Fresh Meadows es un vecindario en la sección noreste del distrito de Queens de la ciudad de Nueva York . Fresh Meadows solía ser parte de la ciudad más amplia de Flushing y limita al norte con Horace Harding Expressway ; al oeste con Pomonok , St. John's University y los subbarrios de Hillcrest y Utopia ; al este por Cunningham Park y Clearview Expressway ; y al sur por Grand Central Parkway .
Prados frescos | |
---|---|
Ubicación dentro de la ciudad de Nueva York | |
Coordenadas: 40.735 ° N 73.78 ° W40 ° 44′06 ″ N 73 ° 46′48 ″ O / Coordenadas : 40 ° 44′06 ″ N 73 ° 46′48 ″ O / 40,735 ° N 73,78 ° W | |
País | Estados Unidos |
Expresar | Nueva York |
Ciudad | Nueva York |
Condado / Municipio | Reinas |
Distrito Comunitario | Reinas 8 [1] |
Población [2] | |
• Estimación (2010) | 17,812 |
Basado en cifras del censo de EE. UU. De 2010; excluye Hillcrest | |
Etnicidad [3] | |
• Asiático | 47,1% |
• Blanco | 32,9% |
• Hispano | 9,9% |
• Negro | 7,6% |
• Otro / multirracial | 2,5% |
Ciencias económicas [4] | |
• Ingresos medios | $ 64,005 |
Zona horaria | UTC-5 ( EST ) |
• Verano ( DST ) | UTC − 4 ( EDT ) |
Códigos ZIP | 11365, 11366 |
Códigos de área | 718, 347, 929 y 917 |
Fresh Meadows está ubicado en el Distrito Comunitario 8 de Queens y sus códigos postales son 11365 y 11366. [1] Está patrullado por el 107º Precinto del Departamento de Policía de la Ciudad de Nueva York . [5] Políticamente, Fresh Meadows está representado por los distritos 23 y 24 del Concejo de la Ciudad de Nueva York . [6]
Historia
Historia temprana
El nombre "Fresh Meadows" se remonta a antes de la Revolución Americana. Fresh Meadows era parte de la ciudad de Flushing, que tenía grandes áreas de prados salados, como el original "Flushing Meadows". Sin embargo, los humedales del terreno montañoso al sur y al este de la aldea de Flushing se alimentaban de manantiales de agua dulce y, por lo tanto, eran "prados frescos". Fresh Meadows Road (que hoy sigue la misma ruta con varios nombres, incluido Fresh Meadows Lane y parte de Utopia Parkway) atravesó el área y sirvió como ruta desde el lugar de aterrizaje en Whitestone hasta el pueblo de Jamaica. En The Evening Post en 1805, el propietario de la granja James Smith anunció la venta de su granja de 60 acres "en el camino hacia Fresh Meadows y Flushing". [7]
Durante la Revolución Americana , las tropas británicas marcharon por la zona. [8] El general Benedict Arnold y sus tropas se quedaron en granjas a lo largo del camino. [9] El general Arnold entrenó a sus tropas en el área, en la ubicación actual de la MS 216. Con el fin de ayudar a trasladar suministros militares de los barcos británicos que utilizan el Whitestone Landing, y las tropas acamparon más al este, se construyó una nueva carretera para conectar el Fresh Meadows Road con Hempstead . Este camino comenzaba en lo que ahora es la intersección de Utopia Parkway y 73rd Avenue, cerca de un punto de referencia local a lo largo de Fresh Meadows Road: los restos de un gran árbol que se había quemado después de ser alcanzado por un rayo, y que se conocía como el "Tocón negro ". La carretera tomó su nombre de esta característica y se llamó "Black Stump Road". [10] [11] [12]
Durante el siglo XIX, una comunidad agrícola conocida como Black Stump se desarrolló en el área. La escuela Black Stump se construyó antes de 1871. [13] La escuela se amplió en 1900, y se añadió un segundo piso en 1905. [14] [15] Los restos de la escuela Black Stump fueron demolidos en 1941 para construir el presente -Día Utopia Playground, ubicado en 73rd Avenue y Utopia Parkway. [16] [17]
Durante varios años, se rumoreaba que los bosques de Black Stump estaban encantados porque la gente escuchó sonidos extraños provenientes del bosque. [18] En 1908, se descubrió que los misteriosos sonidos provenían de un recluso que vivía en una pequeña cabaña y cantaba canciones populares irlandesas por la noche. [18]
Parsons Nurseries y Kissena Park
En 1868, Samuel Parsons abrió Parsons Nurseries, uno de los primeros jardines comerciales, cerca de lo que ahora es Fresh Meadows Lane. [9] Con la ayuda de un equipo de coleccionistas, Parsons Nurseries encontró árboles y arbustos exóticos para importar a los Estados Unidos, y sus anuncios llenaron revistas de jardinería con representaciones de estas plantas exóticas. [19] [20] A finales de la década de 1880, Parsons Nurseries importaba 10.000 arces japoneses a los Estados Unidos cada año con la ayuda del inmigrante suizo John R. Trumpy. [19] Parsons Nurseries también fue el primero en introducir el ligustro de California en los Estados Unidos desde Japón. [21] Los hijos de Samuel Parsons, Samuel Bowne Parsons y Robert Bowne Parsons, se hicieron cargo más tarde de la guardería. En 1886, Samuel Bowne Parsons ayudó a renovar las plantaciones de Central Park mientras se desempeñaba como Superintendente de Parques. [22]
Samuel Bowne Parsons le dio al lago en su propiedad el nombre "kissena", que él pensó que era la palabra chippewa para "hace frío". [23] El lago Kissena se utilizó inicialmente como estanque de molino . [24] Parsons luego usó el lago para cortar hielo , donde el hielo de la superficie de los lagos y ríos se recolecta y almacena en casas de hielo y se usa o vende como método de enfriamiento antes de que la refrigeración mecánica estuviera disponible. [23] El lago también fue un hábitat para los patos de madera durante la década de 1900. [25] Justo al este del lago había una estación de bombeo de agua. [26]
En 1898, el hijo de Samuel Bowne Parsons, George H. Parsons, había asumido el cargo de superintendente de Parsons Nurseries. [27] Más tarde ese año, su padre encontró a George en el baño; había muerto de insuficiencia cardíaca. [27] Parsons Nurseries cerró en 1901, [28] y Samuel Bowne Parsons murió en 1906. [29] Dos promotores inmobiliarios, John W. Paris y Edward McDougal, compraron la mayor parte de las tierras de Parsons y luego construyeron grandes casas como parte de el desarrollo residencial "Kissena Park". [29] La ciudad de Nueva York compró el resto de la tierra de Parsons y algunas otras parcelas de tierra para crear Kissena Park . [23] [30] Un tramo de 14 acres (5,7 ha) de especímenes exóticos de Parsons se conservó en el parque actual y ahora es la Arboleda Histórica. [31] : 3
Club de campo Fresh Meadow
En 1921, el residente de Park Slope , Benjamin C. Ribman, y otros del Unity Club de Brooklyn buscaban construir un campo de golf. [32] [8] El grupo eligió la intersección de Fresh Meadow Lane y Nassau Boulevard como sitio, porque el terreno era adecuado para el golf y las carreteras proporcionaban accesibilidad a otras partes de la ciudad. [8] Los 106 acres de tierra se compraron a fines de 1921, y otros 26 acres se compraron el año siguiente. [33] [34] AW Tillinghast diseñó el campo de golf. [33]
Originalmente, el nombre sería Woodland. [35] Después de que el Brooklyn Daily Eagle señaló que ya existía un campo de golf llamado Woodland en Boston, los fundadores decidieron nombrar el campo como Fresh Meadow Country Club. [35] El nombre proviene de un área al noreste de Flushing a pesar de que el campo de golf en realidad estaba ubicado al sureste de Flushing, justo al sur de lo que actualmente es Long Island Expressway cerca de 183rd Street. [36]
Fresh Meadow Country Club abrió sus puertas el 30 de mayo de 1922. [37] [38] [36] En la inauguración del campo de golf, la primera ronda de golf la jugaron el ex campeón de golf de la NCAA Jesse Sweetser y el profesional del club Willie Anderson. [37] Sweetser ganó por dos golpes. [37] Entre las personas que asistieron se encontraban los jueces de la Corte Suprema del estado de Nueva York Mitchell May , Edward Lazansky y Harry Lewis, y el presidente del condado, Maurice E. Connolly . [37]
La casa club se inauguró el 8 de septiembre de 1923. [32] Nueve días después, la casa club se quemó hasta los cimientos por la explosión de una caldera. [32] Los bomberos de Flushing, Bayside y Black Stump llegaron pero no pudieron salvar la casa club, en parte porque la boca de incendios más cercana estaba a media milla de distancia, pero pudieron detener el fuego antes de que consumiera un casillero contiguo. edificio y un edificio de dormitorios de dos pisos. [32] [39]
El Campeonato de la PGA se celebró en Fresh Meadow Country Club en 1930, [40] y el US Open se celebró en el campo en 1932. [41] En 1937, el campo de golf fue sede de un juego benéfico entre John Montague , Babe Ruth , Babe Didrikson y Sylvania Annenberg, [42] un juego que fue visto por 10,000 fanáticos, algunos de los cuales corrieron al campo de golf y dejaron la camisa de Babe Ruth hecha jirones. [43]
Desarrollo de vivienda y comercio de Fresh Meadows
En febrero de 1946, el terreno del campo de golf se vendió a New York Life Insurance Company por $ 1,075,000, equivalente a $ 14,300,000 en 2020, para construir un complejo de viviendas en el terreno. [44] [45] La Compañía Gross-Morton también había hecho una oferta para comprar la tierra, pero no fue aceptada. [45] New York Life Insurance Company eligió a Ralph Thomas Walker como diseñador jefe y firmó un contrato con George A. Fuller Company , que había construido el Flat Iron Building , para construir los edificios de apartamentos. [46] La construcción le costó a New York Life Insurance Company $ 35,000,000, equivalente a $ 464,000,000 en 2020. [47]
New York Life Insurance Company donó un terreno en 69th Avenue en 195th Street a la ciudad para que pudiera construir una escuela. [48] En 1947, la Junta de Educación de la ciudad de Nueva York otorgó contratos por más de $ 1,800,000, equivalentes a $ 20,900,000 en 2020, para construir la escuela PS 26, una escuela primaria con capacidad para 1,494 estudiantes. [48] El 21 de abril de 1947, se inició la construcción de la escuela. [49] La escuela, PS 26, también conocida como la Escuela Rufus King, abrió en febrero de 1949. [50] La escuela PS 173 abrió poco después, en septiembre de 1949, en 69th Avenue y Fresh Meadows Lane. [50] Originalmente se suponía que la escuela PS 173 se construiría en el sitio de Utopia Playground, una cuadra al oeste, pero la escuela había sido reubicada debido a la oposición de Robert Moses , el comisionado de parques de la ciudad de Nueva York. [51] [52]
Las primeras veinte familias se mudaron al desarrollo de viviendas Fresh Meadows el 2 de septiembre de 1947. [53] Como resultado de la segregación de viviendas , New York Life Insurance Company no permitió que las personas negras vivieran en el desarrollo de viviendas de Fresh Meadows. [54] También fue construido para albergar a los veteranos locales de la Segunda Guerra Mundial . El complejo y su centro comercial homónimo fueron de los primeros en los Estados Unidos diseñados principalmente para adaptarse al tráfico de automóviles en lugar del tráfico de peatones. [55] Los alquileres de apartamentos oscilaban entre $ 74 y $ 108 por mes, que incluían gas y electricidad. [53] En 1949, el crítico de arquitectura Lewis Mumford describió el complejo de viviendas Fresh Meadows como "quizás el ejemplo más positivo y estimulante de planificación comunitaria a gran escala en este país". [56] La construcción del edificio residencial final, un edificio de apartamentos de 20 pisos en 67th Avenue y 192nd Street, se completó y estuvo listo para ser ocupado en mayo de 1962. [57] En el momento en que terminó la construcción del edificio, 11.000 personas vivían en el desarrollo habitacional Fresh Meadows. [57]
New York Life Insurance Company construyó un centro comercial de 12 acres en 188th Street en Horace Harding Expressway . [58] Se planeó que el centro comercial incluyera un Bloomingdale's , un cine, una tienda de ropa Canterbury Shops, Mary Lewis, Ormond Hosiery Shop, Woolworth's , Miles Shows, zapatos para niños Buster Brown , zapatos de mujer Selby, Food Fair , un Horn & Hardart Automat , Whelan's Drugs, Fanny Farmer , Union News, Womrath's Book Shop, tintorerías Barrett Nephews y delicatessen Harris Brothers, un Bank of Manhattan , un Jamaica Savings Bank y una oficina de correos . [58] Bloomingdale's abrió el 24 de mayo de 1949. [59] [60] [61] Century Meadows Theatre abrió en noviembre de 1949. [62] En 1973, Bloomingdale's agregó una extensión de tres niveles a la tienda, en lo que había sido un peatón plaza. [47] Cinco robles de 36 años fueron arrancados de raíz para construir la extensión, para consternación de los residentes cercanos. [47]
El autobús expreso QM1 a Manhattan comenzó a funcionar en 1968 como parte de una prueba de 90 días propuesta por el comisionado de tráfico de la ciudad Henry A. Barnes , el administrador de transporte Arthur A. Palmer y New York Life Insurance Company. [63] Este servicio finalmente se mantuvo, y se amplió en 1970 con sucursales que se extendían más hacia el este en Queens. [64] [65] El servicio combinado QM1 / QM1A finalmente se convirtió en una de las rutas expresas privadas más transitadas de la ciudad en la década de 2000. [66]
En 1972, Harry B. Helmsley y la Fundación John D. y Catherine T. MacArthur se asociaron para comprar el complejo de viviendas y tiendas Fresh Meadows por $ 53,000,0000, equivalente a $ 327,900,000 en 2020, de New York Life Insurance Company. [38] [67] La Fundación MacArthur adquirió la propiedad directamente en 1995. [67] En 1997, Witkoff Group e Insignia Financial Group compraron la propiedad residencial y Federated Realty Investment Trust compró la propiedad comercial. Los propietarios de Fresh Meadows recibieron $ 215 millones de la venta. [67] [68]
Two months after the Bloomingdale's store was sold in August 1991, Kmart signed a 31-year lease for the space.[60] Kmart's grand opening was on October 22, 1991.[69] Kmart closed the store in 2003, as part of an effort to close underperforming stores.[70] Kmart sold the lease to the Fresh Meadows location and four other locations to Kohl's for $16 million in 2003.[71] The Kohl's in Fresh Meadows was the first Kohl's location in New York City.[72]
Klein Farm
Fresh Meadows was home to Klein Farm, the last surviving commercial farm in New York City, located on 73rd Avenue between 194th and 195th Streets.[73][74][75] Adam Klein, from Brooklyn, bought the Voorhis farm in the 1890s.[8][73][76][77] Klein bought the 200-acre plot of land for $18 per acre.[78] The family sold portions of the land over time, but kept the two acres surrounding the farm house.[73][76] His son, Charles Klein, was born on the farm and operated it after his father's death in 1954 at age 89.[73] By the early 1990s, John Klein Sr. ran the farm as well as two larger farms, one in Riverhead and one in upstate New York.[75] The family had received many offers over the years to buy the land in Fresh Meadows. In 1991, the family declined an offer from the owner of a local pizza store, who wanted to buy the property in order to convert the family's home into a country-style restaurant.[75] John Klein Jr., the great-grandson of Adam Klein, was running the farm by the late 1990s.[77]
The farm gradually become unprofitable, and in 2001, John Klein Sr. signed a contract to sell the two-acre property to Flushing-based developer Audrey Realty, who wanted to build 22 two-family homes on the site.[76][79] The farm's last day open was November 21, 2001.[80][81] Many in the community were opposed to the proposed sale, including the Fresh Meadows Tenants Association, the West Cunningham Park Civic Association, the Flushing Heights Civic Association, the Hillcrest Estates Civic Association, the Utopia Estates Civic Association, and the Utopia Park Civic Association.[81] The community later learned that the developer was owned by the family of Tommy Huang, whose permits to restore the landmark RKO Keith's Theater in Flushing were revoked when he destroyed its lobby.[81][82] Huang had also admitted to failing to report a spill of 10,000 gallons of heating oil from an underground tank into the soil beneath the RKO Keith's Theater in 1999.[79] John Klein Sr. completed the sale to Huang for $4.3 million in late 2003.[78]
The land was located in a Special Planned Community Preservation District and required a special permit to build homes there.[76] David Weprin, the neighborhood's representative in the New York City Council, opposed granting the special permit.[81] Faced with strong community opposition, Huang and Audrey Realty decided not to go forward with the plan,[83] and they instead agreed to sell the land to a Westchester-based developer, Steven Judelson.[84] At the time, Judelson said he had not decided what to do with the land.[84] The sale did not go through.[85]
In 2005, Huang sent a proposal to the City Planning Commission to build 18 two-family homes on the site.[86] The proposal was not approved, and a day-care center was opened instead.[87][83] Huang attempted to evict the day-care center in 2009, saying that he needed to end the lease early in order to sell the property.[83] Huang settled with the day-care center to terminate its lease three months early so that Huang could sell the property to Fresh Meadows Jewish Development LLC for $5.6 million.[88] The sale did not go through.[85] In 2012, Huang was convicted of embezzling over $3 million of federal funds that were intended to pay for children's lunches at Huang's Red Apple Child Development Centers.[85]
Huang finally sold the property to Ziming Shen's Fresh Meadows Children's Farm LLC for $5.6 million in 2014.[85] New York City fined Shen $1,600 after Shen's daycare center, Preschool for America, cut down trees and modified the driveway on the property without the required permits.[85]
Holliswood Homes
Around 1939, Paul Roth bought 27 acres (11 ha) of land that had been part of the Klein farm and the Boggs farm.[89][90] The land was bounded by 73rd Avenue, 185th Street, Union Turnpike, and 188th Street.[91] The 204 homes were designed by architect Arthur E. Allen.[89][91] Roth named the community Holliswood Homes.[90] Houses were sold for an average of $7,400 each.[91] Roth had previously developed areas elsewhere in Queens, Brooklyn, and Long Island.[90]
Meadowlark Gardens
Meadowlark Gardens is a 288-unit residential apartment development between 65th Avenue, 197th Street, and 73rd Avenue.[92] It was built by Mortimer M. Reznick, and George Miller was the architect.[92] The first residents moved in on July 1, 1950.[92] Reznick had previously built homes in the Williams Homes development at 197th Street and 73rd Avenue.[93] Reznick also built residential developments called Williams Homes in Flushing and Bonnie Meadows in New Rochelle, and a commercial development in Yonkers.[94][95][96]
Meadowlark Gardens Tenant Association was organized on June 3, 1977, in order to advocate for the tenants' rights.[97][98]
Subsecciones
Hillcrest
Hillcrest is a neighborhood in the center of Queens; the name comes from its location on the hills between Flushing and Jamaica. Hillcrest stretches from the Grand Central Parkway to 73rd Avenue, between Utopia Parkway and Parsons Boulevard. Its main commercial street is Union Turnpike. Hillcrest is part of Queens Community Board 8. The ZIP Codes for the neighborhood are 11366 (Fresh Meadows and Flushing zip code) for anything above Union Turnpike, and 11432 or 11439 (Jamaica zip codes) for the southern part of the neighborhood (below Union Turnpike, north of Grand Central Parkway). It neighbors Kew Gardens Hills and Pomonok to the west, Fresh Meadows to the north, Utopia to the east, and Jamaica Hills to the south. It is mostly made up of single-family homes, is in a relatively well-off public school district, and has a low crime rate.
As with many neighborhoods in the city, different residents have varying perceptions of its boundaries. Most people in the northeastern part of Hillcrest self-identify as being in Fresh Meadows, as does everyone living in nearby Utopia. Others tend to identify with neighborhoods that surround them. There is a small group in the center of the Hillcrest area that identify exclusively with it.[citation needed] Hillcrest is home to an Orthodox Jewish community. Some public high schools in Hillcrest are Queens Gateway to Health Sciences Secondary School, and Queens School of inquiry. St. John's University is also located in the neighborhood on Utopia Parkway.
History
75th Avenue was originally known as Hell Fire Lane, then Quarrelsome Lane, and then Eiseman Avenue.[99][100]
In 1938 and 1939, Moss Brothers built approximately 550 homes along Utopia Parkway between Horace Harding Expressway and Grand Central Parkway.[101][102] Moss Brothers hired architect Arthur E. Allen to design the homes.[102][103] The development was called Hillcrest Gardens.[102][103]
Utopia
Utopia is in the southeastern part of Fresh Meadows, bordered by Utopia Parkway to the west, 73rd Avenue to the north, 188th Street to the east, and Union Turnpike to the south.[104] Utopia is part of Queens Community Board 8[1] and is often considered to be a part of Fresh Meadows, though The New York Times and the New York City Department of City Planning delineate Utopia as a separate neighborhood.[104] Utopia's residents includes many Conservative and Orthodox Jews, Chinese Americans, Korean Americans, Russian Americans, Indian Americans, and Hispanic and Latino Americans. Utopia primarily consists of houses and tree-lined streets.[104]
The triangular-shaped Utopia Playground, at Utopia Parkway and 73rd Avenue, used to be the site of the Black Stump School, when the area was still called Black Stump.[104] The school was later replaced by Black Stump Hook, Ladder, and Bucket Company, a volunteer firehouse.[104] Today, it has a playground, a softball field, basketball courts, and handball courts.[104]
It is bordered by the neighborhoods of Hillcrest to the west, Fresh Meadows to the north and east, and Jamaica Estates to the south. Utopia is also home to the Hillcrest Jewish Center and the Queens Public Library at Hillcrest, both located on Union Turnpike.
History
Simon Freeman, Samuel Resler, and Joseph Fried incorporated the Utopia Land Company in 1903.[105] The following year, the Utopia Land Company bought 161.25 acres (65 ha) of land between the communities of Jamaica and Flushing.[106][107] The Utopia Land Company intended to build a cooperative community for Jewish families interested in moving away from the Lower East Side of Manhattan. They intended to name the streets after those on the Lower East Side, where there was already a large Jewish population.[107]
After its initial acquisition, the company was unable to secure enough funding to further develop the area.[108] In 1909, 118 acres (48 ha) of the land was sold to Felix Isman of Philadelphia for $350,000, equivalent to $10,100,000 in 2020.[109]
The area remained farmland until 1935, when the land was bought by the Gross-Morton Park Corporation, run by George M. Gross, Alfred Gross, and Lawrence Morton.[110][111] Gross-Morton had experience in building residential developments in Queens, such as when it had developed the land of the Belleclaire golf course in Bayside, around today's 48th Avenue and 211th Street.[110][111] In 1937, the company bought 27 acres (11 ha) of contiguous farmland on the south side of Black Stump Road (now 73rd Avenue) from the Klein family.[112] In 1939, it bought 117 acres (47 ha) of land that had been formerly part of the Klein Farm and the Wigmore estate.[113] The land included about one mile of land directly on Union Turnpike, on which it built about forty stores.[113]
On the land it bought in Utopia, the Gross-Morton Park Corporation built colonial and Cape Cod-style homes with either two or three bedrooms, each on approximately 4,000 square feet (372 m2) of land in the early 1940s.[104] Arthur Allen was the architect of the homes.[114][115]
In 1938, Paul Roth bought the portion of the Klein Farm on the north side of Union Turnpike, between 185th Street and 188th Street, to build 70 houses.[116]
The Batterman family owned and operated a farm on land bounded by Union Turnpike, Utopia Parkway, 75th Avenue, and 170th Street.[117] In 1938, the Foch Building Corporation bought the Batterman Estate in order to develop it into a residential neighborhood, named University Manor.[117] The Foch Building Corporation had previously built 111 houses in what is now St. Albans, Queens.[117]
Demografía
Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Fresh Meadows (including Utopia but excluding Hillcrest) was 17,812, a change of 439 (2.5%) from the 17,373 counted in 2000. Covering an area of 636.38 acres (257.53 ha), the neighborhood had a population density of 28 inhabitants per acre (18,000/sq mi; 6,900/km2).[2]
The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 32.9% (5,864) White, 7.6% (1,355) African American, 0.1% (17) Native American, 47.1% (8,381) Asian, 0% (2) Pacific Islander, 0.4% (74) from other races, and 2% (356) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.9% (1,763) of the population.[3]
The entirety of Community Board 8, which comprises Fresh Meadows as well as Kew Gardens Hills and Jamaica Hills, had 156,217 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 83.9 years.[118]:2, 20 This is higher than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods.[119]:53 (PDF p. 84)[120] Most inhabitants are middle-aged adults and youth: 20% are between the ages of 0–17, 28% between 25–44, and 27% between 45–64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 10% and 15% respectively.[118]:2
As of 2017, the median household income in Community Board 8 was $64,005.[4] In 2018, an estimated 22% of Fresh Meadows residents lived in poverty, compared to 19% in all of Queens and 20% in all of New York City. One in eleven residents (9%) were unemployed, compared to 8% in Queens and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 54% in Fresh Meadows, slightly higher than the boroughwide and citywide rates of 53% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, as of 2018[update], Fresh Meadows is considered to be high-income relative to the rest of the city and not gentrifying.[118]:7
Population estimates of Fresh Meadows vary widely depending on which boundaries are considered. Zip codes 11365 and 11366 together have an estimated population of 59,873 as of 2017, according to the U.S. Census Bureau, but this also includes part of Auburndale north of the Long Island Expressway, while excluding Hillcrest.[121] According to 2009 census data, however, the neighborhood had 16,100 residents, 44 percent of whom residents are white, 24 percent Asian, 14 percent black, 29 percent Hispanic, and 3 percent identify as multiracial.[122] The neighborhood has historically and traditionally been home to one of New York City's most notable Jewish communities. Today, there is an increasing presence of younger Asian American and Colombian American families, Israeli Americans, Bukharian Jews, and West Indian Americans living in the neighborhood.[123]
Policía y crimen
Fresh Meadows is patrolled by the 107th Precinct of the NYPD, located at 71-01 Parsons Boulevard.[5] The 107th Precinct ranked 11th safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010. The low crime rate was attributed primarily to the area's isolation and to local neighborhood patrols.[124] As of 2018[update], with a non-fatal assault rate of 22 per 100,000 people, Fresh Meadows's rate of violent crimes per capita is lower than that of the city as a whole. The incarceration rate of 191 per 100,000 people is lower than that of the city as a whole.[118]:8
The 107th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 88.8% between 1990 and 2018. The precinct reported 5 murders, 23 rapes, 138 robberies, 131 felony assaults, 149 burglaries, 539 grand larcenies, and 101 grand larcenies auto in 2018.[125]
Seguridad contra incendios
Fresh Meadows is served by two New York City Fire Department (FDNY) fire stations.[126] Engine Co. 299/Ladder Co. 152 is located at 61-20 Utopia Parkway and serves Utopia and the Fresh Meadows development,[127] while Engine Co. 315/Ladder Co. 125 is located at 159-06 Union Turnpike and serves Hillcrest and southern Fresh Meadows.[128]
Salud
As of 2018[update], preterm births and births to teenage mothers are less common in Fresh Meadows than in other places citywide. In Fresh Meadows, there were 74 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 6.7 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide).[118]:11 Fresh Meadows has a relatively average population of residents who are uninsured. In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 11%, which is slightly lower than the citywide rate of 12%.[118]:14
The concentration of fine particulate matter, the deadliest type of air pollutant, in Fresh Meadows is 0.0078 milligrams per cubic metre (7.8×10−9 oz/cu ft), lower than the citywide and boroughwide averages.[118]:9 Fourteen percent of Fresh Meadows residents are smokers, which is equal to the city average of 14% of residents being smokers.[118]:13 In Fresh Meadows, 19% of residents are obese, 11% are diabetic, and 29% have high blood pressure—compared to the citywide averages of 20%, 14%, and 24% respectively.[118]:16 In addition, 18% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%.[118]:12
Eighty-nine percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is higher than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 79% of residents described their health as "good," "very good," or "excellent," about the same as the city's average of 78%.[118]:13 For every supermarket in Fresh Meadows, there are 5 bodegas.[118]:10
The nearest large hospitals to Fresh Meadows are Queens Hospital Center in Hillcrest and NewYork–Presbyterian Queens in Flushing.[129]
Oficinas postales y códigos postales
Fresh Meadows is covered by ZIP Codes 11365 north of 73rd Avenue; 11366 between 73rd Avenue and Union Turnpike.[130] The United States Post Office operates two locations in Fresh Meadows: the Fresh Meadows Finance Station at 193-04 Horace Harding Expressway,[131] and the Utopia Station, at 182-04 Union Turnpike in Utopia.[132]
Educación
Fresh Meadows generally has a higher ratio of college-educated residents than the rest of the city as of 2018[update]. Half of residents (50%) have a college education or higher, while 14% have less than a high school education and 37% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 39% of Queens residents and 43% of city residents have a college education or higher.[118]:6 The percentage of Fresh Meadows students excelling in math rose from 51 percent in 2000 to 71 percent in 2011, and reading achievement rose from 56% to 57% during the same time period.[133]
Fresh Meadows's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is less than the rest of New York City. In Fresh Meadows, 15% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year, less than the citywide average of 20%.[119]:24 (PDF p. 55)[118]:6 Additionally, 86% of high school students in Fresh Meadows graduate on time, more than the citywide average of 75%.[118]:6
Schools
Public
Fresh Meadows and Hillcrest contain the following public elementary schools.[134][135]
- P.S. 4 (grades PK–8)[136]
- P.S. 26 Rufus King School (grades PK–5)[137]
- P.S. 154 (grades PK–5)[138]
- P.S. 173 Fresh Meadow School (grades PK–5)[139]
- P.S./I.S. 178 Holliswood School (grades PK–8)[140]
- P.S. 255 (grades PK–12)[141]
Fresh Meadows and Hillcrest contain the following public middle schools.[134][135]
- J.H.S. 216 George J. Ryan School (grades 6–8)[142] — opened September 1955, named after the former 15-year president of the Board of Education[143]
- Queens Gateway To Health Sciences Secondary School (grades 6–12)[144]
- Queens School of Inquiry (grades 6–12)[145]
Francis Lewis High School (grades 9–12) is located in Fresh Meadows.[146]
Private
St. Francis Preparatory School, the largest Catholic high school in the United States, is located in Fresh Meadows.
The Summit School, a state-approved tuition-free private school serving students with special education needs, holds classes at Hillcrest Jewish Center in Utopia.
St. John's University, a private Catholic university, has its main campus in Hillcrest.
The Japanese Weekend School of New York, a Japanese weekend school, holds classes at the building of P.S. 26. The school also holds classes in Westchester County and Long Island.[147]
The Japanese School of New York formerly held classes in Fresh Meadows between 1980 and 1991.[148][149][150]
Libraries
The Queens Public Library operates two branches in Fresh Meadows. The Fresh Meadows branch is located at 193-20 Horace Harding Expressway,[151] and the Hillcrest branch is located at 187-05 Union Turnpike in Utopia.[152]
Transporte
Buses
Although there are no New York City Subway stations in Fresh Meadows, several local MTA Regional Bus Operations routes serve the neighborhood and connect to the subway. These include the:[153]
- Q17: to 169th Street (F and trains) or Flushing–Main Street (7 and <7> trains) via Horace Harding Expressway and 188th Street[38][154][153]
- Q26: to Flushing–Main Street (7 and <7> trains) via Hollis Court Boulevard[38][155][153]
- Q30: to Jamaica Center–Parsons/Archer (E, J, and Z trains) or Little Neck via Utopia Parkway and Horace Harding Expressway[38][156][153]
- Q31: to Jamaica Center–Parsons/Archer (E, J, and Z trains) via Utopia Parkway[38][157][153]
- Q46: to Kew Gardens–Union Turnpike (E, F, and trains) or Glen Oaks via Union Turnpike[158][153]
- Q76: to 169th Street (F and trains) or College Point via Francis Lewis Boulevard[38][159][153]
- Q88: to Woodhaven Boulevard (M and R trains) or Queens Village LIRR via Horace Harding Expressway, 188th Street and 73rd Avenue [38][160][153]
In addition, the Union Turnpike express buses run along Union Turnpike, 188th Street, and 73rd Avenue, providing service to Manhattan:[153][161][155]
- QM1, QM5, QM6, QM31, QM35 and QM36 to Midtown Manhattan[161][153]
- QM7 and QM8 to Lower Manhattan[155][153]
Trains
The Long Island Rail Road (LIRR)'s Auburndale station is nearby and provides access on the Port Washington Branch to Midtown Manhattan. Buses also run to the LIRR stations at Flushing–Main Street and Jamaica.[162]
Former
In June 1873, the Central Railroad of Long Island opened a station, called Frankiston, on Black Stump Road, now called 73rd Avenue.[163] It was east of the present-day Clearview Expressway, where Cunningham Park is now. The railroad line continued northwest, along the parkland between today's Peck Avenue and Underhill Avenue, ultimately ending in downtown Flushing.
The origin of the name Frankiston is unknown. Loomis L. White, the railroad's second largest stockholder, had bought all the land surrounding the station in April 1871. The station's building was built by E.W. Karker & Co. of College Point, April–May 1873.[164]:147 The train fare from Frankston to downtown Flushing was $0.30 (equivalent to $6 in 2020).[164]:109 The station was first included in railroad timetables in June 1873.[164]:147
On April 30, 1879, the station was closed and the railroad line was abandoned.[164]:147[165]
Proposed
In the 1970s, an extension of the subway system along Horace Harding Expressway was proposed as part of the Program for Action, but it was ultimately not built.[166]
Highways
The Long Island Expressway (I-495) connects Fresh Meadows with both midtown Manhattan and Long Island, while the Clearview Expressway (I-295) provides access to the Bronx and the New England Thruway.
The Long Island Motor Parkway, formerly a highway, is now used as a biking and walking trail, as part of the Brooklyn–Queens Greenway.
En el medio
In October 2011, a book written by Fred Cantor and Debra Davidson that chronicled the history of Fresh Meadows was released.[167] The book is part of the Images of America series.[168]
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- ^ Levin, Sam (September 20, 2011). "Old Fresh Meadows Lives On In 'Photo Album' Book". Daily News.
- ^ Cantor, F.; Davidson, D.L. (2011). Fresh Meadows. Images of America (in Spanish). Arcadia Pub. ISBN 978-0-7385-7572-8. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
enlaces externos
- "Fresh Meadow Lane, Queens". Forgotten NY.
- Cantor, Fred; Davidson, Debra L. (October 3, 2011). Fresh Meadows (Images of America). Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0738575728.