliegan a lo largo de la línea media uno frente al otro. Ver también ptyxis , estivación y vernación .
cono: Un tipo de fruto , generalmente leñoso , de ovoide a globular , que incluye escamas , brácteas o bractéolas dispuestas alrededor de un eje central, por ejemplo, en gimnospermas , especialmente coníferas y casuarina .
conflorescencia: Término de uso poco frecuente que describe diferencias sustanciales entre la estructura general de una inflorescencia y la de sus ramas individuales, por ejemplo, la cabeza de múltiples flores de cepillo de botella de miembros del género Callistemon .
congénito: Fusionada a otro órgano (u órganos) del mismo tipo, por ejemplo, pétalos en un tubo de corola gamopetalous . Compare adnate .
conectivo: La parte de una antera que conecta las células de la antera.
connivente: Entrar en contacto o converger.
conespecífico: Perteneciente a la misma especie .
contiguo: Contiguo, conmovedor, pero no unido.
retorcer: (de sépalos o pétalos ) Un tipo de estivación imbricada en la que un lado de cada segmento se superpone a uno de los segmentos adyacentes y el otro lado se superpone al otro segmento adyacente. Ver enrevesado .
contorsionado: Retorcido de la forma normal.
retorcer: 1. Refiriéndose a la disposición de los órganos florales o foliares en una yema cuando cada órgano o segmento tiene un borde que se superpone al órgano o segmento adyacente; una forma de arreglo imbricado . Ver contorsión .; 2. (de hojas ) Un tipo de vernación en la que una hoja se enrolla dentro de otra.; 3. Un tipo de vernación de dos hojas en un nudo , en el que la mitad de cada hoja está expuesta y la otra mitad se envuelve dentro de la otra hoja.
corculo: Un embrión de planta , plúmula o plúmula más radícula .
en aspecto de corazón: En forma de corazón, con la muesca más abajo; de la base de una hoja , como la parte con muescas de un corazón. Contraste obcordado .
coriáceo: Correoso; rígido y resistente, pero flexible. Compárese con córneo .
cormo: Base del tallo carnoso e hinchado , generalmente subterráneo y funcionando en el almacenamiento de reservas de alimento, con cogollos desnudos o cubiertos por escamas muy delgadas; un tipo de portainjerto . Los adjetivos derivados de "cormo" incluyen "cormose" y "cormo".
córneo: De textura córnea; rígido y duro, pero algo duro. Compárese coriáceo .
corola: Término colectivo para los pétalos de una flor . Compárese con cáliz .
corona: 1. En las plantas con flores, anillo de estructuras que pueden estar unidas en un tubo, que surgen de la corola o perianto de una flor y se colocan entre los lóbulos del perianto y los estambres . La trompeta de un narciso es una corona.; 2. En las gramíneas, anillo endurecido de tejido que sobrepasa la lema en algunas especies.
corteza: pl. cortezas o cortezas
En los líquenes, la "piel" o capa externa de tejido del talo que cubre la médula . Los líquenes fruticosos tienen una corteza que rodea las ramas, incluso en formas aplanadas en forma de hojas; los líquenes foliosos tienen cortezas superior e inferior diferentes; crustose , placodioid , y squamulose líquenes tienen una corteza superior, pero no la corteza inferior; y los líquenes de lepra carecen de corteza.
corticolous: Crece en corteza o en madera con la corteza arrancada. Compárese con lignicolous .
corimbo: adj. corimbosos
Una inflorescencia con ramas que surgen en diferentes puntos, pero que llegan a la misma altura, la flor dando un aspecto grupo encabezado por el piso.
costa: Una costilla .
costapalmate: Tiene una costa definida (nervadura central), a diferencia de la típica hoja palmada o en abanico, pero con los foliolos dispuestos radialmente como en una hoja palmada.
cotiledón: Hoja u hojas primarias de un embrión vegetal que, tras la germinación, se convierte en la hoja-semilla o en el primer conjunto de hojas.
craspedódromo: Nervadura pinnada en la que las venas secundarias terminan en los márgenes , a menudo como dientes.
crateriforme: En forma de platillo o taza poco profunda; hemisférico o más superficial.
cremnófito: Una planta adaptada para crecer, especialmente colgada de, acantilados o grietas. Compárese con casmofita . ^[8]^[9]
crenate: Tener dientes romos o redondeados; festoneado .
crenular: Minuto gratinado.
crujiente: Finamente rizado, como con los bordes de hojas y pétalos.
celda cristarque: A esclereidas que contiene una drusa y tiene la lignina depositada excéntricamente en la pared de la célula para formar una forma de copa, o en sección transversal , un ∪-forma.
corona: Ver dosel .
cruzar: Para hacer algo entrecruzado; el acto de hibridación.
en forma de cruz: En forma de cruz.
crustáceo: Duro, fino y quebradizo.
costroso: Formando una capa superficial o costra aplicada muy de cerca.
criptogama: Cualquiera de las "plantas inferiores" que producen esporas y no tienen estambres , ovarios ni semillas ; literalmente, plantas cuyos órganos reproductores sexuales no son visibles. Este grupo incluye típicamente helechos , briofitas y algas y, a veces, hongos (incluidos hongos liquenizados). Compárese con la fanerógama .
cucullar: En forma de capucha o encapuchado, comúnmente refiriéndose a la forma de hojas o pétalos, por ejemplo, Pelargonium cucullatum . Los términos derivados de manera similar incluyen cuculliform y cuccularis .
culmo: En pastos, juncos, juncos y algunas otras monocotiledóneas , un tallo aéreo que lleva la inflorescencia , se extiende estrictamente desde la base de la planta hasta la bráctea involucral más baja (o base de la inflorescencia).
cultigen: Planta cuyo origen o selección se debe principalmente a la actividad humana intencionada.
cultivar: Término derivado de "variedad cultivada" que denota un conjunto de plantas cultivadas claramente distinguidas por uno o más caracteres (morfológicos, fisiológicos, citológicos, químicos u otros). Cuando se reproduce (sexual o asexualmente), el ensamblaje conserva sus caracteres distintivos. Un cultivar puede surgir en cultivo o ser introducido de la naturaleza. Es una variante de interés o valor hortícola . Los nombres de los cultivares se escriben con comillas simples alrededor, por ejemplo, 'Alfombra azul' o 'Alba'. Todos los nombres nuevos establecidos después del 1 de enero de 1959 deben estar en lenguaje común (es decir, no en latín), pero los nombres establecidos en latín antes de esta fecha se conservan en forma latina.
epíteto de cultivar: La parte definitoria de un nombre que denomina una variedad . Los cultivares se designan mediante epítetos de fantasía (qv) añadidos al nombre científico o al nombre común del taxón al que pertenecen; no están en cursiva, sino entre comillas simples, por ejemplo, Rubus nitidoides 'Merton Early'. 'Merton Early' es el epíteto del cultivar.
cuneate: En forma de cuña, con lados rectos que convergen en una base.
cúpula: Estructura en forma de copa compuesta por brácteas coalescentes , como la copa de una bellota . Ver calbio .
cupular: Con forma de cúpula .
cupular: Cojinetes cúpulas .
cupuliforme: Casi hemisférico, con forma de cúpula o cúpula.
cúspide: Una punta dura, puntiaguda, más rígida y formidable que un mucro , por lo tanto cuspidada .
con fines de cúspide: Punta con una cúspide , como con algunas hojas.
cutícula: Una capa impermeabilizante que recubre la epidermis de las superficies de las plantas aéreas y está compuesta por los polímeros cutina , y / o cutan y ceras.
corte: Un apical punta de rodaje estructura, raíz , o de la hoja que se corta de una planta y se utiliza para la propagación vegetativa asexual.
ciatio: pl. Cyathia
Una inflorescencia de unisexuales flores rodeado de brácteas involucrales , especialmente las flores de Euphorbia .
ciatofila: En Euphorbia , la estructura similar a una bráctea sobre la que se asienta el involucro , por lo general, pero no siempre ocurre de dos en dos. A veces pueden tener colores brillantes y confundirse con pétalos .
cilíndrico: En forma de varilla y dos o tres veces más largo que ancho. Compárese con baculiforme .
cinaroide: Ver carduoide .
cima: adj. cymose
Tipo de inflorescencia en la que el eje principal y todas las ramas laterales terminan en una flor (cada lateral puede ramificarse repetidamente).
cymose: Tener un cyme o cymes.
cypsela: Un tipo de fruto indehiscente , seco, de una semilla, formado a partir de un ovario inferior .

D [ editar ]

Estacional, sano decorticación de Eucalyptus grandis corteza externa

Una máquina descortezadora que recoge la fibra de las hojas.

Decussate phyllotaxisde Crassula rupestris

Hoja dentada deolmo

Hojas denticuladas de Ziziphus mauritiana

Astragalus austriacus se considera diadelfia porque tiene un estambre suelto del adelfia principal(manojo).

Los cotiledones emparejados de una plántula de ricino ( Ricinus communis ) son típicos de una dicotiledónea .

Las hojas decoloradas de Brachylaena decoloran difieren en color entre sus superficies superior e inferior.

Floretes de disco que se abren en un capítulo de un Helianthus cultivado. Se abren progresivamente desde el borde hasta el centro del disco.

La diseminación se desarrolla en el tejido de loscarpelosdonde se encuentran para formarlóculosen la cápsula del ovario de Lilium.

Boophone disticha tienehojasllamativamente distintivas .

Domatia en la base de las espinas deAcacia drepanolobium, la "Espina Silbante". Tenga en cuenta los orificios de acceso.

Hojas dorsiventrales (bilaterales) deSyzygium gerrardiiy Triadica sebifera

Hojas de Epipremnum aureum tienen un cuspidate punta de goteo .

caduco

Dehiscencia y caída estacional, como con corteza , hojas o pétalos . Contraste persistente .

declinar .

Curvándose hacia abajo y luego hacia arriba en la punta. A menudo calificado, por ejemplo, ascendente en declive.

descomponer

Dividido en más de un nivel, por ejemplo, en hojas bipinnadas , en las que los folíolos de lo que de otro modo sería una hoja pinnada están divididos pinnadamente.

decorticar

1. (intr. V.) Despojarse de la corteza exterior de un árbol, generalmente estacionalmente como parte del ciclo de crecimiento natural.

2. (tr. V.) Quitar la cáscara, la corteza, la corteza u otros tejidos de la superficie de una planta o del material cosechado, como en la extracción de fibra de las hojas de Agave cosechadas .

decumbente

Tener ramas que crecen horizontalmente a lo largo del suelo pero que se vuelven hacia arriba en los extremos.

decurrente

Extendiéndose hacia abajo más allá del punto de inserción , por ejemplo, cuando la base de una hoja o una branquia fúngica se prolonga hacia abajo a lo largo del tallo en una línea elevada o un ala estrecha.

decusante

Sinónimo de decusado ; el uso de decussant es cuestionable y ocurre raramente, probablemente como un error. El uso formalmente correcto es decusado .

decusar .

Enfrente con pares sucesivos sostenidos en ángulo recto con el último; generalmente aplicado a la disposición de hojas .

definido

De un número constante, por ejemplo, dos veces más estambres que pétalos o sépalos (o menos), o una inflorescencia que termina en una flor o un capullo floral abortado , típicamente una inflorescencia cimosa . Contraste indefinido .

deflexionado

Doblado hacia abajo. Contraste inflexionado .

dehiscente

Abrirse en la madurez para liberar contenido; se refiere, por ejemplo, a la apertura de frutos para liberar semillas , de anteras para liberar polen y de esporangios para liberar esporas . Contraste indehiscente .

deltoides

Con forma de letra griega mayúscula Δ , es decir, como un triángulo más o menos equilátero.

dendróideo

Como un árbol ; ramificándose como un árbol.

dentado

Dentado , especialmente en referencia a los márgenes de las hojas .

denticular

Finamente dentado ; una forma diminuta de dentado .

desértico

Habitando un desierto.

determinado

Limitado, generalmente en crecimiento. Contraste indeterminado .

diadelfo

Se refiere a una clase de estructura adelfa en la que los estambres u órganos similares están conectados en dos adelfas en lugar de solo una.

diáspora

Cualquier parte reproductiva de una planta adaptada para la dispersión y el establecimiento de nuevas plantas; puede ser un diseminal, como una semilla , u otras partes, como brotes , ramas, inflorescencias o frutos especializados.

Dicasium

A cymose inflorescencia con todas las ramas por debajo de la flor terminal en regulares pares opuestos. Comparar monochasium y pleiochasium .

diclamidas

Tener un perianto que se divide en un cáliz y una corola separados . Compárese con homoclamidiosis .

dicotómico

Se bifurca en dos ramas iguales. Esto puede resultar de una división igual de la punta de crecimiento, o puede ser simpodial , en la que la punta de crecimiento se aborta y se reemplaza. Normalmente se refiere al modo de crecimiento de las ramas, como en Aloidendron dichotomum , pero también a otros órganos, como los patrones de venación en las hojas, las espinas de varias especies de Carissa (que morfológicamente son ramas) y los talos o hifas de varias algas y hongos

dicotiledón

También abreviado dicot .

Planta con flores cuyo embrión tiene dos o más cotiledones (hojas de semillas). Monocotiledóneas de contraste .

digitado

Con segmentos que se extienden desde un centro común, como los dedos de una mano. Véanse también palmar y palmatisecar .

dimórfico

Ocurre en dos formas diferentes (con respecto a la forma y / o tamaño), por ejemplo, de estambres , frondas u hojas. Véase también monomórfico (que tiene una sola forma) y polimórfico (que tiene muchas formas).

de dos sexos

(de plantas vasculares) Tener estructuras reproductivas masculinas y femeninas que se desarrollan solo en diferentes individuos y nunca en el mismo individuo. Contraste monoico .

dioico

(de un gametofito briófito ) Que tiene estructuras reproductivas masculinas y femeninas que se desarrollan solo en diferentes individuos y nunca en el mismo individuo. Contraste monoico .

diploide

Tener dos juegos completos de cromosomas en el núcleo de una célula esporofita , es decir, un juego de cada uno de los gametos parentales . Esto a menudo se expresa simbólicamente como 2n , donde n = el número de cromosomas en el gameto haploide .

diplostemonoso

Tiene estambres dispuestos en dos verticilos , con el verticilo exterior alternando con los pétalos mientras que el verticilo interior está opuesto a los pétalos. Compare obdiplostemonous y haplostemonous .

desct

También deletreado disco .

Placa o anillo de estructuras derivadas del receptáculo y que se encuentran entre los verticilos de las partes florales. En algunos grupos, especialmente en los sapindales , el nectario tiene la forma de un disco prominente. En las margaritas , la parte central del capítulo es un disco, por lo que las flores que nacen allí se denominan flores de disco o floretes .

discoido

Se asemeja a un disco o placa, que tiene tanto grosor como caras paralelas y con un margen redondeado. También se usa para describir la cabeza de la flor de Asteraceae donde no hay floretes radiales sino solo floretes del disco.

descolorido

(de hojas ) Que tienen superficies superior e inferior de diferentes colores.

desunido

Ocurriendo en áreas geográficas muy separadas, claramente separadas; se aplica a un rango discontinuo en el que una o más poblaciones están separadas de otras poblaciones potencialmente entrecruzadas con suficiente distancia como para evitar el flujo de genes entre ellas.

floret de disco

Una florecilla que ocurre más típicamente en el disco de la cabeza de un hueso de flores en la familia Asteraceae , y en cierta medida en otras plantas que llevan una cabeza de la floración con un disco, como Scabiosa .

disecado

Profundamente dividido; cortar en muchos segmentos.

disentir

Un tabique o tabique en una parte de la planta, que generalmente se refiere a los tabiques entre los lóculos de las cápsulas o de otras frutas con particiones múltiples.

distal

Alejado del punto de origen o apego; el final libre. Contraste proximal .

distichous

Dispuestos en dos filas opuestas (y por tanto en el mismo plano).

distinto

Separados o libres; no unidos.

distyly

Condición en la que las flores de una especie se presentan en dos formas que difieren solo por la longitud del estilo y los estambres , y las flores de solo una de estas formas aparecen en cualquier planta. Compare heterostiliamente .

diurno

Del día; ocurriendo o abriendo durante el día.

bifurcarse

Amplia difusión.

divergente

Se extiende en diferentes direcciones, generalmente hacia arriba.

división

Un rango taxonómico por debajo de reino en la jerarquía taxonómica estándar. "División" se usa generalmente solo para plantas, y es el equivalente botánico aproximado del término filo , que se usa para animales y otros reinos.

domatia

cantar. domatium

Cualquier estructura hueca formada por una planta habitada por animales como hormigas o ácaros.

dorsal

Del latín dorsum , una cresta o el lomo de un animal. En parte porque el término originalmente se refería a animales en lugar de plantas, el uso en botánica es arbitrario según el contexto y la fuente. En general, "dorsal" se refiere a "la superficie trasera o trasera o superior", pero en el uso botánico estos conceptos no siempre están claramente definidos y pueden ser contradictorios. Por ejemplo:

de espaldas al eje ( abaxial ) en un órgano lateral de una planta erecta
de espaldas al sustrato en cualquier parte de una planta erecta, por ejemplo, la superficie superior de una hoja más o menos horizontal ( adaxial ) o la parte superior de la corona de la planta
de espaldas al sustrato en una planta postrada o trepadora o en hojas flotantes como las de Nymphaea .

Los términos derivados o relacionados incluyen dorsad , "hacia la dorsal" y dorsum , "la parte dorsal del órgano u organismo como una unidad". Los términos anatómicos relacionados de ubicación incluyen ventral , lateral .

dorsifixed

Unido a la espalda o por la parte posterior, por ejemplo, anteras en un filamento .

dorsiventral

Tener superficies superior e inferior estructural y visiblemente diferentes, por ejemplo, algunas hojas. Compare bilateral e isobilateral .

punta de goteo

Extensión larga, estrecha, acuminada , caudada o cúspide en la punta de una hoja o folíolo . Comúnmente una adaptación a las condiciones lluviosas, ya que promueve el derramamiento de agua al gotear desde la punta estrecha. El término "punta de goteo" no es anatómicamente descriptivo en la forma en que digamos, acuminado o cuspidado; más bien es una descripción de la forma funcional que ayuda al goteo, independientemente de la geometría específica de la forma en sí.

drupa

Un tipo de fruto suculento formado a partir de un carpelo ; la única semilla está rodeada por una capa pedregosa de la pared de la fruta, por ejemplo, en melocotones y aceitunas. También se llama kernel .

drupelet

Una pequeña drupa formada a partir de uno de los carpelos en una flor apocarpo . Los drupelets suelen formar una fruta compuesta , como en Rubus , pero pueden separarse ampliamente, como en Ochna .

druso

Masa globular de cristales de oxalato de calcio , generalmente con los cristales que irradian desde un núcleo orgánico .

E [ editar ]

-eae: Un sufijo agregado a la raíz de un nombre genérico para formar el nombre de una tribu , por ejemplo, Aster → Astereae .
ebracteate: Carece de brácteas ; sinónimo de ebracteolate .
amplitud ecológica: La gama de condiciones ambientales en las que un organismo puede sobrevivir.
edáfico: De o influenciado por el suelo.
elaiosoma: Estructura externa adherida a la semilla de muchas especies de plantas. Los elaiosomas generalmente se ven carnosos y en algunas especies son ricos en aceites u otros materiales nutritivos. Sus funciones varían y no siempre son obvias; comúnmente atraen hormigas u otros animales que ayudan en la dispersión, pero también pueden repeler a otros animales para que no se coman la semilla. ^[10]
elefofilia: Una forma de polinización mediante la cual el polen o las esporas se distribuyen por las patas de los elefantes, como en Rafflesia arnoldii .
elipsoide: Una forma tridimensional que es elíptica en todas las secciones a través del eje largo.
elíptico: También elíptica .
Plano, con forma de círculo aplanado, simétrico tanto en el eje largo como en el corto, adelgazándose por igual tanto en la punta como en la base; ovalada .
emarginar: Muesca en el ápice (muesca generalmente amplia y poco profunda).
embrión: Planta joven contenida por una semilla antes de la germinación .
emergente: Una planta más alta que la vegetación circundante o, entre las especies de plantas acuáticas, una que da flores y comúnmente sale por encima de la superficie del agua. Los ejemplos acuáticos incluyen nenúfares, juncos y papiros . Algunas algas de estanque como Stuckenia no emergen hasta que florecen, momento en el que solo sus flores aparecen sobre la superficie del agua.
enantiostyly: Afección en la que el gineceo sobresale lateralmente, hacia la derecha ( dextrostilia ) o hacia la izquierda ( sinistrostilia ) del androceo , p . Ej . Senna .
endémico: Tener una distribución natural restringida a una región geográfica en particular. Compare nativo .
endocarpio: La capa más interna de la pared de una fruta; en una drupa , la capa pedregosa que rodea la semilla.
endodermis: La capa más interna de la corteza de las raíces de las plantas vasculares , también presente en los tallos de los pteridofitos . Las paredes radiales están impregnadas con suberina para formar una barrera de permeabilidad conocida como franja de Casparian .
endofloeodal: Ver endofloico .
endofloico: También endofloeodal .
(de líquenes crustosos ) Tener el talo creciendo dentro en lugar de sobre la corteza de los árboles. ^[11]^:¹⁵⁹ Compare epifloedal y corticolous (que crece en la superficie de la madera o corteza) y endolítico (que crece dentro de la roca).
endosperma: 1. ( angiospermas ) Tejido nutritivo que rodea al embrión de la semilla , normalmente triploide , que se origina de la fusión de ambos núcleos polares con un gameto tras la fecundación del óvulo.; 2. ( gimnospermas ) Protalo dentro del saco embrionario .
endosporia: La producción de esporas que germinan en un gametofito multicelular reducido contenido dentro de la pared de esporas. Contraste exospory .
ensiforme: Con forma de hoja de espada.
completo: 1. No dividido.; 2. (de un margen ) Liso y no lobulado ni dentado (aunque posiblemente ondulado o festoneado ).
entomofilia: Forma de polinización mediante la cual los insectos distribuyen el polen o las esporas .
efímero: Efímero. Véase también caduco .
epicalyx: Un involucro que se asemeja a un cáliz externo , por ejemplo, como en Hibiscus .
epicarpio: La capa exterior de la pared de una fruta , es decir, la "piel".
epicórmico: Se utiliza para referirse a brotes , brotes o flores que se desarrollan a partir de la madera vieja de los árboles, especialmente después de una lesión o un incendio.
epicotilo: La parte del eje o tallo de la planta entre el nodo cotiledonario y las primeras hojas del follaje.
cera epicuticular: Una capa de cera cristalina o amorfa depositada sobre la superficie de la cutícula .
epidermis: La capa de células más externa de un órgano, generalmente de solo una célula de grosor.
epigynous: Nacido en el ovario ; describe las partes florales cuando se unen por encima del nivel del ovario y surgen del tejido fusionado a la pared del ovario. Comparar hipóginas y perigynous .
epilítico: Creciendo sobre piedra. Compárese litofítico , una planta que crece sobre piedra.
epinecral: Tejido muerto ( necral ) por encima de la superficie de la corteza de un liquen .
epipetalous: De estambres que se adhieren a los pétalos .
epipétrico: Creciendo sobre roca o piedra, litofítico , epilítico .
epifloedal: Creciendo en la superficie de la corteza . Contraste endofloedal (que crece en el interior, no sobre la corteza) y epilítico (que crece en la roca, no en la corteza).
epífita: Una planta, alga u hongo que crece en otra planta sin nutrirse de ella pero usándola como soporte.
epifita: De una epífita ; viviendo en la superficie de una planta. Compare epilítico , litofítico .
epítepalo: De estambres que se adhieren a los tépalos .
epíteto: El componente adjetivo en un nombre científico binomial, generalmente llamado más específicamente un epíteto específico ; la última palabra o combinación de palabras en un nombre de más de una palabra (que no sea un término que denota rango) que denomina un taxón individual. El ejemplo más simple y común es la segunda palabra en un nombre de dos palabras de una especie, como " mirabilis " en Welwitschia mirabilis .
epizoocoria: Tipo de dispersión de semillas que se produce cuando las semillas o frutos se adhieren físicamente al exterior de los cuerpos de los animales vertebrados.
epruinose: No pruinoso .
equitante: (de una hoja ) Doblado a lo largo y agarrando otra hoja.
erguido: De pie, más o menos perpendicular al suelo o punto de unión. Compare patente (propagación) y erecto-patente , entre erecta y patente.
ericoide: Tener hojas como las de los brezales europeos ( Erica ); pequeño y puntiagudo.
erose: (de un margen ) Irregular como mordisqueado o desgastado.
incluso-pinnado: Tener un número par de folíolos en una hoja compuesta ; sinónimo de paripinnate .
hojas perennes: No deciduo ; teniendo hojas todo el año.
ex: En nomenclatura, indicando que el autor anterior propuso el nombre pero no lo publicó legítimamente, y que el autor sucesor se refirió al primer autor al publicar legítimamente el nombre. Ver cita del autor (botánica) .
exalbuminoso: En semillas de una especie determinada, sin endospermo , es decir, sin albúmina , por ejemplo, en Fabaceae y Combretaceae .
exocarpio: La capa externa del pericarpio , a menudo la piel de frutos carnosos .
exosporia: La producción de esporas que germinan en gametofitos multicelulares de vida libre . Contraste de endosporia .
exotesta: La capa exterior de la testa (cubierta de la semilla). Se deriva del tegumento externo del óvulo .
exótico: No nativo; introducido desde otra región o país.
exsertado: Proyectado más allá, por ejemplo, estambres más allá del tubo de la corola .
exponer: Carece de estipulaciones .
extrastaminal: Fuera de los estambres o androceo , generalmente se refiere a la ubicación de un disco nectario.
extruir: (de lóculos de anteras ) Apertura hacia el exterior de la flor . Contraste introrse y latrorse .

F [ editar ]

F1 híbrido: Una sola cruz; un término de fitomejoramiento para el resultado de un cruce repetible entre dos líneas de raza pura.
Híbrido F2: Término de fitomejoramiento para el resultado de una planta que surge de un cruce entre dos híbridos F1; también puede referirse a la autopolinización en una población de híbridos F1.
fabuloso: Con forma de frijol .
facultativo: De parásitos, opcional. Compare obligado .
fallar: Curvado como la hoja de una guadaña .
familia: Un grupo taxonómico de uno o más géneros con características y / o ascendencia en común; el término para el rango principal entre orden y género.
harina: secreción cristalina en polvo de color amarillo pálido que consta de flavonoides en Primula y otras especies
farináceo: Polvo que es harinoso
fascículo: adj. fasciculado
Un grupo, por ejemplo, un mechón de hojas que surgen del mismo nodo.
fasciculado: Se ramifican en racimos como un manojo de palos o agujas; tener fascículos .
faveolar: Apanalado; tener hoyos regulares en ángulo. Compárese con foveolato .
faucal: Perteneciente a las fauces; ubicado en la garganta de un cáliz o corola .
fauces: La garganta de un cáliz o corola ; la porción notablemente ensanchada entre la boca y el vértice del tubo. En Boraginaceae, el sitio de apéndices distintivos.
fieltro: Cubierto con pelos muy densos, entrelazados y enmarañados con apariencia o textura de fieltro o tela de lana.
flor femenina: Ver flor pistilada .
fenestrar: Tener zonas translúcidas. Véase también perforar , con agujeros.
ferruginoso: Rojizo o de color óxido .
fértil: Capaz de producir frutos; de flores cuando producen semilla o de anteras que contienen polen.
fertilización: La unión de gametos masculinos y femeninos durante la reproducción sexual.
fibra: 1. Una celda de fibra.; 2. Cualquier estructura flexible, fuerte, fibrosa y muy alargada.
celda de fibra: un tipo de célula que se encuentra en el esclerénquima , es mucho más alargada y muere poco después de una extensa modificación de su pared celular . La pared celular suele estar muy lignificada , pero a veces es gelatinosa.
filamento: 1. El tallo de un estambre .; 2. Cualquier estructura muy estrecha, similar a un hilo, que tenga un grosor de una o unas pocas células.
filamentoso: constituidos por filamentos o fibras, similares a pelos.
filiforme .: como un hilo. por ejemplo , filamentos de estambres o formas de hojas .
fimbria: proceso delgado parecido a un cabello (plural: fimbrias)
fimbriar .: Flecos.
fisura: Una hendidura o grieta, que a menudo se refiere a una corteza agrietada; una línea o apertura de dehiscencia.
fístula: Una cavidad en forma de tubo.
fistulosa: Hueco; generalmente se aplica a una cavidad en forma de tubo, como en una caña .
flabelar: En forma de abanico.
flácido: Cojear; tendiendo a marchitarse. Compárese turgente .
flexiblemente: Dependiendo del grado de maduración de los estambres, el estilo se mueve hacia arriba o hacia abajo (cataflexistilo o (ana-) hiperflexisilo).
flexible
flexionar: Doblado alternativamente en diferentes direcciones; zigzag.
flotar: Tener una cubierta de pelos suave y lanuda.
flora: 1. todas las plantas que crecen en una determinada región o país.; 2. una enumeración de ellos, generalmente con una guía para su identificación (por ejemplo, el presente volumen, la Flora de Victoria, la Flora de Nueva Gales del Sur, etc.). En este caso, 'flora' se escribe con una F mayúscula.
sobre floral: Ver perianto .
hojas florales: Las hojas superiores en la base de las ramas florecientes.
diagrama floral: Un medio gráfico para describir la estructura de la flor, generalmente una sección transversal esquemática a través de una flor joven.
fórmula floral: Una descripción de la estructura de la flor usando números, letras y varios símbolos.
tubo floral: Término impreciso que a veces se utiliza como sinónimo de hypanthium o de tubo de corola o de tubo de cáliz .
florete: Una pequeña flor , que generalmente se refiere a las flores verdaderas individuales agrupadas dentro de una inflorescencia , particularmente las de las hierbas y la pseudantia de las margaritas .
flor: La estructura reproductiva sexual de las angiospermas , típicamente con un gineceo , androceo , perianto y un eje .
foliar: Precedido por un número: tener un cierto número de folletos; por ejemplo, 3-foliadas, "con tres folíolos"
folicolous: Hábito de crecimiento de ciertos líquenes , algas y hongos que prefieren crecer en las hojas de las plantas vasculares .
folículo: Fruto seco formado a partir de un carpelo , dividido a lo largo de una sola sutura, a la que se adhieren las semillas. Comparar vaina (de leguminosa ).
foliolo: Un pequeño apéndice en forma de hoja en la parte delantera o trasera.
folioso: Hoja como; aplastado como una hoja .
forb: Cualquier planta con flores no leñosa que no sea hierba , juncia o junco .
bosque: Vegetación dominada por árboles con un solo tronco (incluidos árboles muy cercanos con o sin un sotobosque de arbustos y hierbas).
forma (en uso común, formulario ): Una categoría taxonómica subordinada a las especies y dentro de la jerarquía taxonómica, por debajo de la variedad (varietas), y generalmente diferenciada por un carácter menor.
foveolado: Tener pequeños hoyos regulares. Compare faveolate .
libre: No unido a otros órganos del mismo tipo; no adjunto en un extremo.
central libre: De placentación, óvulos adheridos a una columna independiente en el centro de un ovario unilocular.
fronda: Una hoja de un helecho , cycad , o de palma .
frutescente: Arbustos ( fruticosos ) o se vuelven arbustos.
fruticoso: Arbustivo; que tiene el carácter ramificado de un arbusto .
Fruta: Una estructura portadora de semillas presente en todas las angiospermas , formada a partir del ovario maduro y, a veces, partes florales asociadas tras la fertilización.
fugaz: Desaparecer, caerse o marchitarse. Compare persistente y caduco .
funicle (funiculus): El tallo de un óvulo .
embudo: Having a form gradually widening from the base to apex; funnel-shaped.
furcate: Forked, usually applied to a terminal division; with two long lobes.
fused: Joined together.
fusiform: Rod-shaped and narrowing gradually from the middle toward each end; spindle-shaped.

G[edit]

Galbulus (berry-like, fleshy) cones on the coniferous tree Podocarpus elatus

Gametophores (red male antheridia and brown female archegonia) borne on a gametophyte of a Chara species of green algae

Longitudinal section of immature male pine cone, showing male gametophytes (pollen grains) developing between the cone scales

Glandular hairs on the stem of Geranium dissectum

The leaves, buds, and young stalks of Eucalyptus macrocarpa are glaucous, covered with a thick waxy pruinosity.

Glochids at the base of an Opuntia cactus spine

Glumes of a grass species with a fairly large inflorescence

Scanning electron micrograph of a stoma on the leaf of Haemanthus. The two lip-shaped cells on either side of the gap are the guard cells.

Drops of guttation fluid on the dentate points fringing the immature leaf of a grapevine

Examples of gymnosperms
LEFT
1-Welwitschia mirabilis
2-Cycas revoluta
3-Taxus baccata
4-Ginkgo biloba
RIGHT
1-Cupressus sempervirens
2-Sequoiadendron giganteum
3-Agathis dammara
4-Araucaria heterophylla

galbulus

In gymnosperms, a fleshy cone (megastrobilus); chiefly relates to cones borne by junipers and cypresses, which are often mistakenly called berries.

galea

An overhanging, helmet-shaped, structure that protects the reproductive parts from precipitation, wind or unwanted visitors.

gall

Abnormal outgrowth on external plant tissues, caused by various parasites, from viruses, fungi and bacteria, to other plants, insects and mites.

gamete

A cell or nucleus that fuses with another of the opposite sex during sexual reproduction.

gametophore

Specialized structures on the gametophytes of some bryophyte species, for example many species in the order Marchantiales; in such species the gametes are produced on the gametophores, which amount to sex organs.

gametophyte

The haploid multicellular phase in the alternation of generations of plants and algae that bears gametes. In bryophytes the gametophyte is the dominant vegetative phase; in ferns and their allies it is a small free-living plant known as the prothallus; in gymnosperms and angiosperms the gametophytes are reduced to microscopic structures dependent on the sporophyte, male gametophytes contained in pollen grains and females contained within the ovules.

gemma

an asexual reproductive structure found in liverworts and mosses.

gene pool

The complete range of genetic variation found within a population.

genus

pl. genera

A group of one or more species with features or ancestry (or both) in common. Genus is the principal category of taxa intermediate in rank between family and species in the standard nomenclatural hierarchy.

generic name

The name of a taxonomic genus, such as Acacia and Eucalyptus.

genotype

The genetic make-up of an individual.

geophilous

Growing or rooting in the ground.

germination

1. of seeds, describing the complex sequence of physiological and structural changes that occur from resting to growth stage.

2. of a pollen grain; production of a pollen tube when contacting a stigma receptive to it.

3. of a spore of fungi/bacterium; change of state – from resting to vegetative.

gibbous (gibbose)

(of part of an organ) Swollen, usually with a pouch-like enlargement at the base.

glabrescent

Becoming glabrous, almost glabrous.

glabrous

1. Lacking surface ornamentation such as hairs, scales or bristles; smooth.

2. In lichenology, having no indumentum.

gland

A secretory structure within or on the surface of a plant.

glandular hair

A hair tipped with a gland.

glaucous

Describes the external surface of a plant part that has a whitish covering, in some cases with a blueish cast. Often applied to plants with a woolly or arachnoid surface, but properly referring to pruinose surfaces, meaning those with a waxy bloom. The surface of the young leaves of many eucalypts provide good examples, and so do some xerophytes.

globose

Also globular.

Roughly spherical. See also subglobose.

globulose

Approximately spherical.

glochid

A tiny barbed hair or bristle, e.g. the fine defensive hairs in cactus species such as Opuntia.

glumes

bracts subtending the floret(s) of a sedge, or similar plant; in grasses forming the lowermost organs of a spikelet (there are usually 2 but 1 is sometimes reduced; or rarely, both are absent).

glutinous

Sticky.

graft

1. The artificial union of plant parts.

2. A plant shoot suitable for grafting; loosely, a scion, sucker, or branch.

graft chimaera (sometimes graft hybrid)

A taxon whose members consist of tissue from two or more different plants in intimate association originated by grafting. The addition sign "+" is used to indicate a graft-chimaera either as a part of a formula (e.g. Crataegus monogyna + Mespilus germanica) or in front of an abbreviated name (e.g. +Crataegomespilus 'Dardari'). The nomenclature of graft hybrids is governed by the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants.

graminoid

granular

(of a surface) Covered with small rounded protuberances.

grass

A plant of the family Poaceae.

grassland

Low vegetation dominated by grasses.

groundcover

1. Dense vegetation that covers the ground.

2. A term applied to describe a plant that covers the soil surface so densely that it smothers all beneath it.

group

A formal category equivalent to or below the rank of genus which distinguishes:

an assemblage of two or more cultivars within a species or hybrid;
plants derived from a hybrid in which one or more of the parent species is not known or is of uncertain origin;
a range of cultivated plants of a species or hybrid which may exhibit variation but share one or more characters, which makes it worth distinguishing them as a unit.

guard cell

Each of two cells surrounding the stoma which control gas exchange between the apoplast of the plant and the external environment.

guttate

Having droplet-shaped spots. Compare punctate and maculate.

guttation

The secretion of liquid water from uninjured plant parts. See hydathode.

guttulate

Having or appearing to be spotted with oil droplets; of spores, having oil droplets inside.

gymnosperm

A seed-bearing plant with unenclosed ovules borne on the surface of a sporophyll. Gymnosperms are among the oldest clades of vascular plants, and today are represented by approximately 1,000 extant species worldwide, including, among others, conifers, Ginkgo, Gnetum and cycads. Compare angiosperm.

gynobasic

Of a style, arising near the base of the gynoecium, e.g. between the lobes of the ovary.

gynodioecious

Of a species, with some plants bearing only bisexual flowers and others bearing only female flowers.

gynomonoecious

Of a species, with bisexual flowers and female flowers on the same plant.

gynoecium

The collective term for the female reproductive parts of a flower or for the carpels of a flower, whether united or free. Contrast androecium. Abbreviation: G. For instance, G indicates a superior ovary; G(5) indicates having five fused carpels.

gynophore

A stalk supporting the gynoecium and situated above the level of insertion of the other floral parts.

gynostegium

A compound organ in milkweeds (Asclepiadaceae) and orchids formed by fusion of the filaments of the stamens with the style. Also known as the column.

H[edit]

habit: The general external appearance of a plant, including size, shape, texture, and orientation.
habitat: The place where a plant lives; the environmental conditions of its home.
hafter: A flat attachment that forms when the thallus of a fruticose or foliose lichens comes in contact with a substrate, different from rhizines and hapters.
hair: A single elongated cell or row of cells borne on the surface of an organ.
half-inferior ovary: An ovary partly below and partly above the level of attachment of the other floral parts. Compare inferior ovary, superior ovary.
halonate: Having a transparent coating, or being of a spore's outer layer.
halophyte: A plant adapted to living in highly saline habitats; a plant that accumulates high concentrations of salt in its tissues.
hand-pollination: The controlled act of pollination that excludes the possibility of open-pollination.
haploid: Having one set of chromosomes, e.g. the complement of chromosomes in each of the cells of the gametophyte, the nucleus of a gamete and the spores. This is expressed symbolically as n, where n = the gametic number of chromosomes. Compare diploid, triploid, and tetraploid.
haplostemonous: Having a single series of stamens equal in number to the proper number of petals, and alternating with them. Compare diplostemonous, obdiplostemonous.
hapter: An attachment that may form when a foliose lichen thallus comes in contact with a substrate.
harmomegathy: process by which pollen grains in arid environments close off their apertures to avoid losing water
hastate: Triangular in outline, the basal lobes pointing outward, so that the base appears truncate; may refer only to the base of a leaf with such lobes. Compare sagittate which refers to basal lobes pointing backward.
haustorium: In parasitic plants, a structure developed for penetrating the host's tissues.
head: See capitulum, a pseudanthium.
heathland: Vegetation dominated by small shrubs which usually have ericoid leaves.
helicoid: Coiled; of a cymose inflorescence, when the branching is repeatedly on the same side (the apex is often recurved). Compare scorpioid.
hemi-legume: A legume fruit in which the seed or seeds and one valve of the pod are dispersed as a unit. The valve catches the wind and blows away with the seeds, as in Acacia tenuifolia and Peltogyne paniculata.
herb: Any vascular plant that does not develop a woody stem at any point during its life cycle, e.g. a violet.
herbaceous: Not woody; usually green and soft in texture.
herbarium: pl. herbaria
A collection of preserved, usually pressed and dried, plant material used for identification and comparison; also a building in which such collections are stored.
hermaphrodite: A synonym of bisexual.
heteroblastic: Having parts, especially leaves, that are distinctly different between the juvenile and adult stages.
heteromorphic: Having two or more distinct morphologies (e.g. of different size and shape). Compare isomorphic.
heterospory: The production of spores of two different sizes (small and large) by the sporophytes of land plants.
heterostyly: The condition of a species having flowers with different style and stamen lengths, but with all the flowers of any one plant being identical. see:distyly.
hilum: The scar on a seed coat where it separates from its stalk (funicle).
hip: The fruit of a rose plant.
hippocrepiform: Horseshoe-shaped.
hirsute: Bearing coarse, rough, longish hairs. See indumentum.
hispid: Bearing long, erect, rigid hairs or bristles, harsh to touch.
hoary: Covered with a greyish to whitish layer of very short, closely interwoven hairs, giving a frosted appearance.
holotype: A type chosen by the author of a name. Compare lectotype.
homochlamydeous: Having a perianth which is not divided into a separate calyx and corolla. Contrast dichlamydeous.
hort.: (never capitalised) Of gardens, an author citation used in two ways:
1. as a name misapplied by gardeners; 2. as an invalid name derived from horticultural writings of confused authorship.
husk: The protective outer covering of certain seeds, for example, the leafy outer covering of an ear of maize (corn), the leathery covering of the walnut or the spiky covering of the chestnut.
hyaline: Translucent; usually delicately membranous and colourless.
hybrid: A plant produced by the crossing of parents belonging to two different named groups, e.g. genera, species, varieties, subspecies, forma and so on; i.e. the progeny resulting within and between two different plants. An F1 hybrid is the primary product of such a cross. An F2 hybrid is a plant arising from a cross between two F1 hybrids (or from the self-pollination of an F1 hybrid).
hybrid formula: The names of the parents of a hybrid joined by a multiplication sign, e.g. Cytisus ardonoi × C. purgans.
hydrophily: A form of pollination whereby pollen is distributed by the flow of waters.
hypanthium: A tube or cup-like structure in a flower that includes the bases of sepals, petals, and stamens, and may or may not be connected (adnate) to the ovary.
hyper-resupinate: In botany, describing leaves or flowers that are in the usual position, but are borne on a petiole or pedicel, respectively, that is twisted 360 degrees. The term is used to describe organs, such as orchid flowers, that are usually resupinate. Compare resupinate.
hypocarpium: An enlarged fleshy structure that forms below the fruit, from the receptacle or hypanthium.
hypocotyl: Of an embryo or seedling, the part of the plant axis below the cotyledon and node, but above the root. It marks the transition from root to stem development.
hypocrateriform: See salverform.
hypogynous: Borne below the ovary; used to describe floral parts inserted below the ovary's level of insertion. Compare epigynous, perigynous.
hypothallus: The hypothallus is the outgrowth of hyphae from under the margin of the thallus of a crustose lichens, connecting the island-like areoles into a single lichen.
hysteranthous: A type of growth in which new leaves appear after flowering. Also spelled histeranthous. Compare proteranthous and synanthous.

I[edit]

idioblast: A cell, especially of a leaf, differing markedly from surrounding cells. They often synthesise specialised products such as crystals.
illegitimate name (nomen illeg.): A name not abiding by the rules of the botanical Codes, e.g. later homonyms, cultivars that have been Latinised after 1 Jan 1959; cultivar names with more than 10 syllables or 30 letters; cultivar names that use confusing names of other plants, e.g. Camellia 'Rose'.
imbricate: From the Latin for "tiled". Overlapping each other; of perianth parts, edges overlapping in the bud (the convoluted arrangement is a special form of imbrication). Dormant buds of many deciduous species are imbricately covered with protective cataphylls called bud scales.
imparipinnate: A pinnate leaf with an odd number of pinnae (terminated by a single leaflet). Compare paripinnate.
in: In nomenclature, where the preceding author published the name in an article or book, authored or edited by the succeeding author.
-inae: The suffix added to the stem of a generic name to form the name of a subtribe: for instance, Corydalinae from Corydalis + -inae.
inbreeding: The production of offspring between closely related parents leading to a high degree of similarity; self-fertilization is the most intense form of inbreeding.
incertae sedis: Of unknown taxonomic affinity; relationships obscure.
incised^{[disambiguation needed]}: Cut deeply and (usually) unevenly (a condition intermediate between toothed and lobed).
included: Enclosed, not protruding, e.g. stamens within the corolla.
incomplete flower: A flower which lacks one or more of its usual parts, such as carpels, sepals, petals, pistils, or stamens.
incurved: Bent or curved inward; of leaf margins, when curved toward the adaxial side.
ined.: An abbreviation of Latin inedita, an unpublished work. Used to indicate that a botanical name appeared only in a manuscript that was not published, so the name is invalid.
indefinite: variable in number, and as a rule numerous, e.g. more than twice as many stamens as petals or sepals, but no particular standard number of stamens. In another usage it is a synonym for the preferable term indeterminate, meaning the condition in which an inflorescence is not terminated by a flower, but continues growing until limited by physiological factors. Compare numerous. Contrast definite.
indehiscent: Not opening in any definite manner at maturity; usually referring to fruit. Contrast dehiscent.
indeterminate: usually referring to a stem or inflorescence in which there is no particular terminal bud or meristem that stops growth and ends the extension of the stem, which continues until physiological factors stop the growth. Racemes of some Xanthorrhoeaceae, such as many Aloes, and of many Iridaceae, such as Watsonias, are indeterminate. Contrast determinate.
indigenous: native to the area, not introduced, and not necessarily confined to the region discussed or present throughout it (hardly distinct from ‘native’ but usually applied to a smaller area). For example, the Cootamundra Wattle is native to Australia but indigenous to the Cootamundra region of southern New South Wales. Compare endemic.
indumentum: a collective term for a surface covering of any kind of trichomes, e.g. hairs, scales.
induplicate: folded upward, or folded with the two adaxial surfaces together.
indusiumbiternateindusium: 1. a membrane covering the sporangia of some ferns.; 2. a cup enclosing the stigma in Goodeniaceae.
inferior ovary: An ovary at least partly below the level of attachment of other floral parts. Compare superior ovary, half-inferior ovary.
inflated: swollen, like a bladder.
inflexed: bent sharply upward or forward. Compare deflexed.
inflorescence: several flowers closely grouped together to form an efficient structured unit; the grouping or arrangement of flowers on a plant.
infraspecific: denotes taxonomic ranks below species level, for example subspecies.
infrageneric: denoting taxonomic ranks below the genus level, for example, subgenera, sections, and series.
infructescence: the grouping or arrangement of fruits on a plant.
infundibular (infundibuliform): funnel-shaped, for example in the corolla of a flower.
inrolled: rolled inward.
insectivorous: catching, and drawing nutriment from, insects.
insertion, point of: The point at which one organ or structure (such as a leaf) is joined to the structure which bears it (such as a stem).
inserted: growing out from
integument: in general, any covering, but especially the covering of an ovule.
intercalary: (e.g. of growth) occurring between the apex and the base of an organ
intercalary meristem: a meristem located between the apex and the base of an organ
interjugary glands: in pinnate leaves, glands occurring along the leaf rachis between the pinnae (occurring below the single, and often slightly larger, gland at or just below the insertion of the pinnae). Compare jugary.
internode: The portion of a stem between two nodes.
interpetiolar: (of stipules) Between the petioles of opposite leaves, e.g in Rubiaceae.
intramarginal: inside but close to the margin, for example a vein in a leaf.
intrastaminal: inside the stamens or androecium, usually referring to the location of a nectary disk.
introrse: of anther locules, with opening toward the centre of flower (at least in bud). Compare extrorse, latrorse.
invalid: Use of names not validly published according to the Code, i.e. they are not strictly 'names' in the sense of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature.
involucre: A structure surrounding or supporting, usually a head of flowers. In Asteraceae, it is the group of phyllaries (bracts) surrounding the inflorescence before opening, then supporting the cup-like receptacle on which the head of flowers sits. In Euphorbiaceae it is the cuplike structure that holds the nectar glands, nectar, and head of flowers, and sits above the bract-like cyathophyll structure. Involucres occur in Marchantiophyta, Cycads, fungi, and many other groups.
involute: Rolled inward, for example when the margins of a leaf are rolled toward the adaxial (usually upper) surface. Compare revolute.
iridescent: Having a reflective coloured sheen produced by structural coloration, as in the speculum of the mirror orchid Ophrys speculum.
irregular: Not able to be divided into two equal halves through any vertical plane. See also asymmetrical. Compare zygomorphic, actinomorphic, and regular.
isidium: pl. isidia
A warty of club-like structure in some lichens that breaks off and forms new lichens without sexual reproduction. Isidia are dispersed by mechanical means, compared to soredia, which are dispersed by wind.
isobifacial: (of flat structures, especially leaves) Having both surfaces similar, usually referring to cell types or to the number and distribution of stomata.
isomerous: Having an equal number of parts in the whorls.
isomorphic: with all features morphologically similar, i.e. of similar size and shape. Compare heteromorphic.
isotomic: Having branches of equal diameter. Compare anisotomic.

J[edit]

joint: A node or junction of two parts; articulation.
jugary: associated with a jugum or something yoke-like; see for example jugary gland.
jugary gland: A gland occurring on the rachis of a pinnate or bipinnate leaf on a jugum, the junction or attachment of pairs of pinnae or pinnules, as in some Acacia species. Compare interjugary.
jugate: yoke-like; describing a structure of paired items joined together as in a jugum or something yoke-like, such as some leaves and fruit.
jugum: applied to various yoke-like organs, usually in the sense of their being paired, such as a pair of pinnae on a rachis.
juvenile leaves: Leaves formed on a young plant, typically differing from the adult leaves in form.

K[edit]

K, K+, K-: In lichenology, "K" is the abbreviation for the outcome of a test in which a 10% solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH — hence "K") is placed on lichen tissues. Color change is noted by "K-" for none, and K+ for a yellow to red or purple color.
keel: adj. keeled
A prominent longitudinal ridge like the keel of a boat, e.g. the structure of the corolla formed by the fusion of the lower edge of the two abaxial anterior petals of flowers in the Fabaceae.
kernel: See drupe.
kettle trap: another term for the kettle-like pitchers of any of the carnivorous pitcher plants, in which they trap their prey.
key innovation: A novel phenotypic trait that allows subsequent evolutionary radiation and success of a taxonomic group.
kidney shape: fanciful term for a reniform object such as a bean or a leaf; more formally, oblately cordate, or crescent-shaped with the ends rounded.
kingdom: the highest generally employed category of the taxonomic hierarchy, above that of division (phylum). The Plant Kingdom includes vascular plants, bryophytes and green algae and is also known as the clade Viridiplantae.
Klausenfrucht: Klausen or Klausenfrucht (german) is a special type of fruits in Lamiaceae and Boraginaceae. A dry, dehiscent fruit formed from a superior ovary with axil or basal placentation, with an adherent calyx, from more than one carpel and usually breaking apart into 1-seeded units by separating each carpel by false septa. One unit is a half carpel, mostly there are four units, seeds. English terms are eremocarp, schizocarp, mericarp or nutlets.
knee: abrupt bend in a root or stem, commonly at a node; a cypress knee, or pneumatophore, is a type of bend or knob in the root of some plants, especially conifers such as some of the Taxodioideae, that shows as a projection of the root above ground level or mud level.

L[edit]

labellum: lip; one of three or five petals which is (usually) different from the others, e.g. in Orchidaceae, Zingiberaceae, Cannaceae and Stylidiaceae.
labiate: lipped; where a corolla is divided into two parts, called an upper and lower lip, the two resembling an open mouth with lips.
lacerate: jagged, as if torn.
lacinia: In foliose lichens, a linear to elongate lobe, usually arising from or at the end of a larger lobe
laciniate: Of lobes – with ends irregularly divided into deeply divided, narrow, pointed segments; Of margins – deeply divided into pointed segments in an irregular manner.
lacuna: An empty space, hole, cavity, pit, depression, or discontinuity.
lamella: a thin, plate-like layer. (plural lamellae; adjective lamellate – composed of an assemblage of many layers)
lamina: the blade of a leaf or the expanded upper part of a petal, sepal or bract.
laminal: of, or pertaining to, the upper surface, such as the cortex of a lichen.
lanate: covered in or composed of woolly hairs.
lanceolate: longer than broad, narrowly ovate, broadest in the lower half and tapering to the tip, like a lance or spear head; (sometimes, and incorrectly, used to mean narrowly elliptic).
lateral: attached to the side of an organ, e.g. leaves or branches on a stem. For more detail see dorsal.
latex: a milky fluid that exudes from such plants such as spurges, figs and dandelions.
laticiferous: latex-bearing, producing a milky juice.
latrorse: a type of anther dehiscence in which the anthers open laterally toward adjacent anthers. cf. introrse, extrorse.
lauroid: resembling Laurus, the laurel genus, particularly its leaves.
lax: loose, not compact. Of bundles of hyphae in lichens – not stiff and not adglutinate.
leaf: an outgrowth of a stem, usually flat and green; its main function is food manufacture by photosynthesis. Abbreviation: lvs.
leaf gap: a parenchymatous area in the stele above (distal to) a leaf trace.
leaf scar: A healing layer forming on a stem where a leaf has fallen off.
leaf trace: A vascular bundle connecting the stele to a leaf.
leaflets: The ultimate segments of a compound leaf.
lecanorine: of lichens, having apothecia with rims of tissue similar to the tissue of the thallus, as in the genus Lecanora^[12]
legume: 1. a fruit characteristic of the family Fabaceae, formed from one carpel and either dehiscent along both sides, or indehiscent.; 2. a crop species in the family Fabaceae.; 3. a plant of the family Fabaceae.
lemma: the lower of 2 bracts enclosing a grass flower.
lenticel: Typically lenticular (lens-shaped) porous tissue in bark with large intercellular spaces that allows direct exchange of gases between the internal tissues and atmosphere through the bark.
lenticular: 1. lens-shaped.; 2. covered in lenticels.
lepidote: covered with small scales.
leprose: powdery
liana: a woody climbing plant, rooted in the ground (liane is also used).
liane: a woody climbing plant, rooted in the ground. See also liana.
lichenicolous: growing on or in lichens, often but not necessarily as parasites
ligneous: having hard lignified tissues or woody parts, woody
lignum: Dead wood, typically in the context of a substrate for lichens.
lignicolous: Growing on wood tissue after bark as fallen or been stripped off (compare to corticolous).
lignotuber: a woody swelling of the stem below or just above the ground; contains adventitious buds from which new shoots can develop, e.g. after fire.
ligulate: 1. bearing a ligule.; 2. strap-shaped.
ligule: 1. A small membranous appendage on the top of the sheath of grass leaves.; 2. A minute adaxial appendage near the base of a leaf, e.g. in Selaginella.; 3. An extended, strap-like corolla in some daisy florets.
linea, line, British line, Paris line: Various pre-metric units somewhat larger than 2 mm, used in botany into the 20th century. See Line (unit) and Paris line.
linear: Very narrow in relation to its length, with the sides mostly parallel. See Leaf shape.
lingulate: tongue-shaped.
lithophytic: A plant growing on rocks; an epilithic plant.
lobe: Part of a leaf (or other organ), often rounded and formed by incisions to about halfway to the midrib.
loculicidal: (of a fruit) Dehiscing through the centres of loculi. Compare septicidal.
locule: A chamber or cavity containing seeds within an ovary, pollen within an anther or spores in a sporangium.
lodicule: One of two or three minute organs at the base of the ovary of a grass flower, representing parts of a strongly reduced perianth.
lomentum or loment: A pod-like indehiscent fruit that develops constrictions between the segments and at maturity breaks into one-seeded segments instead of splitting open.
longicidal: (of anthers) Opening lengthwise by longitudinal slits. Compare poricidal.
lunate: Crescent-shaped.
lumen: The cavity bounded by a plant cell wall.
lyrate: Lyre-shaped; deeply lobed, with a large terminal lobe and smaller lateral ones.

M[edit]

maculate: Spotted; marked with spots.
male flower: See staminate flower.
mallee: A growth habit in which several woody stems arise separately from a lignotuber; a plant with such a growth habit, e.g. many Eucalyptus species; vegetation characterized by such plants.
mangrove: Any shrub or small tree growing in salt or brackish water, usually characterized by pneumatophores; any tropical coastal vegetation characterized by such species.
margin: The edge of a structure, as in the edge of a leaf blade.
marginal: Occurring at or very close to a margin.
marsh: A waterlogged area or swamp.
mast: Edible fruit and nuts produced by woody species of plants (e.g. acorns and beechmast) which is consumed on the ground by wildlife species and some domestic animals.
mealy: Covered with coarse, floury powder.
medulla: 1. In a lichen, the typically undifferentiated tissue underneath the cortex of the thallus, or between the upper and lower cortex if both are present. The medulla is analogous to the tissues underneath the epidermis (skin) of a leaf. The uppermost region commonly contains most of the photobionts.; 2. pith. See also medullary rays in wood.
megasporangium: the larger of two kinds of sporangium produced by heterosporous plants, producing large spores that contain the female gametophytes. Compare microsporangium.
megaspore: the larger of two kinds of spores produced by a heterosporous plant, giving rise to the female gametophyte. Compare microspore.
megasporophyll: in hetersoporous plants, a modified leaf bearing one or more megasporangia. Compare microsporophyll.
megastrobilus: the larger of two kinds of cones or strobili produced by gymnosperms, being female and producing the seeds. Compare microstrobilus.
membranous: thin, translucent and flexible, seldom green.
mericarp: one segment of a fruit (a schizocarp) that splits at maturity into units derived from the individual carpels, or a carpel, usually 1-seeded, released by the break-up at maturity of a fruit formed from 2 or more joined carpels.
meristem: Any actively dividing plant tissue.
mesic: Moist, avoiding both extremes of drought and wet; pertaining to conditions of moderate moisture or water supply; applied to organisms (vegetation) occupying moist habitats.
mesocarp: The fleshy portion of the wall of a succulent fruit inside the skin and outside the stony layer (if any), surrounding the seed(s); sarcocarp.
mesomorphic: Soft and with little fibrous tissue, but not succulent.
mesophyll: 1. The parenchyma tissues between the upper and lower epidermis. They vary in function, but usually include the photosynthetic tissue of a leaf.; 2. In ecology, the blade of a leaf or leaflet that has a surface area 4500–18225 mm²; a plant, or vegetation, that has mesophyll (sized) leaves.
mesophyllous: (of vegetation) Of moist habitats and having mostly large and soft leaves.
mesophyte: A plant thriving under intermediate environmental conditions of moderate moisture and temperature, without major seasonal fluctuations.
micropyle: Opening at apex of ovule.
microsporangium: The smaller of two kinds of sporangium produced by a heterosporous plant, producing microspores that contain the male gametophyte. Compare megasporangium.
microspore: The smaller of two kinds of spores produced by a heterosporous plant. Compare megaspore.
microsporophyll: In heterosporous plants, a modified leaf bearing one or more microsporangia. Compare megasporophyll.
microstrobilus: The smaller of two kinds of cones or strobilus produced by gymnosperms, being male and producing the pollen. Compare megastrobilus.
midrib: Also midvein.
The central and usually most prominent vein of a leaf or leaf-like organ.
midvein: See midrib.
monad: A single individual that is free from other individuals, not united with them into a group. The term is usually used for pollen to distinguish single grains from tetrads or polyads.
moniliform: Resembling a string of beads.
monocarpic: Flowering and setting seed only once before dying. See also semelparous.
monochasium: A cymose inflorescence with the branches arising singly. Compare dichasium, pleiochasium.
monocot: An abbreviation of monocotyledon.
monocotyledon: A flowering plant whose embryo contains one cotyledon (seed-leaf). Compare dicotyledon.
monoecious: (of vascular plants) Hermaphroditic, with all flowers bisexual, or with male and female reproductive structures in separate flowers but on the same plant, or of an inflorescence that has unisexual flowers of both sexes. Contrast dioecious.
monoicous: (of bryophyte gametophytes) Hermaphroditic or bisexual, where both male and female reproductive structures develop on the same individual. Contrast dioicous.
monograph: Of a group of plants, a comprehensive treatise presenting an analysis and synthesis of taxonomic knowledge of that taxon; the fullest account possible (at the time) of a family, tribe or genus. It is generally worldwide in scope and evaluates all taxonomic treatments of that taxon including studies of its evolutionary relationships with other related taxa, and cytological, genetic, morphological, palaeobotanical and ecological studies. The term is often incorrectly applied to any systematic work devoted to a single taxon. Compare revision.
monomorphic: Of one type, rather than several. See also dimorphic (two types) and polymorphic (many types).
monophyllous: Having a single leaf.
monopodial: A mode of stem growth and branching in which the main axis is formed by a single dominant meristem. Contrast sympodial.
monostromatic: Being a single cell thick, as in the alga Monostroma.
monotypic: Containing only one taxon of the next lower rank, e.g. a family with only one genus, or a genus that includes only a single species.
morphology: The shape or form of an organism or part thereof.
mucro: Diminutive: mucronule.
A sharp, short point, generally at the tip of a leaf or the tip of the midrib of a compound leaf.^[8]
mucronate: Terminating in a mucro.
multiple fruit: A cluster of fruits produced from more than one flower and appearing as a single fruit, often on a swollen axis, as with many species of the family Moraceae. Compare aggregate fruit.
muricate: Covered with short hard protuberances.
mutation: In times before the nature of genetic encoding was understood, mutation was regarded as an abrupt, and sometimes heritable, variation from the norm of a population; for example a plant might unexpectedly produce "double" flowers, a novel colour, or a habit of growth uncharacteristic of the species or variety. Advances in genetics and molecular biology in the mid-twentieth century, showed that biological mutations comprise and reflect changes in the nucleic acid molecules that encode the genome of an organism or virus. The nucleic acid affected could be DNA in the chromosomes, or it could be extrachromosomal DNA (typically DNA in the mitochondria or chloroplasts). In RNA viruses a mutation would be a change to the genetic information that the RNA encodes.
mycelium: The "vegetative" (nonreproductive) part of a fungus, mostly composed of aggregations of hyphae. It functions in substrate decomposition and absorption of nutrients.
mycobiont: The fungal component of a lichen. Compare photobiont.
mycorrhiza: pl. mycorrhizae; adj. mycorrhizal
One of several types of symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a plant.
mycotroph: adj. mycotrophic
A plant that obtains most or all of its carbon, water, and nutrients by associating with a fungus.

N[edit]

native: Naturally occurring in an area, but not necessarily confined to it. Compare endemic.
natural hybrid: A hybrid taxon produced by chance in the wild.
naturalised: Describing a plant, introduced from another region, that grows and reproduces readily in competition with the natural flora.
nectar: A usually sweet, nutrient-rich fluid produced by the flowers of many plants and collected by bees and other insects.
nectary: adj. nectariferous
A specialized gland that secretes nectar.
neophyte: A plant that has recently been introduced to a geographic area. Contrast archaeophyte.
nerve: Another name for a vein.
node: The part of a stem from which leaves or branches arise.
nomen conservandum: (Latin) A conserved name, usually a name that became so much better known than the correct name, that a substitution was made.
nomen illegitimum: A name that is either superfluous at its time of publication because the taxon to which it was applied already has a name, or the name has already been applied to another plant (a homonym).
nomen invalidum: A name that is not validly published, and technically is therefore not a botanical name. Abbreviation: nom. inval. See valid publication.
nomen nudum: A name not published in accordance with the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, usually without a diagnosis or description of the entity to which it applies, and without reference to either; such a name should not be used.
nomenclature: The naming of things; often restricted to the correct use of scientific names in taxonomy; a system that sets out provisions for the formation and use of names.
noxious: Of plants, containing harmful or unwholesome qualities. Applied in conjunction with 'weed' to specifically describe a plant which legislation deems harmful to the environment. Each state and territory in Australia has specific legislation governing noxious weeds.
nucellus: The tissue of the ovule of a seed plant that surrounds the female gametophyte. It is enclosed by integuments and is not of epidermal origin.
numerous: Stamens are described as numerous when there are more than twice as many as sepals or petals, especially when there is no set number of them. Compare indefinite.
nut: A hard, dry, indehiscent fruit containing only one seed.
nutlet: 1. A small nut.; 2. One of the lobes or sections of the mature ovary of some members of the Boraginaceae, Verbenaceae, and Lamiaceae.

O[edit]

ob-: A prefix meaning "inversely"; usually the same shape as that described by the word stem, but attached by the narrower end. See obcordate, oblanceolate and obovate.
obconic: (of a fruit, hypanthium, pistil, or calyx) Shaped like an inverted cone, attached at the apex.
obcordate: (of a leaf blade) Broad and notched at the tip; heart-shaped but attached at the pointed end.
obdiplostemonous: Having stamens arranged in two whorls, and having twice as many stamens as petals, with the outer whorl being opposite the petals. Compare diplostemonous, haplostemonous.
oblanceolate: Having a lanceolate shape but broadest in the upper third.
obligate: (of parasites) Unable to survive without a host. Contrast facultative.
oblique: Slanting; of a leaf or stem, larger on one side of the midrib than the other, in other words asymmetrical.
obloid: Having a three-dimensional oblong shape, e.g. a fruit.
oblong: Having a length a few times greater than the width, with sides almost parallel and ends rounded.
obovate: (of a leaf) Having a length about 1.5 times the width, and widest above the centre.
obsolete: Not evident, or at most rudimentary or vestigial.
obtrapeziform: trapeziform, but attached by the narrower trapezoidal base (e.g. of a leaf)
obtuse: Blunt or rounded; having converging edges that form an angle of more than 90°. Compare acute.
ocrea: Also spelled ochrea.
A sheath formed from two stipules encircling the node in members of the Polygonaceae.
odd-pinnate: Also imparipinnate
Having an odd number of leaflets in a compound pinnate leaf, such that there is only one terminal leaflet.
oft.: An abbreviation of "often". Compare usu. and s.t..
-oideae: A suffix added to the stem of a generic name to form the name of a subfamily, e.g. Fumaria → Fumarioideae.
olim: Formerly, e.g. "olim B", formerly in the Berlin herbarium (Herbarium Berolinense).
ontogeny: The sequence of developmental stages through which an organism passes as it grows.
operculum (calyptra): A lid or cover that becomes detached at maturity, e.g. in Eucalyptus, a cap covering the bud and formed by the fusion or cohesion of perianth parts.
opposite: 1. Describing leaves or flowers borne at the same level but on directly opposite sides of their common axis.; 2. Describing the occurrence of something on the same radius as something else, e.g. anthers opposite sepals. Compare alternate.
opus utique oppressum: pl. opera utique oppressa
Listed after the botanical name of a plant, or the name of a publication, this indicates that a publication is listed in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants as a suppressed work. Botanical names of the specified rank in the publication are considered not validly published (article 34).
orbicular: Flat and more or less circular.
order: A group of one or more families sharing common features, ancestry, or both.
ortet: The original single parent plant from which a clone ultimately derives.
orthotropous: When an ovule is erect, with the micropyle directed away from the placenta; atropous. Compare amphitropous, anatropous, campylotropous.
oval: See elliptical.
ovary: The basal portion of a carpel or group of fused carpels, enclosing the ovules.
ovate: Shaped like a section through the long-axis of an egg and attached by the wider end.
ovoid: Egg-shaped, with wider portion at base; 3-dimensional object, ovate in all sections through long-axis.
ovule: Loosely, the seed before fertilization; a structure in a seed plant within which one or more megaspores are formed (after fertilization it develops into a seed).

P[edit]

pachycaul: with a disproportionately thick trunk
pachycladous: with disproportionately thick stems
palea: (plural paleae)
1. The upper of two bracts enclosing a grass flower, major contributors to chaff in harvested grain.; 2. Chaffy scales on the receptacles of many Asteraceae.; 3. Chaffy scales on the stipe of many ferns.
paleate: Bearing paleae or chaffy scales, as in description of the receptacle of a capitulum of a plant in the Asteraceae.
paleaceous: Chaff-like in texture.
palmate: 1. leaf with veins radiating out from a central point (usually at the top of a petiole), resembling spread out fingers pointing away from the palm.; 2. A compound palmate leaf has leaflets that radiate from a central point (usually at the top of a petiole).
palmatifid: Deeply divided into several lobes arising from more or less the same level.
palmatisect: Intermediate between palmate and palmatifid, i.e. the segments are not fully separated at the base; often more or less digitate.
panicle: adj. paniculate
A compound raceme; an indeterminate inflorescence in which the flowers are borne on branches of the main axis or on further branches of these.
papilionate: Butterfly-like; having a corolla like that of a pea.
papilla: pl. papillae; adj. papillose or papillate
A small, elongated protuberance on the surface of an organ, usually an extension of one epidermal cell.
pappus: In daisy florets, a tuft or ring of hairs or scales borne above the ovary and outside the corolla (representing the reduced calyx); a tuft of hairs on a fruit.
paraperigonium: Also paraperigone.
An anomalous secondary outgrowth of the perianthal meristem with ramifying vasculature. See also perigonium, perianth, and corona.^[13]
parasite: An organism living on or in a different organism, from which it derives nourishment. Some plant species are parasitic. Compare saprophyte and epiphyte.
parenchyma: A versatile ground tissue composed of living primary cells which performs a wide variety of structural and biochemical functions in plants.
parietal: Attached to the marginal walls of a structure, e.g. ovules attached to placentas on the wall of the ovary. See placentation.
paripinnate: Having an even number of leaflets (or pinnae), i.e. terminated by a pair of pinnae as opposed to a single pinna. Compare imparipinnate.
parthenocarpy: The development or production of fruit without fertilization. Compare stenospermocarpy.
patent: Also patulous.
Spreading; standing at 45–50° to the axis. See also erecto-patent.
patulous: See patent.
pauciflor: Having few flowers per inflorescence. Compare pluriflor and uniflor.
pectinate: Pinnately divided with narrow segments closely set like the teeth of a comb.
pedate: Having a terminal lobe or leaflet, and on either side of it an axis curving outward and backward, bearing lobes or leaflets on the outer side of the curve.
pedicel: adj. pedicellate
The stalk of a flower; may also be applied to the stalk of a capitulum in the Asteraceae.
peduncle: adj. pedunculate
The stalk of an inflorescence.
peltate: Shield-like, with the stalk attached to the lower surface and not to the margin.
pellucid: Transmitting light; for example, said of tiny gland dots in the leaves of e.g. Myrtaceae and Rutaceae that are visible when held in front of a light.
pendulous: Hanging, for example an ovule attached to a placenta on the top of the ovary. Compare suspended.
penicillate: Tufted like an artist's brush; with long hairs toward one end.
penninervation: adj. penninerved
With pinnately arranged veins.
pentamerous: In five parts, particularly with respect to flowers, five parts in each whorl. See also trimerous and tetramerous.
pepo: A type of berry formed from an inferior ovary and containing many seeds, usually large with a tough outer skin (e.g. a pumpkin or cucumber).
perennating: Of an organ that survives vegetatively from season to season. A period of reduced activity between seasons is usual.
perennial: A plant whose life span extends over several years.
perfect: (of a flower) Bisexual; containing both male and female reproductive parts in the same inflorescence. Contrast imperfect.
perfoliate: With its base wrapped around the stem (so that the stem appears to pass through it), e.g. of leaves and bracts.
perforate: With many holes. Used to describe the texture of pollen exine, and also to indicate that tracheary elements have a perforation plate. See also fenestrate.
perforation plate: in a tracheary element, part of the cell wall that is perforated; present in vessel members but not in tracheids. Should not be confused with a pit.
perianth: The collective term for the calyx and corolla of a flower (generally used when the two are too similar to be easily distinguishable). Abbreviation: P; for instance, P 3+3 indicates the calyx and corolla each have 3 elements, i.e. 3 sepals + 3 petals.
pericarp: The wall of a fruit, developed from the ovary wall.
periclinal: Curved along parallel to a surface. Compare anticlinal.
pericycle: A cylinder of parenchyma or sclerenchyma cells that lies just inside the endodermis and is the outer most part of the stele of plants.
perigonium: In flowering plants, synonym of perianth.; 2. In mosses, the leaves surrounding the antheridia, also called a splash-cup, e.g. in Polytrichum juniperinum.
perigynium: A sac from a modified tubular bract, or when fully closed an utricle, around the pistillate flower of sedges
perigynous: Borne around the ovary, i.e. of perianth segments and stamens arising from a cup-like or tubular extension of receptacle (free from the ovary but extending above its base). Compare epigynous, hypogynous.
persistent: Remaining attached to the plant beyond the usual time of falling, for instance sepals not falling after flowering, flower parts remaining through maturity of fruit. Compare deciduous, caducous.
perule: adj. perulate
1. The scales covering a leaf or flower bud, or a reduced scale-like leaf surrounding the bud. Buds lacking perulae are referred to as "naked".; 2. In Camellias the final bracts and sepals become indistinguishable and are called perules.; 3. A kind of sac formed by the adherent bases of the two lateral sepals in certain orchids.
petal: In a flower, one of the segments or divisions of the inner whorl of non-fertile parts surrounding the fertile organs, usually soft and conspicuously coloured. Compare sepal.
petaloid: Like a petal; soft in texture and coloured conspicuously.
petiolary (or petiolar): Associated with a petiole, as in petiolary glands.
petiolate: (of a leaf) Having a petiole. Contrast sessile.
petiole: The stalk of a leaf.
petiolule: The stalk of a leaflet.
petricolous: Rock-dwelling; living on or among rocks.
phaneranthous: Showy, as in showy flowers that advertise to pollinators, as opposed to aphananthous (unshowy)
phanerogam: Gymnosperms and angiosperms; plants producing stamens and gynoecia; literally plants with conspicuous sexual reproductive organs. Compare cryptogams.
phenology: The study of the timing of seasonal biological phenomena, such as flowering, leaf emergence, fruit ripening and leaf fall.
phloem: A specialised conducting tissue in vascular plants that transports sucrose from the leaves to other plant organs.
photobiont: In a lichen, the component that does the photosynthesis, the green algae (Chlorophyta) or blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria). (compare to mycobiont, the fungal component.) Also called the phycobiont.
photosynthesis: The process by which energy from sunlight is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into simple sugars in cells containing chloroplasts. All plants, except certain parasites, can perform photosynthesis.
phycobiont: In a lichen, a synonym for photobiont.
phyllary: An individual bract within an involucre or involucel.
phyllid: A leaf-like extension of the stem in Bryophytes
phyllode: adj. phyllodineous
A leaf with the blade much reduced or absent, and in which the petiole and or rachis perform the functions of the whole leaf, e.g. many acacias. Compare cladode.
phyllopodium: (in ferns) A short outgrowth of the stem on which the frond is borne and which remains attached to the rhizome after the frond has been shed.
phylloplane: the surface of a leaf, considered as a habitat for organisms.
phyllosphere: The above-ground surface of plants as a habitat for epiphytic microorganisms.
phylum: A level of classification or taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class. Traditionally, in botany the term division has been used instead of phylum.
phytomelan: Also phytomelanin; adj. phytomelanous
A black, inert, organic material that forms a crust-like covering of some seeds, commonly found in Asparagales, Asteraceae, etc.
pileate: Having a cap, a pileus.
pileus: A cap or cap-shaped structure, such as the cap of mushrooms or the plumule of some monocotyledons.
piliform: Having the shape of a cap, a pileus.
pilose: covered with soft, weak, thin and clearly separated hairs, which are usually defined as long and sometimes ascending.
pinna: (plural pinnae) a primary segment of a compound leaf.
pinnate: a compound leaf with leaflets arranged on each side of a common petiole or axis; also applied to how the lateral veins are arranged in relation to the main vein.
pinnatifid: Pinnately lobed.
pinnatisect: pinnately divided almost to midrib but segments still confluent.
pinnule or pinnula: Usage varies:
ultimate free division (or leaflets) of a compound leaf,
or
a pinnate subdivision of a multipinnate leaf.
pistil: 1. a single carpel when the carpels are free.; 2. a group of carpels when the carpels are united by the fusion of their walls.
pistillate flower: a flower containing one or more pistils but no stamens. Sometimes called a female flower.
pistillode: A sterile or rudimentary pistil.
pit: In tracheary elements, a section of the cell wall where the secondary wall is missing, and the primary wall is present. Pits generally occur in pairs and link two cells.
pith: The central region of a stem, inside the vascular cylinder; the spongy parenchymatous central tissue in some stems and roots.
placenta: The tissue within an ovary to which the ovules are attached.
placentation: The arrangement of ovules inside ovary; for example axile, free-central, parietal, marginal, basal, or apical.
placodioid: The form of a lichen thallus which radiates outward with the ends of the radiating arms peeling up from the substrate, but which lack a cortex on the underside (unlike foliose lichens).
Plant Breeders Rights (PBR): These rights, governed by Plant Breeder's Rights Acts give the plant breeder legal protection over the propagation of a cultivar, and the exclusive rights to produce and to sell it, including the right to license others to produce and sell plants and reproductive material of a registered, deliberately bred variety. Cf. UPOV.
Plant Variety Rights (PVR): Governed by the Plant Variety Rights the registration of new varieties is now governed by Plant Breeders Rights.
plastochron: The time between successive leaf initiation events.
pleiochasium: pl. pleiochasia. An inflorescence in which several buds come out at the same time. cf. monochasium, dichasium.
plicate: Pleated; folded back and forth longitudinally like a fan, such as the leaves of fan palm species. The concept often appears in specific names in forms such as Kumara plicatilis and Acacia plicata. Commonly such names are not correctly appropriate, but are applied to distichous structures rather than plicate.
-plinerved: (of leaves) A suffix indicating that the main nerves are lateral and arise from a point distinctly above the base of the leaf. Combined with a numerical prefix to form words like 3-plinerved, 5-plinerved, and so on. Such leaves are especially characteristic of the family Melastomataceae. See for example Dissotis.
plumose: Like a feather; with fine hairs branching from a main axis.
plumule: The part of an embryo that gives rise to the shoot system of a plant. Compare radicle.
pluriflor: Having many flowers per inflorescence. See also pauciflor and uniflor.
pluriovulate: Having many ovules as in placentae, carpels, or ovaries.
pneumatophore: A vertical appendage, aerial at low tide, on the roots of some plants. Pneumatophore functions are unclear, but possibly related to gas exchange, or to root anchoring. Pneumatophores typically occur on mangrove roots, but some versions occur on species of conifers, such as some in the Taxodioideae.
pod: 1. A legume, the fruit of a leguminous plant, a dry fruit of a single carpel, splitting along two sutures.; 2. A siliqua and silicula, the fruit of Brassicaceae, a dry fruit composed of two carpels separated by a partition.
podocarpium: In 4 genera of the coniferous family Podocarpaceae: (Acmopyle, Dacrycarpus, Falcatifolium, or Podocarpus), a group of fleshy fused bracts beneath the female cone, often brightly-coloured, which swell to enclose the developing seeds above, and attract fruit-eating animals.
pollen: powdery mass shed from anthers (of angiosperms) or microsporangia (of gymnosperms); the microspores of seed plants; pollen-grains.
pollen-mass: pollen-grains cohering by a waxy texture or fine threads into a single body; pollinium, e.g. in orchids.
pollen transmitting tissue: the tissue in the style of a flower through which the pollen tubes grow.
pollination: The transfer of pollen from a male organ (such as an anther) to the receptive region of a female organ (such as a stigma).
pollinium: See pollen-mass.
polygamodioecious: Having bisexual and male flowers on some plants and bisexual and female flowers on others. Compare androdioecious, andromonoecious, dioecious, monoecious, polygamomonoecious, polygamous.
polygamomonoecious: having male, female, and bisexual flowers on the same plant. Compare androdioecious, andromonoecious, polygamodioecious, polygamous.
polygamous: having bisexual and unisexual flowers on the same plant.
polymorphic: Of several different kinds (in respect to shape and/or size), hence polymorphism. See also monomorphic (a single type) and dimorphic (two types)
polyploid: with more than two of the basic sets of chromosomes in the nucleus; any sporophyte with cells containing three or more complete sets of chromosomes. Various combinations of words or numbers with '-ploid' indicate the number of haploid sets of chromosomes, e.g. triploid = 3 sets, tetraploid = 4 sets, pentaploid = 5 sets, hexaploid = 6 sets, and so on.
polystemonous: having numerous stamens; the number of stamens being at least twice the number of sepals or petals, but not strictly three or four times that number.
pome: A fruit that has developed partly from the ovary wall but mostly from the hypanthium (e.g. an apple).
population: 1. All individuals of one or more species within a prescribed area.; 2. A group of organisms of one species, occupying a defined area and usually isolated to some degree from other similar groups.; 3. In statistics, the whole group of items or individuals under investigation.
poricidal: Opening by pores, as with the capsule of a poppy or the anthers in several families of plants. Compare longicidal.
posterior: Positioned behind or toward the rear. Contrast anterior.
prickle: adj. prickly
A hard, pointed outgrowth from the surface of a plant (involving several layers of cells but not containing a vein); a sharp outgrowth from the bark, detachable without tearing wood. Compare thorn.
primary species: In lichens, a species reproducing mainly by sexual reproduction rather than by vegetative reproduction.
primary vein: The single vein or array of veins that is conspicuously larger than any others in a leaf. In pinnate venation, the single primary vein can generally be found in the middle of the leaf; in palmate venation, several such veins radiate from a point at or near the base of the leaf.
propagule: In lichens, a part of the thallus that has both fungal and algal parts and can break off for vegetative reproduction, e.g. an isidium, phyllidium, phyllocladium, or soredium).
prophyll: A leaf formed at the base of a shoot, usually smaller than those formed later.
pro parte: In part. In nomenclature, used to denote that the preceding taxon includes more than one currently recognized entity, and that only one of those entities is being considered.
procumbent: Spreading along the ground but not rooting at the nodes; not as close to the ground as prostrate.
propagule: Any structure capable of generating a new plant; includes seeds, spores, bulbils, etc.
prostrate: Lying flat on the ground; commonly rooting at nodes that touch the soil surface.
protandrous: Having male sex organs which mature before the female ones, e.g. a flower shedding pollen before the stigma is receptive. Compare protogynous.
proteranthous: With new leaves appearing before flowers. See also hysteranthous and synanthous.
prothallus: A gametophyte plant, usually flattened and delicate, e.g. in ferns and fern allies.
protogynous: Having female sex organs which mature before the male ones, e.g. a flower shedding pollen after the stigma has ceased to be receptive. Compare protandrous.
proximal: Near the point of origin or attachment. Compare distal.
pruinose: Covered with a powdery, waxy material; having a bloom.
pseudanthium: A type of inflorescence occurring in the Asteraceae and Euphorbiaceae, in which multiple flowers are grouped together to form a flower-like structure, commonly called a head or capitulum.
pseudo-: A prefix meaning "false, not genuine", e.g. a pseudo-bulb is a thickened, bulb-like internode in orchids, but not an actual bulb.
pseudobasifixed: (of an anther) Connected to the filament of the stamen by connective tissue which extends in a tube around the filament tip. See also basifixed and dorsifixed.
pseudostipule: An enlarged, persistent axillary bud scale that resembles a stipule; common in Bignoniaceae.
pseudoverticillate: Having the appearance of being whorled (verticillate), without actually being so.
puberulous: Also puberulent.
Covered with minute soft erect hairs.
pubescent: Downy; covered with short, soft hairs, especially erect hairs.
pulverulent: Having powdery or crumbly particles as if pulverized.
pulvinate: Having a pulvinus.
pulvinus: a swelling at either end of a petiole of a leaf or petiolule of a leaflet, e.g. in Fabaceae, that permits leaf movement.
punctate: (from Latin puncta= puncture or prick-mark) marked with an indefinite number of dots, or with similarly small items such as translucent glands or tiny hollows.
punctiform: Dot-like or in the shape of a prick-mark.
pungent: Having a sharp, hard point.
pustule: A blister-like swelling.
pustulate: Having pustules.
pyramidal: (of a growth habit) Conical or pyramid-shaped. Most familiar in some coniferous trees, especially species adapted to snowy climates
pyrene: The stone of a drupe, consisting of the seed surrounded by the hardened endocarp.
pyriform: Pear-shaped; a term for solid shapes that are roughly conical in shape, broadest one end and narrowest at the other. As a rule the distal third of their length is the broadest, and they are narrowest near the proximal end, the base, where the stalk, if any, attaches.
pyrophile: Plants which need fire for their reproduction.
pyrophyte: Plants which have adapted to tolerate fire.

Q[edit]

quadrate: More or less square.

R[edit]

raceme: adj. racemose,
An indeterminate inflorescence in which the main axis produces a series of flowers on lateral stalks, the oldest at the base and the youngest at the top. Compare spike. Also racemiform or racemoid - having the form of a raceme
rachilla (rhachilla): the axis of a grass spikelet, above the glumes.
rachis: pl. rachises or rachides
The axis of an inflorescence or a pinnate leaf; for example ferns; secondary rachis is the axis of a pinna in a bipinnate leaf distal to and including the lowermost pedicel attachment.
radial: With structures radiating from a central point as spokes on a wheel (e.g. the lateral spines of a cactus).
radiate: (of daisies, of a capitulum) With ray floret surrounding disc florets.
radical: Springing from the root; clustered at base of stem.
radicle: The part of an embryo giving rise to the root system of a plant. Compare plumule.
rainforest: A moist temperate or tropical forest dominated by broad-leaved trees that form a continuous canopy.
ramet: An individual member of a clone.
ramicaul: a single-leafed stem, as in Pleurothallis orchids.^[14]
ray: 1. zygomorphic (ligulate) flowers in a radiate flowerhead, that is, ray-florets/flowers, for example Asteraceae.; 2. each of the branches of an umbel.
receptacle: the axis of a flower, in other words, floral axis; torus; for example in Asteraceae, the floral base or receptacle is the expanded tip of the peduncle on which the flowers are inserted.
recumbent: bent back toward or below the horizontal.
recurved: bent or curved backward or downward.
reduplicate: folded outward, or with the two abaxial surfaces together.
reflexed: bent sharply back or down.
registered name: a cultivar name accepted by the relevant International Cultivar Registration Authority.
registration: 1. the act of recording a new cultivar name with an International Cultivar Registration Authority.; 2. recording a new cultivar name with a statutory authority like the Plant Breeder’s Rights Office.; 3. recording a trademark with a trade marks office.
regular: See actinomorphic.
reniform: Kidney-shaped.
replum: a framework-like placenta to which the seeds attach, and which remains after each valve drops away.
resupinate: 1. In botany, describing leaves or flowers that are in an inverted position because the petiole or pedicel, respectively, is twisted 180 degrees. compare: hyper-resupinate.; 2. In lichenology, referring to either having or being a fruiting body that lies flat on the substrate, with the hymenium either over the whole surface or at the periphery.
reticulate: forming a network (or reticulum), e.g. veins that join one another at more than one point.
retrorse: Bent backward or downward. Compare antrorse.
retuse: Having a blunt (obtuse) and slightly notched apex.
revision: an account of a particular plant group, like an abbreviated or simplified monograph. Sometimes confined to the plants of a particular region. Similar to a monograph in clearly distinguishing the taxa and providing a means for their identification. Compare monograph.
revolute: rolled under (downward or backward), for example when the edges of leaves are rolled under toward the midrib. Compare involute.
rhachis: See rachis.
rhizine: The "root" or "trunk" projection of a foliose lichen that attaches the lichen to the substrate (what the lichen is growing on)
rhizodermis: the root epidermis, the outermost primary cell layer of the root
rhizome: a perennial underground stem usually growing horizontally. See also stolon. Abbreviation: rhiz.
rhizomatous: adj. a plant whose above ground stem is derived from a below ground stem (rhizome). cf. arhizomatous (arhizomatic)
rhizosphere: the below-ground surface of plants and adjacent soil as a habitat for microorganisms.
rhytidome: the dead region of the bark and root that lies outside the periderm.
rhombic: like a rhombus: an oblique figure with four equal sides. Compare trapeziform, trullate.
rhomboid: a four-sided figure with opposite sides parallel but with adjacent sides an unequal length (like an oblique rectangle); see also rhombic.
rhomboidal: a shape, for instance of a leaf, that is roughly diamond-shaped with length equal to width.
rimose: with many cracks, as in the surface of a crustose areolate lichen.
root: a unit of a plant's axial system which is usually underground, does not bear leaves, tends to grow downward, and is typically derived from the radicle of the embryo.
root hairs: outgrowths of the outermost layer of cells just behind the root tips, functioning as water-absorbing organs.
root microbiome: the dynamic community of microorganisms associated with plant roots.
rootstock: 1. the part of a budded or grafted plant which supplies the root system, also simply called a stock.; 2. plants selected to produce a root system with some specific attribute, e.g. a virus-free rootstock.
rosette: when parts are not whorled or opposite but appear so, due to the contractions of internodes, e.g. the petals in a double rose or a basal cluster of leaves (usually close to the ground) in some plants.
rostellate: possessing a beak (rostellum). Synonym of rostrate.
rostrate: with a beak.
rotate: circular and flattened; for example a corolla with a very short tube and spreading lobes (for instance some Solanaceae).
ruderal: a plant that colonises or occupies disturbed waste ground. See also weed.
rudiment: In the structure of a plant, an item that is at best hardly functional, either because it is immature and has not yet completed its development (such as a leaf still incompletely formed inside a bud), or because its role in the organism's morphology cannot be completed and therefore is futile (such as the leaf rudiment at the tip of a phyllode, that will be shed while immature, because the leaf function will be taken over by the phyllode). Compare cataphyll, vestige.
rudimentary: Being of the nature of a rudiment; at most barely functional because incompletely developed; begun, but far from completed, either temporarily or permanently. Compare vestigial.
rugose: Wrinkled, either covered with wrinkles, or crumpled like a wrinkled leaf, either as a stiffening structure, or in response to disease or insect damage.
rugulose: Finely wrinkled.
ruminate: (usually applied to endosperm) Irregularly grooved or ridged; appearing chewed, e.g. the endosperm in certain members of Myristicaceae.
runcinate: Sharply pinnatifid or cleft, with the segments directed downward.
runner: See stolon.
rupicolous: Rupestral, saxicolous, growing on or among rocks. Compare epilithic and lithophytic.
rush: A plant of the family Juncaceae or, more loosely, applied to various monocotyledons.

S[edit]

saccate: Pouched or shaped like a sack.
sagittate: Shaped like the head of an arrow; narrow and pointed but gradually enlarged at the base into two straight lobes directed downward; may refer only to the base of a leaf with such lobes. Compare hastate.
salverform: Trumpet-shaped; having a long, slender tube and a flat, abruptly expanded limb.
samara: A dry, indehiscent fruit with its wall expanded into a wing, e.g. in the genus Acer.
samphire: A common name given to various edible coastal plants, such as Salicornia spp. (Amaranthaceae), Crithmum maritimum (Apiaceae) and Limbarda crithmoides (Asteraceae).
sanguine: from Latin sanguineus, blood-coloured: crimson; the colour of blood.
saprophyte: adj. saprophytic
A plant, or loosely speaking, a fungus or similar organism, deriving its nourishment from decaying organic matter such as dead wood or humus, and usually lacking chlorophyll. Compare parasite, saprotroph and epiphyte.
saprotroph: adj. saprotrophic
An organism deriving its nourishment from decaying organic matter. Contrast parasite and epiphyte.
sarment: A long, slender, prostrate stolon, commonly called a runner.
sarmentose: Reproducing by sarments; strawberry plants are the most familiar example.
saxicolous: Growing on stone, like some lichens.
scabrid .: Also scabrous
Rough to the touch, with short hard protrusions or hairs.
scalariform: Ladder-like in structure or appearance.
scale: 1. A reduced or rudimentary leaf, for example around a dormant bud.; 2. A flattened epidermal outgrowth, such as those commonly found on the leaves and rhizomes of ferns.
scandent: Climbing, by whatever means. See also: scandent in Wiktionary.
scape: adj. scapose
A stem-like flowering stalk of a plant with radical leaves.
scapose: Having the floral axis more or less erect with few or no leaves; consisting of a scape.
scarious: Dry and membranous.
schizocarp: A dry fruit formed from more than one carpel but breaking apart into individual carpels (mericarps) when ripe.
scion: The aerial part of a graft combination, induced by various means to unite with a compatible understock or rootstock.
sclereid: A cell with a thick, lignified, cell wall that is shorter than a fiber cell and dies soon after the thickening of its cell wall.
sclerenchyma: A strengthening or supporting tissue composed of sclereids or of a mixture of sclereids and fibers.
sclerophyll: adj. sclerophyllous
A plant with hard, stiff leaves; any structure stiffened with thick-walled cells.
scorpioid: (of a cymose inflorescence) Branching alternately on one side and then the other. Compare helicoid.
scrobiculate: Having very small pits.
scrubland: Dense vegetation dominated by shrubs.
scurf: Minute, loose, membranous scales on the surface of some plant parts, such as leaves.
secondary metabolite: Chemicals produced by a plant that do not have a role in so-called primary functions such as growth, development, photosynthesis, reproduction, etc.
secondary species: In lichens, a "species" taxon of lichen reproducing only by vegetative means, whose components reproduce mainly by sexual means – cf. primary species.
secretory tissue: The tissues concerned with the secretion of gums, resins, oils and other substances in plants.
section (sectio): The category of supplementary taxa intermediate in rank between subgenus and series. It is a singular noun always written with a capital initial letter, in combination with the generic name.
secund: Having all the parts grouped on one side or turned to one side (applied especially to inflorescences).
sedge: A plant of the family Cyperaceae.
seed: A ripened ovule, consisting of a protective coat enclosing an embryo and food reserves; a propagating organ formed in the sexual reproductive cycle of gymnosperms and angiosperms (together, the seed plants).
segment: A part or subdivision of an organ, e.g. a petal is a segment of the corolla. A term sometimes used when the sepals and petals are indistinguishable.
self-pollination: (also selfing) The acceptance by stigmas of pollen from the same flower or from flowers on the same plant, which means they are self-compatible.
semaphyll: A structure such as a bract or sepal (if the remainder of the perianth is inconspicuous) which has become modified to attract pollinators.
semelparity: When a plant flowers once then dies.
semiterete: Rounded on one side but flat on the other. See also terete.
senecioid: See anthemoid.
sensitive: A descriptive term for stigmas that, in response to touch, close the two lobes of the stigma together, ending the receptivity of the stigma, at least for the time that the lobes are closed together. Mimulus is perhaps the best-known example.
sensu: In the sense of.
sensu auct.: (of a plant group or name) As cited by a named authority.
sensu amplo: (of a plant group or name) In a generous or ample sense.
sensu lato: (of a plant group) In a broad sense.
sensu strictissimo: (of a plant group) In the narrowest sense.
sensu stricto: (of a plant group) In a narrow sense.
sepal: In a flower, one of the segments or divisions of the outer whorl of non-fertile parts surrounding the fertile organs; usually green. Compare petal.
septicidal: (of a fruit) Dehiscing along the partitions between loculi. Compare loculicidal.
septum: pl. septa
A partition, e.g. the membranous wall separating the two valves of the pod of Brassicaceae.
seriate: Arranged in rows.
sericeous: Silky with dense appressed hairs.
series: The category of supplementary taxa intermediate in rank between section and species. It is often used as a plural adjective, as in "Primula subgenus Primula sect. Primula series Acaules".
serrate: Toothed with asymmetrical teeth pointing forward; like the cutting edge of a saw.
serrulate: Finely serrate.
sessile: Attached without a stalk, e.g. of a leaf without a petiole or a stigma, when the style is absent.
seta: pl. setae; adj. setose, setaceous
A bristle or stiff hair (in Bryophytes, the stalk of the sporophyte). A terminal seta is an appendage to the tip of an organ, e.g. the primary rachis of a bipinnate leaf in Acacia.
sheath: A tubular or rolled part of an organ, e.g. the lower part of the leaf in most grasses.
shoot: The aerial part of a plant; a stem and all of its dependent parts (leaves, flowers, etc.).
shrub: A woody perennial plant without a single main trunk, branching freely, and generally smaller than a tree.
sigmoid: Shaped like the letter 'S'.
silicula or silicle: A fruit like a siliqua, but stouter, not more than twice as long as wide.
silique
siliqua: A dry, dehiscent fruit (in contrast to a silicula, more than twice as long as wide) formed from a superior ovary of two carpels, with two parietal placentas and divided into two loculi by a 'false' septum.
silky: Densely covered with fine, soft, straight, appressed hairs, with a lustrous sheen and satiny to the touch.
silviculture: The science of forestry and the cultivation of woodlands for commercial purposes and wildlife conservation.
simple: Undivided or unsegmented, e.g. a leaf not divided into leaflets (note, however, that a simple leaf may still be entire, toothed or lobed) or an unbranched hair or inflorescence.
sinuate: Having deep, wave-like depressions along the margins, but more or less flat. Compare undulate.
sinus: A notch or depression between two lobes or teeth in the margin of an organ.
solitary: Single, of flowers that grow one plant per year, one in each axil, or widely separated on the plant; not grouped in an inflorescence.
soralia: In a lichen, the structure that bears soredium for non sexual reproduction.
soredium: pl. soredia
In a lichen, a small groups of algal cells surrounded by fungal filaments that form in soralia, which break off and grow new lichens without sexual reproduction after being dispersed by wind. Compare to an isidium, which breaks off and is dispersed by mechanical means.
sorus: pl. sori
A cluster of sporangia. Sori typically occur in ferns, some Algae and some fungi. In many fern species the sorus is covered by a protective indusium.
sp.: An abbreviation of species (singular), often used when the genus is known but the species has not been determined, as in "Brassica sp." See spp..
spp.: An abbreviation of species (plural), often used to collectively refer to more than one species of the same genus, as in "Astragalus spp." See sp..
spadix: A spicate (spike-like) inflorescence with the flowers crowded densely, even solidly, around a stout, often succulent axis. Particularly typical of the family Araceae
spathe: adj. spathaceous
A large bract ensheathing an inflorescence. Traditionally any broad, flat blade.
spathulate or spatulate: Spoon-shaped; broad at the tip with a narrowed projection extending to the base.
species: A group, or populations of individuals, sharing common features and/or ancestry, generally the smallest group that can be readily and consistently recognized; often, a group of individuals capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. The basic unit of classification, the category of taxa of the lowest principal rank in the nomenclatural hierarchy. Strict assignment to a species is not always possible, as it is subject to particular contexts, and the species concept under consideration.
specific epithet: Follows the name of the genus, and is the second word of a botanical binomial. The generic name and specific epithet together constitute the name of a species; i.e. the specific epithet is not the species name.
spica: adj. spicate
Another name for a spike.
spike: adj. spicate
An unbranched, indeterminate inflorescence in which the flowers are without stalks. Compare raceme.
spikelet: A subunit of a spike inflorescence, especially in grasses, sedges, and some other monocotyledons, consisting of one to many flowers and associated bracts or glumes.
spine: adj. spinose
A stiff, sharp structure formed by the modification of a plant organ that contains vascular tissue, e.g. a lateral branch or a stipule; includes thorns.
spinescent: Ending in a spine; modified to form a spine.
spiral: Of arrangement, when plant parts are arranged in a succession of curves like the thread of a screw, or coiled in a cylindrical or conical manner.
splash-cup (sporangia): A cup-like structure in fungi such as Nidulariaceae and in cryptogams such as some mosses. The cups function in spore dispersal, in which the energy of raindrops falling into the cup causes the water to splash outward carrying the spores.^[15]
sporangium (sporangia): A structure in which spores are formed and from which the mature spores are released
sporangiophore: An organ bearing sporangia, e.g. the cones of Equisetum.
spore: A haploid propagule, produced by meiosis in diploid cells of a sporophyte that can germinate to produce a multicellular gametophyte.
sporocarp: A fruiting body containing spores.
sporophyll: In pteridophytes, a modified leaf that bears a sporangium or sporangia.
sporophyte: The diploid multicellular phase in the alternation of generations of plants and algae that produces the spores. Compare gametophyte.
sport: A naturally occurring variant of a species, not usually present in a population or group of plants; a plant that has spontaneously mutated so that it differs from its parent plant.
spreading^{[disambiguation needed]}: Extending horizontally, e.g. in branches. Standing out at right angles to an axis, e.g. in leaves or hairs.
spur: 1. a short shoot.; 2. a conical or tubular outgrowth from the base of a perianth segment, often containing nectar.
squamule: (plural squamules, squamulae) small scales; In lichens, squamules are overlapping plate-like forms, sometimes overlapping so much as to become leaf-like, but which lack a lower cortex, unlike the leafy forms of foliose lichens – adjective: squamulose.
squamulose: Covered with small scales (squamules). In lichens, being composed of squamules.
squarrose: Having tips of leaves, stems, etc. radiating or projecting outward, e.g. in the moss Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus.
s.t.: An abbreviation for "sometimes". Compare usu. and oft..
stalk: The supporting structure of an organ, usually narrower in diameter than the organ itself.
stamen: adj. staminate
The male organ of a flower, consisting (usually) of a stalk called the filament and a pollen-bearing head called the anther.
staminate flower: Also male flower.
A flower with stamens but no pistil.
staminode: A sterile stamen, often rudimentary, sometimes petal-like.
staminophore: A structure, around the apex of eucalypt, myrtaceae hypanthia, that supports the stamens.
standard: The large posterior petal of pea-flowers.
standard specimen: A representative specimen of a cultivar or other taxon which demonstrates how the name of that taxon should be used.
stele: The primary vascular system (including phloem, xylem, and ground tissue) of plant stems and roots.
stellate: Star-shaped.
stem: The plant axis, either aerial or subterranean, which bears nodes, leaves, branches, and flowers.
stem-clasping: See amplexicaul.
stenospermocarpy: The development or production of fruit that is seedless or has minute seeds because of the abortion of seed development. Compare parthenocarpy.
sterile: Infertile, as with a stamen that does not bear pollen or a flower that does not bear seed.
stigma: The pollen-receptive surface of a carpel or group of fused carpels, usually sticky; usually a point or small head at the summit of the style.
stipe: Generally a small stalk or stalk-like structure. The stalk of a frond of a fern; the stalk supporting the pileus of a mushroom; the stalk of a seaweed such as a kelp; the stalk-like support of a gynaecium or a carpel
stipella: Also stipel; pl. stipellae
One of two small secondary stipules at the base of leaflets in some species.
stipitate: stalked; borne on a stipe; of an ovary, borne on a gynophore.
stipulate: Bearing stipules.
stipule: A small appendage at the bases of leaves in many dicotyledons.
stock: See rootstock.
stolon: Also runner.
A slender, prostrate or trailing stem, producing roots and sometimes erect shoots at its nodes. See also rhizome.
stoloniferous: Having stolons.
stoma: pl. stomata
A pore or small hole in the surface of a leaf (or other aerial organ) allowing the exchange of gases between tissues and the atmosphere.
stone cell: a sclereid cell, such as the cells that form the tissue of nut shells and the stones of drupes.
striate: Striped with parallel, longitudinal lines or ridges.
strigose: Covered with appressed, straight, rigid, bristle-like hairs; the appressed equivalent of hispid.
strobilus: pl. strobili
A cone-like structure consisting of sporophylls (e.g. conifers and club mosses) or sporangiophores (e.g. in Equisetopsida) borne close together on an axis.
style: An elongated part of a carpel or a group of fused carpels between the ovary and the stigma.
stylodium: An elongate stigma that resembles a style; a false style, e.g. commonly found in the Poaceae and Asteraceae.
stylopodium: A swelling on top of the ovary, at the base of the styles commonly found in flowers of the Apiaceae.
stylulus: The elongated apex of a free carpel which functions like the style of a syncarpous ovary, allowing pollen tubes from its stigma to enter the locule of only that carpel.
subcoriaceous: Slightly leathery or coriaceous.
subgenus: A category of supplementary taxa intermediate between genus and section. The name of a subgenus is a singular noun, always has a capital initial letter and is used in combination with the generic name, e.g. Primula subgenus Primula.
subglobose: Inflated, but less than spherical. See also globose.
suborbicular: nearly orbicular, flat and almost circular in outline. See also orbicular.
subpetiolate: (of a leaf) Having an extremely short petiole, and may appear sessile.
subquadrangular: Not quite square. Compare quadrangular.
subshrub: Also undershrub
A small shrub which may have partially herbaceous stems, but generally a woody plant less than 1 metre (3.3 ft) high.
subspecies: A taxonomic category within a species, usually used for geographically isolated or morphologically distinct populations of the same species. Its taxonomic rank occurs between species and variety.
subtend: To stand beneath or close to, as in a bract at the base of a flower.
subulate: Narrow and tapering gradually to a fine point.
succulent: 1. Juicy or fleshy.; 2. A plant with a fleshy habit.
sucker: A shoot of more or less subterranean origin; an erect shoot originating from a bud on a root or a rhizome, sometimes at some distance from the stem of the plant.
suffrutex: pl. suffrutices
A subshrub or undershrub.
sulcate: Furrowed; grooved. May be single (monosulcate), two (bisulcate) or many (polysulcate).
superficial: On the surface.
superior ovary: An ovary borne above the level of attachment of the other floral parts, or above the base of a hypanthium. Compare inferior ovary and half-inferior ovary.
suspended: Of an ovule, when attached slightly below the summit of the ovary. Compare pendulous.
suture: A junction or seam of union. See fissure and commissure.
sward: Extensive, more or less even cover of a surface, e.g. a lawn grass. Compare tussock.
sympatric: Having more or less similar or overlapping ranges of distribution.
sympodial: A mode of growth in which the main axis is repeatedly terminated and replaced with a lateral branch. Examples occur in the family Combretaceae, including the genera Terminalia and Combretum. cf. monopodial.
syconium: A hollow infructescence containing multiple fruit, such as that of a fig.
syn-: Also sym-.
A prefix meaning "with, together".
symmetrical: Capable of being divided into at least two equal, mirror-image halves (e.g. zygomorphic) or having rotational symmetry (e.g. regular or actinomorphic). Compare irregular and asymmetrical.
sympetalous: Having united (connate or fused) petals, not free (#apopetalous
synangium: A fused aggregate of sporangia, e.g. in the trilocular sporangia of the whisk fern Psilotum.
synanthous: A type of growth in which new leaves and flowers appear and die back at the same time. See also hysteranthous and proteranthous.
synaptospermy: The dispersal of diaspores as units, where each bears more than one seed, for example where each diaspore comprises an entire inflorescence, as in Brunsvigia or multi-seeded fruit as in Tribulus zeyheri. Ephemeral synaptospermy is the term for when the diaspores split into units containing fewer or single seeds each, as in most tumbleweeds. True synaptospermy is when the diaspore generally remains entire until germination, as commonly happens in species of Grielum.
syncarpous: (of a gynoecium) Composed of united carpels.
synonym: An outdated or 'alternative' name for the same taxon.
synoecious: A synonym of bisexual.
syntepalous: Having fused tepals. See also sympetalous (having fused petals).

T[edit]

Leucaena leucocephala taproot exposed in a roadcut

Cross sections of Brazil nut seeds, showing the tegmen and testa

Tendrils of Cucurbita pepo, some supporting the stem on the frame, some failing to find a point of attachment

Nerine bowdenii, showing the lack of visible sepals, and the inferior ovaries. The sepals are incorporated into the corolla as tepals.

Terete raceme of Kniphofia shown together with a cross section of a peduncle. A: Inflorescence; B: Terete peduncle; C: Cross section of a terete peduncle

Gymnosporia buxifolia has true thorns, that is, modified branches. In some species such branches are complete with buds and leaves.

Sweet potato tubers exposed, showing them to be root tubers. Morphologically they differ from stem tubers of potatoes, for example, in that root tubers do not have nodes that bear buds. The root tubers of some species of plants, however, can produce adventitious buds for vegetative reproduction.

Oxalis tuberosa, a stem tuber

Corms of Crocosmia bear typical tunics formed of cataphylls growing from the nodes of the corm. The illustration shows still-living cataphylls as white tissue, whereas the functional, hard, resistant tunic is brown.

Turbinate (spinning-top shaped) roots of sugar beet

Haworthia lockwoodii, with its leaves turgid and green after seasonal rains, storing water against the coming dry period

Tussock grasses on mountain slopes

taproot: The primary descending root of a plant with a single dominant root axis.
tartareous: Having a surface that is course, thick, rough, and crumbling.
taxon: pl. taxa
A group or category in a system of biological classification.
taxonomy: The study of the principles and practice of classification.
tegmen: The inner layer of the testa (seed coat). It develops from the inner integument of the ovule.
tendril: Any slender organ modified from a stem, leaf, leaflet, or stipule and used by climbing plants to cling to an object.
tepal: A segment of a perianth, either sepal or petal; usually used when all perianth segments are indistinguishable in appearance.
terete: Also semiterete
Circular in cross-section; more or less cylindrical without grooves or ridges.
terminal: Situated at the tip or apex.
ternate: In groups of three; of leaves, arranged in whorls of three; of a single leaf, having the leaflets arranged in groups of three.
terrestrial: Of or on the ground; of a habitat, on land as opposed to in water (aquatic), on rocks (lithophytic), or on other plants (epiphytic).
testa: The seed coat.
tetrad: A group of four; usually used to refer to four pollen grains which remain fused together through maturity (e.g. in the Epacridaceae).^[16]
tetragonal: Square; having four corners; four-angled, e.g. the cross-sections of stems of herbaceous Lamiaceae.
tetramerous: In four parts, particularly with respect to flowers; four parts in each whorl. See also trimerous and pentamerous.
tetraploid: Having four complete sets of chromosomes in each sporophyte cell.
tetraspore: The asexual spore of red algae. It is so named because each sporangium produces just four spores. See Rhodophyceae.^[17]
thalamus: Obsolete
1. A synonym for receptacle.; 2. The inflorescence disk of members of the Asteraceae.; 3. A calyx, as used by Carl Linnaeus.
thallus: The "vegetative" part (part other than sexual fruitbodies) of a lichen that has both the fungus (mycobiont) and photobiont; plural thalli
theca: One of the usually two synangia in which pollen is produced in flowering plants. It consists of two fused sporangia known as pollen sacs. The wall between the pollen sacs disintegrates before dehiscence, which is usually by a common slit.
thorn: A sharp, stiff point, usually a modified stem, that cannot be detached without tearing the subtending tissue; a spine. Compare prickle.
throat: The opening of a corolla or perianth.
thyrse: A branched inflorescence in which the main axis is indeterminate (racemose) and the lateral branches determinate (cymose).
tomentum: A dense covering of short, matted hairs. Tomentose is often used as a general term for bearing an indumentum, but this is not a recommended use.
toothed: Having a more or less regularly incised margin.
torus: See receptacle.
transmitting tissue: See pollen transmitting tissue.
trapeziform: 1. Like a trapezium (a four-sided figure with two parallel sides of unequal length).; 2. Like a trapezoid (a four-sided figure, or quadrilateral, with neither pair of sides equal); sometimes used erroneously as a synonym for rhombic.
tree: A woody plant, usually with a single distinct trunk and generally more than 2–3 metres (6.6–9.8 ft) tall.
triad: A group of three.
triangular: Planar and with 3 sides.
tribe: A taxonomic grouping that ranks between genus and family.
trichome: In non-filamentous plants, any hair-like outgrowth from the epidermis, e.g. a hair or bristle; sometimes restricted to unbranched epidermal outgrowths.
trifid.: Split into three parts. See also bifid.
trifoliate: A compound leaf of three leaflets; for example, a clover leaf.
trifoliolate: See trifoliate.
trigonous: Triangular in cross-section and obtusely angled. Compare triquetrous.
trimerous: In three parts, particularly with respect to flowers; having three parts in each whorl. See also tetramerous and pentamerous.
trinerved: Having three nerves or veins.
triplinerved: (of leaves) Having three main nerves with the lateral nerves arising from the midnerve above the base of the leaf.
triporate: (of pollen) Having three pores
triquetrous: More or less triangular in cross-section, but acutely angled (with 3 distinct longitudinal ridges). Compare trigonous.
trivalve: Divided into three valves. Also trivalvar. See also bivalve.
trivial name: The second word in the two-part scientific name of an organism. Compare specific epithet.
trophophyll: A vegetative, nutrient-producing leaf or microphyll whose primary function is photosynthesis. It is not specialized or modified for some other function. Compare sporophyll.
trullate: Ovate but angled, as with a bricklayer's trowel; inversely kite-shaped. Compare rhombic.
truncate: Cut off squarely; having an abruptly transverse end.
trunk: The upright, large and typically woody main stem of a tree.
truss: A compact cluster of flowers or fruits arising from one centre; evident in many rhododendrons.
tuber: Any of many types of specialised vegetative underground storage organs. They accumulate food, water, or in protection from death by fire, drought, or other hard times. Tubers generally are well differentiated from other plant organs; for example, informally a carrot is not generally regarded as a tuber, but simply a swollen root. In this they differ from the tuber of a sweet potato, which has no special root-like function. Similarly, corms are not generally regarded as tubers, even though they are underground storage stems. Tubers store food for the plant, and also have important roles in vegetative reproduction. They generally are of two main types: stem tubers form by the swelling of an underground stem growing from a root, or from structures such as underground stolons. Stem tubers generally produce propagative buds at their stem nodes, forming a seasonal perennating organ, e.g. a potato. The main other class is the root tuber, also called tuberoid. They differ from stem tubers in features such as that, like any normal root, they do not form nodes.
tubercle: A small wart-like outgrowth or protuberance of tissue.
tuberculate: Covered in tubercles. See warty.
tuberoid: An alternative name for underground storage organ formed by the swelling of a root; occurs in many orchids.
tuberous: Resembling a tuber or producing tubers.
tubular: Having the form of a tube or cylinder.
tufted: Densely fasciculate at the tip.
tunic: The outer covering of some bulbs and corms.
tunicate: (of bulbs) Consisting of concentric coats.
turbinate: Shaped like a spinning top or beetroot.
turgid: Swollen with liquid; bloated; firm. Compare flaccid.
tussock: A dense tuft of vegetation, usually well separated from neighbouring tussocks, for example in some grasses. Compare sward.
two-ranked: Having leaves arranged in two rows in the same plane, on opposite sides of the branch. See distichous.
type: An item (usually an herbarium specimen) to which the name of a taxon is permanently attached, i.e. a designated representative of a plant name. Important in determining the priority of names available for a particular taxon.
type genus: In nomenclature, a single genus on which a taxonomic family is based.

U[edit]

umbel: A racemose inflorescence in which all the individual flower stalks arise in a cluster at the top of the peduncle and are of about equal length; in a simple umbel, each stalk is unbranched and bears only one flower. A cymose umbel looks similar to an ordinary umbel but its flowers open centrifugally.
umbo: A rounded elevation, such as in the middle of the top of an umbrella or mushroom; a central boss or protuberance, such as on the scale of a cone.
umbonate: Having an umbo, with a conical or blunt projection arising from a flatter surface, as on the top of a mushroom or in the scale of a pine cone.
unciform: Hook-shaped.
uncinate: Having a hook at the apex.
undershrub: A low shrub, often with flowering branches that die off in winter. Compare subshrub.
understory: Plant life growing beneath the forest canopy.
undulate: Wavy and not flat. Compare sinuate.
uniflor: Having a single flower (uniflory). Compare pauciflor (few) and pluriflor (many).
unilocular: Having one loculus or chamber, e.g. the ovary in the families Proteaceae and Fabaceae.
uniserial: Arranged in a single row or series. Unbranched. Uniseriate.
uniseriate: Arranged in a single row or series. Unbranched. Uniserial.
unisexual: Of one sex; bearing only male or only female reproductive organs, dioecious, dioicous. See Sexual reproduction in plants.
unitegmic: (of an ovule) Covered by a single integument. See also bitegmic, having two integuments.
urceolate: Shaped like an urn or pitcher, with a swollen middle and narrowing top. Examples include the pitchers of many species of the pitcher plant genera Sarracenia and Nepenthes.
usu.: An abbreviation of usually. Compare s.t. and oft..
utricle: 1. A small bladder; a membranous bladder-like sac from the ovary wall, thin pericarp, becomes more or less bladdery or inflated at maturity enclosing an ovary or fruit.; 2. In sedges, a fruit in which the fruit is loosely encloses from a modified tubular bract, see perigynium.

V[edit]

Photomicrograph of a cross section of a vascular bundle in the stem of a typical herbaceous dicotyledon A: Phloem
B: Cambium
C: Xylem
D: Fibrous sheath of vascular bundle

Leaf veins and velutinous hairs of Nepeta

Velamen, the pale grey membrane covering the mature part of the root of an epiphyte

Flower stalks and sepal tubes of Pueraria phaseoloides are covered with velutinous (velvety) hairs.

Verticillaster of Salvia yangii

Verticillate leaves and emerging branchlets of a forb

Vestigial leaf scales on stem nodes of Viscum capense

Asparagus virgatus owes its specific epithet virgatus to the twiggy appearance of its virgate shoots.

vallecular canal

A resin canal coinciding with a longitudinal groove in the seeds of Asteraceae. A longitudinal cavity in the cortex of the stems of Equisetum, coinciding with a groove in the stem surface.

valvate

(of sepals and petals in bud) Meeting edge-to-edge but not overlapping.

valve

A portion of an organ that fragments or splits open, e.g. the teeth-like portions of a pericarp in a split (dehisced) capsule or pod when ripe.

var.

An abbreviation of varietas.

variant

A plant or group of plants showing some measure of difference from the characteristics associated with a particular taxon.

variegated

Irregularly marked with blotches or patches of another colour.

varietas

Often variety in common usage and abbreviated as var.

A taxonomic rank below that of species and between the ranks of subspecies and form.

vascular

Referring to the conducting tissues (xylem and phloem) of vascular plants.

vascular bundle

A bundle of vascular tissue in the primary stems of vascular plants, consisting of specialised conducting cells for the transport of water (xylem) and assimilate (phloem).

vasculum

A container used by botanists for collecting field specimens.

vein

Also nerve.

A strand of vascular tissue, e.g. in the leaves of vascular plants.

veinlet

A small vein; the ultimate (visible) division of a vein.

velamen

A spongy tissue covering the aerial roots of orchids and some other epiphytes.

velutinous

See velvety.

velvety

Densely covered with fine, short, soft, erect hairs.

venation

The arrangement of veins in a leaf.

ventral

From Latin venter, meaning "belly". The opposite of dorsal. Partly because the term originally referred to animals rather than plants, usage in botany is arbitrary according to context and source. In general "ventral" refers to "the belly or lower part", but in botanical usage such concepts are not always clearly defined and may be contradictory. For example:

facing toward the axis (adaxial) in referring to a lateral organ of an erect plant
facing toward the substrate in any part of an erect plant, for example the lower surface of a more or less horizontal leaf (abaxial)
facing toward the substrate in a prostrate or climbing plant.

For more detail see dorsal.

vernation

The arrangement of unexpanded leaves in a bud; the order in which leaves unfold from a bud.

vernonioid

In the Compositae, style with sweeping hairs borne on abaxial surfaces of style branches.

verruciform

Wart-like in form.

verrucose

Having warts.

verruculose

Minutely verrucose; minutely warty.

versatile

(of anthers) Swinging freely about the point of attachment to the filament.

verticillate

Arranged in one or more whorls, i.e. several similar parts arranged at the same point of the axis, e.g. leaf arrangement. Compare pseudoverticillate (appearing whorled or verticillate but not actually so).

verticillaster

A type of pseudoverticillate inflorescence, typical of the Lamiaceae, in which pseudo-whorls are formed from pairs of opposite cymes.

vesicular

(of hairs) Bladder-like; vesciculous, bearing such hairs.

vessel

A capillary tube formed from a series of open-ended cells in the water-conducting tissue of a plant.

vestigial

Reduced in form and function from the normal or ancestral condition.

villous

Abounding in or covered with long, soft, straight hairs; shaggy with soft hairs.

vine

1. Scandent plants climbing by means of trailing or twining stems or runners.

2. Such a stem or runner.^[8]^[18]

3. A member of the genus Vitis.

virgate

Diminutive: virgulate

Wand-shaped, twiggy, especially referring to erect, straight stems. In mycology, referring to a pileus with radiating ribs or lines.

Viridiplantae

A clade of autotrophic organisms that includes the green algae, Charophyta and land plants, all of which have cellulose in their cell walls, chloroplasts derived from primary endosymbiosis with Cyanobacteria that contain chlorophylls a and b and lack phycobilins.

viscid

Sticky; coated with a thick, syrupy secretion.

vitta

An oil tube in the fruit of some plants.

viviparous

1. Referring to seeds or fruits which germinate before being shed from the parent plant.

2. The development of plantlets on non-floral organs, e.g. leaves.

W[edit]

warty: A surface covered with small round protuberances, especially in fruit, leaves, twigs and bark. See tuberculate.
watershoot: An erect, strong-growing, or epicormic shoot developing from near the base of a shrub or tree, but distinct from a sucker.
weed: 1. Any plant growing where it is not wanted; commonly associated with disrupted habitats. See also ruderal.; 2. An unwanted plant which grows among agricultural crops.; 3. A naturalised, exotic, or ecologically "out-of-balance" indigenous species outside of the agricultural or garden context, which, as a result of invasion, adversely affects the survival or regeneration of indigenous species in natural or partly natural vegetation communities.^[19]
wild: Originating from a known wild or purely natural habitat (wilderness).
whorl: A ring of organs borne at the same level on an axis (e.g. leaves, bracts, or floral parts).
wing: 1. A membranous expansion of a fruit or seed which aids in dispersal, for instance on pine seeds.; 2. A thin flange of tissue extending beyond the normal outline of a structure, e.g. on the column of some orchids, on stems, on petioles.; 3. One of the two lateral petals of a flower of subfamily Faboideae of family Fabaceae, located between the adaxial standard (banner) petal and the two abaxial keel petals.
woolly: Very densely covered with long, more or less matted or intertwined hairs, resembling a sheep's wool.

X[edit]

xeromorph: A plant with structural features (e.g. hard or succulent leaves) or functional adaptations that prevent water loss by evaporation; usually associated with arid habitats, but not necessarily drought-tolerant. Compare xerophyte.
xerophyte: A plant generally living in a dry habitat, typically showing xeromorphic or succulent adaptation; a plant able to tolerate long periods of drought. Compare xeromorph.
xylem: A specialised water-conducting tissue in vascular plants.

Z[edit]

zonate: Having light and dark circular bands or rings, typically on leaves or flowers.
zygomorphic: Bilaterally symmetrical; symmetrical about one vertical plane only; applies to flowers in which the perianth segments within each whorl vary in size and shape. Contrast actinomorphic and irregular.
zygote: A fertilized cell, the product of fusion of two gametes.

References[edit]

^ a b c Harris & Harris 2001, p. 3.
^ Shreve, Forrest; Wiggins, Ira. Vegetation and Flora of the Sonoran Desert. Stanford University Press, 1964. ISBN 978-0804701631
^ a b Harris & Harris 2001, p. 4.
^ Harris & Harris 2001, pp. 4–5.
^ a b c d e f g h i Harris & Harris 2001, p. 5.
^ John Sims (1803). Curtis's Botanical Magazine, Or, Flower-garden Displayed: In which the Most Ornamental Foreign Plants, Cultivated in the Open Ground, the Green-house, and the Stove, are Accurately Represented in Their Natural Colours ... pp. 93–.
^ Harris & Harris 2001, p. 6.
^ a b c d Jackson, Benjamin, Daydon; A Glossary of Botanic Terms with their Derivation and Accent; Published by Gerald Duckworth & Co. London, 4th ed 1928
^ a b Jaeger, Edmund Carroll (1959). A source-book of biological names and terms. Springfield, Ill: Thomas. ISBN 978-0-398-06179-1.
^ a b Hanzawa, F.; Beattie, A.; Holmes, A. (1985). "Dual Function of the Elaiosome of Corydalis aurea (Fumariaceae): Attraction of Dispersal Agents and Repulsion of Peromyscus maniculatus, a Seed Predator". American Journal of Botany. 72 (11): 1707–1711. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1985.tb08442.x. JSTOR 2443727.
^ Mosses Lichens & Ferns of Northwest North America, Dale H. Vitt, Janet E. marsh, Robin B. Bovey, Lone Pine Publishing Company, ISBN 0-295-96666-1
^ Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, ISBN 978-0-300-19500-2, page 279
^ Alan W. Meerow, Michael F. Fay, Charles L Guy, Qin-Bao Li, Faridah Q Zaman, Mark W. Chase. Systematics of Amaryllidaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid sequence data. Am. J. Bot. September 1999 vol. 86 no. 9 1325-1345
^ Pell, Susan K.; Angell, Bobbi (2016). A Botanist's Vocabulary: 1300 Terms Explained and Illustrated. Portland, OR: Timber Press. p. 169. ISBN 978-1-604-69563-2.
^ The Splash-Cup Dispersal Mechanism in Plants, Harold J. Brodie, Canadian Journal of Botany, 1951, 29(3): 224-234, 10.1139/b51-022, [1]
^ Beach, Chandler B., ed. (1914). "Tetrad" . The New Student's Reference Work . Chicago: F. E. Compton and Co.
^ Beach, Chandler B., ed. (1914). "Tetraspore" . The New Student's Reference Work . Chicago: F. E. Compton and Co.
^ Brown, Lesley (1993). The New shorter Oxford English dictionary on historical principles. Oxford [Eng.]: Clarendon. ISBN 978-0-19-861271-1.
^ Carr, G.W., in Foreman & Walsh, 1993.

Bibliography[edit]

Allaby, Michael (2012). A Dictionary of Plant Sciences. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-960057-1.
Henk Beentje (2010) The Kew Plant Glossary, an illustrated dictionary of plant terms. Revised edition (2012). Kew Publishing: Richmond, U.K. ISBN 978-1-84246-422-9.
Ernest M. Gifford and Adriance S. Foster. 1989. Morphology and Evolution of Vascular Plants, 3rd edition. W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-1946-5
Harris, James G.; Harris, Melinda Woolf (2001). Plant Identification Terminology: An Illustrated Glossary (2nd ed.). Spring Lake, UT, USA: Spring Lake Publishing. ISBN 0-9640221-6-8.
Hickey, Michael; King, Clive (2000). The Cambridge illustrated glossary of botanical terms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-79401-5.
Hughes, Colin. "The virtual field herbarium". Oxford University Herbaria. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
- "Plant Characteristics" (Glossary). Retrieved 4 March 2017., in Hughes (2017)
Benjamin D. Jackson. A Glossary of Botanic Terms. Duckworth: London. J.B. Lippincott Company: Philadelphia (1928).
David B. Lellinger. 2002. A Modern Multilingual Glossary for Taxonomic Pteridology (Pteridologia, 3). American Fern Society. ISBN 978-0-933500-02-0.
Simpson, Michael G. (2011). Plant Systematics. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-08-051404-8.
Stearn, W.T. 1983. Botanical Latin. David & Charles, North Pomfret, Vermont.
Glossary of botanical and medical terms, in Don G. W. A general system of gardening and botany. Founded upon Miller's Gardener's dictionary, and arranged according to the natural system. 1831
"Glossary of botanical terms". Neotropikey. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
"Glossary for Vascular Plants". The William & Lynda Steere Herbarium, New York Botanical Garden. Retrieved 20 September 2019.

External links[edit]

Wiktionary
Glossary at: APweb
A glossary of botanical terms in English At: Flora, etc.
Garden Web
eFloras
Categorical Glossary for the Flora of North America Project

Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew[edit]

Standard glossary (archive)
Stuppy, W. Glossary of Seed and Fruit Morphological Terms

Australia and New Zealand[edit]

University of Sydney: Eflora – Glossary
Florabase (Western Australia)
Flora of Australia Online Glossary
Flora of Australia Abbreviations
Flora of S Australia
Botany Word of the Day. Illustrated with New Zealand natives

Africa[edit]

Herman, P P J (2015). "Botanical glossary" (PDF). SANBI. Retrieved 21 May 2020.

Plants of southern Africa

[FOOTNOTEHarrisHarris20013-1] Harris & Harris 2001, p. 3.

[2] Shreve, Forrest; Wiggins, Ira. Vegetation and Flora of the Sonoran Desert. Stanford University Press, 1964. ISBN 978-0804701631

[FOOTNOTEHarrisHarris20014-3] Harris & Harris 2001, p. 4.

[FOOTNOTEHarrisHarris20014–5-4] Harris & Harris 2001, pp. 4–5.

[FOOTNOTEHarrisHarris20015-5] ^ a b c d e f g h i Harris & Harris 2001, p. 5.

[Sims1803-6] John Sims (1803). Curtis's Botanical Magazine, Or, Flower-garden Displayed: In which the Most Ornamental Foreign Plants, Cultivated in the Open Ground, the Green-house, and the Stove, are Accurately Represented in Their Natural Colours ... pp. 93–.

[FOOTNOTEHarrisHarris20016-7] Harris & Harris 2001, p. 6.

[BotGloss-8] Jackson, Benjamin, Daydon; A Glossary of Botanic Terms with their Derivation and Accent; Published by Gerald Duckworth & Co. London, 4th ed 1928

[Jaeger-9] Jaeger, Edmund Carroll (1959). A source-book of biological names and terms. Springfield, Ill: Thomas. ISBN 978-0-398-06179-1.

[corydalis-10] Hanzawa, F.; Beattie, A.; Holmes, A. (1985). "Dual Function of the Elaiosome of Corydalis aurea (Fumariaceae): Attraction of Dispersal Agents and Repulsion of Peromyscus maniculatus, a Seed Predator". American Journal of Botany. 72 (11): 1707–1711. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1985.tb08442.x. JSTOR 2443727.

[VMBMLF-11] Mosses Lichens & Ferns of Northwest North America, Dale H. Vitt, Janet E. marsh, Robin B. Bovey, Lone Pine Publishing Company, ISBN 0-295-96666-1

[SSFGCL-12] Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, ISBN 978-0-300-19500-2, page 279

[13] Alan W. Meerow, Michael F. Fay, Charles L Guy, Qin-Bao Li, Faridah Q Zaman, Mark W. Chase. Systematics of Amaryllidaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid sequence data. Am. J. Bot. September 1999 vol. 86 no. 9 1325-1345

[BotVocab-14] Pell, Susan K.; Angell, Bobbi (2016). A Botanist's Vocabulary: 1300 Terms Explained and Illustrated. Portland, OR: Timber Press. p. 169. ISBN 978-1-604-69563-2.

[15] The Splash-Cup Dispersal Mechanism in Plants, Harold J. Brodie, Canadian Journal of Botany, 1951, 29(3): 224-234, 10.1139/b51-022, [1]

[16] Beach, Chandler B., ed. (1914). "Tetrad" . The New Student's Reference Work . Chicago: F. E. Compton and Co.

[17] Beach, Chandler B., ed. (1914). "Tetraspore" . The New Student's Reference Work . Chicago: F. E. Compton and Co.

[ISBN_0-19-861271-0-18] Brown, Lesley (1993). The New shorter Oxford English dictionary on historical principles. Oxford [Eng.]: Clarendon. ISBN 978-0-19-861271-1.

[19] Carr, G.W., in Foreman & Walsh, 1993.