| Jos J-Town | |
|---|---|
.jpg/440px-Hill_in_the_north-east_part_of_Jos,_Nigeria_(15).jpg) Hill en la parte noreste de Jos | |
  Jos Ubicación en Nigeria | |
| Coordenadas: 09 ° 55′00 ″ N 08 ° 53′25 ″ E / 9.91667°N 8.89028°E Coordenadas : 09 ° 55′00 ″ N 08 ° 53′25 ″ E / 9.91667°N 8.89028°E | |
| País | Nigeria |
| Expresar | Estado de meseta |
| Elevación | 1.220 m (4.000 pies) |
| Población (2006) | |
| • Total | 873,943 |
| • Rango | Sexto |
| [1] | |
| Zona horaria | GMT + 1 |
| Clima | Aw |
Jos / dʒ oʊ s / es una ciudad en el Cinturón Medio de Nigeria . La ciudad tiene una población de unos 900.000 habitantes según el censo de 2006. [1] Popularmente llamado " J-Town ", es la capital administrativa y la ciudad más grande del estado de Plateau .
La ciudad está ubicada en la meseta de Jos a unos 1.238 metros o 4.062 pies sobre el nivel del mar. Durante el gobierno colonial británico , Jos fue un centro importante para la extracción de estaño y es el centro comercial del estado, ya que las actividades comerciales aumentan constantemente.
Historia [ editar ]
Los primeros pobladores conocidos de la tierra que llegaría a ser conocida como Nigeria fueron el pueblo Nok (alrededor del año 1000 a. C.), hábiles artesanos de la zona de Jos que desaparecieron misteriosamente a finales del primer milenio. [2]
Según el historiador Sen Luka Gwom Zangabadt, [3] el área conocida como Jos hoy estaba habitada por grupos étnicos indígenas que eran en su mayoría agricultores. Según Billy J. Dudley, [4] los colonialistas británicos usaron el gobierno directo para los grupos étnicos indígenas en la meseta de Jos, ya que no estaban bajo los emiratos Fulani, donde se usó el gobierno indirecto. Según el historiador Samuel N Nwabara, [5] el imperio Fulani controlaba la mayor parte del norte de Nigeria , excepto la provincia de Plateau y Berom , Mwaghavul , Ngas , Tiv , Etnias Jukun e Idoma . Fue el descubrimiento del estaño por los británicos lo que provocó la afluencia de otros grupos étnicos como los igbo , yoruba , convirtiendo así a Jos en una ciudad cosmopolita.
Según el libro blanco de la comisión de investigación sobre la crisis de 1894, Ames, un administrador colonial británico, dijo que el nombre original de Jos era Gwosh en lengua afizere (los primeros pobladores de la zona), que era una aldea situada en la actual sitio de la ciudad; Según Ames, el Hausa , que llegó allí después, pronunció erróneamente Gwosh como Jos y se quedó. [6] Otra versión fue que "Jos" vino de la palabra "Jasad" que significa cuerpo. Para distinguirlo de las cimas de las colinas, se llamaba "Jas", que los británicos pronunciaban erróneamente como "Jos". Creció rápidamente después de que los británicos descubrieron grandes depósitos de estaño en los alrededores. Tanto estaño como columbitafueron minadas extensamente en el área hasta la década de 1960. Fueron transportados por ferrocarril a Port Harcourt y Lagos en la costa, luego exportados desde esos puertos. Jos todavía se conoce a menudo como "Ciudad de hojalata". Fue nombrada capital del estado de Benue-Plateau en 1967 y se convirtió en la capital del nuevo estado de Plateau en 1975. Jos se ha convertido en un importante centro administrativo, comercial y turístico nacional. La extracción de estaño ha provocado la afluencia de inmigrantes (en su mayoría igbos, yorubas y europeos ) que constituyen más de la mitad de la población de Jos. Este "crisol" de razas, etnias y religiones convierte a Jos en una de las ciudades más cosmopolitas de Nigeria. Por esta razón, Plateau State es conocido en Nigeria como el "hogar de la paz y el turismo".
Excelentes imágenes de Jos en 1936, incluidas las minas de estaño, la población local y la población colonial, se encuentran en el Museo del Cine de Londres, ref. HM0172. [1]
Violencia religiosa [ editar ]
Jos está habitado por comunidades predominantemente cristianas , pero se han producido enfrentamientos entre cristianos y musulmanes . En septiembre de 2001, se produjeron disturbios en Jos entre las divididas poblaciones cristiana y musulmana , en los que murieron unas mil personas. [7] [8] En 2004, el ex gobernador del estado de Plateau, Joshua Dariye , fue suspendido durante seis meses por no controlar la violencia.
En noviembre de 2008 y enero de 2010 , se produjeron más disturbios en Jos. En diciembre de 2010, 32 personas murieron en un bombardeo cuádruple . En enero de 2011, hubo enfrentamientos casi diarios entre turbas musulmanas y cristianas en las aldeas alrededor de Jos; Una serie de bombas habían sido detonadas durante las celebraciones de Nochebuena un mes antes, matando a decenas de personas. [9] El 25 de diciembre de 2011, un ataque con bomba y arma de fuego tuvo lugar en una iglesia en Jos. En mayo de 2014, un ataque con bombas gemelas en Jos mató a 118 personas. Entre agosto de 2013 y diciembre de 2014, un proceso de pazfue realizado por las comunidades que viven en Jos: el Foro HD Jos [10] finalmente condujo a una "Declaración de Compromiso con la Paz" firmada por las comunidades participantes (Afizere, Anaguta, Berom, Fulani, Hausa, Igbo, Sur-Sur y Yoruba, así como mujeres que fueron representadas como su propia comunidad distinta). El 5 de julio de 2015, un atentado con bomba en un restaurante mató a 23 personas y un atentado suicida en una mezquita mató a 21 personas.
Divisiones administrativas [ editar ]
La ciudad está dividida en 3 áreas de gobierno local de Jos norte, Jos sur y Jos este. La ciudad propiamente dicha se encuentra entre Jos al norte y Jos al sur. Jos East alberga el prestigioso Centro Nacional de Percepción Remota. Jos norte es la capital del estado y el área donde se llevan a cabo la mayoría de las actividades comerciales del estado, aunque debido a los recientes enfrentamientos comunales, muchas actividades comerciales se están desplazando hacia el sur de Jos. La oficina del gobernador está ubicada en un área en Jos North llamada "Jise" en idioma Berom, "Gise" en idioma Afizere (Jarawa) o "Tudun-Wada" en idioma Hausa. Jos South es la sede del Vicegobernador, es decir, la antigua Casa de Gobierno en Rayfield y el centro industrial de Plateau State debido a la presencia de industrias como el grupo NASCO, Standard Biscuits, Grand Cereales y Oil Mills,Zuma Steel África occidental, industrias de techos de aluminio, Jos International Breweries, entre otros. Jos South también alberga instituciones de prestigio como elNational Institute of Policy and Strategic Studies (NIPSS), the highest academic awarding institution in Nigeria, the National Veterinary Research Institute, the Police Staff College, the NTA television college and the Nigerian Film Corporation. Jos north is the location of the University of Jos and its teaching hospital. The city has formed an agglomeration with the town of Bukuru to form the Jos-Bukuru metropolis (JBM).
Geography and climate[edit]
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Situated almost at the geographical centre of Nigeria and about 179 kilometres (111 miles) from Abuja, the nation's capital, Jos is linked by road, rail and air to the rest of the country. The city is served by Yakubu Gowon Airport, but its rail connections no longer operate as the only currently operational section of Nigeria's rail network is the western line from Lagos to Kano.
At an altitude of 1,217 m (3,993 ft) above sea level, Jos' climate is closer to temperate than that of the vast majority of Nigeria. Average monthly temperatures range from 21–25 °C (70–77 °F), and from mid-November to late January, night-time temperatures drop as low as 7 °C (45 °F). Hail sometimes falls during the rainy season because of the cooler temperatures at high altitudes.[citation needed] These cooler temperatures have, from colonial times until the present day, made Jos a favourite holiday location for both tourists and expatriates based in Nigeria.[citation needed]
Jos receives about 1,400 millimetres (55 inches) of rainfall annually, the precipitation arising from both convectional and orographic sources, owing to the location of the city on the Jos Plateau.[12]
According to the Köppen climate classification system, Jos has a tropical savanna climate, abbreviated Aw.[13]
| Climate data for Jos (1961–1990) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 27.3 (81.1) | 28.7 (83.7) | 30.4 (86.7) | 30.2 (86.4) | 28.2 (82.8) | 26.6 (79.9) | 24.4 (75.9) | 24.3 (75.7) | 26.1 (79.0) | 27.8 (82.0) | 28.0 (82.4) | 27.2 (81.0) | 27.4 (81.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 21.3 (70.3) | 22.9 (73.2) | 24.9 (76.8) | 25.7 (78.3) | 24.5 (76.1) | 22.7 (72.9) | 21.4 (70.5) | 20.9 (69.6) | 21.9 (71.4) | 22.9 (73.2) | 22.7 (72.9) | 21.5 (70.7) | 22.8 (73.0) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 12.7 (54.9) | 15.1 (59.2) | 17.7 (63.9) | 18.3 (64.9) | 18.0 (64.4) | 17.2 (63.0) | 16.7 (62.1) | 16.5 (61.7) | 16.7 (62.1) | 16.3 (61.3) | 14.4 (57.9) | 13.1 (55.6) | 16.1 (61.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 0.4 (0.02) | 2.8 (0.11) | 29.8 (1.17) | 92.9 (3.66) | 159.8 (6.29) | 198.5 (7.81) | 303.8 (11.96) | 290.1 (11.42) | 197.6 (7.78) | 38.3 (1.51) | 0.3 (0.01) | 0.5 (0.02) | 1,314.8 (51.76) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 0.1 | 0.2 | 1.4 | 6.9 | 11.6 | 15.6 | 20.6 | 19.9 | 16.2 | 4.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 96.7 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 14.1 | 13.6 | 19.6 | 38.7 | 58.3 | 66.0 | 75.8 | 76.2 | 64.2 | 42.0 | 20.8 | 16.5 | 42.1 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 282.1 | 254.8 | 238.7 | 204.0 | 204.6 | 198.0 | 158.1 | 139.5 | 177.0 | 238.7 | 285.0 | 288.3 | 2,668.8 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 9.1 | 9.1 | 7.7 | 6.8 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 5.1 | 4.5 | 5.9 | 7.7 | 9.5 | 9.3 | 7.3 |
| Source 1: NOAA[14] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Climate-Data.org (altitude: 1185m, mean temperatures)[13] | |||||||||||||
Features[edit]
- Jos Wildlife Park
Covering roughly 3 square miles (7.8 km2) of savannah bush and established in 1972 under the administration of then Governor of Benue-Plateau Joseph Gomwalk in alliance with a mandate by the then Organisation of African Unity to African heads of state to earmark one third of their landmass to establish conservation areas in each of their countries, It has since then become a major attraction in the state, attracting tourists from within and outside the country. The park has become a home to various species of wildlife including Lions, Rock pythons, marabou storks, Baboons, Honey Badgers, Camels as well as variant flora.
- Jos Museum
The National Museum in Jos was founded in 1952 by Bernard Fagg,[15] and was recognized as one of the best in the country. It has unfortunately been left to fall to ruin as is the case with most of the cultural establishments in Nigeria. The Pottery Hall is also a part of the museum that has an exceptional collection of finely crafted pottery from all over Nigeria and boasts some fine specimens of Nok terracotta heads and artifacts dating from 500 BC to AD 200. It also incorporates the Museum of Traditional Nigerian Architecture with life-size replicas of a variety of buildings, from the walls of Kano and the Mosque at Zaria to a Tiv village. Articles of interest from colonial times relating to the railway and tin mining can also be found on display. A School for Museum Technicians is attached to the museum, established with the help of UNESCO. The Jos Museum is also located beside the zoo.
- Jos Stadium
A 40,000 seat capacity located along Farin-Gada road which has become home to the Plateau United Football Club, Current champions of The Nigerian Professional League. The stadium has undergone major renovations under the administration of the current governor Barr Simon Bako Lalong.
- Jos Golf Course
The golf course located in Rayfield, Jos has hosted many golfing competitions with players coming from both within and outside the state.
Other local enterprises include food processing, beer brewing, and the manufacture of cosmetics, soap, rope, jute bags, and furniture. Heavy industry produces cement and asbestos cement, crushed stone, rolled steel, and tire retreads. Jos is also a centre for the construction industry, and has several printing and publishing firms. The Jos-Bukuru dam and reservoir on the Shen River provide water for the city's industries.
Jos is a base for exploring Plateau State. The Shere Hills, seen to the east of Jos, offer a prime view of the city below. Assop Falls is a small waterfall which makes a picnic spot on a drive from Jos to Abuja. Riyom Rock is a dramatic and photogenic pile of rocks balanced precariously on top of one another, with one resembling a clown's hat, observable from the main Jos-Akwanga road.[16]
The city is home to the University of Jos (founded in 1975), St Luke's Cathedral, an airport and a railway station. Jos is served by several teaching hospitals including Bingham University Teaching Hospital and Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH), a federal government-funded referral hospital.[17] The Nigerian College of Accountancy, with over 3,000 students in 2011, is based in Kwall, Plateau State.[18]
Notable locals[edit]
- Mabo Ismaila; Former coach of the female National Football Team, the Super Falcons
- Segun Odegbami; Nigerian footballer spent his childhood years in Jos
- Desmond Elliot; Nigerian actor, director and Member of the Lagos State House of Assembly
- Ahmed Musa; Nigerian footballer was born in Jos
- Aisha Salaudeen; Nigerian journalist was born and raised in Jos
- Bez (musician); Nigerian alternative soul singer was born and raised in Jos
- John Obi Mikel; international footballer spent his childhood years in Jos
- Ogenyi Onazi; international footballer was born in Jos
- Sunday Mba; international footballer had his childhood years in Jos
- Joseph Akpala; international footballer was born in Jos
- Benedict Akwuegbu; international footballer had his childhood years in Jos
- Chibuzor Okonkwo; international footballer was born in Jos
- Ice Prince; Nigerian musical artist grew up in Jos
- Dayo Okeniyi, actor was born in Jos
- M.I rapper born and raised in Jos
- Saint Obi, veteran Nollywood actor kicked off his career in Jos
- P-Square, R&B duo of identical twin brothers Peter Okoye and Paul Okoye were born and raised in Jos and now known as Rude-Boi and Mr P as they are no longer duo but individual singers/musicians
- Innocent 'Tuface' Idibia Nigerian multi-award-winning musician was born in Jos
- Deborah Enilo Ajakaiye (born 1940) is a Nigerian geophysicist
- Sarah Ladipo Manyika (born 7 March 1968), British-Nigerian writer, spent much of her childhood in Lagos and Jos
- Tony Elumelu was born in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria, in 1963. He hails from Onicha-Ukwu in Aniocha North Local Government Area of Delta State.
- Kenneth Gyang A filmmaker that was born in Barkin Ladi of Plateau State, Nigeria.
- John Major, former British Prime Minister, worked in the town from 1966 to 1967.
[19]
See also[edit]
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- Railway stations in Nigeria
References[edit]
- ^ a b "FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA : 2006 Population Census" (PDF). Web.archive.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
- ^ "Nok culture | Iron Age culture". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-05-23.
- ^ History of Jos and political development of Nigeria; Sen Luka Gwom Zangabadt
- ^ Billy J. Dudley. Parties and politics in Northern Nigeria
- ^ Samuel N Nwabara; The Fulani conquest and the rule of the Hausa kingdom of Northern Nigeria (1804–1900)[page needed]
- ^ "Petition Online - Petition Online has been retired". Retrieved 22 November 2014.
- ^ Krause, Jana (2011). "A Deadly Cycle of Ethno-religious violence" (PDF). Working Paper. Geneva Declaration: 13. ISBN 978-2-9700771-0-7. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
- ^ Higazi, Adam (January 2011). "The Jos Crisis: A Recurrent Nigerian Tragedy" (PDF). Working Paper. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (2): 17–18. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
- ^ Tattersall, Nick (2011-01-30). Fullerton, Elizabeth (ed.). "Buildings burn, death toll mounts in central Nigeria". Reuters Africa. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
- ^ Onimisi, Alao (2014-12-12). "Plateau communities make commitment to peace". Daily Trust. Retrieved 2015-11-05.
- ^ "Jos, Nigeria: Climate, Global Warming, and Daylight Charts and Data". Jos, Nigeria: Climate-charts.com. Retrieved 2013-12-10.
- ^ "Publications" (PDF). Iahs.info. Retrieved 2013-12-10.
- ^ a b "Climate: Jos - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 2013-11-26.
- ^ "Jos Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
- ^ Man, Vol. 52, Jul., 1952 (Jul., 1952), pp. 107-108 via Jstor
- ^ pictda. "Welcome! Home| Plateau State Government Website". Laravel. Retrieved 2020-05-25.
- ^ "Home | Jos University Teaching Hospital". juth.org.ng. Retrieved 2020-05-25.
- ^ "History The College". ANAN. Archived from the original on 2011-08-11. Retrieved 2011-06-11.
- ^ John Major (1999). John Major: The Autobiography. Harper Collins. pp. 35–7.
External links[edit]
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jos. |
- Hiking around the hills of Jos
