Lubbock ( / l ʌ b ə k / LUB -ək ) [5] es la 11-más poblada ciudad en el estado de los EEUU de Tejas y el asiento de condado de Condado de Lubbock . Con una población de 258,862 en 2019, la ciudad también es la 83 más poblada de los Estados Unidos. [6] [7] La ciudad se encuentra en la parte noroeste del estado, una región conocida histórica y geográficamente como el Llano Estacado , y ecológicamente es parte del extremo sur delHigh Plains , que se encuentra en el centro económico del área metropolitana de Lubbock , que tiene una población estimada de 327,424 en 2020. [8]
Lubbock, Texas | |
---|---|
Centro de Lubbock en 2013 | |
Bandera Sello | |
Apodo (s): "Centro de la ciudad" | |
Lubbock Ubicación dentro de Texas | |
Coordenadas: 33 ° 34′40 ″ N 101 ° 53′24 ″ W / 33.57778 ° N 101.89000 ° W [1]Coordenadas : 33 ° 34′40 ″ N 101 ° 53′24 ″ O / 33.57778 ° N 101.89000 ° W | |
País | Estados Unidos |
Expresar | Texas |
condado | Lubbock |
Establecido | 1890 |
Incorporado | 16 de marzo de 1909 |
Gobierno | |
• Tipo | Administrador del consejo |
• Alcalde | Dan Pope ( derecha ) |
• Ayuntamiento | Juan A. Chadis Shelia Patterson Harris Jeff Griffith Steve Massengale Randy Christian Latrelle Joy |
• Administrador de la ciudad | W. Jarrett Atkinson |
Área [2] | |
• Ciudad | 135,85 millas cuadradas (351,84 km 2 ) |
• Tierra | 348,62 km 2 (134,60 millas cuadradas ) |
• Agua | 1,24 millas cuadradas (3,22 km 2 ) |
Elevación [1] | 3.202 pies (976 m) |
Población ( 2020 ) [3] | |
• Ciudad | 258,870 |
• Densidad | 1.923,17 / mi 2 (742,54 / km 2 ) |
• Metro | 314,840 |
• CSA | 338,115 |
Demonym (s) | Lubbockita |
Zona horaria | UTC-6 ( CST ) |
• Verano ( DST ) | UTC-5 ( CDT ) |
Códigos ZIP | 79401-79416, 79423, 79424, 79430, 79452, 79453, 79457, 79464, 79490, 79491, 79493, 79499 |
Codigo de AREA | 806 |
Código FIPS | 48-45000 [4] |
ID de función GNIS | 1374760 [1] |
Carreteras interestatales | |
Rutas de EE. UU. | |
Sitio web | www |
El apodo de Lubbock, "Hub City", se deriva de ser el centro económico, educativo y de atención médica de la región de varios condados, al norte de la Cuenca Pérmica y al sur del Panhandle de Texas , comúnmente llamado South Plains . [9] El área es la región algodonera contigua más grande del mundo [10] [11] y depende en gran medida del agua del Acuífero Ogallala para el riego . CNNMoney.com seleccionó a Lubbock como el duodécimo mejor lugar para iniciar una pequeña empresa. [12] CNN mencionó el ambiente comercial tradicional de la ciudad: alquiler bajo para espacios comerciales, ubicación central y gobierno cooperativo de la ciudad. Lubbock es el hogar de Texas Tech University , la sexta universidad más grande por inscripción en el estado. La escuela secundaria Lubbock ha sido reconocida durante tres años consecutivos por Newsweek como una de las mejores escuelas secundarias de los Estados Unidos, basándose en parte en su programa de bachillerato internacional . [13]
Historia
A partir de 1867, la tierra que se convertiría en Lubbock era el corazón de Comancheria , el dominio cambiante controlado por los Comanche . [14]
El condado de Lubbock fue fundado en 1876. Fue nombrado en honor a Thomas Saltus Lubbock , ex guardabosques de Texas y hermano de Francis Lubbock , gobernador de Texas durante la Guerra Civil. [15] Ya en 1884, existía una oficina de correos de Estados Unidos en Yellow House Canyon . Una pequeña ciudad, conocida como Old Lubbock, Lubbock o North Town, se estableció a unas tres millas al este. En 1890, el Lubbock original se fusionó con Monterey, otra pequeña ciudad al sur del cañón. La nueva ciudad adoptó el nombre de Lubbock. La fusión incluyó trasladar el Hotel Nicolett del Lubbock original a través del cañón sobre rodillos hasta el nuevo sitio de la ciudad. Lubbock se convirtió en la sede del condado en 1891, [16] y se incorporó el 16 de marzo de 1909. En el mismo año, llegó el primer tren de ferrocarril.
Texas Technological College (ahora Texas Tech University) fue fundada en Lubbock en 1923. Una universidad separada, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , abrió como Texas Tech University School of Medicine en 1969. Ambas universidades ahora están supervisadas por el Texas Tech University System , después de que se estableció en 1996 y tiene su sede en Lubbock. La Universidad Cristiana de Lubbock , fundada en 1957, y el Sunset International Bible Institute , ambos afiliados a las Iglesias de Cristo , tienen sus campus principales en la ciudad. South Plains College y Wayland Baptist University operan campus sucursales en Lubbock.
En un momento, Lubbock fue el hogar de la Base de la Fuerza Aérea Reese , ubicada a 10 km al oeste de la ciudad. Fue establecido en agosto de 1941, durante la preparación de la defensa antes de la Segunda Guerra Mundial (1941-1945), por el Departamento de Guerra de los Estados Unidos y el Ejército de los Estados Unidos como Lubbock Army Airfield. Sirvió a las antiguas Fuerzas Aéreas del Ejército de los EE. UU . Y más tarde a la Fuerza Aérea de los EE. UU. (USAF), después de la reorganización y el establecimiento en 1947. La misión principal de la base de la USAF a lo largo de su existencia fue el entrenamiento de pilotos. La base se cerró el 30 de septiembre de 1997, después de haber sido seleccionada para el cierre por la Comisión de Cierre y Realineación de Bases en 1995, y ahora es un parque empresarial y de investigación llamado Reese Technology Center .
La ciudad alberga el Lubbock Lake Landmark , que forma parte del Museo de la Universidad Tecnológica de Texas . El hito es una reserva arqueológica y de historia natural en el extremo norte de la ciudad. Muestra evidencia de casi 12.000 años de ocupación humana en la región. El National Ranching Heritage Center , que también forma parte del Museo de la Universidad Tecnológica de Texas, alberga estructuras históricas relacionadas con ranchos de la región.
Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, los aviadores cadetes de la Royal Air Force, que volaban desde su base de entrenamiento en Terrell, Texas, volaban rutinariamente a Lubbock en vuelos de entrenamiento. La ciudad sirvió como sustituto de los británicos de Cork, Irlanda, que estaba a la misma distancia de Londres, Inglaterra, que Lubbock de Terrell.
En agosto de 1951, se vio una formación de luces en forma de V sobre la ciudad. La serie de avistamientos " Lubbock Lights " recibió publicidad nacional y es considerada como uno de los primeros grandes casos de " ovnis ". Los avistamientos se consideraron creíbles porque fueron presenciados por varios profesores de ciencias respetados en Texas Technological College y fueron fotografiados por un estudiante de Texas Tech. Las fotografías se reimprimieron a nivel nacional en periódicos y en Life . El Proyecto Libro Azul , la investigación oficial de la USAF sobre el misterio OVNI, concluyó que las fotografías no eran un engaño y mostraban objetos genuinos, pero descartó a los OVNIs como "polillas voladoras nocturnas" o un tipo de pájaro llamado chorlito reflejado en la noche. resplandor de las nuevas farolas de Lubbock.
En 1960, la Oficina del Censo de EE. UU. Informó que la población de Lubbock era de 128,691 y el área de 75,0 millas cuadradas (194 km 2 ). [17]
El 11 de mayo de 1970, el Tornado de Lubbock azotó la ciudad. Murieron 26 personas y los daños se estimaron en 125 millones de dólares. Se cree que la Metro Tower (edificio NTS), entonces conocida como Great Plains Life Building, con 274 pies (84 m) de altura, fue el edificio más alto que jamás sobrevivió al impacto directo de un tornado F5 . [18] El entonces alcalde Jim Granberry y el Ayuntamiento de Lubbock, que incluía al sucesor de Granberry como alcalde, Morris W. Turner , fueron acusados de dirigir la reconstrucción del centro de Lubbock después de la tormenta.
En agosto de 1988, decenas de miles de personas llegaron a Lubbock, atraídas por una aparición de María .
En 2009, Lubbock celebró su centenario. Los historiadores Paul H. Carlson , Donald R. Abbe y David J. Murrah fueron coautores de Lubbock and the South Plains.
El 12 de agosto de 2008, la Cámara de Comercio de Lubbock anunció que lideraría el esfuerzo para obtener suficientes firmas para votar sobre permitir la venta de bebidas alcohólicas envasadas en todo el condado. [19] El esfuerzo de la petición tuvo éxito y la pregunta se planteó a los votantes. El 9 de mayo de 2009, la Propuesta 1, que amplió la venta de alcohol envasado en el condado de Lubbock, fue aprobada por un margen de casi dos a uno, con un 64,5% a favor. La Propuesta 2, que legalizó la venta de bebidas mezcladas en restaurantes en todo el condado, fue aprobada con un 69.5% a favor. [20] El 23 de septiembre de 2009, la Comisión de Bebidas Alcohólicas de Texas emitió permisos para más de 80 tiendas en Lubbock. [21] Antes del 9 de mayo de 2009, el condado de Lubbock permitía las ventas de "paquete" de alcohol (ventas de licor embotellado en tiendas de licores), pero no las ventas "por bebida", excepto en establecimientos privados como clubes de campo . Dentro de los límites de la ciudad, la situación se revirtió, con restaurantes y bares capaces de servir alcohol, pero las licorerías prohibidas.
Geografía
Se considera que Lubbock es el centro de las llanuras del sur, y está situado al norte de la Cuenca Pérmica y al sur del Panhandle de Texas. [22] Según la Oficina del Censo de Estados Unidos , a partir de 2010, la ciudad tiene una superficie total de 319,99 km 2 (123,55 millas cuadradas ), de las cuales 317,04 km 2 (122,41 millas cuadradas ) de ellas (99,07%) son tierra y 1,14 millas cuadradas (2,95 km 2 ), o (0,93%), está cubierta por agua. [6] La densidad de población era de 1.875,6 personas por milla cuadrada (724,2 / km 2 ).
Horizonte
Los edificios más altos de Lubbock se enumeran a continuación. [23] [24] [25] [26]
Rango | Nombre | Altura pies / m | Pisos (historias) | año completado |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Torre NTS | 274/84 | 20 | 1955 |
2 | Edificio Wells Fargo | 209/64 | 15 | 1968 |
3 | Edificio de comunicación y medios de TTU | 208/63 | 12 | 1969 |
4 | Hotel Overton | 165/50 | 15 | 2009 |
5 | Edificio de arquitectura TTU | 158/48 | 10 | 1971 |
6 | Torre de los ciudadanos | 153 / 46,5 | 11 | 1963 |
7 | Torre del parque | 150/46 | 15 | 1968 |
- | Caprock Hilton Hotel (demolido) | 144/44 | 12 | 1929 |
8 | Edificio de oficinas del condado de Lubbock | 143/44 | 12 | 1940 |
9 | Hotel pionero | 136 / 41,5 | 11 | 1926 |
10 = | TTU Chitwood Hall | 134/41 | 12 | 1967 |
10 = | TTU Coleman Hall | 134/41 | 12 | 1967 |
10 = | TTU Weymouth Hall | 134/41 | 12 | 1967 |
13 | Edificio del Banco Nacional de Lubbock | 134/41 | 10 | 1979 |
14 | Centro médico Covenant | 114 / 34,5 | 10 | 1994 |
15 | Edificio Federal de Mahón y Palacio de Justicia de EE. UU. | 107/33 | 8 | 1971 |
dieciséis | Torre de la victoria | 96/29 | 8 | 1999 |
Clima
Lubbock tiene un clima semiárido fresco ( clasificación de Köppen BSk ). [27] En promedio, Lubbock recibe 18,69 pulgadas (475 mm) de lluvia [28] y 8,2 pulgadas (0,21 m) de nieve por año. [29]
En 2013, Lubbock fue nombrada la "ciudad meteorológica más dura" de Estados Unidos según el Weather Channel . [30]
Los veranos son calurosos, con 78 tardes en promedio de 90 ° F (32.2 ° C) + máximas y 7.4 tardes de 100 ° F (37.8 ° C) + máximas, aunque debido a la aridez y la elevación, las temperaturas se mantienen por encima de 70 ° F ( 21,1 ° C) solo unas pocas mañanas. Lubbock es la décima ciudad con más viento en los EE. UU. Con una velocidad promedio del viento de 12,4 mph (20,0 km / h; 5,5 m / s). [31] La temperatura más alta registrada fue de 114 ° F (45,6 ° C) el 27 de junio de 1994. [32]
Las tardes de invierno en Lubbock son típicamente soleadas y templadas, pero las mañanas son frías, con temperaturas que suelen descender por debajo del punto de congelación, [32] [33] y como la ciudad se encuentra en la Zona 7 de Resistencia a las Plantas del USDA , [34] mínimos que alcanzan los 10 ° F o - 12.2 ° C ocurren en 2.5 mañanas y 5.7 en la tarde cuando la temperatura no sube por encima del punto de congelación. La temperatura más baja registrada fue de -17 ° F (-27,2 ° C) el 8 de febrero de 1933. [32]
Lubbock puede experimentar tormentas eléctricas severas durante la primavera y, ocasionalmente, el verano. El riesgo de tornados y granizo muy grande existe durante la primavera en particular, ya que Lubbock se encuentra en el extremo suroeste de Tornado Alley .
Datos climáticos de Lubbock, Texas (normales de 1981 a 2010) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mes | ene | feb | mar | abr | Mayo | jun | jul | ago | sep | oct | nov | dic | Año |
Registro alto ° F (° C) | 87 (31) | 89 (32) | 95 (35) | 104 (40) | 109 (43) | 114 (46) | 109 (43) | 109 (43) | 105 (41) | 100 (38) | 90 (32) | 83 (28) | 114 (46) |
Promedio alto ° F (° C) | 54,1 (12,3) | 58,9 (14,9) | 66,7 (19,3) | 75,4 (24,1) | 83,8 (28,8) | 90,6 (32,6) | 92,8 (33,8) | 91,3 (32,9) | 84,5 (29,2) | 75,2 (24,0) | 63,6 (17,6) | 54,1 (12,3) | 74,3 (23,5) |
Promedio bajo ° F (° C) | 26,4 (−3,1) | 30,1 (−1,1) | 37,0 (2,8) | 45,7 (7,6) | 55,9 (13,3) | 64,2 (17,9) | 67,7 (19,8) | 66,6 (19,2) | 58,8 (14,9) | 47,9 (8,8) | 35,9 (2,2) | 27,1 (-2,7) | 47,0 (8,3) |
Grabar bajo ° F (° C) | −16 (−27) | −17 (−27) | −2 (−19) | 18 (−8) | 27 (−3) | 39 (4) | 49 (9) | 43 (6) | 33 (1) | 17 (−8) | −1 (−18) | −2 (−19) | −17 (−27) |
Precipitación promedio pulgadas (mm) | 0,65 (17) | 0,75 (19) | 1,10 (28) | 1,41 (36) | 2,30 (58) | 3,04 (77) | 1,91 (49) | 1,91 (49) | 2,51 (64) | 1,93 (49) | 0,85 (22) | 0,76 (19) | 19,12 (486) |
Nevadas promedio pulgadas (cm) | 2,6 (6,6) | 1,6 (4,1) | 0,6 (1,5) | 0,2 (0,51) | 0,0 (0,0) | 0,0 (0,0) | 0,0 (0,0) | 0,0 (0,0) | 0,0 (0,0) | - | 0,9 (2,3) | 2,3 (5,8) | 8,2 (21) |
Días de precipitación promedio (≥ 0.01 in) | 3,7 | 4.5 | 5,0 | 4.8 | 7.3 | 8.2 | 6.2 | 6,9 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 3.8 | 4.4 | 66.3 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 1.9 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 1.8 | 6.8 |
Average relative humidity (%) | 57.9 | 56.7 | 49.7 | 47.2 | 52.8 | 55.7 | 54.5 | 59.4 | 64.3 | 59.3 | 57.7 | 59.5 | 56.2 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 210.1 | 202.9 | 267.8 | 286.3 | 310.7 | 326.0 | 338.0 | 318.6 | 261.6 | 258.2 | 214.7 | 201.7 | 3,196.6 |
Percent possible sunshine | 66 | 66 | 72 | 73 | 72 | 76 | 77 | 77 | 71 | 73 | 69 | 65 | 72 |
Source: NOAA (extremes 1911–present, sun and relative humidity 1961–1990)[35][36][37] |
Demografía
Historical population | |||
---|---|---|---|
Census | Pop. | %± | |
1910 | 1,938 | — | |
1920 | 4,051 | 109.0% | |
1930 | 20,520 | 406.5% | |
1940 | 31,853 | 55.2% | |
1950 | 71,747 | 125.2% | |
1960 | 128,691 | 79.4% | |
1970 | 149,101 | 15.9% | |
1980 | 173,979 | 16.7% | |
1990 | 186,206 | 7.0% | |
2000 | 199,564 | 7.2% | |
2010 | 229,573 | 15.0% | |
2020 | 258,870 | 12.8% | |
U.S. Decennial Census[38] |
The 2019 American Community Survey's demographic and housing estimates program determined Lubbock had a population of 258,870, a slight increase over the U.S. Census Bureau's population estimate of 258,862.[39] At the 2010 United States census, 229,573 people, 88,506 households, and 53,042 families resided in the city. At the 2000 U.S. census, 199,564 people, 77,527 households, and 48,531 families resided in the city.
Of the population in 2019, 125,685 were male and 133,185 were female. There were 94.4 males per 100 females in the city limits. In 2019, the median age was 29.8 years; according to Move.org in 2016, Lubbock and its metropolitan area was the 6th best for residents aged 20 and older.[40] The Lubbock area was also first in Texas for Millennial ownership, and 14th in the U.S. in 2020.[41] The median value of owner-occupied housing units were $152,800 and the gross rent for Lubbock was $976.[42] Lubbockites had a median household income of $52,254 in 2019, and a mean income of $72,144.[43]
Of the 88,506 households in 2010, 31.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.9% were married couples living together, 14.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.1 were not families. About 28.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.09. Of the 77,527 households in 2000, 30.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.6% were married couples living together, 12.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.4% were not families. About 28.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.07.
In 2011, the estimated median income for a household in the city was $43,364, and for a family was $59,185. Male full-time workers had a median income of $40,445 versus $30,845 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,092. About 11.4% of families and 20.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.5% of those under age 18 and 7.3% of those age 65 or over.[44] The city's median household income in 2000 was $31,844, and for the median family income was $41,418. Males had a median income of $30,222 versus $21,708 for females. The city's per capita income was $17,511. About 12.0% of families and 18.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.9% of those under age 18 and 10.1% of those age 65 or over.
Race and ethnicity
In 2019, Lubbock had a racial and ethnic makeup of 50.1% non-Hispanic whites, 7.1% Blacks and African Americans, 0.3% American Indians and Alaska Natives, 2.6% Asians, <0.1% Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, 0.1% some other race, and 2.4% two or more races. The Hispanic and Latin American population (of any race) was an estimated 37.4% of the total population.[39] In 2010, the racial makeup of the city was 75.8% White, 8.6% Black or African American, 0.7% Native American, 2.4% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 9.9% from other races, and 2.5% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latin Americans of any race were 32.1% of the population. Non-Hispanic whites were 55.7% of the population in 2010, down from 77.2% in 1970.[17] In 2000, the city's racial makeup was 72.9% White, 8.7% African American, 0.6% Native American, 1.5% Asian, <0.1% Pacific Islander, 14.3% from other races, and 2.0% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 27.5% of the population.
Religion
Christianity is the dominant religion in Lubbock and its metropolitan area, being part of the Bible Belt.[45][46] As of 2020, the largest Christian groups were Baptists, followed by the Catholic Church and Methodism. The largest Baptist denominations within the Lubbock area are the Southern Baptist Convention and Baptist General Convention of Texas.[47][48] Catholics within the metropolitan area are primarily served by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Lubbock. Methodists are divided between the United Methodist Church and other smaller Methodist bodies. Of the religious population, 1.9% practiced Islam; the Islamic religion is the second largest in the area as of 2020.[46] Eastern faiths including Buddhism and Hinduism were collectively the third largest groups in Lubbock, and Judaism was practiced by an estimated 0.1% of the population.
Economía
The Lubbock area is the largest contiguous cotton-growing region in the world and is heavily dependent on federal government agricultural subsidies and on irrigation water drawn from the Ogallala Aquifer. The aquifer is being depleted at a rate unsustainable over the long term. Much progress has been made toward water conservation, and new technologies such as low-energy precision application irrigation were originally developed in the Lubbock area. A new pipeline from Lake Alan Henry is expected to supply up to 3.2 billion US gallons (12,000,000 m3; 12 GL) of water per year.[49]
Adolph R. Hanslik, who died in 2007 at the age of 90, was called the "dean" of the Lubbock cotton industry, having worked for years to promote the export trade. Hanslik was also the largest contributor (through 2006) to the Texas Tech University Medical Center.[50] He also endowed the Texas Czech Heritage and Cultural Center's capital campaign for construction of a new library museum archives building in La Grange in Fayette County in his native southeastern Texas.[51]
The 10 largest employers in terms of the number of employees are Texas Tech University, Covenant Health System, Lubbock Independent School District, University Medical Center, United Supermarkets, City of Lubbock, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, AT&T, and Lubbock County. A study conducted by a professor at the Rawls College of Business determined Texas Tech students, faculty, and staff contribute about $1.5 billion to the economy, with about $297.5 million from student shopping alone.[52]
Lubbock has one regional enclosed mall, South Plains Mall, and many open-air shopping centers, most on the city's booming southwestern side. Lubbock is also home to furniture retailers, such as Spears Furniture, which has been in Lubbock since 1950. Lubbock's newest open-air shopping center is Canyon West at the intersection of Milwaukee Avenue and Marsha Sharp Freeway.
As of 2014, a new shopping center on West Loop 289 began development, including the opening of two anchor stores, Cabela's in 2014 and Costco in 2013.
Economic development
Founded as Market Lubbock in 1997, the city created the Lubbock Economic Development Alliance to recruit new business and industry to Lubbock and to retain existing companies. Its mission is to promote economic growth through the creation of high-quality jobs, attract new capital investment, retain and expand existing businesses, and improve Lubbock's quality of life.
Environmental issues
The Scrub-A-Dubb Barrel Company, in the north of the city, had been the cause of public complaints, and committed numerous environmental violations, since the 1970s.[53] Local KCBD News undertook several investigations into the barrel recycling company's waste-handling practices, and when the business closed in 2011, the Environmental Protection Agency was called in to begin cleaning up the site, which they described as "a threat to public health, welfare, and the environment".[54] Greg Fife, the EPA's on-site coordinator, said: "Out of the 60,000 [barrels] we have on site, we think there are between 2,000 and 4,000 that have significant hazardous waste in them". Local residents were informed, "hazardous substances have overflowed the vats and flowed off the site into nearby Blackwater Draw and subsequently through Mackenzie recreational park. The runoff is easily accessible to children at play in the park, golfers, and the park's wildlife." Remediation of the site was expected to take at least five months, at a cost of $3.5 million in federal dollars.[55]
arte y Cultura
Annual cultural events
Every year on July 4, Lubbock hosts the 4th on Broadway event, an Independence Day festival. The event is free to the public, and is considered the largest free festival in Texas. The day's activities usually include a morning parade, a street fair along Broadway Avenue with food stalls and live bands, the Early Settlers' Luncheon, and an evening concert/fireworks program. Broadway Festivals Inc., the nonprofit corporation which organizes the event, estimated a 2004 attendance over 175,000 people. Additionally, the College Baseball Foundation holds events relating to its National College Baseball Hall of Fame during the 4th on Broadway event.
The South Plains Fair is also hosted annually, and features a wide variety of entertainment, including live music, theme-park rides, and various food items sold in a carnival-like setting. During the fair, many agricultural and livestock contests also take place, bringing many participants from the surrounding cities.
The National Cowboy Symposium and Celebration, an annual event celebrating the prototypical Old West cowboy, takes place in Lubbock. The event, held in September, features art, music, cowboy poetry, stories, and the presentation of scholarly papers on cowboy culture and the history of the American West. A chuckwagon cook-off and horse parade also take place during the event.
Music
The West Texas arts scene has created a "West Texas Walk of Fame" within Buddy and Maria Elena Holly Plaza in the historic Depot District, which details musicians such as Buddy Holly, who came from the local area. Lubbock continues to play host to rising and established alt-country acts at venues such as the Cactus Theater and The Blue Light Live, both on Buddy Holly Avenue.[56] The spirit of Buddy Holly is preserved in the Buddy Holly Center in Lubbock's Depot District. The 2004 film Lubbock Lights showcased much of the music associated with the city of Lubbock.
Lubbock is the birthplace of rock and roll legend Buddy Holly, and features a cultural center named for him. The city renamed its annual Buddy Holly Music Festival the Lubbock Music Festival after Holly's widow increased usage fees for his name. Similarly, the city renamed the Buddy Holly West Texas Walk of Fame to honor area musicians as the West Texas Hall of Fame.[57] On January 26, 2009, the City of Lubbock agreed to pay Holly's widow $20,000 for the next 20 years to maintain the name of the Buddy Holly Center. Additionally, land near the center will be named the Buddy and Maria Holly Plaza.[58] Holly's legacy is also remembered through the work of deejays, such as Jerry "Bo" Coleman, Bud Andrews, and Virgil Johnson on radio station KDAV.[59]
Groundbreaking was held on April 20, 2017, for the construction of a new performing arts center, the Buddy Holly Hall of Performing Arts and Sciences, a downtown $153 million project expected to be completed in 2020.[60] Holly Hall will also have concession sites and a bistro with both outdoor and indoor dining. United Supermarkets has been named the food and beverage provider. Thus far, the private group, the Lubbock Entertainment and Performing Arts Association, has raised or received pledges in the amount of $93 million. The Lubbock Independent School District and Ballet Lubbock also support the project.[61]
Lubbock is the birthplace of Mac Davis (1942–2020), who graduated at the age of 16 from Lubbock High School and became a country music singer, songwriter, and actor with crossover success. His early work writing for Elvis Presley produced the hits "Memories", "In the Ghetto", and "A Little Less Conversation". A subsequent solo career in the 1970s produced hits, such as "Baby, Don't Get Hooked on Me", making him a well-known name in popular music. He also starred in his own variety show, a Broadway musical, and various films and television programs.[62]
Outsider musician and psychobilly pioneer The Legendary Stardust Cowboy was also born in Lubbock.[63] He began his musical career there, playing free shows in various parking lots around town.[64] Since striking it big, however, he has not performed in Lubbock, due to how little support and encouragement the city showed him when he was first starting out.[64] John Denver got his start in Lubbock and as a freshman student at Texas Tech in 1966 could be found playing in the Student Union for free. His father was a colonel in the USAF stationed at Reese Air Force Base west of the city.
The Lubbock Symphony Orchestra was founded in 1946 and performs at the Lubbock Memorial Civic Center Theatre.
The Moonlight Musicals Amphitheater is a 930-seat amphitheater opened in 2006. For a period was known as the Wells Fargo Amphitheater. It is used for concerts, stage shows and other special events.
Tourism
Lubbock's Memorial Civic Center hosts many events. Former Mayor Morris Turner (1931–2008), who served from 1972 to 1974, has been called the father of the Civic Center. Other past mayors include Jim Granberry and Roy Bass.
According to a study released by the nonpartisan Bay Area Center for Voting Research in 2005, Lubbock is the second-most conservative city in the United States among municipalities greater than 100,000 in population.[65]
Lubbock sits within the Texas High Plains, an eight-million-acre region that produces 80% of the state's wine grapes.[66] Five wineries, including the most award-winning in Texas (LLano Estacado Winery), are based near Lubbock, providing a significant draw for wine lovers.[67]
The National Ranching Heritage Center, a museum of ranching history, is in Lubbock. It features a number of authentic early Texas ranch buildings, as well as a railroad depot and other historic buildings. An extensive collection of weapons is also on display. Jim Humphreys, late manager of the Pitchfork Ranch east of Lubbock, was a prominent board member of the center. The American Cowboy Culture Association, founded in 1989, is in Lubbock; it co-hosts the annual National Cowboy Symposium and Celebration held annually from Thursday through Sunday after Labor Day.[68]
The Southwest Collection, an archive of the history of the region and its surroundings, which also works closely with the College Baseball Foundation, is on the campus of Texas Tech University, as are the Moody Planetarium and the Museum of Texas Tech University.
The Depot District, an area of the city dedicated to music and nightlife in the old railroad depot area, boasts theatres, upscale restaurants, and cultural attractions. The district is also home to several shops, pubs, nightclubs, a radio station, a magazine, a winery, a salon, and other establishments. Many of the buildings were remodeled from the original Fort Worth & Denver South Plains Railway Depot which stood on the site. The Buddy Holly Center, a museum highlighting the life and music of Buddy Holly, is also in the Depot District, as is the restored community facility, the Cactus Theater.
Lubbock is also home to the Silent Wings Museum. Located on North I-27, Silent Wings features photographs and artifacts from World War II-era glider pilots.
The Science Spectrum is an interactive museum and IMAX Dome theatre with a special focus on children and youth.
National Register of Historic Places
- Cactus Theater
- Canyon Lakes Archaeological District
- Carlock Building
- Fort Worth and Denver South Plains Railway Depot
- Fred and Annie Snyder House
- Holden Properties Historic District
- Kress Building
- Lubbock High School
- Lubbock Lake Landmark
- Lubbock Post Office and Federal Building
- South Overton Residential Historic District
- Texas Technological College Dairy Barn
- Texas Technological College Historic District
- Tubbs-Carlisle House
- Warren and Myrta Bacon House
- William Curry Holden and Olive Price Holden House
Deportes
The Texas Tech Red Raiders are in the Big 12 Conference and field 17 teams in 11 different varsity sports. Men's varsity sports at Texas Tech are baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, tennis, and indoor and outdoor track and field. Women's varsity sports are basketball, cross country, golf, indoor and outdoor track and field, soccer, softball, tennis, and volleyball. The university also offers 30 club sports, including cycling, equestrianism, ice hockey, lacrosse, polo, rodeo, rugby, running, sky diving, swimming, water polo, and wrestling. In 2006, the polo team, composed of Will Tankard, Ross Haislip, Peter Blake, and Tanner Kneese, won the collegiate national championship.[69]
The football program has been competing since October 3, 1925. The Red Raiders have won 15 conference titles and been to 50 bowl games, winning five of the last seven.
The men's basketball program, started in 1925, has been to the NCAA Tournament 18 times—advancing to the Sweet 16 seven times, and the Elite Eight twice, and in 2019 they reached the Final Four and were the NCAA Tournament Runner-Up losing to the Virginia Cavaliers in overtime 77–85. Bob Knight, hall-of-famer and second-winningest coach in men's college basketball history, coached the team from 2001 to 2008.
Of the varsity sports, Texas Tech has had its greatest success in women's basketball. Led by Sheryl Swoopes and head coach Marsha Sharp, the Lady Raiders won the NCAA Women's Basketball Championship in 1993. The Lady Raiders have also been to the NCAA Elite Eight three times and the NCAA Sweet 16 seven times. In early 2006, Lady Raiders coach Marsha Sharp resigned and was replaced on March 30, 2006 by Kristy Curry, who had been coaching at Purdue.
In addition, Lubbock is the home of the Chaparrals of Lubbock Christian University. With a recent move up to NCAA Division 2, the women's basketball team has won the 2016 and 2019 national championships.[70] In 2009, the Lubbock Christian University[71] baseball team won their second NAIA National Championship.
In 2007, the Lubbock Renegades began play as a member of the af2, a developmental league of the Arena Football League. The team discontinued operation in 2008.
High-school athletics also feature prominently in the local culture.
Little League
In 2007, the Lubbock Western All-Stars Little League Baseball team made it to the final four of the Little League World Series.[72]
Parques y Recreación
In March 1877, during the Buffalo Hunters' War, the Battle of Yellow House Canyon took place at what is now the site of Mackenzie Park. Today, Mackenzie Park is home to Joyland Amusement Park, Prairie Dog Town, and both a disc golf and a regular golf course. The park also holds the American Wind Power Center, which houses over 100 historic windmills on 28 acres (11 hectares). Two tributaries of the Brazos River wind through Mackenzie Park, which is collectively part of the rather extensive Lubbock Park system.[73][74] These two streams, Yellow House Draw and Blackwater Draw, converge in the golf course, forming the head of Yellow House Canyon, which carries the waters of the North Fork Double Mountain Fork Brazos River.[75]
Lubbock is home to numerous parks, scattered throughout the city. Most parks feature a small lake and attract waterfowl of various species. One of Lubbock's larger lakes, Dunbar Historic Lake, lies in Dunbar Historic Lake Park, near Mackenzie Park. Drainage exits into the North Fork Double Mountain Fork Brazos River. The park features miles of hiking trails and the Crosbyton-Southplains Railroad trestle, built in 1911, which spans the North Fork Double Mountain Fork Brazos River at the park's southeast end. This trestle has become known by many locals as "Hell's Gate" or "Hell's Gate Trestle" for its supposed paranormal activity.[citation needed]
Gobierno
Municipal government
Mayor | Dan Pope (R) |
District 1 | Juan A. Chadis |
District 2 | Shelia Patterson Harris |
District 3 | Jeff Griffith |
District 4 | Steve Massengale |
District 5 | Randy Christian |
District 6 | Latrelle Joy (Mayor Pro Tem) |
Lubbock has a council-manager government system, with all governmental powers resting in a legislative body called a city council.[77] Voters elect six council members, one for each of Lubbock's six districts, and a mayor.[77] The council members serve for a term of four years, and the mayor serves for two years.[77] After the first meeting of the city council after newly elected council members are seated, the council elects a mayor pro tempore, who serves as mayor in absence of the elected mayor.[77] The council also appoints a city manager to handle the ordinary business of the city.[77] Currently, no term limits are set for either city council members or the mayor.
After a previous attempt failed in the city council, Lubbock approved by popular referendum a "sanctuary city for the unborn" ordinance, seeking to outlaw abortion within city limits.[78] It is unclear when the ordinance will go info effect or whether it will be enforced against the city's only Planned Parenthood clinic, considering federal case law including Roe v. Wade.[79]
The Lubbock Police Department was shaped by the long-term administration of Chief J. T. Alley (1923–2009), who served from 1957 to 1983, the third-longest tenure in state history. Under Chief Alley, the department formed its first Juvenile Division, K-9 Corps, Rape Crisis Center, and Special Weapons and Tactics teams. He also presided over the desegregation of the department and coordinated efforts during the 1970 tornadoes.[80] As of 2018, the department had 443 officers with a total of 500 being the ultimate target according to then Police Chief Greg Stevens.[81]
Educación
Schools
Schools in Lubbock are operated by several public school districts and independent organizations.
Public schools:
- Lubbock Independent School District
- Frenship Independent School District
- Lubbock-Cooper Independent School District
- Roosevelt Independent School District
Private schools:
- All Saints Episcopal School
- Christ the King Cathedral School
- Trinity Christian School
- Lubbock Christian School
- Kingdom Preparatory Academy
- Southcrest Christian School
Charter schools: Harmony Science Academy, Sharp Academy
Higher education
Lubbock is home to Texas Tech University, which was established on February 10, 1923, as Texas Technological College. It is the leading institution of the Texas Tech University System and has the seventh-largest enrollment in the state of Texas. It is one of two schools (the other being UT Austin) in Texas to house an undergraduate institution, law school, and medical school at the same location. Altogether, the university has educated students from all 50 US states and over 100 foreign countries. Enrollment has continued to increase in recent years, and growth is on track with a plan to have 40,000 students by 2020.
Lubbock is also home to other college campuses in the city, including Lubbock Christian University, South Plains College, Wayland Baptist University, Virginia College, Kaplan College, and Sunset International Bible Institute.
Covenant Health System, a health-care provider serving West Texas and Eastern New Mexico, operates a school of nursing, school of radiography, and school of surgical technology.
Medios de comunicación
Lubbock's main newspaper is the daily Lubbock Avalanche-Journal, which is owned by Morris Communications. The newspaper also publishes a full-color lifestyle magazine, Lubbock Magazine,[82] eight times a year. Texas Tech University publishes a student-run daily newspaper called The Daily Toreador.
Local TV stations include KTTZ-TV-5 (PBS), KCBD-11 (NBC), KLBK-13 (CBS), KAMC-28 (ABC), and KJTV-TV-34 (Fox).
Texas Tech University Press, the book- and journal-publishing office of Texas Tech University, was founded in 1971, and as of 2012, has about 400 scholarly, regional, literary, and children's titles in print.
Infraestructura
The Texas Department of Criminal Justice operates the Lubbock District Parole Office in Lubbock.[83]
The Texas Department of Transportation operates the West Regional Support Center and Lubbock District Office in Lubbock.[84][85]
The United States Postal Service operates post offices in Lubbock.
Transportation
Highways
Lubbock is served by major highways. Interstate 27 (the former Avenue H) links the city to Amarillo and Interstate 40, a transcontinental route. I-27 was completed through the city in 1992 (it originally terminated just north of downtown). Other major highways include US 62 and US 82, which run concurrently (except for 4th Street (82) and 19th Street (62)) through the city east–west as the Marsha Sharp Freeway, 19th Street (62 only), 4th Street/Parkway Drive (82 only) and Idalou Highway. US 84 (Avenue Q/Slaton Highway/Clovis Road) is also another east–west route running NW/SE diagonally. US Highway 87 runs between San Angelo and Amarillo and follows I-27 concurrently. State Highway 114 runs east–west, following US 62/82 on the east before going its own way. Lubbock is circled by Loop 289, which suffers from traffic congestion despite being a potential bypass around the city, which is the reason behind I-27 and Brownfield Highway being built through the city to have freeway traffic flow effectively inside the loop.
The city is set up on a simple grid plan. In the heart of the city, numbered streets run east–west and lettered avenues run north–south – the grid begins at Avenue A in the east and First Street in the north. North of First Street, city planners chose to name streets alphabetically from the south to the north after colleges and universities. The north–south avenues run from A to Y. What would be Avenue Z is actually University Avenue, since it runs along the east side of Texas Tech. Beyond that, the A-to-Z convention resumes, using US cities found east of the Mississippi (e.g. Akron Avenue, Boston Avenue, Canton Avenue). Again, the Z name is not used, with Slide Road appearing in its place.
Rail service
Lubbock currently does not provide intercity rail service, although various proposals have been presented over the years to remedy this. One, the Caprock Chief, would have seen daily service as part of a Fort Worth, Texas—Denver, Colorado service, but it failed to gain interest.[86] Lubbock is served by the BNSF Railway company, Plainsman Switching Company (PSC), and West Texas & Lubbock Railway (WTLC). PSC interchanges with BNSF (also with UP through a UP-BNSF Haulage agreement) in Lubbock and has 19 miles of track within city limits of Lubbock with 36 customers. Options exist for transloading a variety of materials on the line, from wind-turbine parts to steel shafts. PSC handles many commodities such as cottonseed, cottonseed oil, cottonseed meal, cottonseed hulls, milo, corn, wheat, pinto beans, sand, rock, lumber, nonperishable food items, chemicals, paper products, brick, and bagging material, and can also store cars. WTLC interchanges with BNSF (also with UP through a UP-BNSF Haulage agreement) in Lubbock. WTLC has a yard on the west side of Lubbock, where they switch cars to go down their line to Levelland or to Brownfield. WTLC handles commodities of grains, chemicals, sands, peanuts, lumber, etc.
Airports
The city's air services are provided by Lubbock Preston Smith International Airport, which is named for the Lubbock businessman who became lieutenant governor and governor of Texas. It is on the city's northeast side. The airport is the eighth-busiest airport in Texas. Lubbock Preston Smith Airport also plays host as a major hub to FedEx's feeder planes that serve cities around Lubbock.
Intercity bus service
Greyhound Lines operates the Lubbock Station at 801 Broadway, just east of the Lubbock County Courthouse.[87]
Public transportation
Public transportation is provided by Citibus, a bus transit system running Monday through Saturday every week with a transit center hub in downtown. It runs bus routes throughout the city, with the main routes converging at the Downtown Transfer Plaza, which also houses the Greyhound bus terminal. Citibus has been in continual service since 1971, when the city of Lubbock took over public transit operations. The paratransit system is called Citiaccess.
Citibus' six diesel-electric hybrid buses have begun service on city routes. Managers hope the buses will use 60% of the fuel their older, larger versions consume in moving customers across the city. The buses seat 23 passengers, can support full-sized wheelchairs, and will run on all but two city-based routes.
Modal characteristics
According to the 2016 American Community Survey, 80.9% of working Lubbock (city) residents commuted by driving alone, 12.9% carpooled, 1% used public transportation, and 1.5% walked. About 1.5% used all other forms of transportation, including taxi, bicycle, and motorcycle. About 2.3% worked at home.[88]
In 2015, 7.3% of Lubbock households were without a car, which decreased to 5.6% in 2016. The national average was 8.7% in 2016. Lubbock averaged 1.74 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8 per household.[89]
Milwaukee Avenue
In the early years of the 21st century, Lubbock turned its Milwaukee Avenue into a major thoroughfare. Previously, Milwaukee was a 4-mile dirt road on farm land with hardly any traffic a mile or more from major development. With growth headed westward, the city allocated nearly $20 million to convert the road into a seven-lane concrete thoroughfare. In 2004, the city funded the project and other developments to come by establishing a new fund that tapped part of the franchise fees received. As of 2018, more than $124 million in street construction has been possible from the fund, including Slide Road, 98th Street, Indiana Avenue, and the last phases of the Marsha Sharp Freeway. Public Works Director Wood Franklin said Milwaukee Avenue was conceived on the "build it and they will come" theory. Marc McDougal, then the mayor of Lubbock, described the project as a well calculated risk that subsequently greatly benefited the city.[90]
Gente notable
Arts and science
- Alwyn Barr,[91] is an American historian who specializes in African American studies, the American South, the American Civil War, and Reconstruction. He is a professor emeritus and former chairman of the history department at Texas Tech University.
- Barry Corbin.,[92] actor attended Monterey High School and Texas Tech University.
- Chace Crawford,[93] actor, notable for roles in The Covenant and Gossip Girl.
- Dan Flores,[94] a writer and historian who specializes in cultural and environmental studies of the American West who began his academic career at Texas Tech University.
- Bryan A. Garner, Lawyer, lexicographer, and teacher.[95] J. Michael Bailey, psychologist and professor at Northwestern University, was born in Lubbock.[95]
- Jill Goodacre, model and actress
- Rick Husband, Astronaut and graduate from Texas Tech University.
- Joshua Meyer, artist.
- Gabor B. Racz, professor of anesthesiology at Texas Tech University Health Science Center, is the inventor of the Racz catheter.[96]
- Wayne Tippit, (1932 – 2009), American television and stage character actor.
- Spencer Wells, a geneticist, grew up in Lubbock and graduated from Lubbock High School.
- Kevin Williamson, National Review roving correspondent, grew up in Lubbock and once worked for the Lubbock Avalanche-Journal.
- Micah Wright,[95] author.
Military
- Taylor Force[97] late United States Army officer after whom the Taylor Force Act was named.
Music
The city has been the birthplace of several musicians, including:
- Terry Allen,[98] Texas country and outlaw country singer-songwriter, painter and conceptual artist.
- Mac Davis,[99] country music singer, songwriter, and actor.
- Jimmie Dale Gilmore,[100] Butch Hancock,[101] and Joe Ely[102] (collectively known as The Flatlanders)
- Buddy Holly,[103] musician and singer-songwriter who was a central and pioneering figure of mid-1950s rock and roll
- Bobby Keys,[104] saxophonist.
- Lloyd Maines[105] of The Maines Brothers Band.
- Natalie Maines[95] singer of the band The Chicks.
- Kevin Morby, indie folk singer-songwriter.
- Delbert McClinton[106] American blues rock and electric blues singer-songwriter, guitarist, harmonica player, and pianist.
- Richie McDonald,[107] lead singer of Lonestar until 2007.
- Norman Carl Odam (aka The Legendary Stardust Cowboy),.[108]
Other notable musical artists who have lived in Lubbock include:
- Josh Abbott, singer of Texas country band Josh Abbott Band.
- Wade Bowen, Texas Country/Red Dirt singer.
- Travis Garland of the band NLT[citation needed].
- Pat Green,[109] Texas country music artist.
- Logan Lynn, singer, musician, writer, composer, singer, producer, and LGBT activist[citation needed]
- Cory Morrow, Texas country singer-songwriter.
- Pete Orta[110] of the Christian rock group Petra.
- Amanda Shires, singer-songwriter and fiddle player.
- Josh Wilson,[111] a contemporary Christian musician.
- Marcus Parks, a host of The Last Podcast on The Left
Politics
- William H. Bledsoe, State Senator who in 1923 pushed for the legislation and the first $1 million appropriation which brought Texas Tech University to Lubbock.
- Richard M. Chitwood, state representative and chairman of the House Education Committee, became the first Texas Tech business manager, but served for only 15 months prior to his death in Dallas in 1926.[112]
- William John Cox (Billy Jack Cox), political activist.
- Robert L. Duncan,[113] an American politician and the fourth chancellor of the Texas Tech University System.
- Carl Isett,[114] former Texas State Representative.
- John Frullo,[115] is a Republican politician who represents district 84 in the Texas House of Representatives.
- Delwin Jones[116] late American politician, who, prior to 2011, was the oldest member of the Texas House of Representatives, having represented what became, and what remains District 83 based in the area surrounding Lubbock.
- Mickey Leland,[117] late Texas U.S. Representative.
- John T. Montford,[118] former member of the Texas State Senate from District 28, based about Lubbock. He is also a former district attorney for Lubbock County and a former chancellor of the Texas Tech University Systems.
- James C. Nance, Co-Founder of Plains Journal, Oklahoma community newspaper chain publisher and Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives, President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate and member Uniform Law Commission
- Charles Perry,[119] member of the Texas State Senate from West Texas District 28 which contains the two cities of Lubbock and San Angelo.
- Preston Earnest Smith, a long-time resident of Lubbock, was the 40th Governor of Texas from 1969 to 1973 and earlier served as the lieutenant governor from 1963 to 1969.[120]
- Frank E. Wheelock, Lubbock's founding mayor who held the office from 1909 to 1915.
Sports
- Ruben Castillo,[121] boxer.
- Mason Crosby,[95] American football placekicker for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL).
- Jarrett Culver, shooting guard for the Minnesota Timberwolves.
- Craig Ehlo,[122] basketball player
- Anthony Lynn, American football head coach of the Los Angeles Chargers who coached at Texas Tech University.
- Greg Minton, former Major League Baseball pitcher.
- Terry Norris, boxer.
- Orlin Norris,[123] boxer.
- Mark Payne is an American professional basketball player who plays for Champagne Châlons Reims Basket of the LNB Pro A.
- Ron Reeves,[95] former American football quarterback.
- Micheal Ray Richardson,[124] basketball player and coach.
- Daniel Santiago,[125] former professional basketball player.
- W. E. Shattuc[citation needed], who raced in the Indianapolis 500 in 1925, 1926, and 1927.
- Don Wayne (Bubba Shobert)[citation needed], National Motorcycle Champion.
- Ryan Tannehill, quarterback for the Miami Dolphins and later, the Tennessee Titans.
- Trae Young, point guard for the Atlanta Hawks.
Ciudades hermanas
Current sister cities
- City of Musashino, Tokyo, Japan – relationship established 1983[126]
Former sister cities
- City of León, Guanajuato, Mexico – relationship established 1985[126]
Proposed sister cities
- City of Can Tho, Vietnam[126]
- City of Ulsan, South Korea[126]
- Ciudad Acuña, Mexico[127]
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Otras lecturas
- Abbe, Donald R. & Carlson, Paul H. (2008). Historic Lubbock County: An Illustrated History. Historical Pub Network. ISBN 978-1-893619-90-6. An illustrated history of Lubbock
- Pfluger, Marsha (2004). Across Time and Territory: A Walk through the National Ranching Heritage Center. National Ranching Heritage Center. ISBN 978-0-9759360-0-9.
- Bogener, Stephen, and Tydeman, William, editors (2011). Llano Estacado: An Island in the Sky. Texas Tech University Press. ISBN 978-0-89672-682-6.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) The world's largest expanse of flat land, in words and images
- Neal, Bill (2009). Sex, Murder, and the Unwritten Law: Courting Judicial Mayhem, Texas Style. Texas Tech University Press. ISBN 978-0-89672-662-8.
- Cochran, Mike & Lumpkin, John (1999). West Texas: A Portrait of Its People and Their Raw and Wondrous Land. Texas Tech University Press. ISBN 978-0-89672-426-6. Anecdotes from the region
- Martin, Conny McDonald (2003). Art Lives in West Texas. Pecan Press. ISBN 978-0-9670928-1-2. The History of the Lubbock Art Association and of art activities in Lubbock and surrounding counties
enlaces externos
- Official website
- Visit Lubbock
- Geographic data related to Lubbock, Texas at OpenStreetMap