Abdullah II bin Al-Hussein ( árabe : عبدالله الثاني بن الحسين , romanizado : Abd Allāh ath-thani bin Al-Husayn ; nacido el 30 de enero de 1962) es rey de Jordania , reina desde el 7 de febrero de 1999. Como miembro de la dinastía Hachemita , la familia real de Jordania desde 1921, es un descendiente directo 41ª generación del profeta Mahoma .
Abdullah II | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Rey de jordania | ||||
Reinado | 7 de febrero de 1999 - presente | |||
Coronación | 9 de junio de 1999 | |||
Predecesor | Hussein | |||
Heredero forzoso | Hussein | |||
primeros ministros | ||||
Nació | Ammán , Jordania | 30 de enero de 1962 |||
Cónyuge | ||||
Detalle del problema | Príncipe Heredero Hussein Princesa Iman Princesa Salma Príncipe Hashem | |||
| ||||
casa | Hachemita | |||
Padre | Hussein de Jordania | |||
Mamá | Muna Al-Hussein | |||
Religión | Islam sunita | |||
Firma |
Abdullah nació en Amman como el primer hijo del rey Hussein de Jordania y su segunda esposa, la princesa Muna, nacida en Gran Bretaña . Como hijo mayor del rey, Abdullah era el heredero aparente hasta que Hussein transfirió el título al tío de Abdullah, el príncipe Hassan , en 1965. Abdullah comenzó sus estudios en Amman y continuó su educación en el extranjero. Comenzó su carrera militar en 1980 como oficial de entrenamiento en las Fuerzas Armadas de Jordania , luego asumió el mando de las Fuerzas Especiales del país en 1994, y se convirtió en general de división en 1998. En 1993, Abdullah se casó con Rania Al-Yassin (de ascendencia palestina). y tienen cuatro hijos: el príncipe heredero Hussein , la princesa Iman , la princesa Salma y el príncipe Hashem . Unas semanas antes de su muerte en 1999, el rey Hussein nombró heredero a su hijo mayor Abdullah, y Abdullah sucedió a su padre.
Abdullah, un monarca constitucional , liberalizó la economía cuando asumió el trono, y sus reformas llevaron a un auge económico que continuó hasta 2008. Durante los años siguientes, la economía de Jordania experimentó dificultades al lidiar con los efectos de la Gran Recesión y los efectos secundarios de la Gran Recesión. Primavera Árabe , incluido un recorte en su suministro de petróleo y el colapso del comercio con los países vecinos. En 2011, estallaron protestas a gran escala exigiendo reformas en el mundo árabe . Muchas de las protestas desembocaron en guerras civiles en otros países, pero Abdullah respondió rápidamente a los disturbios internos reemplazando al gobierno e introduciendo reformas a la constitución y leyes que rigen las libertades públicas y las elecciones. La representación proporcional se introdujo en el parlamento jordano en las elecciones generales de 2016 , una medida que, según dijo, eventualmente conduciría al establecimiento de gobiernos parlamentarios . Las reformas se llevaron a cabo en medio de desafíos sin precedentes derivados de la inestabilidad regional, incluida la afluencia de 1,4 millones de refugiados sirios [1] al país carente de recursos naturales y el surgimiento del Estado Islámico de Irak y el Levante (EIIL).
Abdullah es popular a nivel local e internacional por mantener la estabilidad jordana y es conocido por promover el diálogo interreligioso y una comprensión moderada del Islam . El líder árabe actual con más años de servicio, fue considerado por el Real Centro de Estudios Estratégicos Islámicos como el musulmán más influyente del mundo en 2016. [2] Abdullah es el custodio de los sitios sagrados musulmanes y cristianos en Jerusalén , cargo que ocupa su cargo. dinastía desde 1924. [3]
Vida temprana
Abdullah nació el 30 de enero de 1962 en Amman , hijo del rey Hussein y de la segunda esposa británica de Hussein, la princesa Muna Al-Hussein (nacida Antoinette Avril Gardiner). [4] Es el homónimo de su bisabuelo paterno, Abdullah I , quien fundó la Jordania moderna. [5] [6] La dinastía de Abdullah, los hachemitas , gobernó La Meca durante más de 700 años, desde el siglo X hasta que la Casa de Saud conquistó La Meca en 1925, y ha gobernado Jordania desde 1921. [7] [8] Los hachemitas son los dinastía gobernante más antigua del mundo musulmán . [2] Según la tradición familiar , Abdullah es el descendiente agnático de la 41ª generación de la hija de Mahoma , Fatimah, y su marido, Ali , el cuarto califa de Rashidun . [4] [9]
Como hijo mayor de Hussein, Abdullah se convirtió en heredero aparente del trono de Jordania según la constitución de 1952 . [6] [10] Debido a la inestabilidad política, el rey Hussein pensó que era prudente nombrar a un heredero adulto en su lugar, eligiendo al tío de Abdullah, el príncipe Hassan, en 1965. [11] [12] Abdullah comenzó sus estudios en 1966 en el Islamic Educational College en Amman. y continuó en St Edmund's School en Inglaterra. Asistió a la escuela secundaria en Eaglebrook School y Deerfield Academy en los Estados Unidos. [4]
Abdullah tiene cuatro hermanos y seis hermanas: la princesa Alia , el príncipe Faisal , la princesa Aisha , la princesa Zein , la princesa Haya , el príncipe Ali , el príncipe Hamzah , el príncipe Hashem , la princesa Iman y la princesa Raiyah ; siete de ellos son medios hermanos paternos. [13]
Carrera militar
Comenzó su carrera militar en la Royal Military Academy Sandhurst en 1980, mientras era oficial de entrenamiento en las Fuerzas Armadas de Jordania. [4] [14] Después de Sandhurst, Abdullah fue comisionado como segundo teniente en el ejército británico y sirvió un año en Gran Bretaña y Alemania Occidental como comandante de tropas en los húsares reales 13/18 . [4]
Abdullah fue admitido en Pembroke College, Oxford , en 1982, donde completó un curso de estudios especiales de un año en asuntos de Oriente Medio. [4] Se unió al Ejército Real de Jordania a su regreso a casa, sirviendo como primer teniente y luego como comandante de pelotón y comandante asistente de una compañía en la 40ª Brigada Blindada. [15] Abdullah tomó un curso de paracaidismo en caída libre en Jordania, y en 1985 tomó el Curso Avanzado de Oficiales Blindados en Fort Knox . [15] Se convirtió en comandante de una compañía de tanques en la 91ª Brigada Blindada , con el rango de capitán. [15] Abdullah también sirvió en el ala de helicópteros antitanques de la Real Fuerza Aérea de Jordania , recibiendo entrenamiento para pilotar helicópteros de ataque Cobra . [15]
Luego, el príncipe asistió a la Escuela de Servicio Exterior Edmund A. Walsh en la Universidad de Georgetown en Washington, DC, en 1987, donde realizó estudios e investigaciones avanzados en asuntos internacionales. [15] Regresó a casa para servir como asistente del comandante del 17º Batallón Real de Tanques en 1989, y luego fue ascendido a mayor. [15] Abdullah asistió a un curso para personal en el British Staff College en 1990, y al año siguiente sirvió en la Oficina del Inspector General de las Fuerzas Armadas de Jordania como representante del Cuerpo Blindado. [15] Estuvo al mando de un batallón en el 2º Regimiento de Caballería Blindada en 1992 y fue ascendido a coronel al año siguiente, al mando de la 40ª Brigada. [15]
Abdullah conoció a Rania Al-Yassin , empleada de marketing de Apple Inc. en Amman, en una cena organizada por su hermana, la princesa Aisha, en enero de 1993. [16] Se comprometieron dos meses después y su matrimonio tuvo lugar en junio. [dieciséis]
En 1994, Abdullah asumió el mando de las Fuerzas Especiales de Jordania y de otras unidades de élite como general de brigada, y las reestructuró en el Comando Conjunto de Operaciones Especiales dos años después. [15] Se convirtió en general de división, asistió a un curso de gestión de recursos de defensa en la Escuela de Posgrado Naval Estadounidense [15] y comandó una persecución de fuerzas especiales de élite en la persecución de forajidos en 1998. [17] La operación supuestamente terminó con éxito , con su nombre coreado en las calles de Amman. [17]
Reinado
Adhesión y coronación
Abdullah se unió a su padre en varias misiones, incluidas reuniones en el extranjero con líderes soviéticos y estadounidenses. [18] Ocasionalmente fue regente del rey Hussein durante la década de 1990, pero este deber lo desempeñaba principalmente el hermano menor de Hussein, el príncipe heredero Hassan. [15] Abdullah encabezó la delegación de su padre a Moscú para conversar en 1987. [18] Con frecuencia visitó el Pentágono en Washington, donde presionó para aumentar la asistencia militar a Jordania. [18] El príncipe se unió a su padre en viajes para visitar a Hafez Al-Assad en Damasco y Saddam Hussein en Bagdad (antes de la Guerra del Golfo de 1990 ). [18] Abdullah comandó ejercicios militares durante las visitas de oficiales militares israelíes a Jordania en 1997, y fue enviado a entregar personalmente un mensaje a Muammar Gaddafi en 1998. [18]
El rey Hussein viajó con frecuencia a los Estados Unidos para recibir tratamiento médico después de su diagnóstico de cáncer en 1992. [15] Después de que Hussein regresó de una ausencia médica de seis meses de Jordania a fines de 1998, criticó públicamente la gestión de los asuntos jordanos de su hermano Hassan. carta, acusándolo de abusar de sus poderes constitucionales como regente. [15] El 24 de enero de 1999, dos semanas antes de su muerte, Hussein sorprendió a todos, incluido Abdullah, que pensó que pasaría su vida en el ejército, reemplazando a Hassan con su hijo como heredero aparente. [15]
El rey murió de complicaciones de un linfoma no Hodgkin el 7 de febrero de 1999. [19] Su reinado de 47 años se extendió a lo largo de cuatro décadas turbulentas del conflicto árabe-israelí y la Guerra Fría . [19] Varias horas después del anuncio de la muerte de su padre, Abdullah apareció en una sesión de emergencia del parlamento jordano . [19] Los dos hermanos de Hussein, Hassan y Mohammed , caminaron delante de él cuando entró en la asamblea. [19] En árabe, hizo el juramento que hizo su padre casi cincuenta años antes: "Juro por Dios Todopoderoso defender la constitución y ser fiel a la nación". [19] El presidente del Senado, Zaid Al-Rifai, abrió la sesión con Al-Fatiha (el capítulo inicial del Corán ), con la voz entrecortada por la emoción mientras dirigía la recitación. "Dios, salve Su Majestad ... Dios, dale un consejo y cuídalo". [19] La investidura de Abdullah tuvo lugar el 9 de junio de 1999. [20] Una recepción en el Palacio de Raghadan a la que asistieron 800 dignatarios siguió a un paseo en automóvil por Ammán por el rey de 37 años y su esposa de 29 años, Rania, la luego la reina más joven del mundo. [20] [21]
Primer año
Como rey, Abdullah conserva una autoridad ejecutiva y legislativa más amplia que la que normalmente tiene un monarca constitucional . Es jefe de estado y comandante en jefe de las Fuerzas Armadas de Jordania y nombra al primer ministro y a los directores de las agencias de seguridad. [22] El primer ministro es libre de elegir su gabinete . [23] El Parlamento de Jordania consta de dos cámaras : el Senado designado y la Cámara de Representantes elegida , que sirven como control del gobierno. Sin embargo, según Freedom House , la mayoría de los escaños en la Cámara están ocupados por independientes pro-palacio, y la autoridad de la corona es tal que es extremadamente difícil para un partido ganar el poder únicamente a través de las urnas. [22] [23] El Senado es designado por el rey y la Cámara de Representantes es elegida directamente . [23]
Cuando Abdullah ascendió al trono como cuarto rey de Jordania, los observadores dudaron de su capacidad para manejar la crisis económica del país, un legado de la Guerra del Golfo de 1990. [24] [25] El rey mantuvo la política pro-occidental moderada de su padre, apoyando el tratado de paz de 1994 entre Israel y Jordania , y la transición real llevó a los Estados Unidos y los estados árabes del Golfo Pérsico a incrementar su ayuda. [24] En los primeros años del reinado de Abdullah, que luego gobernó sobre una población de 4,5 millones, se informó que con frecuencia se infiltraba para ver de primera mano los desafíos de Jordan. [25] [26] En 2000 dijo sobre sus visitas de incógnito a instituciones gubernamentales: "Los burócratas están aterrorizados. Es genial". [27]
Abdullah tomó medidas enérgicas contra la presencia de Hamas en Jordania en noviembre de 1999 después de las súplicas de Estados Unidos , Israel y la Autoridad Palestina . [28] La represión se produjo durante las conversaciones de paz entre Israel y la Autoridad Palestina. [28] El rey exilió a cuatro funcionarios de Hamas a Qatar y prohibió al grupo la actividad política, cerrando sus oficinas en Amman. [28] Las conversaciones de paz colapsaron en un violento levantamiento palestino, la Segunda Intifada , en septiembre de 2000. [29] Como resultado, Jordania enfrentó una disminución del turismo; El turismo es una piedra angular de la economía de Jordania, un país con pocos recursos naturales. [29] Abdullah presuntamente encabezó los esfuerzos para desactivar la violencia política. [17]
2000
El 23 de junio de 2000, mientras estaba de vacaciones en las islas griegas , Abdullah recibió una llamada telefónica del director de mukhabarat (la Dirección de Inteligencia del país ) advirtiendo de un intento de asesinato contra él por parte de Al-Qaeda . [30] El complot era atacar el yate alquilado de Abdullah y su familia con explosivos. [30]
Los 11 de septiembre de 2001 contra objetivos estadounidenses fueron fuertemente condenados por Abdullah. [31] Jordania respondió rápidamente a las solicitudes estadounidenses de asistencia, promulgando legislación antiterrorista y manteniendo un alto nivel de vigilancia. [31] El mukhabarat del país frustró complots similares el año siguiente contra objetivos occidentales, incluidas las embajadas estadounidense y británica en el Líbano. [32]
Con la administración de George W. Bush planeando un ataque contra Irak, acusando a Saddam Hussein de poseer armas de destrucción masiva , Abdullah se opuso a la intervención estadounidense. [33] "Un ataque contra Irak será desastroso para Irak y la región en su conjunto y amenazará la seguridad y estabilidad de Medio Oriente", advirtió durante la visita del vicepresidente estadounidense Dick Cheney a Medio Oriente en 2002. [33] En marzo de 2003, durante una reunión con George W. Bush en la Casa Blanca, Abdullah intentó disuadir al presidente de invadir Irak. [34] Durante la Guerra del Golfo de 1990, se consideró que la cautela del rey Hussein ante la guerra se ponía del lado de Saddam Hussein, que alejaba a Jordania de sus aliados árabes en la región del Golfo Pérsico y el mundo occidental; [35] Su postura precipitó una crisis económica provocada por la suspensión de la ayuda y la inversión extranjeras a Jordania. [36] Al no poder persuadir a Bush, Abdullah rompió con la oposición interna. [34] Permitió que las baterías American Patriot se estacionaran en el desierto de Jordania a lo largo de su frontera con Irak, pero no permitió que las tropas de la coalición lanzaran una invasión desde Jordania. [34] Jordania había recibido petróleo subsidiado del Irak de Saddam Hussein con un ahorro de alrededor de $ 500 millones por año, equivalente a la ayuda estadounidense a Jordania en ese momento. [34]
Las elecciones generales jordanas de 2003 fueron las primeras elecciones parlamentarias bajo el gobierno de Abdullah. [37] Aunque se suponía que las elecciones se celebrarían en 2001, el rey las pospuso debido a la inestabilidad política regional de acuerdo con la constitución jordana (que autoriza al monarca a posponer las elecciones por un máximo de dos años). [37] Su aplazamiento fue criticado por el partido de oposición islamista más grande del país, el Frente de Acción Islámica (el brazo político de los Hermanos Musulmanes ), que acusó a Abdullah de obstaculizar el proceso democrático. [37] Heredó un controvertido sistema electoral de voto único e intransferible , implementado por su padre en 1991, que obstaculizó a los partidos políticos islámicos después de que obtuvieron 22 de los 80 escaños en las elecciones de 1989 . [37] Abdullah emitió un decreto real antes de las elecciones, introduciendo una enmienda a la ley electoral que otorga a las mujeres una cuota de seis escaños en el Parlamento. [37]
En 2004, Abdullah acuñó el término " Creciente chií " para describir una región dominada por los chiítas desde Damasco hasta Teherán (sin pasar por Bagdad) que promovía la política sectaria. [38] Su advertencia recibió atención internacional, lo que llevó a Abdullah a aclarar que se refería a un cambio en la alineación política (no sectaria). [38] La observación del rey fue validada después del ascenso de Shia Nouri Al-Maliki al gobierno iraquí en 2006 y eventos posteriores. [38]
El fundador de Al-Qaeda en Irak , Abu Musab Al-Zarqawi, se atribuyó la responsabilidad de un ataque terrorista en Ammán el 9 de noviembre de 2005. [39] Fue el ataque más mortífero en la historia de Jordania; [40] Los terroristas suicidas atacaron tres hoteles, uno de los cuales estaba celebrando una boda. [41] El ataque mató a 60 personas e hirió a 115. [42] Antes del ataque, Al-Zarqawi había amenazado: "Lo que viene es más cruel y amargo". [41] En 2006, Al-Zarqawi murió en un ataque aéreo con la ayuda de agentes de inteligencia jordanos. [43] Abdullah y Jordan son vistos con desprecio por los extremistas islámicos por el tratado de paz del país con Israel y su relación con Occidente. [41] Se reforzó la seguridad de Jordania y desde entonces no se ha informado de ningún ataque terrorista importante en el país. [42]
El presidente ruso Vladimir Putin visitó Jordania por primera vez en febrero de 2007 y fue recibido por Abdullah. [44] Los líderes discutieron las perspectivas del proceso de paz israelo-palestino, el programa nuclear de Irán y la violencia en Irak. [44]
Abdullah estableció King's Academy cerca de Madaba , el primer internado de Oriente Medio, en 2007 en reconocimiento de la educación que recibió en Deerfield Academy . [45] Contrató al director de Deerfield, Eric Widmer, para supervisar la escuela, que tiene estudiantes de toda la región. [45]
En 2007, se informó que Jordania acogió a 800.000 refugiados iraquíes que huyeron de la insurgencia tras la invasión estadounidense; [46] la mayoría ha regresado a Irak. [47] Las elecciones generales jordanas de 2007 se llevaron a cabo en noviembre, con grupos de oposición seculares que acusaron al gobierno de utilizar el creciente islamismo como excusa para un "gobierno autocrático". [48] En 2008, Abdullah se convirtió en el primer jefe de estado árabe en visitar Irak después de la invasión estadounidense de 2003. [49] La visita se produjo en medio de las preocupaciones de los árabes sunitas por la creciente influencia iraní en Irak. [49]
Primavera árabe 2010-2014
La revolución tunecina de diciembre de 2010 (que derrocó al presidente de ese país) sacó a los egipcios a las calles y, en enero de 2011, derrocaron al presidente Hosni Mubarak . [50] Pronto siguieron protestas en otros países árabes, que resultaron en guerras civiles en Libia, Siria y Yemen. [50] En Jordania, grupos de oposición como los Hermanos Musulmanes, izquierdistas y generales del ejército retirados protestaron en todo el país. [51] El 1 de febrero de 2011, los disturbios internos llevaron a Abdullah a despedir al gobierno de Samir Rifai y comprometerse a seguir una trayectoria democrática. [51]
Las protestas jordanas de 2011-12 fueron impulsadas por quejas sobre una economía en problemas: precios al alza, desempleo generalizado y un nivel de vida relativamente bajo. [51] Aunque algunos pidieron el fin de la monarquía, la ira de la mayoría de los manifestantes se dirigió a los políticos vistos como antidemocráticos, corruptos e irresponsables. [51] Los manifestantes pidieron la disolución del parlamento que había sido elegido tres meses antes en noviembre de 2010 , cuando las figuras a favor del régimen obtuvieron la mayoría de los escaños. [51] La monarquía jordana fue el primer régimen árabe en ofrecer concesiones políticas durante la Primavera Árabe. [51] Marouf Bakhit fue nombrado primer ministro, pero las protestas continuaron durante todo el verano; Bakhit fue visto como un conservador con pocas probabilidades de impulsar reformas. [52] Insatisfecho con el ritmo de la reforma, Abdullah destituyó al gobierno de Bakhit y nombró a Awn Khasawneh para formar un gabinete. [52] Khasawneh dimitió abruptamente en abril de 2012, y el rey nombró a Fayez Tarawneh como primer ministro interino; fue la tercera reorganización del gobierno en 18 meses. [53]
En noviembre de 2012, el gobierno recortó los subsidios a los combustibles, lo que hizo subir los precios. [54] La decisión, posteriormente revocada, provocó protestas a gran escala en todo el país. [55] El régimen calmó los disturbios introduciendo reformas, enmendando alrededor de un tercio de la constitución y estableciendo un Tribunal Constitucional y la Comisión Electoral Independiente . [56] Abdullah pidió elecciones anticipadas y nombró a Abdullah Ensour para formar un gabinete. [57] En las elecciones de enero de 2013 , las figuras a favor del régimen obtuvieron la victoria mientras los grupos de oposición continuaban un boicot. [57] Desde diciembre de 2012, el rey ha publicado siete documentos de debate que describen su visión de la democracia y la reforma en Jordania. [58]
En diciembre de 2012, Abdullah fue el primer jefe de estado en visitar Cisjordania después de que una votación de la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas elevara a la Autoridad Palestina a un estado observador no miembro . [59] Jordania ve un estado palestino independiente, con las fronteras de 1967 , como parte de la solución de dos estados y de interés nacional supremo. [60] Jordania, el único país que limita con Cisjordania además de Israel, la gobernó después de la Guerra Árabe-Israelí de 1948 y perdió en la Guerra de los Seis Días de 1967 . [59] Su anexión de Cisjordania no fue reconocida, y en 1988 el reino cedió su reclamo sobre el territorio. [59]
Una entrevista con Abdullah por Jeffrey Goldberg , publicada en The Atlantic en marzo de 2013, desató controversia cuando el rey criticó a figuras y partidos locales e internacionales. [61] Llamó a la Hermandad Musulmana un "culto masónico" y "lobos con piel de oveja", describió al presidente egipcio derrocado Mohammad Morsi como un hombre "sin profundidad" y dijo que el primer ministro turco Recep Tayyip Erdogan veía la democracia como "un autobús montar". [61] Abdullah también criticó a los diplomáticos estadounidenses, algunos de los líderes tribales de su país y miembros de su familia. [61]
Otro artículo de 2013 en The Atlantic le aconsejó abordar la corrupción gubernamental, diciendo que "hay una percepción creciente de que la degeneración llega al palacio". [62] Según el artículo, Abdullah fue acusado de "apropiarse ilegalmente de tierras 'tribales'" poco después de su adhesión [62] y miembros de 36 tribus jordanas emitieron una declaración denunciando la fiesta de cumpleaños número 40 "publicitada y extravagante" de la reina Rania en 2013. [62]
Agitación regional 2014-presente
Entrevista de Abdullah el 23 de noviembre de 2016 con la Australian Broadcasting Corporation [63]
El estallido de la Guerra Civil Siria en marzo de 2011 obligó a masas de refugiados a cruzar la frontera de Jordania con Siria: unos 3.000 refugiados por día en las primeras etapas de la guerra. [64] Cuando se le preguntó sobre el conflicto sirio en una entrevista con la BBC en noviembre de 2011, Abdullah dijo que renunciaría si estuviera en el lugar de Bashar Al-Assad . [65] "Siempre que ejerzas violencia sobre tu propia gente, nunca va a terminar bien y, en lo que a mí respecta, sí, habrá una fecha de vencimiento, pero nuevamente es casi imposible para cualquiera predecir si eso es de seis semanas, seis meses o seis años ". [sesenta y cinco]
Sobre los disturbios en Irak , Abdullah dijo a una delegación de congresistas estadounidenses en junio de 2014 sobre su temor de que los disturbios se extendieran por toda la región. [66] Dijo que cualquier solución a los problemas en los países devastados por la guerra debe involucrar a todo el pueblo de Irak y Siria. [66] Jordania comenzó a erigir barreras a lo largo de su árida frontera de 175 kilómetros (109 millas) con Irak y 379 kilómetros (235 millas) de frontera con Siria. [67] Desde entonces, cientos de intentos de infiltración han sido frustrados por los guardias fronterizos jordanos que también estaban ocupados con el flujo de refugiados. [68] Jordan estuvo involucrado en la operación encubierta Timber Sycamore dirigida por la CIA para entrenar y armar a los rebeldes sirios . [69]
En abril de 2014, el Estado Islámico de Irak y el Levante (EIIL), una filial de al-Qaeda que surgió a principios de 2014 cuando expulsó a las fuerzas del gobierno iraquí de ciudades clave, publicó un video en línea que amenazaba con invadir el reino y masacrar a Abdullah. (a quien vieron como un enemigo del Islam). [70] "Tengo un mensaje para el tirano de Jordania: venimos a usted con cinturones de muerte y explosivos", dijo un combatiente de ISIL mientras destruía un pasaporte jordano. [70] En agosto de 2014, miles de cristianos iraquíes huyeron de ISIL y buscaron refugio en iglesias jordanas . [71]
Poco después de que Jordania se uniera a la coalición internacional contra el EIIL a mediados de septiembre de 2014, el aparato de seguridad del país frustró un complot terrorista contra civiles en Jordania. [72] Poco después, Abdullah dijo en una entrevista que las fronteras del país con Irak y Siria eran "extremadamente seguras". [72] A finales de diciembre de 2014, un avión de combate jordano F-16 se estrelló cerca de Raqqa , Siria, durante una misión. [73] El 3 de febrero de 2015 se publicó un vídeo en línea que mostraba al piloto jordano capturado Muath Al-Kasasbeh muerto quemado en una jaula; [73] A lo largo de enero, Jordania había negociado la liberación de Al-Kasasbeh. [73] Según los informes, el grupo terrorista exigió a cambio la liberación de Sajida Al-Rishawi , un terrorista suicida cuyo cinturón no detonó en los atentados de Amman de 2005 . [73] El asesinato de Al-Kasasbeh provocó la indignación en el país, mientras el Rey estaba en una visita de estado a los Estados Unidos. [73] Antes de regresar a Jordania, Abdullah ratificó rápidamente las condenas a muerte impuestas previamente a dos yihadistas iraquíes encarcelados, Sajida Al-Rishawi y Ziad Al-Karbouly , que fueron ejecutados antes del amanecer del día siguiente. [74] Esa misma noche, Abdullah fue recibido en Ammán por multitudes que vitoreaban y se alineaban a lo largo de la carretera del aeropuerto para expresar su apoyo. [74] Su decisión también obtuvo apoyo internacional. [73] Como comandante en jefe, Abdullah lanzó la Operación Mártir Muath , una serie de ataques aéreos contra objetivos del EIIL durante la semana siguiente contra escondites de armas, campos de entrenamiento e instalaciones de extracción de petróleo . [75] Su represalia fue elogiada en Internet, donde fue apodado "El Rey Guerrero". [76] Habían circulado rumores de que él personalmente dirigió las salidas. [77]
Durante una entrevista de la BBC en enero de 2016, Abdullah dijo que Jordania está en el "punto de ebullición" debido a la afluencia de refugiados sirios, Jordania afirma que más de un millón de sirios han buscado refugio en Jordania. [78] El rey notó la presión sobre la economía, la infraestructura y los servicios del país. [78] "Creo que tarde o temprano la presa va a estallar", advirtió. [78] Jordania ha acogido históricamente a refugiados: palestinos en 1948 y 1967 , iraquíes durante la invasión estadounidense y ahora sirios, que representan alrededor del 20 por ciento de los 9,5 millones de habitantes de Jordania, y, según Abdullah, "por primera vez, ya no puedo hacerlo ". [78] [47]
Las elecciones generales jordanas de noviembre de 2016 fueron las primeras desde 1989 en las que se utilizó principalmente una forma de representación proporcional ; las elecciones intermedias habían utilizado el sistema de voto único e intransferible . [79] Las reformas alentaron a los partidos de oposición, incluido el Frente de Acción Islámica (que había boicoteado elecciones anteriores, incluidas 2010 y 2013), a participar. [79] La elección fue considerada justa y transparente por observadores internacionales independientes. [80] La representación proporcional se considera el primer paso hacia el establecimiento de gobiernos parlamentarios en los que los bloques parlamentarios, en lugar del rey, eligen al primer ministro. [81] Sin embargo, el subdesarrollo de los partidos políticos en Jordania ha frenado tales movimientos. [81]
Abdullah estableció una estrecha cooperación entre Jordania y la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT). [82] [83] Entre 2013 y 2015, la OIT inició programas en Jordania para apoyar las oportunidades laborales de los refugiados en Jordania. En 2016, Jordania firmó el Jordan Compact, que mejoró las oportunidades de empleo legal para los refugiados. [84]
Después de la toma de posesión de Donald Trump como presidente de Estados Unidos el 20 de enero de 2017, Abdullah viajó a Estados Unidos en visita oficial. [85] Estaba preocupado por las posiciones de la nueva administración sobre el conflicto israelí-palestino , específicamente, cuestiones relacionadas con los asentamientos israelíes . [86] Abdullah se reunió brevemente con Trump en el Desayuno Nacional de Oración el 2 de febrero y, según los informes, lo convenció de cambiar su política hacia los asentamientos israelíes. [87] Esto fue corroborado por el secretario de prensa de la Casa Blanca, Sean Spicer , quien dijo dos días después que la expansión de los asentamientos israelíes podría no ser útil para lograr la paz. [85] Según The New York Times , el "encuentro puso al rey, uno de los líderes más respetados del mundo árabe, por delante del Sr. Netanyahu al ver al nuevo presidente". [87] El senador Bob Corker confirmó la influencia de Abdullah en una entrevista: "Lo llamamos el Henry Kissinger de esa parte del mundo y siempre nos encanta escuchar su visión de la región". [88] Abdullah criticó la decisión de Estados Unidos de reconocer a Jerusalén como la capital de Israel . [89]
El 4 de junio de 2018, el primer ministro Hani Al-Mulki dimitió de su cargo. [90] Grandes protestas contra la corrupción, las políticas económicas y los planes de austeridad, así como los aumentos de impuestos, ocurrieron antes de que Hani Al-Mulki renunciara. [91] Abdullah trasladó al ex ministro de educación Omar Razzaz al puesto de nuevo primer ministro [90] y le ordenó que llevara a cabo una revisión del controvertido sistema fiscal. [92]
El 25 de junio de 2018, Abdullah realizó otra visita oficial a Washington, DC. Fue recibido por el presidente Trump en la Casa Blanca y discutieron "el terrorismo, la amenaza de Irán y la crisis en Siria, y trabajar por una paz duradera entre israelíes y palestinos". [93] [94] En agosto de 2018, después de que la administración Trump anunciara el fin de todos los fondos estadounidenses para UNRWA , [95] Abdullah buscó reemplazar los fondos estadounidenses. Jordania convocó reuniones de la Liga Árabe y países occidentales. [96] [97]
En una entrevista con Der Spiegel en mayo de 2020, Abdullah criticó los planes de paz de Donald Trump en el Medio Oriente, incluida la anexión de Israel de partes de Cisjordania . Afirmó que "la solución de dos Estados es la única forma de que podamos avanzar", y señaló que una posible anexión israelí de Cisjordania provoca conflictos. [98]
En octubre de 2020, Omar Razzaz renunció a su cargo debido a las críticas a su manejo de la pandemia de COVID-19 . Además, Abdullah disolvió el parlamento e instruyó a su principal asesor de políticas, Bishr Al-Khasawneh , para formar un nuevo gobierno como nuevo primer ministro. [99] Después de que Joe Biden ganó las elecciones presidenciales de los Estados Unidos de 2020 , Abdullah fue el primer líder árabe en felicitar a Biden por su victoria. [100]
En abril de 2021, Abdullah ordenó el arresto de su medio hermano, el príncipe Hamzah bin Hussein , y otros veinte cortesanos por lo que se llamó "sedición". [101] La destitución de Hamzah como príncipe heredero por Abdullah se ha citado como un factor posible. También fueron arrestadas otras 18 figuras jordanas [102], incluido el controvertido ex Jefe de Estado Mayor de Abdullah, ex enviado de Arabia Saudita y Jefe de la Corte Real Bassem Awadallah . [103] [104] El miembro de la familia real Sharif Hassan Bin Zaid, que es poco conocido en Jordania y cuyo padre ahora reside en Arabia Saudita, también estaría entre los arrestados. [105] El 7 de abril, el rey Abdullah II habló públicamente por primera vez desde el presunto golpe e insinuó que la disputa real jordana había terminado, afirmando que la "sedición" que le causó "dolor e ira" ahora estaba enterrada y que Hamzah estaba ahora "en su palacio bajo mi protección". [102] [106] Abdullah también declaró que la crisis comenzó cuando el jefe de personal militar de Jordania visitó Hamzah y le advirtió que dejara de asistir a reuniones con críticos del gobierno. [102]
Reformas administrativas
Economic
King Abdullah proposed significant economic reforms to the country during the first decade of his reign.[107] Jordan, a relatively-small, semi-arid, almost-landlocked country, has one of the smallest economies in the region; its GDP was about $39 billion in 2016.[108][107] Insufficient natural resources, especially in water and oil (unlike its neighbors) have given the kingdom chronic government debt, unemployment and poverty[107] which led to a dependence on foreign aid from its Western and Arab allies in the Persian Gulf region.[107] Jordan embarked on an aggressive economic liberalization program when Abdullah was crowned in an effort to stimulate the economy and raise the standard of living, and its economy has improved under his reign.[107] He has been credited with attracting foreign investment, improving public-private partnerships and providing the foundation for the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority and Jordan's flourishing information and communications technology (ICT) sector.[109][110] Abdullah set up five other special economic zones: Irbid, Ajloun, Mafraq, Ma'an and the Dead Sea.[109] As a result of these reforms, Jordan's economic growth doubled (to 8% annually) between 2004 and 2008 compared with the latter half of the 1990s.[107] It also led to a steady increase in foreign investment by the West and the Persian Gulf countries.[111]
Abdullah negotiated a free-trade agreement with the United States, the third free-trade agreement for the US and its first with an Arab country.[112] Under the agreement, Jordanian exports to the United States increased from $63 million in 2000 to over $1.4 billion in 2015.[113] Jordan's foreign debt-to-GDP ratio fell from more than 210 percent in 1990 to 83 percent by the end of 2005, a decrease called an "extraordinary achievement" by the International Monetary Fund.[114] Abdullah's efforts have made Jordan the freest Arab economy and the ninth-freest economy in the world, according to a 2014 study by the Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Liberty.[115]
The king launched a number of initiatives to provide housing for Jordanian citizens, including teachers and those serving in the armed forces.[116] He established awards to encourage good citizenship, including the King Abdullah II Award for Physical Fitness, the King Abdullah II Award for Excellence in Government Performance and Transparency, the King Abdullah II Award for Excellence for the Private Sector and the King Abdullah II Award for Excellence for Business Associations.[116] To combat unemployment, Abdullah established the National Vocational Training Council and formed a committee to develop a national strategy for developing human resources to produce a skilled workforce.[116]
Jordan was dependent on subsidized Iraqi oil for its energy.[34] The 2003 American invasion of Iraq halted the petroleum supply and drove Jordan to begin importing gas from Egypt in 2009.[117] Insurgency in Sinai began when the Arab Spring spread to Egypt, where the Arab Gas Pipeline runs.[117] Since 2011 the pipeline has been attacked over 30 times by ISIL's Sinai affiliates, and the pipeline was effectively closed in 2014.[118] Jordan incurred $6 billion in losses.[118] The Great Recession and regional turmoil triggered by the Arab Spring during the 2010s hobbled the Jordanian economy, making it increasingly reliant on foreign aid.[117] The shocks hit Jordan's tourism sector (a cornerstone of the country's economy) hardest, and tourist arrivals have fallen by over 66 percent since 2011.[119][120] However, in 2017, tourism started to pick up again.[121] Growth of the Jordanian economy slowed to an annual average rate of 2.8 percent between 2010 and 2016—down from an average of 8% in previous years—insufficient to accommodate the exponential growth of the population.[107]
Jordan's total foreign debt in 2012 was $22 billion, 72 percent of its GDP.[54] In 2016 the debt reached $35.1 billion, 95 percent of the country's GDP.[117][122] The increase was attributed to regional challenges, which decreased tourist activity and foreign investment and increased military spending; attacks on the Egyptian pipeline; the collapse of trade with Iraq and Syria; the expense of hosting Syrian refugees, and accumulated loan interest.[117] According to the World Bank, Syrian refugees cost Jordan more than $2.5 billion a year (six percent of its GDP and 25 percent of the government's annual revenue).[123] Foreign aid covers only a portion of these costs, 63 percent of which are borne by Jordan.[124] An austerity program was adopted by the government which aims to reduce Jordan's debt-to-GDP ratio to 77 percent by 2021.[125]
Political
Abdullah was criticized during his early years for focusing on economic, rather than political reform.[126] A committee was formed in February 2005 to formulate a blueprint for political reform in the country for the next decade.[126] This National Agenda, finalized about nine months later, was never implemented.[126] It included incorporating proportional representation into general elections, improving the judicial branch and respect for human rights, and tackling issues related to employment, welfare, education and infrastructure.[126] The Agenda was reportedly never implemented due to conservative opposition.[127] After the Arab Spring, a new election law in 2012 was enacted and used in the 2013 elections.[128] It incorporated elements of proportional representation, and 27 of the 150 House of Representatives members could be elected accordingly.[128] A number of political reforms were undertaken to curtail some of the king's powers, including amending about one-third of the constitution, establishing a constitutional court and the Independent Election Commission and improvements to laws governing human rights and freedom of speech and assembly.[129]
In 2014 and 2016, several constitutional amendments sparked controversy despite their overwhelming approval by senators and representatives.[130] The amendments gave the king sole authority to appoint his crown prince, deputy, the chief and members of the constitutional court, the heads of the military and paramilitary forces and the country's General Intelligence Director.[131] Proponents said that the amendments solidified the separation of powers, while critics claimed they were unconstitutional.[131]
Reforms introduced in the 2016 general election led Freedom House, a US-funded non-governmental organization, to upgrade Jordan to "partly free" from "not free" in its Freedom in the World 2017 report.[132] According to the report, Jordan became the third most free Arab country, and that the change was "due to electoral law changes that led to somewhat fairer parliamentary elections."[132]
In September 2016, Abdullah formed a royal committee to make recommendations which would improve the country's judiciary.[133] The committee finalized its report, which revolved around strengthening judicial independence and improving criminal justice, in February 2017.[133] The Parliament approved the recommendations which included increased protection for women against violence and better trial procedures.[133] A new law for people with disabilities was also enacted.[133] Human Rights Watch praised the reforms.[133]
On 15 August 2017, local elections were held for municipal councils, local councils, and governorate councils, which were added by a new decentralization law.[134] The law intends to cede some central-government power to elected councils, increasing citizen participation in municipal decision-making.[134] In a 15 August 2016 interview, Abdullah described the new decentralization law as "a very important link in the chain of reforms".[135]
Military
Due to his military background, Abdullah believes in a powerful military and has followed a "quality over quantity" policy.[136] During the first year of his reign he established the King Abdullah Design and Development Bureau (KADDB), whose goal is to "provide an indigenous capability for the supply of scientific and technical services to the Jordanian Armed Forces".[137][138] The company manufactures a wide variety of military products, which are presented at the biennial international Special Operations Forces Exhibition (SOFEX)—Abdullah is SOFEX's patron.[139] Abdullah modernized the army, leading Jordan to acquire advanced weaponry and increase and enhance its F-16 fighter-jet fleet.[140][141] The King occasionally trains with the Jordanian army in live ammunition military drills.[142]
Energy sector
Vandalism of the Egyptian pipeline supplying Jordan strained the country's electrical company, whose debt increased substantially; this prompted Abdullah to urge the government to formulate a 10-year plan (2015–2025) to diversify the kingdom's energy sources.[144][145]
In 2007, Abdullah said that Jordan intends to benefit from its large uranium reserves by building nuclear reactors to generate electricity; the country is one of the few non-petroleum-producing nations in the region.[146] Early on, in a 2010 interview, Abdullah accused Israel of trying to disrupt Jordan's nuclear program.[147] Abdullah inaugurated Jordan's first nuclear facility in 2016.[148] The Jordan Research and Training Reactor, in the Jordan University of Science and Technology near Ar Ramtha, aims to train Jordanian students in the school's nuclear-engineering program.[148] In 2018, the country's Atomic Energy Commission announced that Jordan was in talks with multiple companies to build the first commercial nuclear plant, a Helium-cooled reactor that is scheduled for completion in 2025.[149]
The country has 330 days of sunshine per year, and wind speeds exceed 7 m/s in mountainous areas.[150] During the 2010s, Abdullah inaugurated the 117 MW Tafila Wind Farm and the 53 MW Shams Ma'an Power Plant.[151] In May 2017, it was announced that more than 200 MW of solar energy projects had been completed.[151] After having initially set the percentage of renewable energy Jordan aimed to generate by 2020 at 10%, the government announced in 2018 that it sought to beat that figure and aim for 20%.[152] A report by pv magazine described Jordan as the "Middle East’s solar powerhouse".[153]
In 2014 a declaration of intent was signed by Jordan's national electrical company and Noble Energy to import gas from Israel's offshore Leviathan gas field, a 15-year deal estimated at $10 billion.[154] The move provoked outrage by opponents, including the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement, which said that the agreement favored Israel and its occupation of the West Bank and accused the government of ignoring renewable-energy options.[154] The agreement, effective in 2019, was signed in September 2016.[154] Separately, Abdullah opened a liquefied natural gas port in Aqaba in 2015, allowing Jordan to import LNG.[155] LNG-generated electricity saves Jordan about $1 million a day, and is reportedly better for the environment.[155]
Asuntos religiosos
Abdullah's 15 March 2015 speech before the European Parliament in Strasbourg, France[156]
In response to Islamophobic rhetoric after 11 September attacks, Abdullah issued the Amman Message in November 2004.[2] The Message is a detailed statement which encouraged Muslim scholars of all sects from around the world to denounce terrorism, practice religious tolerance and represent the true nature of the Muslim faith.[157] The statement was adopted unanimously in a conference hosted by Abdullah in Amman in 2005 by 200 leading Islamic scholars.[157] The Message stressed three points: the validity of all eight schools of Islam, the forbidding of takfir (declaration of apostasy) and standards for the issuance of fatwas.[157] The Islamic religious consensus was unprecedented in contemporary times.[2] Abdullah presented the Message in 2010 to the United Nations General Assembly, where he proposed a World Interfaith Harmony Week.[158] The initiative was adopted, and is an annual celebration during the first week of February to promote peace and harmony among people of different faiths.[158] Abdullah also established an award, based on this initiative, for interfaith dialogue.[159]
Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem was under Jordanian rule from 1948 to 1967; it was under Hashemite custodianship since 1924, during the reign of Abdullah's great-great-grandfather Sharif Hussein bin Ali.[160] The legacy began when the Supreme Muslim Council, the highest body in charge of Muslim community affairs in Mandatory Palestine, accepted the sharif as custodian of the site.[160] He restored Al-Aqsa and other mosques in Palestine.[161] The sharif's son, King Abdullah I, is said to have personally taken charge of efforts to extinguish a fire which engulfed the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in 1949.[162] Al-Aqsa and the Dome of the Rock were restored four times by the Hashemites during the 20th century, and the custodianship became a Hashemite legacy given by Jordanian kings.[161] In 2013 an agreement was signed between the Palestinian Authority and Abdullah, replacing the decades-old verbal agreement which was reinforced by the 1994 Israel–Jordan peace treaty.[3] Jordan recalled its ambassador to Israel in 2014 following tensions at Al-Aqsa Mosque between Israelis and Palestinians concerned about Jordan's role in safeguarding Muslim and Christian sacred sites in Jerusalem.[163] Abdullah met Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu in Amman in late 2014, and the Jordanian ambassador returned when Israeli authorities eased restrictions and revoked a decision that prevented men of all ages from praying at Al-Aqsa—for the first time in months.[163]
In 2016, it was announced that Abdullah would fund the restoration of the Tomb of Jesus in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.[164] The Royal Hashemite Court informed Orthodox Patriarch Theophilos III of Jerusalem of the makruma (royal benefaction) in a 10 April 2016 letter.[164] The tomb had been untouched since 1947, when the British installed steel support beams as part of a restoration project which never took place.[164] It was reopened to the public on 22 March 2017 after the renovation.[165] On 2 August 2017, Abdullah donated $1.4 million to the Jerusalem Waqf, the body that belongs to Jordan and is responsible for administering Al-Aqsa mosque.[166] An independent report estimates the total amount that the Hashemites have spent since 1924 on administering and renovating Al Aqsa as over $1 billion.[160]
In 2014, Abdullah received Pope Francis in Jordan, the third papal visit of his reign.[2] The king, Queen Rania and Prince Ghazi accompanied the pope to Al-Maghtas, the site of Jesus' baptism, on the east bank of the Jordan River.[167]
Abdullah led The 500 Most Influential Muslims' 2016 list, published by the Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Center, and is third on its 2018 list.[168] Queen Rania was 35th on the 2016 list.[168]
Leaders of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre sent out a letter of support to Abdullah on 1 March 2018 after Israel shelved a proposed bill that aimed to propose new tax measures to churches in the West Bank. "Your defence of religious freedom and Your leadership, in ensuring that the Status Quo is respected and maintained, has been crucial in our ongoing attempts to guard and protect the Christian presence especially in the Holy City of Jerusalem", the letter read.[169]
Sucesor
On 28 November 2004 Abdullah removed the title of crown prince from his half-brother, Prince Hamzah, whom he had appointed on 7 February 1999 in accordance with their father's advice.[170] In a letter to Hamzah read on Jordanian state television, Abdullah said: "Your holding this symbolic position has restrained your freedom and hindered our entrusting you with certain responsibilities that you are fully qualified to undertake."[170] Although no successor to the title was named at that time, the king was expected to appoint his son and heir apparent, Prince Hussein, crown prince.[170] Hussein received the title on 2 July 2009.[171]
Vida personal
King Abdullah and Queen Rania have four children: Crown Prince Hussein (born 28 June 1994), Princess Iman (born 27 September 1996), Princess Salma (born 26 September 2000), and Prince Hashem (born 30 January 2005).[4] The ruler of Dubai, Sheikh Mohammed Al-Maktoum, was married to Abdullah's half-sister Princess Haya.[172]
Abdullah has listed skydiving, motorcycling, water sports, and collecting ancient weapons as his interests and hobbies, and is a fan of the science-fiction series Star Trek.[17][77] In 1996 he appeared briefly in the Star Trek: Voyager episode "Investigations", in a non-speaking role.[173]
The king promotes tourism in Jordan, and was a tour guide for Discovery Channel travel host Peter Greenberg on Jordan: The Royal Tour.[174] In the program, Abdullah said that he is no longer permitted to skydive since he became king.[174] He reportedly motorcycled through northern California on a Harley-Davidson.[77]Prince Ali bin Al Hussein, one of Abdullah's brothers and president of the Jordan Football Association, has said that the king is the Jordan national football team's biggest fan.[77] His interest in the film industry influenced his decision to create the Red Sea Institute of Cinematic Arts in the Red Sea coastal town of Aqaba on 20 September 2006, in partnership with the University of Southern California School of Cinematic Arts.[175] When the producers of Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen decided to film in Jordan, Abdullah called on military helicopters to help transport equipment into Petra.[77] In 2016, the king honored the cast of Theeb, the first Jordanian film nominated for an Oscar.[176]
Abdullah also enjoys stand-up comedy. When Gabriel Iglesias, Russell Peters and a number of other stand-up comedians visited Jordan for a 2009 comedy festival, the king invited them over for dinner.[177] In 2013, a video of Abdullah helping push a car stuck in snow in Amman during the 2013 Middle East cold snap went viral.[178] In 2017, another amateur video that went viral showed Abdullah wearing pyjamas helping in extinguishing a fire in a wood near the royal palace.[179]
Abdullah published his autobiography, Our Last Best Chance: The Pursuit of Peace in a Time of Peril, in 2010.[180] He documents the first decade of his rule in a manner similar to his father's 1962 book, Uneasy Lies the Head.[180] Abdullah's book contains insights into his childhood and behind-the-scenes accounts of encounters with political figures.[180]
Hashemite genealogy
} }
|
Títulos, honores y premios
Titles
Styles ofKing Abdullah II bin Hussein I of Jordan | |
---|---|
Reference style | His Majesty |
Spoken style | Your Majesty |
Alternative style | Sir |
- 30 January 1962 – 1 March 1965: His Royal Highness The Crown Prince of Jordan.
- 1 March 1965 – 24 January 1999: His Royal Highness Prince Abdullah of Jordan.
- 24 January 1999 – 7 February 1999: His Royal Highness The Crown Prince of Jordan.
- 7 February 1999 – present: His Majesty The King of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.
Honours
National honours
- Jordan:
- Grand Master of the Order of Al-Hussein bin Ali.[183]
- Grand Master of the Supreme Order of the Renaissance.[183]
- Grand Master of the Order of the Hashemite Star.[184]
- Grand Master of the Order of Military Gallantry.[185]
- Grand Master of the Order of the Star of Jordan.[183]
- Grand Master of the Order of Independence.[183]
- Grand Master of the Order of Military Merit.
- Founding Grand Master of the Order of King Abdullah II bin Al Hussein for Excellence.
- Sovereign of the Al-Hussein Medal of Excellence.[185]
- Sovereign of the Long Service Medal.
- Sovereign of the Administrative & Leadership Competence Medal.
- Sovereign of the Administrative & Technical Competence Medal.
- Sovereign of the Administrative & Training Competence Medal.
Foreign honours
- Austria:
- Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (January 2001).[185]
- Bahrain:
- Grand Cordon with Collar of the Order of Al-Khalifa (4 November 1999).[186]
- Belgium:
- Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold (18 May 2016).[187]
- Brunei:
- Recipient of the Royal Family Order of the Crown of Brunei (13 May 2008).[188]
- Czech Republic:
- First Class of the Order of the White Lion (11 February 2015).[189]
- Finland:
- Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the White Rose (2010).[190]
- Germany:
- Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic (10 October 2002).[186]
- Italy:
- Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (9 February 2001).
- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (15 January 1987).[191]
- Japan:
- Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (30 November 1999).[192]
- Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (November 1993).[193]
- Kazakhstan:
- Recipient of the 10 Years of Astana Medal, (18 May 2008)[194]
- Lebanon:
- Extraordinary Grade of the Order of Merit of Lebanon (14 September 1999)[citation needed]
- Libya:
- Order of the Grand Conqueror, 1st class (1 September 1999)[citation needed]
- Morocco:
- Collar of the Order of Muhammad
- Grand Cordon of the Order of the Throne
- Netherlands:
- Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion (30 October 2006)[195]
- Grand Cross of Order of the House of Orange (7 December 1994)[citation needed]
- Norway:
- Grand Cross with collar of the Royal Norwegian Order of St Olav (4 April 2000)[citation needed]
- Palestine :
- Grand Cordon of the Order of Jerusalem (21 November 2015)[196]
- Poland:
- Grand Cross of the Order of the White Eagle (26 September 1999)[citation needed]
- Portugal:
- Grand Collar of the Order of Saint James of the Sword (16 March 2009)[197]
- Grand Collar of the Order of Prince Henry (5 March 2008)[197]
- Romania:
- Collar of the Order of the Star of Romania (20 December 2005)[198]
- South Korea:
- Knight of Grand Order of Mugunghwa (4 December 1999)[citation needed]
- Spain:
- Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Charles III (21 April 2006)[citation needed]
- Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Isabel the Catholic (18 October 1999)[citation needed]
- Grand Cross of the Order of Naval Merit, with white distinctive (15 September 1995)[citation needed]
- Grand Cross of the Order of Aeronautical Merit, with white distinctive (23 December 1999)[199]
- Sweden:
- Knight of the Order of the Seraphim (7 October 2003)[citation needed]
- Tunisia:
- Grand Cordon of the Order of the Republic
- Ukraine:
- First Class of the Order of Merit (22 June 2011)[200]
- First Class of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise (23 April 2002)[201]
- United Kingdom:
- Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath, Military Class (6 November 2001)[citation needed]
- Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (12 May 1999)[citation needed]
- Honorary Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (26 March 1984)[202]
Honorary degrees
- 1 January 2001: Doctorate in political sciences, University of Jordan.[203]
- 3 September 2004: Doctorate, International Relations Institute in Moscow.[204]
- 21 March 2005: Doctor of Humane Letters for socioeconomic development in Jordan and promoting interfaith dialogue, Georgetown University.[205]
- 15 December 2005: Doctorate in political sciences, Chulalongkorn University in Thailand.[206]
- 4 June 2008: Doctorate in civil law, University of Oxford.[207]
- 8 November 2011: Doctorate in humanitarian sciences for efforts in defending Jerusalem's holy sites, Al-Quds University (represented by Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas).[208]
Awards
- 16 March 2002: Young Presidents Organisation's Global Leadership Award (California).[209]
- 30 September 2003: Sorbonne Association for Foreign Policy award for political courage in France.[210]
- 20 October 2003: Pioneer in E-Business award, Arab Business magazine (United Arab Emirates).[211]
- 16 April 2004: INFORUM 21st-Century Award from the Commonwealth Club of California, awarded to young leaders who strive for positive change.[212]
- 9 June 2004: Golden Shield Award (Chicago) for efforts to stabilize the Middle East.[213]
- June 2004: Academy of Achievement Golden Plate Award for Achievement.[214][215]
- On 21 March 2005: Franklin Delano Roosevelt International Disability Award, United Nations.[216]
- 21 June 2005: Simon Wiesenthal Center Tolerance Award.[217]
- 21 December 2005: Golden Medal of Athens Award.[218]
- 8 May 2007: Peacemaker Award, Seeds of Peace.[219]
- 8 October 2016: Peace of Westphalia Prize, Germany;[220] German president Joachim Gauck said that Abdullah and the Jordanians set "standards for humanity" with their response to the refugee crisis.[220]
- 16 November 2016: Peace prize (Kazakhstan) for contributions to security and nuclear disarmament.[221]
- 19 January 2017: Abu Bakr Al Siddeiq Medal (First Class) from the Arab Red Crescent and Red Cross Organisation for Jordan's support of the Palestinian people and efforts on behalf of Syrian refugees.[222]
- 27 June 2018: Templeton Prize for promoting inter-faith dialogue, the awarding statement said that Abdullah "has done more to seek religious harmony within Islam and between Islam and other religions than any other living political leader."[223]
- 21 November 2019: Scholar-Statesman Award from The Washington Institute for Near East Policy.[224]
Ver también
- Hashemites
- List of kings of Jordan
- List of things named after King Abdullah II
- King Hussein
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Bibliografía
- Robins, Philip (9 February 2004). A History of Jordan. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-59895-8.
- George, Alan (2 December 2005). Jordan: Living in the Crossfire. Zed Books. ISBN 978-1-84277-471-7.
- Shlaim, Avi (2009). Lion of Jordan: The Life of King Hussein in War and Peace. Vintage Books. ISBN 9781400078288.
Escrituras
- Abdullah II of Jordan (1 March 2012). Our Last Best Chance: The Pursuit of Peace in a Time of Peril. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-104879-6.
- Abdullah II of Jordan, "Document Papers", Encyclopedia, Official website of King (Jordan)
enlaces externos
Official
- Official website
- Abdullah II of Jordan on Twitter
Media coverage
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- "Abdullah II of Jordan collected news and commentary". The New York Times.
- Works by or about Abdullah II of Jordan in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Op-Eds
Abdullah II of Jordan House of Hashim Born: 30 January 1962 | ||
Regnal titles | ||
---|---|---|
Preceded by Hussein | King of Jordan 1999–present | Incumbent Heir apparent: Hussein bin Abdullah |