El huracán Bob fue uno de los huracanes más costosos en la historia de Nueva Inglaterra . Bob, la segunda tormenta con nombre y el primer huracán de la temporada de huracanes del Atlántico de 1991 , se desarrolló a partir de un área de baja presión cerca de las Bahamas el 16 de agosto. La depresión se intensificó constantemente y se convirtió en tormenta tropical Bob a última hora del 16 de agosto. Bob se curvó hacia el norte-noroeste como tormenta tropical, pero volvió a curvarse hacia el noreste después de convertirse en huracán el 17 de agosto. Como tal, rozó los Outer Banks de Carolina del Norte el 18 y 19 de agosto, y posteriormente se intensificó hasta convertirse en un huracán mayor (Categoría 3 o mayor en la escala Saffir-Simpson). Después de alcanzar un pico de intensidad con vientos máximos sostenidos de 115 mph (185 km / h), Bob se debilitó ligeramente a medida que se acercaba a la costa de Nueva Inglaterra. Algunas fuentes dicen que los vientos de Bob podrían haber llegado a 125 mph sostenidos. [1] [2]
Huracán mayor de categoría 3 ( SSHWS / NWS ) | |
Formado | 16 de agosto de 1991 |
---|---|
Disipado | 29 de agosto de 1991 |
( Extratropical después del 20 de agosto) | |
Vientos mas fuertes | 1 minuto sostenido : 115 mph (185 km / h) |
Presión más baja | 950 mbar ( hPa ); 28.05 inHg |
Muertes | 15 directos, 2 indirectos |
Daño | $ 1.5 mil millones (1991 USD ) |
Zonas afectadas | Carolina del Norte , estados del Atlántico Medio , Nueva Inglaterra , Atlántico de Canadá y Península Ibérica |
Parte de la temporada de huracanes del Atlántico de 1991 |
Bob tocó tierra dos veces en Rhode Island como huracán de categoría 2 el 19 de agosto, primero en Block Island y luego en Newport . Al hacerlo, se convirtió en el único huracán que tocó tierra en los Estados Unidos contiguos durante la temporada de 1991. Moviéndose más hacia el interior, Bob se debilitó rápidamente y se deterioró hasta convertirse en una tormenta tropical mientras emergía hacia el Golfo de Maine . Poco después, Bob tocó tierra en Maine como una fuerte tormenta tropical a principios del 20 de agosto. Bob entró en la provincia canadiense de New Brunswick unas horas más tarde, donde se convirtió en un ciclón extratropical . El 21 de agosto, los restos de Bob cruzaron Terranova y reaparecieron en el Océano Atlántico abierto. Los remanentes viajaron una gran distancia a través del norte del Océano Atlántico y finalmente se disiparon al oeste de Portugal el 29 de agosto.
Bob dejó grandes daños a lo largo de Nueva Inglaterra a su paso, por un total de aproximadamente $ 1.5 mil millones (1991 USD , $ 2.85 mil millones 2021 USD). Esto lo convirtió en uno de los huracanes más costosos de Estados Unidos en ese momento; en 2013, ocupó el trigésimo segundo en la categoría. Pero algunas fuentes dicen que Bob podría haber causado hasta $ 3 mil millones (1991 USD, $ 5,7 mil millones 2021 USD) en daños. [3] [4] Además, se informaron dieciocho muertes en asociación con Bob. [5] [6] La pérdida de vidas y la mayor parte de los daños ocurrieron como resultado de fuertes vientos y mares agitados. Hubo seis tornados confirmados durante su paso. Bob es el huracán más reciente que azotó los estados de Nueva Inglaterra directamente como huracán. [7]
Historia meteorológica
El huracán Bob se originó a partir de los restos de una vaguada frontal al sureste de Bermuda el 12 de agosto. El sistema siguió hacia el suroeste y luego hacia el oeste hacia las Bahamas . El 15 de agosto, el análisis satelital del sistema encontró un área débil de baja presión a un par de cientos de millas al este de las Bahamas. [8] Operacionalmente, el sistema no fue declarado depresión tropical hasta las 0600 UTC del 16 de agosto después de que una misión de reconocimiento a la tormenta encontró una circulación cerrada y vientos a nivel de vuelo de 37 mph (60 km / h). [9] Después del análisis posterior a la tormenta, se determinó que la baja se había convertido en una depresión alrededor de las 0000 UTC. Varias horas después de haber sido designado, el sistema comenzó a desarrollar características de bandas convectivas . Aproximadamente 18 horas después de ser declarada depresión, el Centro Nacional de Huracanes (NHC) la convirtió en tormenta tropical, dándole el nombre de Bob . En ese momento, Bob estaba situado aproximadamente a 225 km al noreste de Nassau, Bahamas . La tormenta avanzó lentamente hacia el noroeste en respuesta al flujo medio de la capa profunda en la que estaba incrustada. [8]
Se pronosticó que una vaguada cada vez más profunda sobre el este de los Estados Unidos desviará la tormenta hacia el norte el 16 de agosto. Este giro tuvo lugar antes de lo previsto por los meteorólogos. [10] La tormenta se intensificó lentamente a medida que la convección se desplazó del centro de circulación ; sin embargo, el flujo de salida del nivel superior estaba bien definido y se esperaba una intensificación de la tormenta a medida que avanzaba sobre la Corriente del Golfo . [11] Más tarde ese día, Bob comenzó a consolidarse y un avión de reconocimiento registró vientos con fuerza de huracán a las 1719 UTC, luego de esta lectura, el NHC elevó la tormenta a un huracán de categoría 1 en la escala de huracanes Saffir-Simpson . [8] Poco después, el huracán comenzó a girar hacia el noreste en respuesta a una cresta subtropical sobre el Atlántico y la vaguada sobre el sureste de los Estados Unidos. [12]
Para el 18 de agosto, el NHC notó que el huracán era asimétrico, con una distribución desigual de los radios de viento. [13] Más tarde ese día, la convección profunda continuó formándose y más tarde apareció un ojo en las imágenes de satélite. Temprano al día siguiente, el ojo se fue definiendo cada vez más a medida que el centro de Bob pasaba aproximadamente a 35 millas (55 km) de la costa de Carolina del Norte. A las 0600 UTC, los cazadores de huracanes registraron vientos a nivel de vuelo de 140 mph (225 km / h), correspondientes a vientos en la superficie de 115 mph (185 km / h). En este momento, la presión barométrica de la tormenta también disminuyó a 950 mbar (hPa; 28.05 inHg), la presión más baja registrada durante la tormenta. Después de alcanzar esta intensidad, el huracán avanzó rápidamente hacia el noreste a 25 mph (35 km / h), dirigido por la vaguada sobre el sureste de los Estados Unidos, un límite de nivel superior bajo sobre la región de los Grandes Lagos y la cresta subtropical sobre el Atlántico. [12]
La trayectoria del huracán Bob a fines del 18 de agosto / principios del 19 de agosto fue similar a la del huracán Carol en 1954 , otro huracán importante que afectó a Nueva Inglaterra. [12] Las temperaturas de la superficie del mar significativamente más frías en la trayectoria del huracán resultaron en un debilitamiento, lo que llevó a que el ojo se llenara de nubes. Más tarde, el 19 de agosto, la parte occidental de la pared del ojo rozó el extremo oriental de Long Island . Alrededor de las 1800 UTC, el centro de Bob tocó tierra cerca de Newport, Rhode Island, con vientos de 100 mph (155 km / h), lo que lo convirtió en un huracán de categoría 2. La tormenta se debilitó rápidamente a medida que avanzaba a través de Rhode Island y Massachusetts antes de ingresar al Golfo de Maine . Alrededor de las 0130 UTC del 20 de agosto, la ahora debilitada tormenta tropical Bob tocó tierra de nuevo cerca de Rockland, Maine . [12]
Más tarde ese día, Bob cruzó Maine y parte de New Brunswick , Canadá y entró en el Golfo de St. Lawrence . Alrededor de las 1800 UTC, el antiguo huracán se convirtió en un ciclón extratropical . Temprano al día siguiente, la tormenta pasó sobre el norte de Terranova antes de volver a entrar en el Océano Atlántico. Siguiendo rápidamente hacia el este, la tormenta se debilitó brevemente al equivalente de una depresión tropical el 22 de agosto. Después de volver a fortalecerse a vientos con fuerza de tormenta tropical, los remanentes de Bob giraron hacia el sureste y desaceleraron. Una vez más, el sistema extratropical se debilitó al equivalente a una depresión tropical; sin embargo, no se volvió a intensificar. La tormenta avanzó lentamente hacia el este antes de disiparse frente a la costa de Portugal el 29 de agosto [12].
Preparativos
Vigilancias y advertencias
Varias horas después de la declaración de la tormenta tropical Bob el 16 de agosto, el Gobierno de las Bahamas emitió una advertencia de tormenta tropical para el noroeste de Bahamas, entre las islas de Andros y Eleuthera . Después de que la tormenta giró hacia el norte, esta advertencia se suspendió porque ya no se esperaba que los vientos con fuerza de tormenta tropical afectaran a las islas. Poco antes de que Bob se convirtiera en huracán el 17 de agosto, el NHC emitió una alerta de huracán para las áreas costeras de Carolina del Norte entre Little River Inlet hacia el norte hasta Virginia Beach, Virginia . Aproximadamente cuatro horas después de esta vigilancia, se actualizó a una advertencia de huracán . A última hora del 17 de agosto se emitió una nueva alerta de huracán, que abarca áreas entre Virginia Beach hacia el norte hasta Cape Henlopen , Delaware . Este reloj también se actualizó a una advertencia el 18 de agosto cuando Bob fue paralelo a la costa del Atlántico Medio. Durante las horas de la tarde, se declaró una advertencia de tormenta tropical para áreas en el área baja de la Bahía de Chesapeake , incluida Norfolk, Virginia . [14]
A última hora del 18 de agosto se emitió una nueva y extensa advertencia de huracán cuando los pronósticos mostraron que Bob se movía directamente sobre el sur de Nueva Inglaterra. La advertencia cubrió áreas entre Cape Henlopen, Delaware y Plymouth, Massachusetts , incluidos Long Island y Long Island Sound . Temprano el 19 de agosto, se suspendieron todas las alertas y advertencias al sur de Cape Lookout, Carolina del Norte , y la advertencia de huracán se extendió hacia el norte para abarcar áreas al sur de Eastport, Maine . El Centro Canadiense de Huracanes comenzó a emitir advertencias para el Atlántico canadiense más tarde ese día. Nueva Escocia , la Isla del Príncipe Eduardo y Nuevo Brunswick recibieron advertencias de viento y lluvia intensa. [14] En la mañana del 20 de agosto, se suspendieron todas las vigilias y advertencias en los Estados Unidos; sin embargo, se declaró una breve advertencia de tormenta tropical para la costa de Maine entre Rockland y Eastport antes de que los restos de Bob se trasladaran a través del este de Canadá. Las advertencias para el Atlántico canadiense se suspendieron más tarde después de que el sistema se mudó fuera de la región. [15]
Estados del Atlántico medio y las Carolinas
Tras la emisión de una advertencia de huracán en Carolina del Norte el 17 de agosto, [14] se declararon órdenes de evacuación obligatorias para las islas ultraperiféricas del estado. La policía local ayudó a un tráfico significativo ya que se estima que entre 50.000 y 100.000 personas abandonaron la región. En el momento álgido de las evacuaciones, los retrasos en algunos lugares superaron las tres horas. A pesar de la gran cantidad de evacuados, se estimó que otras 50.000 personas se quedaron en casa esperando que pasara la tormenta. Varios puentes en el área fueron cerrados antes de la llegada de Bob ya que era probable que los vientos huracanados crearan condiciones potencialmente mortales en ellos. El Servicio de Parques Nacionales del estado también cerró los campamentos en los Outer Banks . [16] También se abrió un refugio de evacuación en el condado de Carteret . [17]
En Virginia , 125 aviones fueron trasladados de la Base Aérea Langley de Wright-Patterson Air Force Base en Dayton, Ohio . Aproximadamente 400 personas fueron evacuadas de las zonas costeras de Maryland , y las tiendas de Ocean City informaron un aumento sustancial en las ventas relacionadas con la preparación para la tormenta. Más al norte de Nueva Jersey , los casinos prepararon sacos de arena para proteger las estructuras y cinta para cubrir las ventanas. [17]
En el condado de Suffolk, Nueva York , los funcionarios de emergencia no estaban seguros de si emitir o no órdenes de evacuación para los residentes de las zonas costeras. Esta contemplación llevó a "mensajes contradictorios" sobre la capacidad del gobierno que se envían al público. En la noche del 19 de agosto, no se emitió la orden de evacuación; sin embargo, el condado fue puesto en estado de emergencia y se abrieron centros de desastres. [18] La Cruz Roja Americana abrió cuatro refugios en Long Island que albergaron a 800 personas durante la tormenta. [19]
Nueva Inglaterra y Canadá
Antes de la llegada de Bob a Nueva Inglaterra , los funcionarios de Connecticut y Rhode Island declararon el estado de emergencia en previsión de daños importantes. A todos los trabajadores estatales de la zona se les dijo que se fueran a casa temprano y se prepararan para la tormenta. La Legislatura de Connecticut canceló una sesión sobre el presupuesto del estado y el gobernador Lowell P. Weicker Jr. activó el centro de operaciones de emergencia. Los submarinos estacionados en Groton salieron del puerto y esperaron la tormenta bajo el agua. El servicio de avión y tren se interrumpió en todos los estados del Atlántico Medio y Nueva Inglaterra en relación con Bob. [20] La Cruz Roja Americana abrió 23 refugios en 16 comunidades de Connecticut. En la vecina Rhode Island, la agencia estableció 40 refugios, [19] y había 25 refugios adicionales no afiliados a la agencia. [21] Aproximadamente 3500 personas evacuadas en todo el estado, incluidas 2000 en Block Island. Varias personas se lesionaron mientras se preparaban para la tormenta. [22]
En Massachusetts , miles de residentes evacuaron Cape Cod , lo que provocó un retroceso de 11 millas (18 km) en el puente Sagamore . [23] Se instalaron nueve refugios en la región, [21] que se llenaron de evacuados. [23] Aproximadamente 50.000 personas abandonaron sus hogares en todo el estado, de las cuales 6.500 fueron a refugios. [24] En Martha's Vineyard , las tiendas de electrónica reportaron sus mejores ventas comerciales en años, con suministros de baterías D que se limpiaron de los estantes. Muchos residentes compraron estos, así como radios y linternas que funcionan con baterías. El presidente George HW Bush , alojado en su casa en Kennebunkport, Maine , fue evacuado a la Base de la Fuerza Aérea Pease en New Hampshire . Para evitar posibles riesgos mediante el uso de helicópteros, condujo en caravana hasta la base. Durante este tiempo, partes de la Interestatal 95 se cerraron para permitirle acceso directo a la base de la Fuerza Aérea; sin embargo, esto creó muchos kilómetros de respaldo a medida que miles de residentes se mudaron tierra adentro. [23] Se abrieron ocho refugios en New Hampshire, [21] y alrededor de 5.200 personas, en su mayoría turistas, evacuaron la costa. [25] Se abrieron 49 refugios en la vecina Maine, [21] y alrededor de 8.600 personas fueron evacuadas a lo largo de la costa en el condado de York . [26]
En la bahía de Fundy , se instó a los pescadores a regresar al puerto por temor a las grandes olas del huracán Bob. [27]
Impacto
Location | Deaths | Damage(USD) |
South Carolina | 1 | – |
North Carolina | 1 | $8 million |
New York | 2 | $150 million |
Connecticut | 6 | $40 million [28] |
Massachusetts | 1 | $1 billion |
Rhode Island | 0 | $230 million |
New Hampshire | 2 | $4 million |
Maine | 3 | $42 million |
Canada | 2 | – |
Total | 18 | $1.4 billion |
Throughout the east coast of the United States, Hurricane Bob produced moderate rainfall and substantial damage. Damage totaled about $1.5 billion (1991 USD). That included about $700 million through cleanup costs, uninsured losses, and food claims.[29] That made it, at the time, one of the costliest United States hurricanes, although the total was due to the storm passing through a densely populated region.[30] As of 2010, Hurricane Bob ranked as the 22nd costliest tropical cyclone in the United States mainland.[31] Across its track, the hurricane left 2.1 million people without power.[32] There were six confirmed tornadoes, along with thirteen unconfirmed tornadoes.[33]
Carolinas and Mid-Atlantic
The center of Hurricane Bob passed several hundred miles east of South Carolina with only slight effects on the state.[12] However, the storm produced large swells that caught a swimmer in Myrtle Beach in strong undertow; this swimmer drowned to death.[20][29]
A crew of three sailed from Little River (Horry County, South Carolina) en route to Rhode Island. The hurricane destroyed the mast, leaving the crew stranded over the open ocean in shark-infested waters. After 12 days, the United States Coast Guard rescued the three.[34]
On 18 August 1991, Hurricane Bob brushed the Outer Banks of North Carolina, bringing strong winds and heavy rains. Although a maximum of 5.30 inches (135 mm) of rain fell at the National Weather Service office building at Cape Hatteras, little heavy rain fell inland of the Outer Banks. One person was killed in the state in relation to Bob, and damage from the storm was estimated at $8 million (1991 USD).[29] The community of Duck, North Carolina, received the highest recorded onshore sustained winds in the state, 62 miles per hour (100 km/h), whereas the highest gusts reached 74 miles per hour (119 km/h) at Cape Hatteras.[35] Diamond Shoal Light recorded a sustained wind of 85.0 knots (157.4 km/h; 97.8 mph) with a gust of 106.7 knots (197.6 km/h; 122.8 mph) and a minimum pressure of 962.1 millibars (962.1 hPa) on the evening of 18/19 August 1991.[36] Cape Hatteras also recorded a storm surge of 2.6 to 4.6 ft (0.79 to 1.40 m).[35]
Flooding was reported throughout the Outer Banks in relation to the heavy rains and storm surge of the storm. The storm required the shutdown of North Carolina Highway 12, the only highway connecting the area to the mainland, isolating those who decided to stay behind. Many residents lost power as numerous power lines fell from strong winds.[16] Six brief tornadoes, ranging between F0 and F1 on the Fujita scale, struck the state within squall lines in the outer rainbands of Hurricane Bob.[29] Four tornadoes in Dare County, North Carolina, caused $256,000 in damage.[37] Near Cape Hatteras, wind severely damaged one structure, which lost its roof and some siding.[20]
As the hurricane passed east of Virginia, it produced minimal rainfall and wind gusts of up to 40 miles per hour (64 km/h). No one reported damage beyond some minor beach erosion in Sandbridge, Virginia Beach, Virginia.[38]
In Ocean City, Maryland, a brief period of heavy rainfall caused street flooding. High waves caused minimal beach erosion and overwash along the coastline.[39]
High tides to 5.9 feet (1.8 m) occurred along the Delaware coastline.[40]
Farther north, the storm caused widespread beach erosion along the Jersey Shore, while heavy rains caused street flooding.[41]
The heaviest rains outside New England fell in Bridgehampton, New York, where 7.18 inches (182 mm) fell during the passage of the storm.[42] Two reported tornadoes struck Long Island.[33] High winds destroyed apple, corn, and peach fields along Long Island.[43] After a dry summer, the sudden deluge wrecked potato crops, resulting in $20 million in crop damage;[44] about one-sixth of the agricultural output of the region. High winds caused power outages for 477,765 Long Island Lighting Company customers for a period of nearly five days. Most power outages occurred in the East End. One person died in a car accident while a traffic light was offline,[45] and another person died when a falling tree struck a train conductor.[19] The high waves destroyed fish nets offshore [44] and caused beach erosion and the widespread destruction of boats along the coast.[45] Statewide damage totaled over $75 million.[33]
New England
Before Bob made landfall in the New England mainland, it passed directly over Block Island, Rhode Island. Stations on the island recorded gusts to 105 mph (169 km/h) near the upper end of their range, indicating that the winds were likely stronger.[33] On the mainland, winds peaked at 90 mph (144 km/h) in Narragansett. In the state, the storm surge—the rise of water above the normal tide—was 6.6 ft (2.0 m) in the capital city of Providence, while the peak storm tide—the rise of water including the normal high tide—was 16.5 ft (5.0 m) at the mouth of the Sakonnet River.[46] At the latter location, the estimate was based on high-water marks, which included wave effects.[33] The high waves resulted in extensive beach erosion along the state's coastline. Roads were washed out in Coventry, and there was flooding reported along the Pocasset River.[22] Rainfall in the state peaked at 7.13 in (181 mm) in North Foster.[47] In Rhode Island, where the hurricane made landfall, Bob caused about 200,000 power outages;[21] about 60% of residents in the state and southeastern Massachusetts were left without power.[48] During the storm, treatment plants spilled over 100 million tons of sewage due to overflow into Narragansett Bay.[49] Damage totaled over $115 million.[33]
While moving over Rhode Island, the strong winds of Bob extended westward into Connecticut, peaking at 75 mph (120 km/h) near Groton; there, a gust of 100 mph (160 km/h) was reported.[46] High winds downed trees in every county in the state, although wind damage was heaviest in the southeastern portion near the coast.[50] Overall there were about 315,000 people left without power in Connecticut.[19] A man in Sterling died after being struck by a falling tree limb.[51] The highest storm surge was 5 ft (1.5 m) in New London.[46] Coastal flooding was limited to New London County, although coastal damage was minimal. One woman died while on a capsized sailboat.[51] In Norwich, a rainfall total of 6.22 in (158 mm) was reported, which was the statewide peak.[47] Flooding was minor, limited to streams and small rivers.[50] Total damage in the state was estimated around $49 million, including $4.5 million in crop damage. There was one death due to a fire that occurred during the storm's passage,[50][52] and there were five other deaths across the state.[29]
The most significant area affected by Bob was Massachusetts, where over $1 billion in damage occurred.[53] A C-MAN station in Buzzards Bay recorded winds every hour and observed peak sustained winds of 77 mph (124 km/h), along with gusts to 89 mph (143 km/h).[33] Sustained winds in the state peaked at 100 mph (161 km/h) in Provincetown,[54] and there was an unofficial report of a gust of 125 mph (201 km/h) in Brewster.[55] Cape Cod, which was mostly east of the eye, received very little precipitation, but some of the strongest winds. The highest rainfall total in the state was 7.06 in (179 mm) in Westfield.[47] Storm surges in the state were most significant along Buzzards Bay, peaking at 5.8 ft (1.8 m) in New Bedford and Woods Hole.[54] High waves eroded the beach around Chatham Light, leaving behind a 5 ft (1.5 m) cliff.[24] Other locations, including southward-facing shores along Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket, lost 50 ft (15 m) of beach from erosion. Boat damage was significant in the region.[48] The hurricane left over 500,000 people without power, including all of Cape Cod.[21] Damage was heaviest from Buzzards Bay eastward to Cape Cod, and at least 61 houses were destroyed. Damage was also extensive to apple and peach orchards across these areas,[48] and agricultural damage was estimated around $10 million. The state also suffered $69 million in damage to public property.[49]
Although it remained offshore of the state, Bob produced strong winds in New Hampshire, with gusts reaching 60 mph (97 km/h) at Pease Air National Guard Base.[56] Mount Washington experienced 7.46 in (189 mm) of precipitation during the storm's passage.[47] Both the Lovell and Contoocook rivers experienced flooding due to the storm, and widespread flooding occurred in urban areas in the south and central portions of the state.[25] There were two deaths in the state, one from an automobile accident and the other due to a capsized boat. High winds downed widespread trees and power lines,[25] causing 30,000 people to lose power statewide.[21] Damage was estimated around $2 million.[33] In neighboring Vermont, the highest rainfall report was 4.27 in (108 mm) in Vernon.[47]
Although moving across Maine as a tropical storm, Bob still maintained strong winds, producing gusts to 70 mph (110 km/h) in Portland.[57] A station in Wiscasset reported a gust of 92 mph (148 km/h) before it was blown away, and another station recorded a gust of 93 mph (150 km/h).[58] A total of 169,200 customers lost power during the hurricane, some of whom remaining without electricity for a week.[57] There was a tornado reported in St. Albans, which downed multiple trees, damaged a few houses, and moved a boathouse three blocks away;[58] its status as a tornado was not confirmed.[33] As it passed the region, the storm produced a 2.77 ft (0.84 m) storm tide.[57] The heaviest rainfall nationwide from the hurricane fell at the Portland International Jetport, where 8.24 in (209 mm) fell during its passage.[59] This contributed to August 1991 being the wettest month on record in Portland.[60] At the time, its 24‑hour rainfall total of 7.83 in (199 mm) was the highest on record, although it was surpassed in October 1996 by an extratropical system fueled by Hurricane Lili. The rains from Bob led to a record flow rate along the Presumpscot River, although that record was also surpassed by the 1996 system.[61] River flooding washed out five bridges and roads across southwestern Maine. One man died due to being swept away by floodwaters, and another died in the ocean while on a life raft.[26] A total of 700 houses were affected by the storm, including one that was destroyed and three that sustained major damage.[62] Damage in the area around Portland totaled over $25.7 million, and there were three deaths.[57]
Atlantic Canada
After causing severe damage in the United States, the remnants of Hurricane Bob moved into Atlantic Canada.[29] The highest rainfall amount in the country was 4.37 in (111 mm) in northern New Brunswick. St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador recorded a record 1 inch (26 mm) of rainfall during the storm's passage. Gusty winds were observed across the region, and winds reached 68 mph (109 km/h) in Digby, Nova Scotia.[63] In Nova Scotia, two 17-year-old girls were washed out to sea near Cape Forchu after being caught in rough swells produced by the storm.[64] Rescue officials quickly began searching operations;[65] however, it was later confirmed that the two had drowned.[29] In Fredericton, New Brunswick, tropical storm-force winds downed trees and power lines, resulting in scattered power outages. Lightning associated with strong storms also reportedly struck some trees in the area.[65] A two-story home in Pointe-Verte collapsed due to high winds. In Petit-Rocher, five fishing boats sank after being overwhelmed by large swells at port. Firefighters in the area were surveying the town all night on August 20, checking for downed power lines and trees.[66] Power outages were also reported on Prince Edward Island. The storm left about $1 million in damage (1991 CAD) on Grand Manan Island in the Bay of Fundy.[63]
Consecuencias y jubilación
Following the storm's passage, the Long Island Lighting Company used 165 workers to restore the power outages on Long Island. In Connecticut, state officials deployed about 200 trucks to remove debris on roads. The Massachusetts National Guard was activated to assist in relief efforts.[19] In Rhode Island, a man was killed while repairing damage caused by Bob.[67] Beaches in the state re-opened by five days after the storm.[68] The hurricane mixed the waters in Long Island Sound and prevented the algae bloom that happened in previous summers.[69] In the days after Bob, the Commonwealth Electric Company brought electricians from outside the company and put their own workers on 16‑hour shifts to restore power across Massachusetts.[49] Most Massachusetts residents, excluding those living on Cape Cod and Martha's Vineyard, had their power restored within five days. Parts of Cape Cod had no power or running water for over two weeks.[68] The hurricane struck toward the end of the summer, which significantly impacted the tourism season already in the midst of a recession.[49] The New England coast was affected by a powerful nor'easter known as the Perfect Storm about two months after the hurricane struck the region. Some locations experienced worse damage from the October storm than from Bob.[70]
Due to the high damage from Hurricane Bob, President George H. W. Bush declared the following states as disaster (in order): Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Maine, Connecticut, New Hampshire, and New York.[71] Damage in Maine was insufficient to qualify for individual family assistance.[62] Instead, the declaration allocated federal funding to reimburse cities for debris removal, repairing damaged public buildings, and other municipal expenses for each of the states. Despite the declaration, the federal government did not immediately provide aid to the affected region. This was partially due to President Bush considering the storm a "disaster but not an emergency", which therefore required cuts from other budgets to offset the relief aid. This was in opposition to the Democratic-controlled Congress, who requested an expedited process.[72]
Due to its effects in the United States, the name Bob was subsequently retired by the World Meteorological Organization's hurricane committee in the spring of 1992, and will never be used again for an Atlantic hurricane.[73] It was replaced with Bill for the 1997 season.
Ver también
- List of Atlantic hurricanes
- List of New England hurricanes
- List of retired Atlantic hurricane names
- List of wettest tropical cyclones in Massachusetts
- Hurricane Carol – a storm with a similar track that also caused severe damage to New England in 1954
- Hurricane Earl (2010) – a storm with a similar track that also caused damage to New England and Canada
- Hurricane Sandy – killed many people along the Mid-Atlantic states and New England
Referencias
- ^ "The East Coast Storm". New York Times. Retrieved February 16, 2019.
- ^ "Hurricane Bob Barrels into New England". UPI. Retrieved February 18, 2019.
- ^ "Storm Preparation-Hurricane Bob". The Hour. September 2010. Retrieved June 5, 2018.
- ^ "Hurricane Bob". Hurricanes, Blizzards and Noreasters. Retrieved June 5, 2018.
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|title=
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|title=
(help) - ^ "NCDC Storm Events Database". National Climatic Data Center. 2010. Archived from the original on September 15, 1999. Retrieved April 23, 2010.
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- ^ Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in the Mid Atlantic United States
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enlaces externos
- NOAA information on Hurricane Bob
- Cape Cod Times 10-year anniversary review of Hurricane Bob