1885-1918 : Los distritos municipales séptimo, octavo, noveno, duodécimo y decimotercero. [2]
1918-1950 : "La parte de la ciudad que está delimitada por una línea que comienza en un punto en la intersección de las líneas centrales de Parliamentary Road y Castle Street, desde allí hacia el sur a lo largo de la línea central de Castle Street hasta la línea central de Alexandra Parade , desde allí hacia el este a lo largo de la línea central de Alexandra Parade hasta la línea central de Firpark Street, de allí hacia el sur a lo largo de la línea central de Firpark Street y Ark Lane hasta la línea central de Duke Street, de allí hacia el oeste a lo largo de la línea central de Duke Street hasta el centro línea de Sydney Street, desde allí hacia el sur a lo largo de la línea central de Sydney Street hasta la línea central de Gallowgate, de allí hacia el oeste a lo largo de la línea central de Gallowgate hasta la línea central de Saltmarket, de allí hacia el sur a lo largo de la línea central de Saltmarket y Albert Bridge hasta el centro línea de laRío Clyde , desde allí hacia el oeste a lo largo de la línea central del río Clyde hasta un punto en línea con la línea central de McAlpine Street, de allí hacia el norte a lo largo de la línea central de McAlpine Street, Pitt Street y Scott Street hasta la línea central de New City Road, desde allí hacia el sureste a lo largo de la línea central de New City Road y Cowcaddens hasta la línea central de Buchanan Street , de allí hacia el sur a lo largo de la línea central de Buchanan Street hasta la línea central de Parliamentary Road, de allí hacia el noreste a lo largo de la línea central de Parliamentary Road hasta el punto de inicio ".
1950-1974 : el condado de la ciudad de Glasgow, distritos de Cowcaddens y Townhead, y parte del distrito de Exchange.
1974-1983 : el condado de la ciudad de Glasgow, distritos de Calton, Dalmarnock, Exchange y Townhead.
1983–1997 : Las divisiones electorales del distrito de la ciudad de Glasgow de Central / Calton, Kingston / Hutchesontown y Queen's Park / Crosshill.
2005-presente : los distritos de la ciudad de Glasgow de Anderston, Bridgeton / Dalmarnock, Calton, Govanhill, Hutchesontown, Kelvingrove, Kingston, Merchant City, Pollokshields East, Strathbungo y Toryglen.
Glasgow Central es ahora una de las siete circunscripciones que cubren el área del ayuntamiento de Glasgow . Todos están íntegramente dentro del área del consejo. Antes de las elecciones generales de 2005, el área de la ciudad estaba cubierta por diez distritos electorales, de los cuales dos coincidían con los límites de otras áreas del consejo.
La circunscripción central, tal como se definió en 2005, incluye partes de las antiguas circunscripciones de Glasgow Govan , Glasgow Kelvin , Glasgow Shettleston , Glasgow Pollok y Glasgow Rutherglen . [3] Los distritos electorales del Parlamento escocés para el área son predominantemente Glasgow Southside en el sur del río y Glasgow Kelvin en el norte del río, con las áreas de Calton, Bridgeton y Dalmarnock de Glasgow Shettleston , así como un solo lugar de votación cada uno desde Glasgow Cathcart. y Glasgow Provan .
La nueva circunscripción central se encuentra al otro lado del río Clyde e incluye las áreas de Kelvingrove, Anderston , Merchant City , Calton , Pollokshields , Gorbals y Govanhill .
Perfil de la circunscripción [ editar ]
La circunscripción abarca el centro de la ciudad de Glasgow hacia el norte, incluida la Galería de Arte Kelvingrove , las principales estaciones de tren, la Catedral de Glasgow y el Centro de Conferencias y Exposiciones de Escocia . Es el hogar de las universidades de Strathclyde y Caledonian, así como del Conservatorio Real de Escocia (anteriormente la Real Academia Escocesa de Música y Drama y todavía a menudo se conoce localmente como RSAMD) y la Escuela de Arte de Glasgow. También alberga a un número significativo de estudiantes que asisten a la Universidad de Glasgow , que se encuentra un poco más allá del límite en Glasgow North.. La gran población estudiantil es un factor importante en las elecciones, y la presencia de cuatro instituciones que otorgan títulos, así como una parte significativa del cuerpo estudiantil de una quinta parte, ha llevado a afirmar que es la circunscripción mejor educada del Reino Unido. La Merchant City también está aquí, viviendas yuppies construidas a partir de los almacenes de algodón y tabaco en desuso. Esta zona es un símbolo del renacimiento de la ciudad.
En el corazón de la circunscripción se encuentra el río Clyde , que marca los límites de Glasgow Central desde el Commonwealth Arena y Sir Chris Hoy Velodrome y Oatlands en el este de la circunscripción, hasta el Glasgow Science Centre y el Glasgow's Riverside Museum al oeste. Hay algunas áreas desfavorecidas dentro del propio asiento, aunque en su mayoría es un área acomodada. [4]
Se estima que Glasgow Central votó a favor de Permanecer en la Unión Europea en un 66,6% en el referéndum de 2016 sobre la pertenencia del Reino Unido a la UE. [5]
Miembros del Parlamento [ editar ]
Elección
Miembro [6]
Fiesta
1885
Gilbert Beith
Liberal
1886
John George Alexander Baird
Conservador
1906
Andrew Mitchell Torrance
Liberal
1909 by-election
Charles Dickson
Conservative
1915 by-election
John McLeod
Conservative
1918
Andrew Bonar Law
Unionist
1923
William Alexander
Unionist
1945
James Hutchison
Unionist
1950
James McInnes
Labour
1966
Thomas McLellan McMillan
Labour
1980 by-election
Bob McTaggart
Labour
1989 by-election
Mike Watson
Labour
1997
constituency abolished
2005
Mohammad Sarwar
Labour
2010
Anas Sarwar
Labour
2015
Alison Thewliss
SNP
Election results[edit]
Elections in the 2010s[edit]
General election 2019: Glasgow Central[7][8]
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
SNP
Alison Thewliss
19,750
49.2
+4.5
Labour
Faten Hameed
13,276
33.1
-5.3
Conservative
Flora Scarabello
3,698
9.2
-4.7
Liberal Democrats
Ewan Hoyle
1,952
4.9
+2.0
Scottish Green
Elaine Gallagher
1,429
3.6
New
Majority
6,474
16.1
+9.8
Turnout
40,105
57.9
+2.0
SNP hold
Swing
+4.9
Flora Scarabello was suspended by the Scottish Conservative Party after alleged Islamophobia. Because nominations had closed at the time of her suspension, she still appeared on the ballot paper as the Conservative candidate.[9]
General election 2017: Glasgow Central[10]
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
SNP
Alison Thewliss
16,096
44.7
-7.8
Labour
Faten Hameed
13,829
38.4
+5.4
Conservative
Charlotte Fairbanks
5,014
13.9
+7.9
Liberal Democrats
Isabel Nelson
1,045
2.9
+1.3
Majority
2,267
6.3
-13.2
Turnout
35,984
55.9
+0.5
SNP hold
Swing
-6.6
See also: Opinion polling in United Kingdom constituencies, 2010–15 § Glasgow Central
General election 2015: Glasgow Central[11][12]
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
SNP
Alison Thewliss
20,658
52.5
+35.0
Labour
Anas Sarwar
12,996
33.1
−19.0
Conservative
Simon Bone
2,359
6.0
−1.1
Scottish Green
Cass Macgregor
1,559
4.0
+1.3
UKIP
Stuart Maskell
786
2.0
+1.2
Liberal Democrats
Chris Young
612
1.6
−14.8
CISTA
James Marris
171
0.4
New
TUSC
Andrew Elliott
119
0.3
New
Socialist Equality
Katie Rhodes
58
0.1
New
Majority
7,662
19.4
N/A
Turnout
39,318
55.4
+4.5
SNP gain from Labour
Swing
+27.0
General election 2010: Glasgow Central[13]
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Anas Sarwar
15,908
52.0
+3.8
SNP
Osama Saeed
5,357
17.5
+2.7
Liberal Democrats
Chris Young
5,010
16.4
−1.4
Conservative
John Bradley
2,158
7.1
+0.8
Scottish Green
Alastair Whitelaw
800
2.6
−2.3
BNP
Ian Holt
616
2.0
−0.4
Scottish Socialist
James Nesbitt
357
1.2
−2.8
UKIP
Ramsay Urquhart
246
0.8
+0.8
Pirate
Finlay Archibald
128
0.4
New
Majority
10,551
34.5
+4.1
Turnout
30,580
50.9
+7.1
Labour hold
Swing
Elections in the 2000s[edit]
General election 2005: Glasgow Central[14]
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Mohammad Sarwar
13,518
48.2
−6.5
Liberal Democrats
Isabel Nelson
4,987
17.8
+8.2
SNP
Bill Kidd
4,148
14.8
−6.1
Conservative
Richard Sullivan
1,757
6.3
+0.1
Scottish Green
Gordon Masterton
1,372
4.9
New
Scottish Socialist
Marie Gordon
1,110
4.0
−2.5
BNP
Walter Hamilton
671
2.4
New
Socialist Labour
Ian Johnson
255
0.9
+0.5
Christian Vote
Thomas Greig
139
0.5
New
Communist
Elinor McKenzie
80
0.3
+0.1
Majority
8,531
30.4
Turnout
28,037
43.8
+4.4
Labour hold
Swing
−7.3
Elections in the 1990s[edit]
General election 1992: Glasgow Central[15]
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Mike Watson
17,341
57.2
−7.3
SNP
Brendan O'Hara
6,322
20.8
+10.9
Conservative
Ewen N. Stewart
4,208
13.9
+0.8
Liberal Democrats
Alan Rennie
1,921
6.3
−4.2
Scottish Green
Irene F. Brandt
435
1.4
+0.5
Communist
Tam Dean Burn
106
0.4
−0.4
Majority
11,019
36.4
-15.1
Turnout
30,333
63.1
-2.5
Labour hold
Swing
−9.1
Elections in the 1980s[edit]
By-election 1989: Glasgow Central
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Mike Watson
14,480
54.6
−9.9
SNP
Alex Neil
8,018
30.2
+20.3
Conservative
Allan Hogarth
2,028
7.6
−5.4
Green
Irene F. Brandt
1,019
3.8
+1.9
SLD
Robert McCreadie
411
1.5
−9.0
SDP
Peter Kerr
253
1.0
New
Revolutionary Communist
Linda Murdoch
141
0.5
New
Scottish Socialist
Bill Kidd
137
0.5
New
Workers Revolutionary
David Lettice
48
0.2
New
Majority
6,462
24.4
−27.1
Turnout
26,535
52.9
-12.7
Labour hold
Swing
General election 1987: Glasgow Central[16]
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Bob McTaggart
21,619
64.5
+11.5
Conservative
Bernard Jenkin
4,366
13.0
−6.0
Liberal
John Bryden
3,528
10.5
−6.2
SNP
Alexander Wilson
3,339
10.0
−0.3
Green
Andrew Brooks
290
0.9
New
Communist
John McGoldrick
265
0.8
−0.3
Red Front
Derek Owen
126
0.4
New
Majority
17,253
51.5
+17.4
Turnout
33,533
65.6
+2.8
Labour hold
Swing
General election 1983: Glasgow Central[17]
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Bob McTaggart
17,066
53.0
-21.5
Conservative
William Harvey
6,104
19.0
+2.6
Liberal
Isabel Nelson
5,366
16.7
New
SNP
Peter Mallan
3,300
10.3
-0.8
Communist
John McGoldrick
347
1.1
New
Majority
10,962
34.0
-21.9
Turnout
32,183
62.8
+3.3
Labour hold
Swing
1980 Glasgow Central by-election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Bob McTaggart
4,902
60.8
−11.7
SNP
Gil Paterson
2,122
26.3
+16.2
Conservative
Anna McCurley
707
8.8
−7.6
National Front
John MacKenzie
148
1.8
New
Scottish Young Liberal
Graham Watson
134
1.7
New
Ecology
David Mellor
45
0.6
New
Social Democrat (1979)
Donald Kean
10
0.1
New
Majority
2,780
34.5
-21.5
Turnout
8,062
Labour hold
Swing
Elections in the 1970s[edit]
General election 1979: Glasgow Central
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Thomas McLellan McMillan
8,542
72.5
+8.9
Conservative
Farooq Ahmed Saleem
1,937
16.4
+3.4
SNP
Stephen Graham Bird
1,308
11.1
-8.1
Majority
6,605
56.1
+11.7
Turnout
11,787
59.5
-1.4
Labour hold
Swing
General election October 1974: Glasgow Central
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Thomas McLellan McMillan
9,231
63.6
+4.9
SNP
Brian Nugent
2,790
19.2
+5.4
Conservative
Norman Woolfson
1,880
13.0
-7.4
Liberal
Eric Matthew Bennett
605
4.2
-1.9
Majority
6,441
44.4
+7.2
Turnout
14,506
56.9
-6.1
Labour hold
Swing
General election February 1974: Glasgow Central
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Thomas McLellan McMillan
9,400
58.7
-7.3
Conservative
M. Gourlay
3,435
21.4
+1.5
SNP
Stewart Martin Ewing
2,211
13.8
-0.3
Liberal
Alexander Paton Brodie
982
6.1
New
Majority
5,965
37.2
-8.9
Turnout
16,028
63.0
+3.8
Labour hold
Swing
General election 1970: Glasgow Central
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Thomas McLellan McMillan
7,936
66.0
-8.8
Conservative
Gordon Rennie
2,394
19.9
-5.3
SNP
Angus Mclntosh
1,688
14.1
New
Majority
5,542
46.1
-3.5
Turnout
12,018
59.2
+0.5
Labour hold
Swing
Elections in the 1960s[edit]
General election 1966: Glasgow Central
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Thomas McLellan McMillan
11,673
74.8
+4.6
Conservative
Ronald B Anderson
3,924
25.2
-4.7
Majority
7,749
49.6
+9.3
Turnout
15,597
58.7
-3.7
Labour hold
Swing
General election 1964: Glasgow Central
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
James McInnes
13,343
70.2
+5.6
Unionist
George F Boyd
5,679
29.9
-5.5
Majority
7,664
40.3
+11.1
Turnout
19,022
62.4
-5.0
Labour hold
Swing
Elections in the 1950s[edit]
General election 1959: Glasgow Central
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
James McInnes
15,918
64.6
+2.8
Unionist
Iain David Barber-Fleming
8,712
35.4
-2.8
Majority
7,206
29.2
+5.6
Turnout
24,630
67.4
+4.7
Labour hold
Swing
General election 1955: Glasgow Central
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
James McInnes
16,674
61.8
+3.6
Unionist
Iain David Barber-Fleming
10,307
38.2
-2.0
Majority
6,367
23.6
+5.6
Turnout
26,981
62.7
-11.6
Labour hold
Swing
General election 1951: Glasgow Central
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
James McInnes
15,757
58.2
+3.6
Unionist
William Sinclair
10,875
40.2
-3.4
United Socialist Movement
Guy Aldred
411
1.5
-0.3
Majority
4,882
18.0
+7.0
Turnout
27,043
74.3
+0.7
Labour hold
Swing
General election 1950: Glasgow Central
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
James McInnes
14,861
54.6
+14.7
Unionist
James Hutchison
11,857
43.6
-0.4
United Socialist Movement
Guy Aldred
485
1.8
New
Majority
3,004
11.0
N/A
Turnout
27,203
73.6
+13.9
Labour gain from Unionist
Swing
Elections in the 1940s[edit]
General election 1945: Glasgow Central
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Unionist
James Hutchison
9,365
44.0
-15.1
Labour
James McInnes
7,849
36.9
-7.2
Communist
Robert Cooney
2,709
12.7
New
Liberal
Norman Macleod Glen
1,072
5.0
New
United Socialist Movement
Guy Aldred
300
1.4
New
Majority
1,516
7.1
-4.7
Turnout
21,295
59.7
Unionist hold
Swing
Elections in the 1930s[edit]
General election 1935: Glasgow Central[18]
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Unionist
William Alexander
16,707
55.9
-9.4
Labour
Richard Stokes
13,186
44.1
+9.4
Majority
3,521
11.8
-18.8
Turnout
29,893
Unionist hold
Swing
General election 1931: Glasgow Central[19]
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Unionist
William Alexander
21,547
65.3
+14.4
Labour
William Martin
11,456
34.7
-14.4
Majority
10,091
30.6
+18.4
Turnout
33,003
Unionist hold
Swing
Elections in the 1920s[edit]
General election 1929: Glasgow Central [20]
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Unionist
William Alexander
18,336
50.9
−8.2
Labour
Craigie Aitchison
17,663
49.1
+8.2
Majority
673
1.8
−16.4
Turnout
35,999
72.0
+1.8
Registered electors
49,983
Unionist hold
Swing
−8.2
General election 1924: Glasgow Central [21]
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Unionist
William Alexander
18,258
59.1
+13.3
Labour
J. D. White
12,617
40.9
−3.5
Majority
5,641
18.2
+16.4
Turnout
30,875
70.2
+2.7
Registered electors
44,010
Unionist hold
Swing
+8.4
Mitchell
General election 1923: Glasgow Central [22]
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Unionist
William Alexander
13,392
45.8
−4.1
Labour
Edward Mitchell
12,976
44.4
+2.5
Liberal
Harold Tennant
2,870
9.8
+1.6
Majority
416
1.4
−6.6
Turnout
29,238
67.5
−3.7
Registered electors
43,292
Unionist hold
Swing
−3.3
Sir George Paish
General election 1922: Glasgow Central[23]
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Unionist
Bonar Law
15,437
49.9
−28.9
Labour
Edward Mitchell
12,923
41.9
+20.7
Liberal
George Paish
2,518
8.2
New
Majority
2,514
8.0
−49.6
Turnout
30,878
71.2
+18.3
Registered electors
43,351
Unionist hold
Swing
−24.8
Elections in the 1910s[edit]
General election 1918: Glasgow Central[24]
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
C
Unionist
Bonar Law
17,653
78.8
+25.0
Independent Labour
David John Mitchel Quin
4,736
21.2
New
Majority
12,917
57.6
+50.0
Turnout
22,389
52.9
−23.5
Registered electors
42,329
Unionist hold
Swing
N/A
C indicates candidate endorsed by the coalition government.
By-election 15 July 1915: Glasgow Central[24][25]
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Unionist
John MacLeod
5,341
95.3
+41.5
Independent Unionist
Gavin William Ralston
266
4.7
New
Majority
5,075
90.6
+83.0
Turnout
5,607
31.8
−54.6
Registered electors
17,610
Unionist hold
Swing
N/A
General election Dec 1910: Glasgow Central[24][25]
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Charles Dickson
6,888
53.8
+1.2
Liberal
Alexander Murison
5,907
46.2
−1.2
Majority
981
7.6
+2.4
Turnout
12,795
86.4
−0.1
Conservative hold
Swing
+1.2
General election January 1910: Glasgow Central[26]
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Charles Dickson
6,713
52.6
+4.3
Liberal
Alexander Murison
6,058
47.4
−4.3
Majority
655
5.2
N/A
Turnout
12,771
86.5
+3.2
Registered electors
14,768
Conservative gain from Liberal
Swing
+4.3
Elections in the 1900s[edit]
1909 Glasgow Central by-election[26]
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Charles Dickson
7,298
58.5
+10.2
Liberal
Tommy Bowles
5,185
41.5
−10.2
Majority
2,113
17.0
N/A
Turnout
12,483
82.8
−0.5
Registered electors
15,081
Conservative gain from Liberal
Swing
+10.2
General election January 1906: Glasgow Central[26]
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
Andrew Mitchell Torrance
6,720
51.7
N/A
Conservative
John George Alexander Baird
6,289
48.3
N/A
Majority
431
3.4
N/A
Turnout
13,009
83.3
N/A
Registered electors
15,616
Liberal gain from Conservative
Swing
N/A
General election 1900: Glasgow Central[26][27]
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
John George Alexander Baird
Unopposed
Conservative hold
Elections in the 1890s[edit]
General election 1895: Glasgow Central[25][27]
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
John George Alexander Baird
5,621
59.7
+5.8
Liberal
Edwin Adam
3,792
40.3
−5.8
Majority
1,829
19.4
+11.6
Turnout
9,413
62.3
−15.9
Registered electors
15,107
Conservative hold
Swing
+5.8
General election 1892: Glasgow Central[25][28]
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
John George Alexander Baird
6,121
53.9
−2.8
Liberal
Walter Menzies
5,245
46.1
+2.8
Majority
876
7.8
−5.6
Turnout
11,366
78.2
+1.0
Registered electors
14,542
Conservative hold
Swing
−2.8
Elections in the 1880s[edit]
General election 1886: Glasgow Central[25][29]
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
John George Alexander Baird
5,780
56.7
+11.7
Liberal
Gilbert Beith
4,423
43.3
−11.7
Majority
1,357
13.4
N/A
Turnout
10,203
77.2
−3.2
Registered electors
13,208
Conservative gain from Liberal
Swing
+11.7
General election 1885: Glasgow Central[25][29]
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
Gilbert Beith
5,846
55.0
N/A
Conservative
John George Alexander Baird
4,779
45.0
N/A
Majority
1,067
10.0
N/A
Turnout
10,625
80.4
N/A
Registered electors
13,208
Liberal win (new seat)
See also[edit]
Politics of Glasgow
Notes and references[edit]
^"'Glasgow Central', June 1983 up to May 1997". ElectionWeb Project. Cognitive Computing Limited. Retrieved 1 March 2016.[permanent dead link]
^Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, Sixth Schedule
^Fifth Periodical Review, Boundary Commission for Scotland Archived 21 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
^"SIMD (Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation) 2016". Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation 2016.
^"European Referendum 2016 Glasgow Results". www.glasgow.gov.uk. 23 June 2016.
^Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "G" (part 1)
^"Statement of Persons Nominated and Notice of Poll". Glasgow City Council. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
^"Glasgow Central parliamentary constituency - Election 2019". BBC News. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
^"Scottish Tories suspend second election candidate over alleged Islamophobia". HeraldScotland. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
^20 Trongate Glasgow Young Scot (11 May 2017). "General Election 2017 - Glasgow candidates announced". glasgow.gov.uk.
^"Comment and letters". The National. 27 November 2014. p. 25.
^"Election Data 2015". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
^"Election Data 2010". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
^"Election Data 2005". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
^"Election Data 1992". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
^"Election Data 1987". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
^"Election Data 1983". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.