James Graham Ballard (15 de noviembre de 1930 - 19 de abril de 2009) [2] fue un novelista, escritor de cuentos, satírico y ensayista inglés que se asoció por primera vez con la nueva ola de ciencia ficción por sus novelas posapocalípticas como The Drowned World. (1962). A finales de la década de 1960, produjo una variedad de cuentos experimentales (o "novelas condensadas"), como las recopiladas en la controvertida The Atrocity Exhibition (1970). A mediados de la década de 1970, Ballard publicó varias novelas, entre ellas la muy controvertida Crash (1973), una historia sobre sinforofilia y fetichismo de accidentes automovilísticos , y High-Rise (1975), una descripción del descenso de un edificio de apartamentos de lujo al caos violento.
JG Ballard | |
---|---|
Nació | James Graham Ballard 15 de noviembre de 1930 Acuerdo Internacional de Shanghai , China |
Fallecido | 19 de abril de 2009 Londres , Inglaterra | (78 años)
Ocupación | Novelista, satírico, cuentista, ensayista |
alma mater | King's College, Cambridge Queen Mary University of London [1] |
Género | Ciencia ficción Ficción transgresora Ficción distópica Sátira |
Movimiento literario | Nueva ola |
Obras destacadas | Crash Empire of the Sun High-Rise The Atrocity Exposición |
Cónyuge | Helen Mary Matthews ( m. 1955; murió 1964) |
Niños | 3, incluida Bea Ballard |
Si bien gran parte de la ficción de Ballard resultaría temática y estilísticamente provocativa, [3] se hizo más conocido por su novela de guerra relativamente convencional, Empire of the Sun (1984), un relato semiautobiográfico de las experiencias de un joven británico en Shanghai durante la ocupación japonesa. . Descrita por The Guardian como "la mejor novela británica sobre la Segunda Guerra Mundial", [4] la historia fue adaptada a una película de 1987 por Steven Spielberg protagonizada por Christian Bale . En las décadas siguientes hasta su muerte en 2009, el trabajo de Ballard cambió hacia la forma de la novela policíaca tradicional. Varios de sus trabajos anteriores han sido adaptados al cine, incluyendo David Cronenberg 'polémica adaptación s 1996 de Crash y Ben Wheatley ' 2015 adaptación de s de gran altura .
El carácter distintivo literario de la ficción de Ballard ha dado lugar al adjetivo " Ballardian ", definido por el Collins English Dictionary como "parecido o sugerente de las condiciones descritas en las novelas e historias de JG Ballard, especialmente la modernidad distópica , los sombríos paisajes creados por el hombre y la psicología efectos de los desarrollos tecnológicos, sociales o medioambientales ". [5] La entrada del Oxford Dictionary of National Biography describe el trabajo de Ballard como ocupado con " eros , thanatos , medios de comunicación y tecnologías emergentes". [6]
La vida
Llevar a la fuerza
El padre de Ballard, James (1901-1966), era químico en una empresa textil con sede en Manchester , la Calico Printers 'Association , y se convirtió en presidente y director ejecutivo de su subsidiaria en Shanghai, China Printing and Finishing Company. [6] Su madre fue Edna (1905-1998), de soltera Johnstone. [6] Ballard nació y se crió en el Acuerdo Internacional de Shanghai , un área bajo control extranjero donde la gente "vivía un estilo de vida estadounidense". [7] Fue enviado a la Escuela de la Catedral , la Iglesia Anglicana de la Santísima Trinidad cerca del Bund , [8] Shanghai. [9] Después del estallido de la Segunda Guerra Sino-Japonesa , la familia de Ballard se vio obligada a evacuar su casa suburbana temporalmente y alquilar una casa en el centro de Shanghai para evitar los proyectiles disparados por las fuerzas chinas y japonesas.
Después del ataque japonés a Hong Kong, los japoneses ocuparon el Asentamiento Internacional en Shanghai. A principios de 1943, comenzaron a internar a civiles aliados, y enviaron a Ballard al Centro de Asamblea Civil de Lunghua con sus padres y su hermana menor. Pasó más de dos años, el resto de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, en el campo de internamiento. Su familia vivía en un área pequeña en el bloque G, una residencia de dos pisos para 40 familias. Asistió a la escuela en el campo, los profesores eran internos del campo de varias profesiones. Como explicó más adelante en su autobiografía Miracles of Life , estas experiencias formaron la base de Empire of the Sun , aunque Ballard ejerció una licencia artística considerable al escribir el libro, como la eliminación de sus padres de la mayor parte de la historia. [10] [11]
Se ha supuesto que la exposición de Ballard a las atrocidades de la guerra en una época impresionable explica la naturaleza apocalíptica y violenta de gran parte de su ficción. [12] [13] [14] Martin Amis escribió que el Imperio del Sol "da forma a lo que le dio forma". [13] El propio relato de Ballard sobre la experiencia fue más matizado: "No creo que puedas pasar por la experiencia de la guerra sin que las percepciones del mundo cambien para siempre. El escenario tranquilizador que la realidad cotidiana en el oeste suburbano presenta a nosotros es derribado; ves el andamio andrajoso, y luego ves la verdad más allá de eso, y puede ser una experiencia aterradora ". [14] Pero también: "Tengo, no diré felices, recuerdos no desagradables del campamento. [...] Recuerdo mucho de la brutalidad casual y las palizas que se produjeron, pero al mismo tiempo ¡los niños estábamos jugando ciento un juegos todo el tiempo! " [7] Ballard más tarde se convirtió en ateo. [15]
Gran Bretaña y Canadá
A finales de 1945, después del final de la guerra, su madre regresó a Gran Bretaña con Ballard y su hermana en el SS Arawa . Vivían en las afueras de Plymouth y asistió a The Leys School en Cambridge. [16] Ganó un premio de ensayo mientras estaba en la escuela, pero no contribuyó a la revista de la escuela. [17] Después de un par de años, su madre y su hermana regresaron a China, reuniéndose con el padre de Ballard, dejando a Ballard para vivir con sus abuelos cuando no estaba internado en la escuela. En 1949 pasó a estudiar medicina en King's College, Cambridge , con la intención de convertirse en psiquiatra . [18]
En la universidad, Ballard escribía ficción de vanguardia fuertemente influenciada por el psicoanálisis y los pintores surrealistas . En ese momento, quería convertirse en escritor y seguir una carrera médica. En 1951 mayo, cuando Ballard estaba en su segundo año en Cambridge, su cuento "El mediodía violento", [19] un Hemingwayesque pastiche escrita para complacer el jurado del concurso, ganado un concurso de relatos del crimen y fue publicado en el periódico del estudiante universitario . [20]
Animado por la publicación de su historia y consciente de que la medicina clínica no le dejaría tiempo para escribir, Ballard abandonó sus estudios de medicina y en octubre de 1951 se matriculó en el Queen Mary College para leer literatura inglesa. [21] Sin embargo, se le pidió que se fuera al final del año. Ballard luego trabajó como redactor para una agencia de publicidad [22] y como vendedor de enciclopedia. [23] Siguió escribiendo ficción breve, pero le resultó imposible publicarla. [17]
En la primavera de 1954 Ballard se unió a la Royal Air Force y fue enviado a la base de entrenamiento de vuelo de la Royal Canadian Air Force en Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan , Canadá. Allí descubrió la ciencia ficción en revistas estadounidenses . [22] Mientras estuvo en la RAF, también escribió su primera historia de ciencia ficción, "Pasaporte a la eternidad", como un pastiche y resumen de la ciencia ficción estadounidense que había leído. La historia no se publicó hasta 1962. [17]
Ballard dejó la RAF en 1955 después de trece meses y regresó a Inglaterra. [24] En 1955 se casó con Helen Mary Matthews y se estableció en Chiswick . El primero de sus tres hijos nació al año siguiente. Hizo su debut en ciencia ficción en diciembre de 1956 con dos cuentos, "Escapement", publicado en New Worlds y "Prima Belladonna", publicado en Science Fantasy . [25] El editor de New Worlds , Edward J. Carnell , siguió siendo un importante partidario de la escritura de Ballard y publicó casi todas sus primeras historias.
Desde 1958 Ballard trabajó como editor asistente en la revista científica Chemistry and Industry . [26] Su interés por el arte lo llevó a involucrarse en el emergente movimiento Pop Art , ya finales de los años cincuenta exhibió una serie de collages que representaban sus ideas para un nuevo tipo de novela. Las inclinaciones vanguardistas de Ballard no encajaban cómodamente en la corriente principal de la ciencia ficción de esa época, que mantenía actitudes que él consideraba filisteas. Asistiendo brevemente a la Convención de Ciencia Ficción de 1957 en Londres, Ballard se fue desilusionado y desmoralizado [27] y no escribió otra historia durante un año. A finales de la década de 1960, sin embargo, se había convertido en editor de la revista de vanguardia Ambit , [28] que estaba más en consonancia con sus ideales estéticos.
Carrera de redacción a tiempo completo
En 1960 Ballard se mudó con su familia al suburbio de clase media londinense de Shepperton en Surrey, donde vivió el resto de su vida y que más tarde daría lugar a su apodo como el "Vidente de Shepperton". [29] [30] Al darse cuenta de que viajar al trabajo no le dejaba tiempo para escribir, Ballard decidió que tenía que hacer una pausa y convertirse en escritor a tiempo completo. Escribió su primera novela, El viento de ninguna parte , durante unas vacaciones de dos semanas simplemente para hacerse un hueco como escritor profesional, sin pretenderlo como una "novela seria"; en los libros publicados posteriormente, se omite de la lista de sus obras. Cuando se publicó con éxito en enero de 1962, renunció a su trabajo en Química e Industria y desde entonces se mantuvo a sí mismo y a su familia como escritor.
Más tarde, ese mismo año , se publicó su segunda novela, The Drowned World , que estableció a Ballard como una figura notable en el incipiente movimiento New Wave de la ciencia ficción. Comenzaron a publicarse colecciones de sus cuentos, y comenzó un período de gran productividad literaria, mientras impulsaba la ampliación del alcance del material aceptable para la ciencia ficción con cuentos como " The Terminal Beach ".
En 1964, la esposa de Ballard, Mary, murió repentinamente de neumonía, dejándolo solo para criar a sus tres hijos, James, Fay y Bea Ballard . [31] Ballard nunca se volvió a casar; sin embargo, unos años más tarde su amigo y colega Michael Moorcock le presentó a Claire Walsh, quien se convirtió en su compañera por el resto de su vida (murió en su residencia de Londres), [32] y a menudo se la menciona en sus escritos como "Claire Churchill". [33] [34] Walsh, que trabajó en el mundo editorial durante las décadas de 1960 y 1970, fue una caja de resonancia para muchas de sus ideas de historias y lo presentó a la comunidad de expatriados en el sur de Francia, que formó la base de varias novelas. [35]
Después del profundo impacto de la muerte de su esposa, Ballard comenzó en 1965 a escribir las historias que se convirtieron en The Atrocity Exhibition , mientras continuaba produciendo historias dentro del género de ciencia ficción. [ cita requerida ] En 1967 Algis Budrys incluyó a Ballard, Brian W. Aldiss , Roger Zelazny y Samuel R. Delany como "un nuevo tipo de escritor que hace temblar la tierra" y líderes de la Nueva Ola. [36] The Atrocity Exhibition (1969) resultó controvertida —fue objeto de un juicio por obscenidad y, en Estados Unidos, la editorial Doubleday destruyó casi toda la tirada antes de su distribución— pero ganó el reconocimiento de Ballard como escritor literario. Sigue siendo una de sus obras icónicas y fue filmada en 2001.
Un capítulo de The Atrocity Exhibition se titula "¡Choque!", Y en 1970 Ballard organizó una exhibición de autos chocados en el Laboratorio de Nuevas Artes , simplemente llamada "Choques de autos". Los vehículos accidentados se exhibieron sin comentarios, lo que inspiró respuestas virulentas y vandalismo. [37] Tanto en la historia como en la exposición de arte, Ballard abordó el potencial sexual de los accidentes automovilísticos, una preocupación que también exploró en un cortometraje en el que apareció con Gabrielle Drake en 1971. Su fascinación por el tema culminó en la novela Crash en 1973. El personaje principal de Crash se llama James Ballard y vive en Shepperton, aunque otros detalles biográficos no coinciden con el escritor, y la curiosidad por la relación entre el personaje y su autor aumentó cuando Ballard sufrió un grave accidente automovilístico poco después de completar. la novela. [37]
Independientemente de la base de la vida real, Crash , como The Atrocity Exhibition , también fue controvertido al momento de su publicación. [38] En 1996, la adaptación cinematográfica de David Cronenberg fue recibida por un alboroto de los tabloides en el Reino Unido, y el Daily Mail hizo una campaña activa para que se prohibiera. [39] En los años posteriores a la publicación inicial de Crash , Ballard produjo dos novelas más: Concrete Island de 1974 , sobre un hombre que queda varado en el área de desechos de una autopista de alta velocidad, [40] y High-Rise , sobre un Descenso del edificio de apartamentos de lujo moderno de gran altura a la guerra tribal. [41]
Aunque Ballard publicó varias novelas y colecciones de cuentos a lo largo de los años setenta y ochenta, su avance hacia la corriente principal se produjo solo con Empire of the Sun en 1984, basado en sus años en Shanghai y el campo de internamiento de Lunghua . Se convirtió en un best-seller, [42] fue preseleccionado para el Booker Prize y recibió el Guardian Fiction Prize y el James Tait Black Memorial Prize de ficción. [43] Dio a conocer a Ballard a un público más amplio, aunque los libros que siguieron no lograron el mismo grado de éxito. Empire of the Sun fue filmada por Steven Spielberg en 1987, protagonizada por un joven Christian Bale como Jim (Ballard). El propio Ballard aparece brevemente en la película y ha descrito la experiencia de ver sus recuerdos de la infancia recreados y reinterpretados como extraños. [10] [11]
Ballard continued to write until the end of his life, and also contributed occasional journalism and criticism to the British press. Of his later novels, Super-Cannes (2000) was particularly well received,[44] winning the regional Commonwealth Writers' Prize.[45] These later novels often marked a move away from science fiction, instead engaging with elements of a traditional crime novel.[46] Ballard was offered a CBE in 2003, but refused, calling it "a Ruritanian charade that helps to prop up our top-heavy monarchy".[47][48] In June 2006, he was diagnosed with terminal prostate cancer, which metastasised to his spine and ribs. The last of his books published in his lifetime was the autobiography Miracles of Life, written after his diagnosis.[49] His final published short story, "The Dying Fall", appeared in the 1996 issue 106 of Interzone, a British sci-fi magazine. It was reproduced in The Guardian on 25 April 2009.[50]
Posthumous publication
In October 2008, before his death, Ballard's literary agent Margaret Hanbury brought an outline for a book by Ballard with the working title Conversations with My Physician: The Meaning, if Any, of Life to the Frankfurt Book Fair. The physician in question is oncologist Professor Jonathan Waxman of Imperial College, London, who was treating Ballard for prostate cancer. While it was to be in part a book about cancer, and Ballard's struggle with it, it reportedly was to move on to broader themes. In April 2009 The Guardian reported that HarperCollins announced that Ballard's Conversations with My Physician could not be finished and plans to publish it were abandoned.[51]
In 2013, a 17-page untitled typescript listed as "Vermilion Sands short story in draft" in the British Library catalogue and edited into an 8,000-word text by Bernard Sigaud appeared in a short-lived French reissue of the collection (ISBN 978-2367190068) under the title "Le labyrinthe Hardoon" as the first story of the cycle, tentatively dated "late 1955/early 1956" by Sigaud and others.[52][53][54][55]
Archive
In June 2010 the British Library acquired Ballard's personal archives under the British government's acceptance in lieu scheme for death duties. The archive contains eighteen holograph manuscripts for Ballard's novels, including the 840-page manuscript for Empire of the Sun, plus correspondence, notebooks, and photographs from throughout his life.[56] In addition, two typewritten manuscripts for The Unlimited Dream Company are held at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin.[57]
Ficción distópica
With the exception of his autobiographical novels, Ballard most commonly wrote in the post-apocalyptic dystopia genre.
His most celebrated novel in this regard is Crash, in which cars symbolise the mechanisation of the world and man's capacity to destroy himself with the technology he creates. The characters (the protagonist, called Ballard, included) become increasingly obsessed with the violent psychosexuality of car crashes in general, and celebrity car crashes in particular. Ballard's novel was turned into a controversial film by David Cronenberg.
Particularly revered among Ballard's admirers is his short story collection Vermilion Sands (1971), set in an eponymous desert resort town inhabited by forgotten starlets, insane heirs, very eccentric artists, and the merchants and bizarre servants who provide for them. Each story features peculiarly exotic technology such as cloud-carving sculptors performing for a party of eccentric onlookers, poetry-composing computers, orchids with operatic voices and egos to match, phototropic self-painting canvases, etc. In keeping with Ballard's central themes, most notably technologically-mediated masochism, these tawdry and weird technologies service the dark and hidden desires and schemes of the human castaways who occupy Vermilion Sands, typically with psychologically grotesque and physically fatal results. In his introduction to Vermilion Sands, Ballard cites this as his favourite collection.
In a similar vein, his collection Memories of the Space Age explores many varieties of individual and collective psychological fallout from—and initial deep archetypal motivations for—the American space exploration boom of the 1960s and 1970s.
Commentators such as Will Self have described much of his fiction as being concerned with 'idealised gated communities; the affluent, and the ennui of affluence [where] the virtualised world is concretised in the shape of these gated developments.' He added in these fictional settings 'there is no real pleasure to be gained; sex is commodified and devoid of feeling and there is no relationship with the natural world. These communities then implode into some form of violence.'[58] Budrys, however, mocked his fiction as "call[ing] for people who don't think ... to be the protagonist of a J. G. Ballard novel, or anything more than a very minor character therein, you must have cut yourself off from the entire body of scientific education".[59]
In addition to his novels, Ballard made extensive use of the short story form. Many of his earliest published works in the 1950s and 1960s were short stories, including influential works like Chronopolis.[60] In an essay on Ballard, Will Wiles notes how his short stories 'have a lingering fascination with the domestic interior, with furnishing and appliances,' adding, 'it's a landscape that he distorts until it shrieks with anxiety'. He concludes that 'what Ballard saw, and what he expressed in his novels, was nothing less than the effect that the technological world, including our built environment, was having upon our minds and bodies.'[61]
Ballard coined the term inverted Crusoeism. Whereas the original Robinson Crusoe became a castaway against his own will, Ballard's protagonists often choose to maroon themselves; hence inverted Crusoeism (e.g., Concrete Island). The concept provides a reason as to why people would deliberately maroon themselves on a remote island; in Ballard’s work, becoming a castaway is as much a healing and empowering process as an entrapping one, enabling people to discover a more meaningful and vital existence.[62]
Televisión
On 13 December 1965, BBC Two screened an adaptation of the short story "Thirteen to Centaurus" directed by Peter Potter. The one-hour drama formed part of the first season of Out of the Unknown and starred Donald Houston as Dr. Francis and James Hunter as Abel Granger.[63] In 2003, Ballard's short story "The Enormous Space" (first published in the science fiction magazine Interzone in 1989, subsequently printed in the collection of Ballard's short stories War Fever) was adapted into an hour-long television film for the BBC entitled Home by Richard Curson Smith, who also directed it. The plot follows a middle-class man who chooses to abandon the outside world and restrict himself to his house, becoming a hermit.
Influencia
Ballard is cited as an important forebear of the cyberpunk movement by Bruce Sterling in his introduction to the seminal Mirrorshades anthology. Ballard's parody of American politics, the pamphlet "Why I Want to Fuck Ronald Reagan", which was subsequently included as a chapter in his experimental novel The Atrocity Exhibition, was photocopied and distributed by pranksters at the 1980 Republican National Convention. In the early 1970s, Bill Butler, a bookseller in Brighton, was prosecuted under UK obscenity laws for selling the pamphlet.
In his 2002 book Straw Dogs, the philosopher John Gray acknowledges Ballard as a major influence on his ideas. Ballard described the book as a "clear-eyed assessment of human nature and our almost unlimited gift for self-delusion."
According to literary theorist Brian McHale, The Atrocity Exhibition is a "postmodernist text based on science fiction topoi."[64][65]
Lee Killough directly cites Ballard's seminal Vermilion Sands short stories as the inspiration for her collection Aventine, also a backwater resort for celebrities and eccentrics where bizarre or frivolous novelty technology facilitates the expression of dark intents and drives. Terry Dowling's milieu of Twilight Beach is also influenced by the stories of Vermilion Sands and other Ballard works.
In Simulacra and Simulation, Jean Baudrillard hailed Crash as the "first great novel of the universe of simulation."[66]
Ballard also had an interest in the relationship between various media. In the early 1970s, he was one of the trustees of the Institute for Research in Art and Technology.[67]
In popular music
Ballard has had a notable[68] influence on popular music, where his work has been used as a basis for lyrical imagery, particularly amongst British post-punk and industrial groups. Examples include albums such as Metamatic by John Foxx, various songs by Joy Division (most famously "Atrocity Exhibition" from Closer and "Interzone" from Unknown Pleasures),[69] "High Rise" by Hawkwind,[69] "Miss the Girl" by The Creatures (based on Crash), "Down in the Park" by Gary Numan, "Chrome Injury" by The Church, "Drowned World" by Madonna,[70] "Warm Leatherette" by The Normal[71] and Atrocity Exhibition by Danny Brown.[72][73][74] Songwriters Trevor Horn and Bruce Woolley credit Ballard's story "The Sound-Sweep" with inspiring The Buggles' hit "Video Killed the Radio Star",[75] and the Buggles' second album included a song entitled "Vermillion Sands."[76] The 1978 post-punk band Comsat Angels took their name from one of Ballard's short stories.[77] An early instrumental track by British electronic music group The Human League "4JG" bears Ballard's initials as a homage to the author (intended as a response to "2HB" by Roxy Music).[78]
Manic Street Preachers include a sample from an interview with Ballard in their song "Mausoleum".[79] Additionally, the Manic Street Preachers song, "A Billion Balconies Facing the Sun", is taken from a line in the JG Ballard novel, Cocaine Nights. Klaxons named their debut album Myths of the Near Future after one of Ballard's short story collections. The Sound of Animals Fighting took the name of the song "The Heraldic Beak of the Manufacturer's Medallion" from Crash. The song "Terminal Beach" by the American band Yacht is a tribute to his short story collection that goes by the same name.
Premios y honores
- 1984 Guardian Fiction Prize for Empire of the Sun[80]
- 1984 James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction for Empire of the Sun[43]
- 1984 Empire of the Sun shortlisted for the Booker Prize for Fiction[81]
- 1997 De Montfort University Honorary doctorate.[82]
- 2001 Commonwealth Writers' Prize (Europe & South Asia region) for Super-Cannes[83]
- 2008 Golden PEN Award[84]
- 2009 Royal Holloway University of London Posthumous honorary doctorate.[85]
Obras
Novels
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Short story collections
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Non-fiction
- A User's Guide to the Millennium: Essays and Reviews (1996)
- Miracles of Life (autobiography; 2008)
Interviews
- Paris Review – J.G. Ballard (1984)
- Re/Search No. 8/9: J.G. Ballard (1985)
- J.G. Ballard: Quotes (2004)
- J.G. Ballard: Conversations (2005)[87]
- Extreme Metaphors (interviews; 2012)
Adaptaciones
Films
- When Dinosaurs Ruled the Earth (1970 Val Guest)
- Empire of the Sun (1987 Steven Spielberg)
- Crash (1996 David Cronenberg)
- The Atrocity Exhibition (2000 Jonathan Weiss)[88]
- Low-Flying Aircraft (2002 Solveig Nordlund)
- High-Rise (2015 Ben Wheatley)
Television
- "Thirteen to Centaurus" (1965) from the short story of the same name – dir. Peter Potter (BBC Two)
- Crash! (1971) dir. Harley Cokliss[89]
- "Minus One" (1991) from the story of the same name – short film dir. by Simon Brooks.
- "Home" (2003) primarily based on "The Enormous Space" – dir. Richard Curson Smith (BBC Four)
- "The Drowned Giant" (2021) from the short story of the same name, as an episode of the Netflix Anthology series Love, Death & Robots
Radio
- In Nov/Dec 1988, CBC Radio's sci-fi series Vanishing Point ran a seven-episode miniseries of The Stories of J. G. Ballard, which included audio adaptations of "Escapement," "Dead Astronaut," "The Cloud Sculptors of Coral D," "Low Flying Aircraft," "A Question of Re-entry," "News from the Sun" and "Having a Wonderful Time."
- In June 2013, BBC Radio 4 broadcast adaptions of The Drowned World and Concrete Island as part of a season of dystopian fiction entitled Dangerous Visions.[90]
Ver también
- Social control
- Technology
- Mass media
- Entropy
Referencias
Notes
- ^ "Alumni and Fellows". Queen Mary University of London. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
- ^ Jones, Thomas (10 April 2008). "Thomas Jones reviews 'Miracles of Life' by J.G. Ballard · LRB 10 April 2008". London Review of Books. pp. 18–20.
- ^ Wilkins, Alasdair. "Remembering J.G. Ballard's Science Fiction Legacy". io9. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
- ^ "Empire of the Sun (1984)". Ballardian. 16 September 2006. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
- ^ "About". Ballardian. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
- ^ a b c Will Self, ‘Ballard, James Graham (1930–2009)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, January 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2013, (subscription required)
- ^ a b Pringle, D. (Ed.) and Ballard, J.G. (1982). "From Shanghai to Shepperton". Re/Search 8/9: J.G. Ballard: 112–124. ISBN 0-940642-08-5.
- ^ "Grand Gothic cathedral restored to former glory". Shanghaidaily.com. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
- ^ "JG Ballard in Shanghai". Timeoutshanghai.com. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
- ^ a b Ballard, J.G. (4 March 2006). "Look back at Empire". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
- ^ a b "J.G. Ballard". Jgballard.ca. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
- ^ Cowley, J. (4 November 2001). "The Ballard of Shanghai jail". The Observer. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
- ^ a b Hall, C. "JG Ballard: Extreme Metaphor: A Crash Course in the Fiction Of JG Ballard". Retrieved 25 April 2009.
- ^ a b Livingstone, D.B. (1996?). "J.G. Ballard: Crash: Prophet with Honour". Retrieved 12 March 2006.
- ^ Welch, Frances. "All Praise and Glory to the Mind of Man". Ballard confesses to being an atheist, but adds: "that said, I'm extremely interested in religion... I see religion as a key to all sorts of mysteries that surround the human consciousness."
- ^ Campbell, James (14 June 2008). "Strange Fiction". The Guardian.
- ^ a b c Pringle, David (19 April 2009). "Obituary:JG Ballard". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
- ^ Frick, Interviewed by Thomas (21 May 1984). "J. G. Ballard, The Art of Fiction No. 85". The Paris Review. Winter 1984 (94). Retrieved 21 May 2018.
- ^ "Collecting 'The Violent Noon' and other assorted Ballardiana". Ballardian. 5 February 2007. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
- ^ https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/40c6c3d5-4163-39ea-b085-0cff9f356266
- ^ "Notable Alumni/ Arts and Culture". Queen Mary, University of London. Archived from the original on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
- ^ a b Jones, Thomas (10 April 2008). "Whisky and Soda Man". London Review of Books. pp. 18–20. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
- ^ "'What exactly is he trying to sell?': J.G. Ballard's Adventures in Advertising, part 1". Ballardian.com. 4 May 2009. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
- ^ London Gazette, 1 July 1955.
- ^ Weber, Bruce (21 April 2009). "J.G Ballard, novelist, Is Dead at 78". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
- ^ Bonsall, Mike (1 August 2007). "JG Ballard's Experiment in Chemical Living". Ballardian.com.
- ^ "JG Ballard Interviewed by Jannick Storm". Jgballard.ca.
- ^ "JGB in Ambit Magazine". Jgballard.ca.
- ^ Clark, Alex (9 September 2000). "Microdoses of madness". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
- ^ Smith, Karl. "The Velvet Underground of English Letters: Simon Sellars Discusses J.G. Ballard". thequietus.com. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
- ^ The autobiographical novel The Kindness of Women gives a different, fictionalised account of her death.
- ^ "Author J. G. Ballard dies at 78", Deseret News, 20 April 2009, p. A12
- ^ Moorcock, Michael (25 April 2009). "My friend J.G. Ballard, the homely visionary". The Times. London. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
- ^ Mendick, Robert (20 April 2009). "Partner tells of unconvential life with literary giant JG Ballard". London Evening Standard. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
- ^ Self, Will (15 October 2014). "Claire Walsh obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
- ^ Budrys, Algis (October 1967). "Galaxy Bookshelf". Galaxy Science Fiction. pp. 188–194.
- ^ a b Ballard, J.G. (1993). The Atrocity Exhibition (expanded and annotated edition). ISBN 0-00-711686-1.
- ^ Francis, Sam (2008). "'Moral Pornography' and 'Total Imagination': The Pornographic in J. G. Ballard's Crash". English. 57 (218): 146–168. doi:10.1093/english/efn011.
- ^ Barker, Martin; Arthurs, Jane; Harindranath, Ramaswami (2001). The Crash Controversy: Censorship Campaigns and Film Reception. ISBN 978-1-903364-15-4. Retrieved 15 September 2009.
- ^ Sellars, Simon (16 September 2006). "Concrete Island (1974)". Ballardian. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
- ^ Sisson, Peter (28 September 2015). "New Film High-Rise Explores The Symbolism and Terror of Tower Living". Curbed. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
- ^ Collinson, G. "Empire of the Sun Archived 6 February 2004 at the Wayback Machine". BBC Four article on the film and novel. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
- ^ a b "James Tait Black Prizes Fiction Winners". University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
- ^ Moss, Stephen (13 September 2000). "Mad about Ballard". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
- ^ "J. G. Ballard". British Council Literature. British Council. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
- ^ Noys, Benjamin (2007). "La libido réactionnaire?: the recent fiction of J.G. Ballard". Sage Publishers. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
- ^ Branigan, Tania (22 December 2003). "'It's a pantomime where tinsel takes the place of substance'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
- ^ Lea, Richard; Adetunji, Jo (19 April 2009). "Crash author JG Ballard, 'a giant on the world literary scene', dies aged 78". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
- ^ Wavell, Stuart (20 January 2008). "Dissecting bodies from the twilight zone: Stuart Wavell meets JG Ballard". The Sunday Times. London. Retrieved 21 January 2008.
- ^ Ballard, JG. The Dying Fall, The Guardian, 25 April 2009.
- ^ Thompson, Liz (16 October 2008). "Ballard and the meaning of life". BookBrunch. Archived from the original on 25 April 2009. Retrieved 20 April 2009.
- ^ Beckett, Chris (2011). "The Progress of the Text: The Papers of J. G. Ballard at the British Library". Electronic British Library Journal. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
- ^ Horrocks, Chris, "Disinterring the Present: Science Fiction, Media Technology and the Ends of the Archive", Journal of Visual Culture, 2013 Vol 12(3): 414–430
- ^ "Near Vermilion Sands: The Context and Date of Composition of an Abandoned Literary Draft by J. G. Ballard". Bl.uk. 30 November 2003. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
- ^ King, Daniel (February 2014). ""'Again Last Night': A previously unpublished Vermilion Sands story", SF Commentary 86" (PDF). pp. 18–20.
- ^ "Archive of JG Ballard saved for the nation". The British Library. 10 June 2010. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
- ^ "Manuscripts for The Unlimited Dream Company". Harry Ransom Center. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
- ^ "John Gray and Will Self – JG Ballard". Watershed. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
- ^ Budrys, Algis (December 1966). "Galaxy Bookshelf". Galaxy Science Fiction. pp. 125–133.
- ^ Boyd, Jason (7 February 2019). "20 Most Influential Science Fiction Short Stories of the 20th Century". FictionPhile.com. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
- ^ Wiles, Will (20 June 2017). "The Corner of Lovecraft and Ballard". Places Journal (2017). doi:10.22269/170620. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
- ^ Bicudo de Castro, Vicente; Muskat, Matthias (4 April 2020). "Inverted Crusoeism: Deliberately marooning yourself on an island". Shima: The International Journal of Research into Island Cultures. 14 (1). doi:10.21463/shima.14.1.16. ISSN 1834-6057.
- ^ https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0279463/
- ^ Brian McHale, Postmodernist FictionISBN 978-0-415-04513-1
- ^ Luckhurst, Roger. "Border Policing: Postmodernism and Science Fiction" Science Fiction Studies (November 1991)
- ^ Baudrillard, Jean (1981). Simulacra and Simulation. Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-472-06521-9.
- ^ "JG Ballard Interviewed by Douglas Reed". Jgballard.ca. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
- ^ "What Pop Music Tells Us About J G Ballard". BBC News. 20 April 2009. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
- ^ a b "What pop music tells us about JG Ballard". BBC.
- ^ "Madonna (New York, NY – July 25, 2001) – Feature". Slantmagazine.com. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
- ^ Myers, Ben. "JG Ballard: The music he inspired". The Guardian.
- ^ Young, Alex (18 July 2016). "Danny Brown has named his new album Atrocity Exhibition after the Joy Division song". Consequence of Sound. Archived from the original on 25 September 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
- ^ "Danny Brown Announces New Album Title Atrocity Exhibition". Pitchfork. 18 July 2016. Archived from the original on 26 September 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
- ^ Renshaw, David (18 July 2016). "Danny Brown Names New Album Atrocity Exhibition". The Fader. Archived from the original on 21 September 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
- ^ "The Buggles 'Video Killed The Radio Star'". Sound on Sound. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
- ^ "Horniculture! • From the Art of Plastic to the Age of Noise". Trevorhorn.com. Archived from the original on 13 June 2010.
- ^ "Путеводитель по миру шоппинга – скидки, распродажи, акции – В мире модных брендов 23". Gothtronic.com. 21 November 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
- ^ "The Human League's Phil Oakey is a man of letters – B is for Ballard". The Herald. Glasgow. 24 November 2011. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
- ^ "What pop music tells us about JG Ballard". BBC News. 20 April 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
- ^ "1984 Guardian JG Ballard interview by W.L. Webb". Jgballard.ca. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
- ^ "The Man Booker Prize Archive 1969–2012" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 September 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
- ^ Williams, Lynne (12 September 1997). "Honorary Degrees". Times Higher Education. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
- ^ "J.G. Ballard cops Commonwealth prize". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
- ^ "Golden Pen Award, official website". English PEN. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
- ^ "2009 Honorary Graduates". Royal Holloway University of London. 7 July 2009. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
- ^ a b c None of the "complete" collections are in fact fully exhaustive, since they contain only some of the Atrocity Exhibition stories.
- ^ Deadhead, Daisy. "We won't give pause until the blood is flowing". DeadAir. Retrieved 8 December 2009.
- ^ "reel 23". Archived from the original on 15 February 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
- ^ Sellars, S. (10 August 2007). "Crash! Full-Tilt Autogeddon". Ballardian.com. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
- ^ Martin, Tim (14 June 2013). "Do have nightmares". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
Bibliography
- Ballard, J.G. (1984). Empire of the Sun. ISBN 0-00-654700-1.
- Ballard, J.G. (1991). The Kindness of Women. ISBN 0-00-654701-X.
- Ballard, J.G. (1993). The Atrocity Exhibition (expanded and annotated edition). ISBN 0-00-711686-1.
- Ballard, J.G. (2006). "Look back at Empire". The Guardian, 4 March 2006.
- Baxter, J. (2001). "J.G. Ballard". The Literary Encyclopedia. Retrieved 11 March 2006.
- Baxter, J. (ed.) (2008). J.G. Ballard, London: Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-9726-0
- Baxter, John (2011). The Inner Man: The Life of J. G. Ballard. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-86352-6
- Brigg, Peter (1985). J.G. Ballard. Rpt. Borgo Press/Wildside Press. ISBN 0-89370-953-0
- Collins English Dictionary. ISBN 0-00-719153-7. Quoted in Ballardian: The World of JG Ballard. Retrieved 11 March 2006.
- Cowley, J. (2001). "The Ballard of Shanghai jail". Review of The Complete Stories by J.G. Ballard. The Observer, 4 November 2001. Retrieved 11 March 2006.
- Delville, Michel. J.G. Ballard. Plymouth: Northcote House, 1998.
- Gasiorek, A. (2005). J. G. Ballard. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-7053-2
- Hall, C. "Extreme Metaphor: A Crash Course in the Fiction of JG Ballard". Retrieved 11 March 2006.
- Livingstone, D.B. (1996?). "Prophet with Honour". Retrieved 12 March 2006.
- Luckhurst, R. (1998). The Angle Between Two Walls: The Fiction of J. G. Ballard. Liverpool University Press. ISBN 978-0-85323-831-7
- McGrath, R. JG Ballard Book Collection. Retrieved 11 March 2006.
- McGrath, Rick (ed.). The JG Ballard Book. The Terminal Press. 2013. ISBN 978-0-9918665-1-9
- O'Connell, Mark (23 April 2020). "Why we are living in Ballard's world". Critic at Large. New Statesman. 149 (5514): 54–57.
- Oramus, Dominika. Grave New World. Warsaw: University of Warsaw, 2007.
- Pringle, David, Earth is the Alien Planet: J.G. Ballard's Four-Dimensional Nightmare, San Bernardino, CA: The Borgo Press, 1979.
- Pringle, David (ed.) and Ballard, J.G. (1982). "From Shanghai to Shepperton". Re/Search 8/9: J.G. Ballard: 112–124. ISBN 0-940642-08-5.
- Rossi, Umberto (2009). "A Little Something about Dead Astronauts", Science-Fiction Studies, No. 107, 36:1 (March), 101–120.
- Stephenson, Gregory, Out of the Night and into the Dream: A Thematic Study of the Fiction of J.G. Ballard, New York: Greenwood Press, 1991.
- McGrath, Rick (ed.). Deep Ends: The JG Ballard Anthology 2014. The Terminal Press. 2014. ISBN 978-0-9918665-4-0
- V. Vale (ed.) (2005). "J.G. Ballard: Conversations" (excerpts). RE/Search Publications. ISBN 1-889307-13-0
- V. Vale (ed.) and Ryan, Mike (ed). (2005). "J.G. Ballard: Quotes" (excerpts). RE/Search Publications. ISBN 1-889307-12-2
enlaces externos
- Works by or about J. G. Ballard at Internet Archive
- J. G. Ballard at Curlie
- J. G. Ballard at British Council: Literature
- J. G. Ballard at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
- J. G. Ballard at IMDb
- J. G. Ballard's online fiction at Free Speculative Fiction Online
- Ballardian (Simon Sellars)
- J.G. Ballard Literary Archive & Bibliographies (Rick McGrath)
- 2008 profile of J. G. Ballard by Theodore Dalrymple in City Journal magazine
- J. G. Ballard Literary Estate
- J G Ballard at the British Library
- J G Ballard archives and manuscripts catalogue at the British Library
- articles, reviews and essays
- Frick, Thomas (Winter 1984). "J. G. Ballard, The Art of Fiction No. 85". The Paris Review.
- Landscapes From a Dream, J G Ballard and modern art
- The Marriage of Reason and Nightmare, City Journal, Winter 2008
- Miracles of Life reviewed by Karl Miller in the Times Literary Supplement, 12 March 2008
- J.G. Ballard: The Glow of the Prophet Diane Johnson article on Ballard from The New York Review of Books
- Reviews of Ballard's work and John Foyster's criticism of Ballard's work featured in Edition 46 of Science Fiction magazine edited by Van Ikin.
- A review of Ballard's Running Wild [1]
- source material
- J. G. Ballard and his family on the list of the internment camp at Japan Center for Asian Historical Records
- J.G. Ballard and Scottish artist Sir Eduardo Paolozzi
- obituaries and remembrances
- Obituary in the Times Online
- Obituary by John Clute in The Independent
- Obituary in the Los Angeles Times
- Quotes from other writers on BBC News
- More writers' reactions in The Guardian
- A short appreciation in The New Yorker
- Tribute by V. Vale from RE/Search
- Letter From London: The J.G. Ballard Memorial
- Self on Ballard by Will Self on BBC Radio 4, 26 September 2009 (Transcript and Postscript) at The Terminal Collection by Rick McGrath