Jeddah Tower (en árabe : برج جدة), [10] anteriormente conocida como Kingdom Tower ( برج المملكة ), es un proyecto de construcción de rascacielos actualmente en espera. Ubicado en el lado norte de Jeddah , Arabia Saudita , se planea que sea el primer edificio de 1 km (3,281 pies) de altura del mundo, y la pieza central y la primera fase de un desarrollo y atracción turística conocida como Jeddah Economic City . [11]
Torre de Jeddah | |
---|---|
برج جدة | |
![]() Torre Jeddah en agosto de 2019 | |
![]() | |
Información general | |
Estado | En espera [1] |
Tipo | Uso mixto: oficina, hotel, residencial, apartamentos, observación, comercio minorista |
Estilo arquitectónico | Neofuturismo |
Localización | Jeddah , Arabia Saudita |
Comenzó la construcción | 1 de abril de 2013 |
Finalización estimada | desconocido |
Costo | 4.450 millones de SR ( 1.230 millones de dólares EE.UU.) [2] (preliminar) |
Dueño | Compañía Económica de Jeddah; Desarrollo inmobiliario del Reino |
Gestión | Grupo CBRE |
Altura | |
Arquitectónico | Al menos 1000 m (3300 pies) |
Techo | Al menos 1000 m (3300 pies) |
Ultimo piso | 668 m (2192 pies) (si se completa según lo planeado) |
Observatorio | 652 m (2139 pies) |
Detalles técnicos | |
Sistema estructural | Hormigón armado y acero, fachada totalmente acristalada |
Recuento de pisos | 168 (2 sótanos) [3] [4] |
Superficie del piso | 243,866 m 2 (2,624,950 pies cuadrados) |
Ascensores / ascensores | 59 (55 de un piso y 4 de dos pisos), [5] [6] fabricado por Kone [7] |
Diseño y construcción | |
Arquitecto | Adrian D. Smith , Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture |
Desarrollador | Compañía Económica de Jeddah (JEC) [9] |
Ingeniero | Langan International (subgrado y planificación del transporte) [8] |
Ingeniero estructural | Thornton Tomasetti |
Contratista principal | Grupo Saudita Binladin |
Referencias | |
[5] |
Hubo un progreso constante, pero en enero de 2018, el propietario del edificio JEC detuvo el trabajo de hormigón estructural con la torre completada en un tercio debido a problemas laborales con un contratista luego de la purga de Arabia Saudita de 2017-19 .
El diseño, creado por el arquitecto estadounidense Adrian Smith , quien también diseñó el Burj Khalifa , incorpora muchas características estructurales y estéticas únicas. El creador y líder del proyecto es el príncipe de Arabia Saudita Al-Waleed bin Talal , [12] nieto de Ibn Saud y sobrino de los reyes de Arabia Saudita después de Ibn Saud. Al-Waleed es el presidente de Kingdom Holding Company (KHC), que es socio de Jeddah Economic Company (JEC), que se formó en 2009 para el desarrollo de Jeddah Tower and City. [13]
Descripción general
El edificio ha sido diseñado a una altura de al menos 1,000 metros (3,281 pies) (la altura exacta se mantiene privada mientras se desarrolla, similar al Burj Khalifa ). [A] [14] Aproximadamente a un kilómetro, [15] Jeddah Tower sería el edificio o estructura más alto del mundo hasta la fecha, [16] con una altura de 180 m (591 pies) más alta que el Burj Khalifa en Dubai , Emiratos Árabes Unidos. . [17] La parcela de 50 hectáreas (120 acres) de Jeddah Tower, junto con los edificios circundantes, será la primera de un desarrollo de Jeddah Economic City en tres fases. El proyecto de tres fases se propuso para una gran área de terreno costero sin desarrollar con un área de 5.2 km 2 (2.0 millas cuadradas). [18] El área está ubicada aproximadamente a 20 km (12 millas) al norte de la ciudad portuaria de Jeddah. Jeddah Economic City fue diseñada por HOK Architects , [19] y se estima que cuesta al menos SR75 mil millones (US $ 20 mil millones) y demora alrededor de diez años en construirse. [20]
Se prevé que el desarrollo se convierta en un nuevo distrito de Jeddah. [21] La segunda fase del proyecto será el desarrollo de la infraestructura necesaria para apoyar a la ciudad, y la tercera fase aún no se ha revelado. [22]
El punto focal del desarrollo y el uso principal de Jeddah Tower será albergar un hotel Four Seasons , apartamentos con servicio Four Seasons , espacio de oficina Clase A y condominios de lujo. La torre también tendrá el observatorio más alto del mundo . [23] Aunque la trama de la Ciudad Económica de Jeddah está casi aislada del núcleo urbano actual de Jeddah, no había extensiones de tierra de tal tamaño disponibles más cerca de la ciudad. [22] Generalmente se considera que el norte es la dirección en la que se extenderá la ciudad en el futuro.
El diseñador principal de Jeddah Tower es el arquitecto Adrian Smith de Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture (AS + GG), [17] con sede en Chicago , [17] el mismo arquitecto que diseñó el Burj Khalifa mientras trabajaba para Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM), [24] para el que trabajó casi 40 años. [25] AS + GG fue formado en 2006 por Adrian Smith, Gordon Gill y Robert Forest. [26] El desarrollo de la torre está siendo gestionado por Emaar Properties PJSC. [27] Thornton Tomasetti ha sido seleccionado como la empresa de ingeniería estructural, [28] y Environmental Systems Design, Inc. (ESD) [29] es parte del equipo de diseño de AS + GG que actúa como consultores de ingeniería de servicios de construcción. [30]
El 2 de agosto de 2011, Kingdom Holding, la compañía de inversión, anunció públicamente que Saudi Binladin Group (SBG) había firmado un contrato , que la construcción comenzaría pronto y que se esperaba que la torre demorara 63 meses en completarse. completo. [31] [32] [33] Si bien la estimación oficial de la construcción es de cinco años y tres meses (63 meses), otros calculan que llevará mucho más tiempo, más de siete años, según la duración de la construcción del Burj Khalifa, [34] que fue de más de seis años (con la ayuda del Departamento de CQC).
Besix Group (Belgian Six Construct), que construyó el Burj Khalifa, fue considerado anteriormente para el contrato, pero no ganó, en parte porque SBG invirtió en Jeddah Economic Company (JEC) [35] contribuyendo SR1.5 mil millones (US $ 400 millones) hacia el desarrollo del proyecto. [36] Besix admitió en 2010 que esperaban que Binladin Group ganara el contrato. [37] Jeddah Economic Company es una sociedad anónima cerrada (PJSC) formada en 2009 como una entidad financiera para Jeddah Tower y Jeddah Economic City. Está compuesto principalmente por financieros (partes interesadas) Kingdom Holding Company (33,35%), Abrar Holding Company (33,35%), que es propiedad de Samaual Bakhsh y el empresario Abdulrahman Hassan Sharbately (16,67%), así como el propio contratista de la torre. Grupo Saudí Binladin (16,63%). [38] Los activos de JEC tienen un valor contable de casi SR9 mil millones, desglosados en un banco de tierras de más de 5.300.000 m 2 (57.048.725 pies cuadrados) (la parcela de la ciudad económica de Jeddah) con un valor de SR7.3 mil millones que se utilizará como colateral para obtener préstamos bancarios y 1.500 millones de rupias en efectivo. [22] Kingdom Holding es una empresa de inversión fundada en 1980 y propiedad en un 95% de Al-Waleed bin Talal [39] que tiene activos valorados en más de $ 25 mil millones, con participaciones en muchas empresas importantes como Walt Disney , PepsiCo , Kodak , Apple , Hewlett Packard , Motorola , Time Warner , Newscorp , Pinnacle Infotech Solutions y Citigroup , así como bienes raíces en Londres a través de su división Songbird Estates. [40]
Historia de la construcción
En mayo de 2008, las pruebas de suelo en el área arrojaron dudas sobre si la ubicación propuesta podría soportar un rascacielos de la altura propuesta de un kilómetro, y MEED informó que el proyecto se había reducido, lo que lo hacía "hasta 500 metros (1,640 pies). más corta." [41] El trabajo en los cimientos estaba programado para comenzar a fines de 2012. [42] Las declaraciones de que la construcción comenzaría pronto se hicieron a partir de 2008. En agosto de 2011, el inicio de la construcción estaba programado como "a más tardar en diciembre". [43] Esto significaba que se esperaba que la torre se completara en 2017, aunque en ese momento también era posible que aún pudiera haberse completado para la fecha en que los medios de comunicación continuaron publicando, que era la estimación previa de fines de 2016. [44 ] Solo si la construcción hubiera comenzado con prontitud y se hubiera desarrollado sin problemas, podría haberse completado a fines de 2016. [19]
Los informes de 2009 sugirieron que el proyecto se había suspendido debido a la crisis financiera mundial de 2008-2009 y que Bechtel (la antigua empresa de ingeniería) estaba "en proceso de poner fin a su participación en el proyecto". [45] [46] Kingdom Holding Company rápidamente criticó los informes de noticias, insistiendo en que el proyecto no había sido archivado. [47]
Arquitecto seleccionado
En marzo de 2010, Adrian Smith de Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture (AS + GG) fue seleccionado como arquitecto preliminar (aunque niegan su participación en los diseños anteriores de una milla de altura). [48] Más tarde, cuando la propuesta era más seria, ganaron un concurso de diseño entre ocho firmas de arquitectura líderes, incluidas Kohn Pedersen Fox , Pickard Chilton, Pelli Clarke Pelli y Foster + Partners , así como la firma Smith que anteriormente trabajó para Skidmore. Owings y Merrill , [49] que fue el competidor final en la competencia antes de que se eligiera a AS + GG. [50] Además de Burj Khalifa, Adrian Smith ha diseñado varias otras torres recientes; la Torre Zifeng en Nanjing , China, el Trump International Hotel & Tower en Chicago y la Torre Jin Mao en Shanghai, [51] así como la Torre Pearl River en Guangzhou , China. [52] Los cuatro edificios se encuentran entre los once más altos del mundo. Además, Pearl River Tower es una torre única que fue diseñada originalmente para usar energía neta cero extrayendo toda su energía necesaria del viento , la luz solar y la masa geotérmica , [25] aunque este objetivo de diseño no se logró por completo. [53]
En octubre de 2010, los propietarios (Kingdom Holding Company) firmaron un acuerdo de desarrollo con Emaar Properties PJSC. La altura final del edificio era cuestionable, pero aún figuraba en más de 1 kilómetro. [54] Kingdom Holding dijo que la construcción estaba progresando. [24] [55]
Los diseños para los cimientos estaban listos a principios de agosto de 2011 y se licitó el contrato para el pilotaje . [56] El 16 de agosto de 2011, Langan International anunció oficialmente su participación y que los cimientos y pilotes debían diseñarse de manera única para superar problemas del subsuelo como el lecho de roca blanda y la roca de coral porosa , que normalmente no podría soportar un rascacielos sin asentarse. [57] La base es similar a la del Burj Khalifa, pero más grande; se espera que tenga un promedio de 4,5 m (15 pies) de profundidad con una plataforma de hormigón de aproximadamente 7.500 m 2 (81.000 pies cuadrados). El hormigón debe tener una baja permeabilidad para evitar el paso del agua salada corrosiva del Mar Rojo. Su profundidad y tamaño también se consideran un indicador de cuál será la altura final de la torre. [58] Los pilotes tendrán hasta 200 m (660 pies) de profundidad y la plataforma más de 90 m (300 pies) de ancho, sin embargo, se espera que el edificio, que pesará más de 900.000 toneladas (890.000 toneladas largas; 990.000 toneladas cortas). para resolver. La idea es que se asiente lo suficientemente uniforme como para que el edificio no se vuelque o ejerza una tensión indebida sobre la superestructura . Los programas de modelado por computadora realizaron pruebas en el sitio para confirmar que el diseño de la base funcionaría. [59] Un diseño posterior para los cimientos, que Bauer construirá en 2013, requiere 270 pilotes perforados de hasta 110 m (360 pies) de profundidad que deben instalarse en las difíciles condiciones del terreno. [42] Algunos materiales necesarios para la estructura son 500.000 m 3 (18.000.000 pies cúbicos) de hormigón y 80.000 t (79.000 toneladas largas; 88.000 toneladas cortas) de acero. [60]
Aprobaciones
En marzo y abril de 2011, varias agencias de noticias informaron que el diseño de Mile-High Tower había sido aprobado a esa altura y que el edificio costaría casi US $ 30 mil millones (SR112.5 mil millones). [61] Este diseño iba a ser drásticamente más grande que el diseño actual, con una superficie de 3,530,316 m 2 (38,000,000 pies cuadrados) y habría utilizado tecnología futurista de aversión al viento y producción de energía para la sostenibilidad. Tanto él como la ciudad circundante habrían tenido la capacidad de albergar a 80.000 residentes y un millón de visitantes, según RIA Novosti . [61] Adrian Smith negó que él fuera parte de alguno de los diseños anteriores, que habían sido supuestos en los medios de comunicación. [62] Una fuente incluso corrigió su artículo y aclaró el malentendido. [63]
Contractors selected
In early August 2011, the Binladin Group was chosen as the main construction contractor with the signing of an SR4.6 billion (US$1.23 billion) contract,[2] which is less than it cost to build the Burj Khalifa (US$1.5 billion).[64] New renderings were revealed, and on 2 August it was widely reported that the project was a go at the 1,000 m (3,281 ft) height[A] with a building area of 530,000 square metres (5,704,873 sq ft),[B][65][66] and will take 63 months to complete.[14] The announcement of the main construction contract signing caused Kingdom Holding Company's stock to jump 3.2% in one day,[67] in addition to KHC already having reported a 21% rise in second-quarter net profit.[68] Also, for the first time, architects Gordon Gill and Adrian Smith officially announced their involvement in the project.[69]
On 13 August 2012, it was announced that the landscaping contract for the Jeddah Tower was to be awarded to Landtech Designs, a US-based company, who will be responsible for irrigating 3.4 hectares (8.5 acres) of green space by using the latest technology in sustainable irrigation. The supply of water to irrigate the green space would be collected through rainwater.[70][71]
On 21 September 2012, it was announced that financing for the Jeddah Tower was complete. Talal Al Maiman, chief executive officer and managing director of Kingdom Real Estate Development Co. said in an interview "We have all the investors, all the finance, all the money we need," Al Maiman said. "It took us beyond 20 months to convince investors, working every detail and aspect of financing."[72]
On 10 October 2012, Kingdom Holding awarded contracts totalling $98 million. Kingdom Holding Co. has signed a deal with Subul Development Company for the sale of land in the Kingdom Riyadh Land project for $66.5 million. The Kingdom Riyadh Land project, a mixed-use commercial and residential development, will generate more than $5.33 billion of total investment and will house up to 75,000 people. The final master plan contract was awarded to Omrania & Associates and Barton Willmore.[73] Bauer, a German Foundations equipment manufacturer and contractor was awarded a US$32 million contract to support the initial phases of construction of the Jeddah Tower. This includes the installation of 270 bored piles with diameters of 1.5 metres and 1.8 metres. The enabling works are expected to begin before the end of 2012 and take about 10 months to complete.[74]
On 21 February 2013, the Jeddah Economic Company (JEC) announced that it had appointed an EC Harris/Mace joint venture team to project manage the iconic Jeddah Tower project. The team will be providing project, commercial and design management for the Jeddah Tower development.[75] CEO of JEC, Waleed Abduljaleel Batterjee said that the reason Mace was hired is to use the same team that worked for The Shard in London. On the other hand, EC Harris also has a long list of projects in the region including the Grand Millenium Al-Wahda Hotel, Abu Dhabi's largest hotel complex.[76]
On 29 April 2013, news was reported that the Saudi Water Company had signed a 2.2 billion-riyal ($587 million) supply deal with Jeddah Economic Co. for the Jeddah tower project. The 25-year agreement to supply 156,000 cubic metres of treated and drinking water a day, enough for 62 Olympic-size pools, was signed by the chief executive of the Jeddah-based developer, Waleed Batraji, and Loay al-Musallam, head of National Water Company.[77]
Construction begins
Construction started on 1 April 2013.[78] Piling was completed in December 2013.[79] Above ground construction commenced in September 2014.[80]
In late 2017, the owner of Kingdom Holding Co, which owns 33% of the tower, and the chairman of the Saudi Binladen Group, which owns 17% and is the primary contractor, were arrested as part of the 2017 Saudi Arabian purge. Construction of the tower continued,[81] although some senior managers at Kingdom Holding were redirected to other projects.[82] In February 2018, Mounib Hammoud, CEO of Jeddah Economic City, said that construction is continuing and that they hoped to open the tower by 2020.[83] In October 2017 the central core of the tower was at 60 floors and the walls were 248 m (814 ft) high,[84] as of end of 2017 a reported height was 252 m (827 ft).[85]
In March 2018, Kingdom Holding Company signed a deal with Orange Business Services to provide information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure to Jeddah Tower.[83] On March 12 construction of the tower moved forward after the delay.[86]
Delay
There was steady progress, but in January 2018, building owner JEC halted structural concrete work with the tower about one-third completed due to labor issues with a contractor following the 2017–19 Saudi Arabian purge.
Diseño
Challenges
Sustainability of such a tall building would include issues such as vertical transportation limitations, with elevators only being able to go so far; building sway, caused by wind; and super column settling, which occurs because concrete tends to shrink as it hydrates and settles under load, whereas steel is dimensionally stable, thereby causing the floors to become uneven.[87] Additionally, a very large core size is required in very tall buildings to support the structure as well as to house the large number of elevators needed. The core size consumes a significant amount of the space on the lower and middle floors.[88] One of the ways Jeddah Tower attempts to overcome these issues is with its smooth, sloped-exterior design, which, although more expensive to build, offers superior aerodynamic performance over "stepped" designs such as the Burj Khalifa, allowing it to have a more conservative core overall. This was determined by wind tunnel tests performed at Burj Khalifa. Jeddah Tower will also use copious stiffening materials to prevent the excessive sway that would otherwise make the occupants of upper floors nauseated on windy days,[89] including very high strength concrete that will be up to several metres thick in certain parts of the core. This, along with the highly integrated steel frame and shear walls, is also intended to prevent catastrophic failure of the structure in the event of a terrorist attack.[50] Traditionally, the space consumed by elevators was considered to make a building become increasingly less profitable past 80 floors or so. More recently, it has been the advent of truly mixed-use design such as Shanghai Tower and Burj Khalifa, as well as improved building technology, that have outdated this rule of thumb, which generally applied to single use buildings.[90]
Like Burj Khalifa, Jeddah employs a similar Y-shaped, triangular footprint which promotes stability[50] and increases window views,[91] as well as a tapering form,[92] with the sheer height and wind being the biggest structural design challenge.[35] The smooth, sloped façade of Kingdom Tower particularly induces a beneficial phenomenon known as "wind vortex shedding."[93] Normally when wind swirls around the leeward side of a building, rushing in from both sides to fill the low pressure zone, it would create tornado like vortices, which would rock the building from side to side due to variations in pressure, direction and velocity. The dynamic façade of Kingdom Tower, however, creates an infinite timing differential (whereas Burj Khalifa is limited by the number of steps) in air pressure exertion in any one particular direction, thus creating a more stable structure, as there is no broad area of outstanding pressure or depression at any given time.[50] Put simply, a smooth taper is more aerodynamic than an irregular or jagged taper, while both are advantageous over rectangular geometries. At Jeddah Tower's height, it is considered essentially unfeasible to use a traditional square design.[89]
External form
The triangular footprint and sloped exterior of Jeddah Tower is designed to reduce wind loads; its high surface area also makes it ideal for residential use.[56] The overall design of the tower, which will be located near both the Red Sea and the mouth of the Obhur Creek (Sharm Ob'hur) where it widens as it meets the Red Sea,[49] as well as having frontage on a man-made waterway and harbour that will be built around it,[94] is intended to look like a desert plant shooting upwards as a symbol of Saudi Arabia's growth and future, as well as to add prominence to Jeddah's status as the gateway into the holy city of Mecca.[95] The designer's vision was "one that represents the new spirit in Saudi Arabia" (Smith).[96] The 23 hectare (57 acre) area around Jeddah Tower will contain public space and a shopping mall, as well as other residential and commercial developments, and be known as the Jeddah Tower Water Front District,[49] of which, the tower's site alone will take up 500,000 m2 (5,381,955 sq ft).[93] As with many other very tall skyscrapers, including the Kingdom Centre in Riyadh, which is generally considered to have sparked the recent significant commercial developments around it in the district of Olaya,[22] much of the intention of Jeddah Tower is to be symbolic as well as to raise the surrounding land value rather than its own profitability.[43] To that effect, the tower's architect, Adrian Smith, said that the tower "evokes a bundle of leaves shooting up from the ground; a burst of new life that heralds more growth all around it".[96] Smith states that the tower will create a landmark in which it and the surrounding Jeddah Economic City are interdependent.[50] Talal Al Maiman, a board member of Jeddah Economic Company, said, "Jeddah Tower will be a landmark structure that will greatly increase the value of the hundreds of other properties around it in Jeddah Economic City and indeed throughout North Jeddah."[93] The concept of profitability derived from building high density developments and malls around such a landmark was taken from the Burj Khalifa, where it has proven successful, as its surrounding malls, hotels and condominiums in the area known as Downtown Dubai[97] have generated the most considerable revenue out of that project as a whole,[93] while the Burj Khalifa itself made little or no profit.[98]
Elevators
The building will have a total of 59 elevators, five of which will be double-deck elevators, as well as 12 escalators. The elevators are made by the Finnish company Kone. It will also have the highest observation deck in the world, to which high speed elevators will travel at up to 10 metres (33 feet) per second (36 km/h or 22 mph) in both directions.[99] The elevators cannot go faster because the change in air pressure at such a rapid speed could cause nausea; at 914 m (3,000 ft), the air pressure is over 10 kPa (1.5 psi) lower than at ground level (a 10% reduction in air pressure).[100] They must also be efficient so the cables are not unbearably heavy.[88] Jeddah Tower will have three sky lobbies where elevator transfers can be made, and no elevator will go from the bottom to the highest occupied floor.[50] No official floor count has been given; however, Smith stated in a television interview that it will be about 50 floors more than the Burj Khalifa, which has 163 occupied floors,[101] leading to the inference that Jeddah Tower will have over 200 floors.[E][50] The tower will also feature a large, roughly 30 m (98 ft) diameter outdoor balcony, known as the sky terrace, on one side of the building for private use by the penthouse floor at level 157;[99][102] it is not the observation deck.[103] It was originally intended to be a helipad, but it was revealed to be an unsuitable landing environment by helicopter pilots.[50] The lower air density, exacerbated by the thin desert atmosphere, will cause the outdoor air temperature towards the top of the tower to be lower than the ground level air, which will provide natural cooling. There is also significantly more air flow (wind) at heights, which is very strong at one kilometre and had a large impact on the structural design of the tower.[50] The Burj Khalifa actually takes in the cooler, cleaner air from the top floors and uses it to air condition the building.[104] Jeddah Tower will be oriented such that no façade directly faces the sun; it will also use the condensate water from the air conditioning system for irrigation and other purposes throughout the building.[105]
To overcome elevator issues, the tower will use its large number of efficient elevators as well as its three sky lobbies, which allows transfers to be made between elevators serving a specific area with no elevator being overburdened. Much was learned from Burj Khalifa that helped with the design of Jeddah Tower[92] not only structurally, but in methods for designing practical mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) systems, as well as adhering to local regulations and international building codes.[106] Despite all the physical challenges, Adrian Smith states that practicality is still the greater challenge over structural durability, even in such super-tall designs, and that as with all buildings, Jeddah Tower's form was primarily derived respective of what the building's uses would be, then in accordance with the structural factors that would have to be considered to deliver it.[50] Orange S.A. are designing the information and communications infrastructure of the building.[107]
Internal systems
Chicago-based[108] Environmental Systems Design, Inc. will provide mechanical, plumbing, electrical and fire protection engineering,[13] as well as teledata, audio/visual, security systems, and acoustics.[109] Langan International will be responsible for geotechnical engineering as well as some ground level site work such as transportation engineering and parking,[8] including the design of the proposed 3,000–4,700 car underground parking garage[110] that will be located near, but not under the tower to prevent terrorism.[50] Langan also designed the tower's foundation, which has to be able to support the tower despite the less than optimal subsurface conditions, such as soft rock and permeable coral, which could cause the piles to settle.[57] Thornton Tomasetti has provided the structural engineering for two of the previous world's tallest building title holders, the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, and the Taipei 101 in Taiwan, as well as the under construction Ping An Finance Centre in Shenzhen, which will be the second tallest building in China after completion.[28] Saudi Binladin Group is the largest construction firm in the Middle East, with over 35,000 workers and hundreds of projects. They recently constructed the topped-out 601 m (1,972 ft) Abraj Al-Bait Clock Tower in Mecca, which is the tallest building in Saudi Arabia and third tallest in the world, as well as the largest skyscraper in the world by floor area and volume. Aside from buildings, the firm has also constructed many major infrastructure projects, such as the King Abdulaziz (Jeddah) International Airport expansion and the 775 km (482 mi) six lane Al Qassim Expressway through Saudi Arabia.[40] Saudi Binladin Group is owned by the family of the late al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden.[111] As a result, it has sparked some minor media buzz.[112] When asked his thoughts about this in an interview, Adrian Smith simply stated that they are the largest construction firm in the Middle East, most significant work in Saudi Arabia was done by them, and that it is a very large family that shouldn't be stereotyped by one of its members.[50] Furthermore, in January 2012, New York City judge George B. Daniels ruled that no charges could be filed against SBG to repay the victims of 9/11 as there is no evidence of the construction firm financially supporting bin Laden after he was removed as a shareholder following the 1993 World Trade Center bombing.[113]
Economic viability
In addition to its primary functions, the building is slated to include a significant amount of retail as well as a wide variety of other unique amenities with the intention that it functions as a nearly self-sustaining entity, approaching the concept of a "vertical city".[94] The building's design has been applauded as simple and feasible, yet bold, brilliantly sculpted, and high-tech,[102] with AS + GG describing it as "an elegant, cost-efficient and highly constructible design."[56] The estimated construction cost of US$1.23 billion, which is less than that of the Burj Khalifa (US$1.5 billion), can be attributed to cheap labour in the Middle East, particularly Saudi Arabia, and that three shifts will work around the clock to expedite the process.[64] Construction costs have also declined since the global financial crisis.[114]
In July 2011, a report by consultancy EC Harris found that Saudi Arabia is the cheapest country in the Middle East to build in, half as expensive as Bahrain, and 34% cheaper than the United Arab Emirates, where Burj Khalifa is located.[115] The future towers' site is located in very close proximity to King Abdulaziz (Jeddah) International Airport, whose runways nearly align with the towers' site, which will have an effect on the airspace.[94] While skyscraper experts have stated that towers well over one kilometre, even two kilometres (6,562 feet) high, are technically feasible, physical sustainability and practicality issues come into play in towers of this height.[116] As for physical restraints, Bart Leclercq, head of structures for WSP Middle East recently said, "I truly believe that 1 mile, 1.6 kilometres, is within range. Over that, it may be possible if there are improvements in concrete quality. But 2 km is too big a figure; it's just a step too far at the moment."[89]
Impacto
There is an impending real estate bubble in Saudi Arabia, with increasing demand and rising prices due to high population growth and a short supply of housing, which may include a demand for high-end luxury units, such as those in Jeddah Tower. To boost growth, the Saudi Arabian government is going to invest US$67 billion (SR251 billion) in building 500,000 homes throughout the country.[117] According to Saudi officials, about 900 new homes are needed a day to meet the demand of the rapidly growing population, which has nearly quadrupled in the past four decades.[44]
Just as the Jeddah Tower will complement the Jeddah Economic City development that will be built around it, there are many infrastructure and revitalisation projects underway and planned throughout Saudi Arabia, such as the US$7.2 billion (SR27.1 billion) new airport terminal under construction at King Abdulaziz (Jeddah) International Airport,[118] that will complement the Jeddah Economic City as well as develop Saudi Arabia, which has been likened to a Third World country with crumbling infrastructure and widespread disasters, including severe flooding,[119] such as the flash floods in early 2011 that damaged 90% of the roads and over 27,000 buildings in Jeddah.[120] According to a representative of Standard Chartered, which invested US$75 million in Saudi Binladin Group, Saudi Arabia is going to spend over US$400 billion (SR1.5 trillion) on infrastructure over the next few years.[121] According to reports by Citi Investment Research & Analysis, $220 billion worth of development, accounting for 36% of all construction spending in the MENA region, will be directly or indirectly beneficial to Jeddah Tower.[97] Jeddah Tower and City themselves are intended to set an example of green development, using modern technology and having a low carbon footprint relative to the number of people they will support.[98] However, there is also an increasing problem of poor education levels in Arab countries due to a lack of spending in research and education, which it is argued should be invested in rather than building skyscrapers,[122] and that the tower is nothing more than a symbol of hubris.[90] It has even been likened to the Tower of Babel.[123]
Furthermore, economists have found large new skyscrapers to be a negative economic indicator,[124] with several instances of new tallest buildings being finished and opening into a bad economy,[125] as they generally start during a financial boom when money is easy and investment is strong, but do not finish until the bubble has burst. Examples include the Singer Building and Metropolitan Life Insurance Building after the Panic of 1907, 40 Wall Street, the Chrysler Building and the Empire State Building built during the Great Depression, the World Trade Center and Sears Tower built during the 1970s economic downturn, the Petronas Towers built during the Asian Crisis of the late 1990s and the Burj Khalifa built during the Great Recession.[126] Much of the study on this phenomenon was done in 1999 by Andrew Lawrence, a research director at Deutsche Bank who created the "skyscraper index," originally as a joke; however, it illustrated the observation that many of the world's tallest buildings have been built on the eve of financial collapse.[127]
Reception
The developers' theory is that the international attention gained through large developments and having the world's tallest building will incur gentrification of the country[128] and even be a financial success in the long run. Architect Adrian Smith, the designer of the tower, states, "...this tower symbolizes the Kingdom as an important global business and cultural leader, and demonstrates the strength and creative vision of its people. It represents new growth and high-performance technology fused into one powerful iconic form."[96] However, Bob Sinn, principal engineer at Thornton Tomasetti, stated that the practical challenges of building very tall buildings are greater than the structural challenges.[129]
"We intend [Jeddah] Tower to become both an economic engine and a proud symbol of the kingdom's economic and cultural stature in the world community," said Talal Al Maiman, a board member of both Kingdom Holding Company and Jeddah Economic Company.[120] The project's primary proponent, Prince Al-Waleed said, "Building this tower in Jeddah sends a financial and economic message that should not be ignored. It has a political depth to it to tell the world that we Saudis invest in our country."[2]
Alain Robert, also known as the French Spiderman, expressed his willingness to climb Jeddah Tower after completion if he were given official approval, despite the fact that he would be into his sixties. When he heard that it might be up to 1,600 metres, he said, "That doesn't make much sense," but he said that if the height were 1,000 metres, then it would be achievable.[130]
Galería
12th floor (10 January 2015)
23rd floor (7 June 2015)
44th floor (7 July 2016) (42+2) at night
44th floor (13 July 2016) (42+2)
47th floor (2 December 2016) (45+2)
As of June 2017
As of August 2019
Directorio de piso
It is estimated that the Jeddah Tower will have just over 200 floors.[E][50]
Floor | Purposes |
---|---|
> 168 | Empty Spire |
168 (682 m) | Tuned mass damper |
158–167 | Building control machines |
157 (637 m) | Observation deck, outdoor balcony |
155–156 | Hotel, restaurants |
154 | Four Seasons Hotel |
144–153 | Hotel rooms |
141–143 | Building control machines |
140 | Hotel rooms, refuge area |
127–139 | Hotel rooms |
125–126 | Hotel sky lobby |
115–124 | Hotel rooms |
114 | Building control machines, refuge area |
104–113 | Residence |
103 | Residence, refuge area |
94–102 | Residence |
93 | Residential sky lobby |
90–92 | Building control machines |
89 | Refuge area |
80–88 | Offices |
79 | Refuge area |
67–78 | Offices |
65–66 | Sky lobby |
64 | Refuge area |
51–63 | Offices |
48–50 | Building control machines |
47 | Refuge area |
35–46 | Offices |
33–34 | Sky lobby |
29–32 | Building control machines |
18–28 | Offices |
16–17 | Building control machines |
6–15 | Offices |
3–5 | Building control machines |
2 | Shopping mall |
1 | Office lobby, serviced hotel lobby |
B1 | Observatory entrance, shops, and restaurants |
B2 | Parking, Building control machines |
Ver también
- List of tallest buildings
- List of future tallest buildings
- The Illinois
Notas
- A. ^ abc The actual height of the Burj Khalifa was not revealed until the opening ceremony. The developers of Jeddah Tower are similarly keeping the final height secret, stating only that it will be at least 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) high. In a television interview for WTTW in Chicago, architect Adrian Smith stated that the tower will be a little over twice the height of the Burj Khalifa, which is 828 metres (2,717 ft) high counting the antennas, suggesting that Jeddah Tower may be closer to 1,600 metres (5,200 ft). Some sources have suggested that Jeddah Tower will break Burj Khalifa's record by over 740 metres (2,430 ft). [22] In 2014, online sources were using the number 1,008 m (3,307 ft). [131]
- B. ^ ab This figure has been referred to as the "total building area" in publications, which is probably another term for gross floor area; the actual usable floor space, which is what buildings are typically measured by, will presumably be less. This area has also been reported as 540,000 m 2 (5,800,000 sq ft). [18]
- C. ^ a This assumes a 2012 start date and the estimated completion time of 63 months.
- D. ^ a Figure attained using the formula for the area of a circle (π r2) and the given value of 30 m (98 ft) as the diameter.
- E. ^ ab No official floor count has been given; however, Adrian Smith said it will be about 50 floors taller than the (163-floor) Burj Khalifa. [132] In November 2010, an older kilometre-high design was said to contain over 200 floors. [37]
Referencias
- ^ "CNN Interview with Company Chairman". CNN. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
- ^ a b c Summer Said (3 August 2011). "Saudis Plan World's Tallest Tower". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
- ^ "Jeddah's Kingdom Tower: how much higher can skyscrapers go? A history of cities in 50 buildings, day 50". the Guardian.
- ^ "Jeddah Tower: What does the world's next tallest skyscraper look like now?". CNN.
- ^ a b "Jeddah Tower – The Skyscraper Center". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat.
- ^ "Kingdom Tower Jeddah, Saudi Arabia" (PDF). Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture LLP. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
- ^ "KONE wins order for Saudi Arabia's Kingdom Tower, the world's tallest building". KONE Corporation. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
- ^ a b "Langan Website". Langan International. 2011. Archived from the original on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- ^ Nambiar, Sona (2 August 2011). "Kingdom Tower to pip reigning champ Burj Khalifa by 173m". Emirates 24/7. Dubai Media Incorporated. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
- ^ "8.4 billion real estate deal objective is to develop Jeddah Tower and the Jeddah Economic City". Kingdom Holding Company. 29 November 2015. Archived from the original on 30 November 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
- ^ Jerusha Sequeira (24 June 2015). "Saudi's Kingdom Tower: How world's tallest building will benefit Jeddah". MEConstructionNews.com. CPI Media Group. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
- ^ Farid, Sonia (4 April 2011). "Bin Talal remains richest Arab in 2011: report". Alarabiya.net. Archived from the original on 23 November 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ^ a b "ESD Designing Building Systems for Kingdom Tower". Business Wire. 5 August 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- ^ a b Khan, Ghazanfar Ali; Abbas, Maher (3 August 2011). "Kingdom Holding to build world's tallest tower in Jeddah". Arab News. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ^ "Listerious - List of Jeddah Tower facts". Retrieved 7 August 2011.
- ^ AFP (13 March 2008). "Saudi mile-high tower plan raises bar". The Australian. Archived from the original on 7 March 2009. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
- ^ a b "Kingdom Tower: Tallest of the tall". The Chicago Tribune. 2 August 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
- ^ a b "Saudi skyscraper: facts and figures". London: The Daily Telegraph. 11 August 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
- ^ a b Carr, Robert (11 August 2011). "JEC ASSEMBLES TEAM FOR $1.2B TOWER". Globest.com. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
- ^ Devi, Kanchana (6 August 2011). "World's tallest tower to be built for $1.2 bn in Saudi Arabia". TruthDive. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 6 August 2011.CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
- ^ Radnedge, Aidan (11 August 2011). "Kingdom Tower in Saudi Arabia to be world's next tallest building". Metro.co.uk. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
- ^ a b c d e Roberts, Ben (13 August 2011). "Crown of the Kingdom". ConstructionWeekOnline. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
- ^ Etherington, Rose (2 August 2011). "First image of world's tallest building, to be built in Jeddah". Dezeen. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
- ^ a b "Tallest tower plan in Jeddah on track". Gulf News. 22 October 2010. Archived from the original on 27 October 2010. Retrieved 31 October 2010.
- ^ a b Ephgrave, Oliver (13 August 2011). "King of skyscrapers". Retrieved 14 August 2011.
- ^ Gerrity, Michael (3 August 2011). "Saudi Arabia's Kingdom Tower Announced, World's Newest Tallest Tower". WorldPropertyChannel. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
- ^ Sharif, Arif (22 October 2010). "Alwaleed Picks Burj Khalifa Architect Adrian Smith to Design Kingdom Tower". Bloomberg. Retrieved 22 October 2010.
- ^ a b "Prince Alwaleed Signs SR4.6Billion Contract for World's Tallest 1,000 meters Tower 1st Phase of Jeddah Development". PR Newswire. 2 August 2011. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
- ^ Abdulla, Hannah-Farah (9 August 2011). "Kingdom Tower: ESD wins building systems contract". ConstructionWeekOnline. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
- ^ "Kingdom Tower World's Tallest Skyscraper in Jeddah". Urukia Magazine. 3 August 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- ^ "Kingdom's Alwaleed: Tallest Tower To Provide Sustainable Profit". The Wall Street Journal. 2 August 2011. Archived from the original on 5 January 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
- ^ Saudi Prince Alwaleed To Build World's Tallest Tower With Binladen Group Kerry A. Dolan, Forbes, 2 August 2011 @ 01:04 pm
- ^ Building a landmark: Kingdom Tower, The world’s tallest building Kingdom Holding Company. 26 December 2011
- ^ Stuart Matthews (3 August 2011). "How long will Kingdom Tower take to construct?". ConstructionWeekOnline. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
- ^ a b Gerhard Hope (7 August 2011). "Besix: Kingdom Tower's big challenge is logistics". ConstructionWeekOnline. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
- ^ "Kingdom eyes loans, cash to build world's tallest tower". Arabian Business. 7 August 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
- ^ a b Broomhall, Elizabeth (21 November 2010). "Besix: we expect Binladin to win Kingdom Tower". ConstructionWeekOnline. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
- ^ DeFreitas, Susan (12 August 2011). "Planned Green Skyscraper Really, Really Tall". EarthTechling LLC. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
- ^ "Alwaleed bin Talal companies to build the tallest tower in the world". Al Bawaba. 8 August 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
- ^ a b CW staff (16 August 2011). "Roll call". ConstructionWeekOnline. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
- ^ "Mile High Tower (working name) – Jeddah". Tallest Building in the World.com. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
- ^ a b "BAUER Group again provides foundations for world's tallest building in Saudi Arabia". Bauer group. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
- ^ a b Ryan Haggerty (21 October 2018). "Chicago firm's design towers over the rest". The Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
- ^ a b Mahbubani, Rhea (10 August 2011). "The Kingdom Tower To Overtake Burj Khalifa As Dubai's Tallest Tower". Haute Living. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ^ Timon Singh. "Has the Mile High Tower been shelved?". MENA Infrastructure. GDS Publishing Ltd. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
- ^ "Saudi mile-high tower latest skyscraper to stall". New Civil Engineer (Emap). Retrieved 23 February 2009.
- ^ "Kingdom Holding says tower not on hold". Arabian Business. Archived from the original on 26 November 2009. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
- ^ "US firm to design world's tallest tower in Saudi". AMEnfo. 16 March 2010. Archived from the original on 22 March 2010. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
- ^ a b c Joel Scanlon (4 August 2011). "Kingdom Holding Contracts Construction of World's Tallest Tower". AZoBuild. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "4 August 2011 -Architect Adrian Smith -Chicago Tonight Video -WTTW". WTTW. 4 August 2011. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
- ^ Janelle Zara (5 August 2011). "Bin Laden Group Plans to Build the World's Tallest Super Skyscraper in Jeddah". Art Info. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- ^ "Kingdom Tower Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: to be the world's tallest building". e-architect. 2 August 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- ^ Frechette, R; Gilchrist, R (March 2008). "Towards Zero Energy: A case study of the Pearl River Tower, Guangzhou, China". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat: 9. Archived from the original on 26 May 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
- ^ "Emaar Sign Agreement For 1000m Tower". Skyscrapernews. 22 October 2010. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
- ^ Blair Kamin (22 October 2010). "Saudi mega-tower designed by Chicago architects moving ahead". The Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 31 October 2010.
- ^ a b c Chris Sleight (4 August 2011). "AS+GG named as architect for 1 km Kingdom Tower". KHL Group. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
- ^ a b "Langan International Designs Foundation for World's Tallest Tower". PR Newswire. 16 August 2011. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
- ^ White, Stephen (14 August 2011). "Higher and faster". ConstructionWeekOnline. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
- ^ Slevin, Jacob (25 August 2011). "Kingdom Tower: World's Newest Tallest Building for 2016". Huffington Post. Retrieved 25 August 2011.
- ^ "Kingdom Tower: How The World's Next Tallest Building Will Be Built". Gizmodo. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
- ^ a b "The tallest building in the world". The Sydney Morning Herald. 17 April 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
- ^ Mark Brown (11 April 2011). "Saudi Arabia's mile-high Kingdom Tower gets green-lit". Wired.co.uk. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
- ^ Wong, Raymond (7 April 2011). "Kingdom Tower will make the Burj Khalifa look short, reach one mile up". Dvice.com. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
- ^ a b CW Staff (4 August 2011). "Kingdom Tower cheaper to build than Burj Khalifa". ConstructionWeekOnline. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
- ^ "Kingdom Holding Co signs US$1.2 billion deal with Saudi Binladen Group to build world's tallest tower". The Economic Times. 2 August 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
- ^ "Binladen Group Awarded $1.2bn Contract Awarded to Build World's Tallest Tower". Trade Newswire. 2 August 2011. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
- ^ Zahra Hankir (2 August 2011). "Kingdom Holding's Stock Jumps on Contract for Record-High Tower". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
- ^ Abeer Allam (2 August 2011). "Saudi Arabia plans world's tallest tower". Financial Times. Retrieved 4 August 2011.(subscription required)
- ^ "AS+GG Designs Kingdom Tower, to Be the World's Tallest Building" (Press release). Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture. 2 August 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
- ^ CW Staff. "Landtech wins Kingdom Tower irrigation contract".
- ^ "Landech to Design Irrigation System for Kingdom Tower, Soon to be the World's Tallest Building". Landtech Design. 13 August 2012.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 1 October 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2012.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ "Kingdom Holding Awards Contracts Worth $98 Million". U.S.-Saudi Arabian Business Council. 10 October 2012. Archived from the original on 8 November 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
- ^ "Bauer awarded Kingdom Tower contract – KHL Group".
- ^ "We are now Arcadis".
- ^ "EC Harris and Mace will manage Kingdom Tower project".
- ^ Deema Almashabi (29 April 2013). "Saudi Water Company Signs $587 Million Jeddah Tower Deal". Bloomberg. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
- ^ Staff. "Emaar 'considering' tower higher than 1km-tall Kingdom Tower". Emirates 24-7.
- ^ "Jeddah Economic Company Board of Directors Appoints New CEO JEC Announces Completion of Pilling of Tallest Tower in the World". Kingdom Holdings. 4 December 2013. Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
- ^ "Jeddah's Kingdom Tower to use World's Tallest Construction Crane". CTBUH. 19 September 2014. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
- ^ "Jeddah Tower going ahead after Saudi corruption purge". Arabian Business. ITP Media Group. Reuters. 8 February 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
- ^ Parasie, Nicolas; Said, Summer (12 March 2018). "Crown Prince's Decision-Making Power Reaches Deep into Companies". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
At his Kingdom Holding conglomerate, Prince al-Waleed and his team remain nominally in charge. But the Saudi government demonstrated its new influence in February when it ordered some of his senior managers to leave his biggest new project, Jeddah Tower, slated to be the tallest building in the world at over 3,000 feet high. The government directed them instead to work on construction of Neom, a new, high-tech Saudi city envisioned by Prince Mohammed, said people familiar with the directive, who understood it to be in line with the prince's wishes.
- ^ a b "Smart services deal signed for $1.5bn Jeddah Tower project". ArabianBusiness.com. 23 March 2018. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
- ^ McKeown, Renee (5 March 2020). "Jeddah Tower Progress: What Happened to the World's Tallest Tower?". The Urban Developer. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
- ^ Lo, Andrea (17 January 2018). "Jeddah Tower: What does the world's next tallest skyscraper look like now?". CNN. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
- ^ "Construction of world's tallest tower restarts after delays". Dezeen. 12 March 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
- ^ Wells, Matthew. Skyscrapers: Structure and Design. Laurence King Publishing, 2005 (p. 154)
- ^ a b "Mile-high tower wars: How tall is too tall?". The Independent. London. 18 June 2008. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
- ^ a b c Ephgrave, Oliver (13 August 2011). "Tall order". ConstructionWeekOnline. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
- ^ a b Davidson, Justin (14 August 2011). "Higher: At the Skyscraper Museum, a reminder of why we keep reaching for the clouds". NY Mag. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
- ^ Kamin, Blair. "50 years later, Lake Point Tower is a singular achievement — and let's hope it stays that way". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 23 September 2018.
- ^ a b Oliver Ephgrave (10 August 2011). "Experts: tapered form of Kingdom Tower is ideal". ConstructionWeekOnline. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
- ^ a b c d Matthews, Stuart (13 August 2011). "City of the hyper tall". ConstructionWeekOnline. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
- ^ a b c Jeffery Townson (3 August 2011). "Waleed's Saudi Mega Tower is Even Cooler Than You Think". The Business Insider. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
- ^ "Exciting project". Arab News. 4 August 2011. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
- ^ a b c Vrushti Mawani (5 August 2011). "Kingdom Tower by Bin Laden Group will be the World's Tallest Building". Industry Leaders Magazine. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
- ^ a b Hope, Gerhard (13 August 2011). "The Kingdom beckons". ConstructionWeekOnline. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
- ^ a b "Should the Kingdom Tower be built?". bdonline.com. 16 August 2011. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
- ^ a b "Kingdom Tower" (.PDF). Adrian Smith+Gordon Gill Architecture. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
- ^ "Air Pressure and Altitude above Sea Level". The Engineering ToolBox. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
- ^ "Burj Khalifa". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
- ^ a b Sian Disson (2 August 2011). "After months of rumour and suspicion, AS+GG confirms it is designing a $1.2bn, 1000+m tower in Jeddah". World Architecture News. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
- ^ Jesus Diaz (8 August 2011). "The New Images of the World's Newest Tallest Building Are Simply Insane". Gizmodo. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
- ^ Lucas, Becky (11 January 2010). "Burj Khalifa: We speak to the people who made it possible". Time Out Dubai. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
- ^ Davids, Gavin (27 August 2011). "Kingdom Tower to minimise stack effect, says ESD". ConstructionWeekOnline. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
- ^ Davids, Gavin (24 August 2011). "Burj Khalifa provides Kingdom Tower MEP template". ConstructionWeekOnline. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
- ^ Reporter, Naushad K. CherrayilStaff (12 April 2018). "Digital transformation is 'key to future development'". Gulfnews.com. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
- ^ "Environmental Design Systems, Inc". Bloomerg. 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- ^ Hannah-Farah Abdulla (9 August 2011). "Kingdom Tower: ESD wins building systems contract". ConstructionWeekOnline. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
- ^ "Portfolio (PDF)". Langan International. 2011. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- ^ "Saudi prince developing world's tallest building". NewsFeed Researcher. 3 August 2011. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
- ^ Bloomberg News (7 August 2011). "Alwaleed hires Saudi Binladin to build world's tallest tower". Chicago Daily Herald. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
- ^ Neimeister, Larry (11 January 2012). "NY judge drops Binladen Group as 9/11 defendant". The Miami Herald. Archived from the original on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
- ^ Staff writer (15 August 2011). "No hurdle to Kingdom Tower hitting 2km". ArabianBusiness.com. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
- ^ "Kingdom Tower cheaper to build than Burj Khalifa". Arab Business. 4 August 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
- ^ Oliver Ephgrave (4 August 2011). "Skyscraper experts say 2km tower is now possible". ConstructionWeekOnline. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
- ^ Aya Lowe (5 August 2011). "Saudi real estate market poised for boom". Gulf News. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
- ^ "Saudi begins building new $7.2 bn Jeddah airport". 11 January 2011. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
- ^ James Marshall Crotty (2 August 2011). "World's Tallest Building Coming to Saudi Arabia. Is Education Soon To Follow?". Forbes. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- ^ a b "World's tallest building coming to Saudi Arabia". NBC News. 2 August 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- ^ Bloomberg (8 August 2011). "Standard Chartered buys equity stake in Saudi Bin Laden unit". Gulf News. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
- ^ Khawaja Umer Farooq (5 August 2011). "We need education, not skyscrapers". Dawn.com. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- ^ Tom Oleson (6 August 2011). "The world has forgotten what happened in Babel". Winnipeg Free Press. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
- ^ "A recession indicator that's hard to miss". MoneyWeek. 11 February 2008. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
- ^ Rebecca J. Rosen (8 August 2011). "A New Tallest Building, Another Sign of Economic Doom". The Atlantic. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
- ^ "Skyscrapers as Economic Indicators". Market Urbanism. 26 August 2008. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
- ^ Moser, Whet (11 August 2011). "The Kingdom Tower: Skyscraper for the Next Financial Collapse?". Retrieved 11 August 2011.
- ^ "'World's Tallest Building' Crown is Coming to Saudi Arabia". Arabianomics. 15 April 2011. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
- ^ Oliver Ephgrave (11 August 2011). "Engineer: Kingdom Tower is practical challenge". ConstructionWeekOnline. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
- ^ Carlin Gerbich (10 August 2011). "French spiderman up for challenge of Kingdom Tower". ConstructionWeekOnline. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ^ Gibbon, Gavin (14 May 2014). "Kingdom Tower to complete in December 2018". ConstructionWeekOnline. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
- ^ CW Staff (17 August 2011). "Kingdom Tower to be 50 storeys taller than Burj". ConstructionWeekOnline. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
enlaces externos
- Kingdom Holding Company website
- Jeddah Tower on the CTBUH Skyscraper Center
- Slideshow image gallery of renderings by Fox News
- Jeddah Tower on Twitter
- Construction Timelapse on YouTube