El Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome (comúnmente llamado Metrodome ) era un estadio deportivo con cúpula ubicado en el centro de Minneapolis , Minnesota . Se inauguró en 1982 como reemplazo del Metropolitan Stadium , el antiguo hogar de los Minnesota Vikings de la Liga Nacional de Fútbol Americano (NFL) y los Minnesota Twins de las Grandes Ligas de Béisbol (MLB) , y el Memorial Stadium , el antiguo hogar de los Minnesota Golden Gophers. equipo de fútbol .
Metrodome, Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome, Mall of America Field, The Homerdome, The Dome, The Thunderdome | |
Metrodomo Hubert H. Humphrey Ubicación en Minnesota | |
Habla a | 900 South 5th Street |
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Localización | Minneapolis , Minnesota |
Coordenadas | 44 ° 58′26 ″ N 93 ° 15′29 ″ O / 44,97389 ° N 93,25806 ° WCoordenadas : 44 ° 58′26 ″ N 93 ° 15′29 ″ O / 44,97389 ° N 93,25806 ° W |
Dueño | Comisión Metropolitana de Instalaciones Deportivas (1982-2012) Autoridad de Instalaciones Deportivas de Minnesota (2012-2013) |
Operador | Comisión Metropolitana de Instalaciones Deportivas (1982-2012) Autoridad de Instalaciones Deportivas de Minnesota (2012-2013) |
Capacidad | Fútbol americano : 64.121 Béisbol : 46.564 [1] (ampliable a 55.883) Baloncesto : 50.000 Conciertos : 60.000 [2] |
Tamaño del campo | Campo izquierdo: 105 m (343 pies) Centro izquierdo: 117 m ( 385 pies) (sin marcar) Campo central: 124 m (408 pies ) Centro derecho: 112 m ( 367 pies) (sin marcar) Campo derecho: 327 pies ( 100 m) Tope: 60 pies (18 m) Ápice del domo: 186 pies (57 m) Pared: 7 pies (2,1 m) (campo izquierdo y central) Pared: 23 pies (7 m) (campo derecho) [3] |
Superficie | SuperTurf (1982-1986) AstroTurf (1987-2003) FieldTurf (2004-2010) Sportexe Momentum Turf (2010) UBU-Intensity Series-S5-M Sintético Turf (2011-2013) |
Construcción | |
Rompi el piso | 20 de diciembre de 1979 |
Abrió | 3 de abril de 1982 |
Cerrado | 29 de diciembre de 2013 [11] |
Demolido | 18 de enero de 2014 - 17 de abril de 2014 [4] |
Costo de construcción | US $ 55 millones [5] [6] ($ 196 millones en dólares de 2020 [7] ) |
Arquitecto | Fazlur Rahman Khan [8] ( Skidmore, Owings & Merrill ) Setter, Leach & Lindstrom, Inc. [9] |
Ingeniero estructural | Asociados de Geiger Berger |
Contratista general | Barton-Malow [10] |
Inquilinos | |
Minnesota Vikings ( NFL ) (1982–2013) Minnesota Twins ( MLB ) (1982–2009) Minnesota Golden Gophers football ( NCAA ) (1982–2008) Minnesota Strikers ( NASL ) (1984) Minnesota Golden Gophers baseball (NCAA) (1985– 2010, 2012) Minnesota Timberwolves ( NBA ) (1989-1990) Minnesota United FC ( NASL ) (2013) |
El Metrodome fue el hogar de los Vikings de 1982 a 2013, los Mellizos de 1982 a 2009, los Minnesota Timberwolves de la Asociación Nacional de Baloncesto (NBA) en su temporada inaugural 1989-1990 , el equipo de fútbol de los Golden Gophers hasta 2008 y la casa ocasional del equipo de béisbol Golden Gophers de 1985 a 2010 y su hogar de tiempo completo en 2012. También fue el hogar de los Minnesota Strikers de la North American Soccer League en 1984. Los Vikings jugaron en el TCF Bank Stadium de la Universidad de Minnesota . para las temporadas 2014 y 2015 de la NFL, antes de la apertura prevista del US Bank Stadium en 2016.
El estadio tenía un techo de tela de fibra de vidrio que se sostenía por sí mismo mediante la presión del aire y era la tercera instalación deportiva importante en tener esta característica (las dos primeras eran el Pontiac Silverdome y el Carrier Dome ). El Metrodome era similar en diseño al antiguo RCA Dome y al BC Place , aunque BC Place fue reconfigurado con un techo retráctil en 2010. El Metrodome fue la inspiración para el Tokyo Dome en Tokio, Japón. [12] [13] [14] El estadio fue la única instalación que acogió un Super Bowl ( 1992 ), la Serie Mundial ( 1987 , 1991 ), el Juego de Estrellas de la MLB ( 1985 ) y la Final Four de Baloncesto de la División I de la NCAA ( 1992 , 2001 ).
El Metrodome tenía varios apodos como "The Dome", [15] "The Thunderdome", [16] y "The Homer Dome". [17] La preparación para la demolición del Metrodome comenzó el día después de que la instalación acogiera su último partido en casa para los Minnesota Vikings el 29 de diciembre de 2013, y el techo se desinfló y la demolición comenzó el 18 de enero de 2014. [18] [19 ] El Metrodome fue derribado en secciones mientras comenzaba la construcción del US Bank Stadium . [20]
Historia
A principios de la década de 1970, los Minnesota Vikings estaban descontentos con la capacidad relativamente pequeña del Metropolitan Stadium para el fútbol (poco menos de 48.500). Antes de la fusión AFL-NFL , la NFL había declarado que los estadios con una capacidad menor a 50.000 no eran adecuados para sus necesidades. El estadio más grande de la zona fue la Universidad de Minnesota 's Memorial Stadium , pero los Vikings no estaban dispuestos a ser inquilinos en un estadio de fútbol americano universitario y exigió un nuevo lugar. Los partidarios de una cúpula también creían que los Mellizos de Minnesota se beneficiarían de un estadio con clima controlado para aislar al equipo del duro clima de Minnesota más adelante en la temporada. Esto fue con el telón de fondo de Minneapolis con un clima invernal similar al de Green Bay que había dado lugar al infame Ice Bowl con temperaturas bajo cero peligrosamente frías. El Met probablemente habría tenido que ser reemplazado en cualquier caso, ya que no estaba bien mantenido. Las barandillas y los asientos rotos se podían ver en la cubierta superior a principios de la década de 1970, y para su última temporada, se habían convertido en un peligro de seguridad distinto.
El éxito de la construcción de otros estadios abovedados, en particular el Pontiac Silverdome cerca de Detroit , allanó el camino para que los votantes aprobaran la financiación de un nuevo estadio. El centro de Minneapolis estaba comenzando un programa de revitalización y el regreso de los deportes profesionales desde los suburbios de Bloomington se consideró una gran historia de éxito. Un equipo profesional no había tenido su base en el centro de Minneapolis desde que los Minneapolis Lakers se fueron a Los Ángeles en 1960.
La construcción del Metrodome comenzó el 20 de diciembre de 1979 y fue financiada por un impuesto limitado de hotel-motel y licor, donaciones de empresas locales y pagos establecidos dentro de un distrito fiscal especial cerca del sitio del estadio. [21] Descubriendo la cúpula de Amy Klobuchar (ahora senadora de EE. UU. ) Describe el esfuerzo de 10 años para construir el lugar. [22] El estadio fue nombrado en memoria del ex alcalde de Minneapolis, senador y vicepresidente estadounidense Hubert Humphrey , quien murió en 1978. [23] La construcción del edificio fue diseñada por el arquitecto bangladesí-estadounidense Fazlur Rahman Khan , [8] de Skidmore, Owings & Merrill .
La construcción del Metrodome en sí costó $ 68 millones, significativamente por debajo del presupuesto, por un total de alrededor de $ 124 millones con infraestructura y otros costos asociados con el proyecto agregados. [5] Era una instalación algo utilitaria, aunque no tan espartana como el Metropolitan Stadium. Un funcionario del estadio dijo una vez que todo lo que el Metrodome fue diseñado para hacer era "atraer a los fanáticos, dejarles ver un juego y dejarlos ir a casa". [24]
El Metrodome es el único lugar que ha albergado un Juego de Estrellas de la MLB (1985), un Super Bowl ( 1992 ), una Final Four de la NCAA ( 1992 y 2001 ) y una Serie Mundial ( 1987 y 1991 ).
La Final Four de la NCAA se llevó a cabo en el Metrodome en 1992 y 2001 . El Metrodome también sirvió como una de las cuatro sedes regionales para el Campeonato de Baloncesto de la División I de la NCAA en 1986 , 1989 , 1996 , 2000 , 2003 , 2006 y 2009 . La cúpula también celebró juegos de primera y segunda ronda en el Torneo de Baloncesto de la NCAA, además de las regionales y la Final Four, más recientemente en 2009 .
El Metrodome fue reconocido como uno de los lugares más ruidosos para ver un juego, debido en parte al hecho de que el sonido se recicló en todo el estadio debido al techo abovedado de tela. El volumen del estadio es un problema de marketing deportivo , ya que el ruido le da al equipo local una ventaja de local contra el equipo visitante. Hasta su demolición, el Metrodome era el estadio abovedado más ruidoso de la NFL. [25] Durante la Serie Mundial de 1987 y la Serie Mundial de 1991 , los niveles máximos de decibelios se midieron en 125 y 118 respectivamente en comparación con un avión de pasajeros, ambos cerca del umbral del dolor . [26] [27]
La Serie Mundial de 1991 se considera una de las mejores de todos los tiempos. [28] [29] El respaldo y la base del asiento de color azul donde aterrizó el jonrón de Kirby Puckett en el Juego 6 de la Serie Mundial de 1991 en la Sección 101, Fila 5, Asiento 27 (renumerado como 34 después del jonrón en honor a Kirby) , está ahora en los archivos de Twins, junto con la parte posterior y el fondo de color dorado que lo reemplazaron durante varios años. Los Mellizos reinstalaron el respaldo y la parte inferior del asiento azul, así como el # 34 de Puckett en el asiento donde permaneció hasta el último juego de los Vikings de 2013 en el Metrodome cuando, como informaron los medios locales, un fanático retiró la placa # 34 del asiento. [30] Los reposabrazos y herrajes originales de la Serie Mundial, así como el respaldo y la base del asiento azul de reemplazo, ahora son parte de una colección privada de Kirby Puckett en Minnesota.
Número de plazas
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Eventos de logros profesionales
- El Metrodome fue el escenario de varios jugadores que se unieron al club de 3,000 hits , incluidos Eddie Murray , Dave Winfield y Cal Ripken, Jr.
- El Metrodome fue el escenario de la carrera de 99 yardas del corredor de los Dallas Cowboys Tony Dorsett , el 3 de enero de 1983, la carrera más larga desde la línea de golpeo en la historia de la NFL, en un juego de la noche del lunes que fue ganado por los Minnesota Vikings.
- Dwyane Wade registró el cuarto triple doble en la historia del Torneo de Baloncesto Masculino de la NCAA el 29 de marzo de 2003.
- El 28 de junio de 2007, en la parte superior de la primera entrada, Frank Thomas conectó un jonrón de tres carreras al jardín izquierdo-central contra Carlos Silva para el jonrón número 500 de su carrera. Más tarde fue expulsado por discutir bolas y strikes.
- El 30 de septiembre de 2007, Brett Favre de los Green Bay Packers lanzó su 421er pase de touchdown récord de carrera a Greg Jennings mientras jugaba contra los Vikings en el Metrodome.
- El 4 de noviembre de 2007, Antonio Cromartie de los San Diego Chargers devolvió un intento de gol de campo de 57 yardas, que fue corto, 109 yardas para un touchdown, que se convirtió en la jugada más larga en la historia de la NFL. En el mismo juego, Adrian Peterson , corredor de los Minnesota Vikings , tuvo 30 acarreos para un récord de un solo juego de la NFL de 296 yardas terrestres, junto con tres touchdowns.
- El 30 de noviembre de 2008, contra los Chicago Bears , el mariscal de campo de los Vikings, Gus Frerotte, lanzó un pase de touchdown de 99 yardas a Bernard Berrian , empatando un récord de la NFL para el pase más largo.
- El 28 de julio de 2009, el lanzador de los White Sox, Mark Buehrle, rompió el récord de la MLB de bateadores consecutivos retirados. El récord fue de 41; Buehrle se retiró 45 seguidos. Su récord incluye su juego perfecto lanzado el 23 de julio de 2009 .
- El 5 de octubre de 2009, con una victoria 30-23 sobre los Green Bay Packers , su ex equipo, Brett Favre de los Vikings se convirtió en el primer mariscal de campo en la historia de la NFL en derrotar a cada una de las 32 franquicias de la liga. [38]
- El 27 de octubre de 2013, en una derrota 44-31 ante los Green Bay Packers, Viking Cordarrelle Patterson devolvió el saque inicial 109 yardas para un touchdown. Esto empató la jugada más larga en la historia de la NFL. [39] El juego anterior de 109 yardas también tuvo lugar en el Metrodome, como se mencionó anteriormente.
Características
Desde que se construyó el estadio hasta que se demolió, la economía del marketing deportivo cambió. Los equipos comenzaron a cobrar precios más altos por las entradas y exigieron más comodidades, como casas club y vestuarios más grandes , más suites de lujo y más ingresos por concesiones. Los dueños de los equipos, los medios de comunicación y los fanáticos presionaron [ cita requerida ] para que el estado de Minnesota proporcione instalaciones más nuevas y mejores para albergar a sus equipos. El Metrodome cumplió su propósito principal: proporcionar una instalación con clima controlado para albergar a los tres inquilinos deportivos en Minnesota con la mayor asistencia.
Para el béisbol de las Grandes Ligas, el Metrodome se consideraba un parque de bateadores, con una valla baja (7 pies) en el jardín izquierdo (343 pies) que favorecía a los bateadores diestros , y la más alta (23 pies) pero más cercana (327 pies). Baggie del jardín derecho que favorecía a los bateadores de poder zurdos. [40] Rindió aún más jonrones antes de que se instalara el aire acondicionado en 1983. Antes de 1983, el Dome había sido apodado "la caja del sudor". [1] El Metrodome tiene clima controlado y ha protegido el calendario de béisbol durante todo el tiempo que fue sede de los Mellizos de Minnesota. Los programadores de Grandes Ligas tuvieron el lujo de poder contar con las fechas jugadas en Metrodome. Los juegos de doble encabezado solo ocurrieron cuando fueron programados a propósito. La última vez que sucedió fue cuando los Mellizos programaron una doble cartelera día-noche contra los Kansas City Royals el 31 de agosto de 2007. La doble cartelera fue necesaria después de que un juego del 2 de agosto contra Kansas City se pospusiera un día después del colapso del puente I-35W. en el centro de Minneapolis.
Techo
El techo con soporte de aire del Metrodome fue diseñado por el inventor de las estructuras con soporte de aire, David H. Geiger , a través de Geiger Berger Associates, con sede en Nueva York, y fabricado e instalado por Birdair Structures . [41] Una estructura soportada por aire sostenida por presión de aire positiva, requería 250,000 pies³ / min (120 m³ / s) de aire para mantenerla inflada. La presión de aire fue suministrada por veinte ventiladores de 90 hp (67 kW). [42] El techo estaba hecho de dos capas: las capas exteriores eran de fibra de vidrio recubierta de teflón y la interior era una tela acústica patentada. Por diseño, el espacio de aire muerto entre las capas aisló el techo; en invierno, se soplaba aire caliente hacia el espacio entre las capas para ayudar a derretir la nieve que se había acumulado en la parte superior. En el momento en que se construyó, las 10 acres (4.0 ha) de tela hicieron del techo la extensión más grande jamás realizada de esa manera. [43] La membrana exterior de teflón tenía un grosor de 1 ⁄ 32 de pulgada y el revestimiento interior de fibra de vidrio tejida era 1 ⁄ 64 de pulgada de grosor. [44] Todo el techo pesaba aproximadamente 580.000 libras (260.000 kg). Alcanzó 195 pies (59 m), o alrededor de 16 pisos, en su punto más alto. [45]
Para evitar roturas del techo como las que ocurrieron en sus primeros años de servicio, la Comisión Metropolitana de Instalaciones Deportivas adoptó una estrategia doble: cuando se esperaba acumulación de nieve, se bombeaba aire caliente al espacio entre las dos capas del techo. Los trabajadores también se subieron al techo y usaron vapor y mangueras de agua caliente de alta potencia para derretir la nieve. [46] Además, antes de la tormenta que causó el colapso de diciembre de 2010, el interior del estadio se calentó a casi 80 ° F (26,7 ° C ). [44]
Para mantener la presión de aire diferencial, los espectadores generalmente entraban y salían de las áreas de asientos y vestíbulo a través de puertas giratorias, ya que el uso de puertas normales sin una esclusa de aire habría causado una pérdida significativa de presión de aire. La construcción de doble pared permitió que el aire caliente circulara debajo de la parte superior de la cúpula, derritiendo la nieve acumulada. Se instaló un sofisticado centro de control ambiental en la parte inferior del estadio para monitorear el clima y hacer ajustes en la distribución del aire para mantener el techo.
Debido a que era inusualmente bajo en el campo de juego, la cúpula inflada por aire ocasionalmente figuraba en la acción del juego durante los juegos de béisbol. Major League Baseball tenía reglas básicas específicas para el Metrodome. Cualquier bola que golpeara el techo de la Cúpula, u objetos que colgaran de ella, permaneció en juego; si aterrizaba en territorio de foul, se convierte en bola de foul, si aterriza en territorio fair, se convierte en bola de fair. Cualquier bola que quedara atrapada en el techo sobre el recinto ferial era una regla doble . Eso solo ha sucedido tres veces en su historia: Dave Kingman para los Atléticos de Oakland el 4 de mayo de 1984, [47] el jugador de los Gophers de la Universidad de Minnesota George Behr y Corey Koskie en 2004 . Los parlantes, al estar más cerca de la superficie de juego, fueron golpeados con más frecuencia, especialmente los parlantes en terreno foul cerca del infield, que generalmente se golpeaban varias veces por temporada, lo que representaba un desafío adicional para los infielders que intentaban atraparlos. Sin embargo, a partir de la temporada 2005, las reglas básicas para los juegos de los Mellizos se cambiaron de modo que cualquier bola bateada que golpeara a un altavoz en el territorio de foul automáticamente se consideraría como foul, sin importar si fue atrapada o no.
El color del techo de la cúpula hacía que fuera casi imposible atrapar pelotas sin apartar la vista de la pelota. Como resultado, los fildeadores frecuentemente perdían pelotas en el techo. Un ejemplo de esto se ve en un derbi de jonrones organizado por un equipo de entretenimiento de softbol antes de un juego de los Mellizos. Tomadas al nivel del campo, las bolas generalmente tienden a perderse en el techo. [48]
Incidentes de techos de los 80
Cinco veces en la historia del estadio, las fuertes nevadas u otras condiciones climáticas han dañado significativamente el techo y en cuatro casos lo han desinflado. Cuatro de los cinco incidentes ocurrieron durante los primeros cinco años de funcionamiento del estadio: [49]
El 19 de noviembre de 1981, una rápida acumulación de más de un pie de nieve hizo que el techo colapsara, lo que obligó a volver a inflarlo. Se desinfló el invierno siguiente, el 30 de diciembre de 1982, nuevamente debido a un desgarro causado por las fuertes nevadas. Esto fue cuatro días antes de que los Vikings se enfrentaran a los Dallas Cowboys en el último partido de temporada regular de la temporada 1982 de la NFL . En la primavera que siguió a ese mismo invierno, el 14 de abril de 1983, el techo del Metrodome se desinfló debido a un desgarro causado por las fuertes nevadas tardías, [50] y el juego programado de los Mellizos con los Angelinos de California se pospuso. El 26 de abril de 1986, el techo del Metrodome sufrió un ligero desgarro debido a los fuertes vientos, lo que provocó un retraso de nueve minutos en la parte baja de la séptima entrada contra los Angelinos; sin embargo, el techo no se desinfló.
Inspección 2010
Birdair había realizado una inspección periódica del techo del Metrodome en abril de 2010. Su informe a la Comisión Metropolitana de Instalaciones Deportivas indicó que "la membrana exterior está en buenas condiciones y aún se mantiene bien", y calificó el estado del revestimiento interior como "regular a deficiente. ". [51] Los inspectores también notaron que el revestimiento interior del techo estaba sucio (principalmente debido a las emisiones de eventos automotrices) y tenía algunos agujeros, y aconsejaron que los agujeros fueran monitoreados para evitar grandes desgarros por agrandamiento. Además, Birdair notó algunas áreas menores en la membrana exterior que necesitaban reparación, lo cual se hizo en el momento de la reunión ordinaria de julio de la Comisión. En general, Birdair notó que la membrana se estaba desgastando según lo previsto y había excedido su vida útil de 20 años; recomendó planificar el reemplazo de la tela del techo y señaló que la planificación y la implementación tomarían cinco años adicionales y costarían entre $ 12 y 15 millones. [51] Al formar su propia conclusión, el personal de la Comisión Metropolitana de Instalaciones Deportivas decidió que la membrana exterior estaba en muy buenas condiciones y que el techo seguía teniendo una vida útil, y planeó programar otra prueba en cuatro años; la Comisión no hizo recomendaciones.
Incidente y reemplazo del techo de 2010
Una tormenta de nieve severa llegó a Minneapolis a última hora de la tarde del 10 de diciembre. La tormenta de nieve duró hasta la noche siguiente, el 11 de diciembre, con 43 cm (17 pulgadas) de nieve acumulada en toda la ciudad. [52] [53] Debido a los fuertes vientos, las mangueras que funcionan mal y una capa resbaladiza peligrosa que se acumula en el techo, no se permitió a los trabajadores quitar la nieve del techo. Cuando los trabajadores fueron retirados, muchos notaron que el centro del techo se estaba hundiendo por el peso de la nieve. [44]
Alrededor de las 5:00 am CST del 12 de diciembre, tres de los paneles del techo se abrieron. [53] La nieve cayó, cubriendo el campo de césped . La noche anterior al incidente, un equipo de Fox Sports que se estaba preparando para el partido de fútbol entre los New York Giants y los Vikings, notó que la lluvia se filtraba por el techo. Decidieron dejar sus cámaras encendidas; las cámaras capturaron imágenes del techo desinflado y la nieve cayendo al campo. [44]
El juego entre Vikings y Giants, programado para el 12 de diciembre durante la tarde, se pospuso para el día siguiente y se trasladó a Ford Field en Detroit, Michigan . [53] [54] Hubo consideraciones para trasladar el juego al cercano TCF Bank Stadium de la Universidad de Minnesota . Sin embargo, el estadio tenía una capacidad limitada de asientos, así como la nieve que habría tardado varios días en despejar. [44] Un par de días después, un cuarto panel se abrió, permitiendo que entrara más nieve al estadio. [55] Esto obligó a que otro juego entre los Vikings y los Chicago Bears (originalmente programado en el Metrodome el 20 de diciembre) fuera trasladado al TCF Bank Stadium. [56] Los dos últimos juegos para los Vikings para la temporada estaban en el camino , y los Vikings ya fueron eliminados de los playoffs , es decir, sin partidos en casa adicionales debían ser jugado.
El colapso del techo también causó complicaciones en el horario de los Golden Gophers. Todos los partidos en casa de la Conferencia Big Ten se trasladaron al Target Field , el estadio de los Minnesota Twins de la Major League Baseball (MLB) . Un torneo Metrodome fue reemplazado por una serie de tres juegos contra Gonzaga . Otro torneo llamado Dairy Queen Classic se trasladó a Tucson, Arizona . Otros cambios incluyeron muchas cancelaciones de juegos en casa y algunos juegos se adelantaron a la temporada del próximo año. [57]
El 10 de febrero de 2011, se anunció que era necesario reemplazar todo el techo del Metrodome a un costo estimado de $ 18 millones. [51] [58] [59] [60] En noviembre de 2010, el equipo de béisbol masculino de la Universidad de Minnesota había anunciado planes para jugar todos sus juegos de 2011 en el Metrodome; sin embargo, el colapso del techo provocó el abandono de esos planes. El 18 de febrero de 2011, los Gophers anunciaron que los 12 juegos en casa de los Diez Grandes programados en abril y mayo se jugarían en Target Field , y que tres juegos que no fueran de conferencia se trasladarían al Siebert Field en el campus . [57]
El 13 de julio de 2011, se anunció que el techo estaba reparado y había sido inflado esa mañana. Sin embargo, todavía se estaban realizando otras construcciones y reparaciones. La construcción y las reparaciones restantes se realizaron el 1 de agosto de 2011. [61]
El campo
Durante sus primeros años de funcionamiento, el campo del Metrodome se recuperó con SuperTurf . [62] La superficie, también conocida como SporTurf, era muy rebosante, tan rebotante, de hecho, que Billy Martin protestó una vez por un juego después de ver un hit de base que normalmente sería un simple giro pop en un doble de regla básica. [24] Tanto los jugadores de béisbol como los de fútbol americano se quejaron de que era demasiado difícil.
Esta superficie se actualizó a césped artificial en 1987, y en 2004, la comisión de deportes instaló una superficie artificial más nueva, llamada FieldTurf . Se cree que FieldTurf es una aproximación más cercana al césped natural que el césped artificial en su suavidad, apariencia y tacto. Se instaló una nueva superficie Sportexe Momentum Turf durante el verano de 2010. [63] [64]
Cuando tuvo lugar la conversión entre fútbol y béisbol, el montículo del lanzador fue subido y bajado por un motor eléctrico. El montículo pesaba 23.000 libras (10.000 kg) y tenía 18 pies (5,5 m) de diámetro. [3] Con la reparación del campo, se eliminaron los pozos deslizantes y el montículo de lanzadores que usaban los Mellizos y los Gophers. Cualquier juego de béisbol futuro vería a los corredores deslizarse sobre el "césped". Se mantuvo el área del plato de home, ya que no estaba "en juego" para la configuración del fútbol. El plato de home original instalado en la cúpula se desenterró memorablemente después del último juego de los Mellizos y se instaló en Target Field . Se instaló un nuevo campo en el verano de 2011 debido a los daños causados por el colapso del techo en diciembre de 2010.
Plexiglás
De 1985 a 1994, la pared del jardín izquierdo incluyó una pantalla de plexiglás transparente de 6 pies (1,8 m) para una altura total de 13 pies (4,0 m). [3] Fue en esta pared de plexiglás que el jugador de los Mellizos Kirby Puckett saltó para robarle a Ron Gant de los Bravos de Atlanta un hit de extrabase durante el Juego 6 de la Serie Mundial de 1991 (un juego que Puckett ganaría con una base por bolas en la 11a entrada). -off jonrón ) - en años posteriores, con el plexiglás eliminado, habría sido un potencial jonrón .
La bolsa
La pared del jardín derecho del Metrodome estaba compuesta por una valla de 2,1 m (7 pies) de alto alrededor de todo el jardín y una extensión de pared de plástico de 4,9 m (16 pies) de altura en el jardín derecho, conocida como "Baggie", o la " Bolsa fuerte ". Los asientos encima y detrás de la bolsa eran territorio de jonrones; la propia bolsa formaba parte del muro de los jardines. El " Monstruo Verde " de Fenway Park , una característica comparable pero más alta, está 17 pies (5,2 m) más cerca del plato de home que el Baggie, por lo que los bateadores que batean elevados cortos y altos no suelen recibir ayuda. Sin embargo, era un objetivo atractivo para los bateadores de poder zurdos, y no era raro que los jonrones en el piso superior fueran pegados al jardín derecho. Cuando estaba en una configuración rectangular para el fútbol y otros eventos de campo pequeño, la bolsa se quitó y los asientos detrás de ella se extendieron para formar asientos completos en la cubierta inferior.
Uso del estadio
Fútbol Minnesota Vikings
Como el estadio fue diseñado ante todo para los Minnesota Vikings, tuvieron la menor cantidad de problemas. Sin embargo, la economía de los deportes profesionales del siglo XXI significó que los propietarios de los Vikings querían más suites de lujo y mejores concesiones. Las renovaciones se rechazaron dos veces, con un precio de 2001 de 269 millones de dólares. [sesenta y cinco]
Los Vikings jugaron su primer partido en el Metrodome en un enfrentamiento de pretemporada contra los Seattle Seahawks el 21 de agosto de 1982. Minnesota ganó 7-3. El primer touchdown en el domo fue anotado por Joe Senser en un pase de 11 yardas de Tommy Kramer . El primer juego de temporada regular en el Metrodome fue el primer partido de 1982 el 12 de septiembre, cuando los Vikings derrotaron a los Tampa Bay Buccaneers , 17-10. Rickey Young anotó el primer touchdown de la temporada regular en el domo en una carrera de 3 yardas en el segundo cuarto. El 9 de enero de 1983, los Vikings derrotaron a los Atlanta Falcons , 30-24, en un juego de primera ronda que fue el primer juego de desempate en el Metrodome. El 17 de enero de 1999, los Falcons derrotaron a los Vikings en el primer juego de campeonato de la NFC jugado en el Metrodome. El 29 de diciembre de 2013, los Vikings jugaron su último partido en el Metrodome, una victoria por 14-13 sobre los Detroit Lions. El récord del equipo en la cúpula fue de 162 a 88 en la temporada regular y de 6 a 4 en los juegos de postemporada. Terminaron con un récord perfecto en la cúpula contra los Arizona Cardinals (8-0), Baltimore Ravens (1-0), Cincinnati Bengals (4-0) y Houston Texans (1-0), pero con un récord sin victorias allí. contra los New York Jets (0-3).
Super Bowl XXVI
Los propietarios de la NFL votaron durante su reunión del 24 de mayo de 1989 para otorgar el Super Bowl XXVI a Minneapolis sobre Indianápolis , Pontiac y Seattle . [66] El juego del 26 de enero de 1992 fue el segundo Super Bowl que se jugó en una ciudad de clima frío e invernal. El primero fue el Super Bowl XVI el 24 de enero de 1982 en Pontiac, Michigan . Los Washington Redskins derrotaron a los Buffalo Bills 37-24.
Béisbol de los Minnesota Twins
Cuando se inauguró en 1982, el Metrodome fue apreciado por la protección que brindaba de los mosquitos y, más tarde, del clima. [27] A lo largo de los años ha habido una relación de amor y odio con los aficionados, los periodistas deportivos y el estadio. [27] [67] Los Minnesota Twins ganaron dos campeonatos de la Serie Mundial en el Metrodome. Los Mellizos ganaron la Serie Mundial de 1987 y la Serie Mundial de 1991 al ganar los cuatro juegos celebrados en el Dome en ambas temporadas. [68] El ruido fuerte, el techo blanco, el césped rápido y la pared del jardín derecho (o "Baggie") proporcionaron una ventaja sustancial como local para los Mellizos. [27] La Serie Mundial de 1991 ha sido considerada una de las mejores de todos los tiempos. [29] [69] [70] [71]
For Twins baseball, the address of the Metrodome became 34 Kirby Puckett Place, an honor given to one of the most famous Minnesota Twins players.[3] In 1996, a section of Chicago Avenue in front of the Metrodome was renamed Kirby Puckett Place by the city of Minneapolis.[72] The Metrodome Plaza was added along Kirby Puckett Place before the 1996 season.[3] Before that, the address for the Twins was 501 Chicago Avenue South. For baseball, the Metrodome informally has been called "The House That Puck Built".[73]
By 2001, several newer purpose-built Major League Baseball stadiums had been constructed, and the Metrodome was considered to be among the worst venues in Major League Baseball.[74][75][76]
Only two Twins games at the Metrodome were ever postponed. The first was on April 14, 1983, when a massive snowstorm prevented the California Angels from getting to Minneapolis. The game would have likely been postponed in any case, however; that night heavy snow caused part of the roof to collapse.[1] The second was on August 2, 2007, the day after the I-35W Mississippi River bridge had collapsed a few blocks away from the Metrodome. The game scheduled for August 1 was played as scheduled (about one hour after the bridge had collapsed) because the team and police officials were concerned about too many fans departing Metrodome at one time, potentially causing conflict with rescue workers. The August 2 ceremonial groundbreaking at the eventual Target Field was also postponed, for the same reason. The Metrodome carried a memorial decal on the backstop wall for the remainder of the 2007 season.[77]
The Twins played their final scheduled regular-season game at the Metrodome on October 4, 2009, beating the Kansas City Royals, 13–4. After the game, they held their scheduled farewell celebration. Because they ended the day tied with the Detroit Tigers for first place in the American League Central, a one-game playoff between the teams was played there on October 6, 2009, with the Twins beating the Tigers 6–5 in 12 innings. The division clincher would be the Twins' last win at the Metrodome. The announced crowd was 54,088, setting the regular-season attendance record.
The final Twins game at the Metrodome was on October 11, 2009, when they lost to the New York Yankees 4–1, resulting in a three-game sweep in the 2009 ALDS. The Twins' appearance in this series gave Metrodome the distinction of being the first American League stadium to end its Major League Baseball history with post-season play. The only other stadiums whose final games came in the postseason are Fulton County Stadium in Atlanta (1996), the Astrodome in Houston (1999) and Busch Memorial Stadium in St. Louis (2005), all of which were home venues for National League teams. With the departure of the Twins, this leaves the Tampa Bay Rays as the last remaining major league team to play their games in a domed stadium.
Basketball
When configured as a basketball arena, the fans in the nearby bleachers got a suitable view of the court, but the action was difficult to see in the upper decks. Concessions were very far away from the temporary infrastructure. The Metrodome as a basketball arena was much larger than most NBA and major college basketball arenas, which run to about 20,000 seats; it functioned like Syracuse's large Carrier Dome. However, the NCAA made a significant amount of money selling the high number of seats for regional and championship games for the men's basketball tournament.
Ten NCAA tournaments took place at the stadium:
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The Timberwolves used the stadium for their home games during their inaugural season (1989–90) in the NBA while the team waited for construction of Target Center to be completed. The team set NBA records for the highest single-season attendance ever: 1,072,572 fans in 41 home games. The largest crowd for a single game occurred on April 17, 1990: 49,551 fans watched the T-Wolves lose to the Denver Nuggets in the last game of the season. This was the third-largest crowd in the NBA's history.
College football
Beginning in the 1982 college football season, the University of Minnesota Golden Gophers began playing their home football games at the Metrodome. The first game was a 57–3 victory over the Ohio Bobcats on September 11, 1982.[78] The Gophers football record at the Metrodome 1982–2008 (27 seasons) 169 total games 87–80–2 .521%. 109 Big Ten Conference games 41–66–2 .385%
With the Gophers' move to TCF Bank Stadium, only two NCAA Division I FBS football programs now play in domed stadiums. Idaho and Syracuse have their own such facilities on campus (the Kibbie Dome and the Carrier Dome, respectively). When the Gophers first moved to the Metrodome, the NFL-class facilities were seen as an improvement over the aging Memorial Stadium. Initially, attendance increased.[79] However, fans waxed nostalgic over fall days playing outdoors on campus.[80] TCF Bank Stadium now provides an outdoor, on-campus venue for the team.
College baseball
In the 2010 season, the University of Minnesota Golden Gopher Baseball team played all of their home games at the Metrodome (except a game at the new Target Field on March 27, 2010).[81] The University of Minnesota Golden Gophers baseball team has played games at the Metrodome during February and March since 1985 because of weather. Later games were played at Siebert Field, except for 2006 when all but two home games were played at the Metrodome. The team often played major tournaments at the Dome, which included the Dairy Queen Classic, where three other major Division I baseball teams play in an invitational. Before the NCAA's 2008 rule in Division I regarding the start of the college baseball season, the Golden Gophers would often play home games at the Metrodome earlier than other teams in the area to neutralize the advantage of warmer-weather schools starting their seasons earlier in the year. Some early Big Ten conference games were played at the Metrodome, and the Golden Gophers enjoyed home-field advantage during the early part of the season before the weather warmed, and the Gophers could play games on-campus. Other small colleges also played games in the stadium during the weeks before the Metrodome was open for Division I play. In 2010, 420 amateur baseball and softball games—including the majority of the Golden Gophers' home schedule—were played at the Metrodome.[82]
The size of Siebert Field also affected the Golden Gophers starting in 2010. The Golden Gophers last hosted an NCAA baseball tournament regional in 2000, with temporary seating added. With the Metrodome being available for the tournament starting in 2010, the team could easily place a bid for, and have a better possibility of hosting, an NCAA baseball regional or super regional.
Other cold-weather teams have played at the Metrodome. Big 12 Conference member Kansas has played two series (2007 and 2010) at the Metrodome because of inclement weather against South Dakota State University and Eastern Michigan, respectively.[83]
Soccer
The Minnesota Kicks were supposed to move into the Metrodome for the 1982 NASL season. However, the franchise folded in November 1981. The Minnesota Strikers played the 1984 NASL season at the Dome. 52,621 saw the Minnesota Strikers defeat Tampa Bay 1–0 on May 28, 1984. MSHSL boys and girls soccer championships were also held at the stadium. The Minnesota Thunder played selected games at the Dome from 1990 to 2009. The Minnesota Stars FC opened their 2012 season at the stadium. The Minnesota United FC used the Dome for the 2013 NASL Spring Season. The field dimensions for soccer at the Metrodome were 110 by 70 yards (101 m × 64 m). The largest crowd to see a soccer game in Minnesota was at the Metrodome.
Large concerts
The concert capacity of the Metrodome was around 60,000 people, depending on seating and stage configurations, which made it a profitable location for stadium tours during the late 80s and 90s. By comparison, the Target Center in Minneapolis has a concert capacity of up to 20,500. Acoustics at the Metrodome for these concerts were "iffy at best".[84]
Date | Artist | Opening act(s) | Tour / Concert name | Attendance | Revenue | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
May 28, 1984 | Beach Boys | — | — | 56,621 | — | This was the first concert at the stadium. It was performed after a Minnesota Strikers game.[85] |
June 26, 1986 | Grateful Dead Bob Dylan | Tom Petty & the Heartbreakers | — | — | $185,000 | This marked the first of many co-billings of Dylan and the Dead, with Dylan at later gigs playing with the Dead.[84] |
May 24, 1988 | Pink Floyd | — | A Momentary Lapse of Reason Tour | 42,532 / 50,000 | $938,768 | [84] |
July 13, 1988 | Van Halen Scorpions | Metallica Dokken Kingdom Come | Monsters of Rock Tour 1988 | — | — | [84] |
November 29, 1989 | The Rolling Stones | Living Colour | Steel Wheels Tour | 104,780 / 104,780 | $2,976,592 | [84] |
November 30, 1989 | ||||||
June 10, 1992 | Genesis | — | We Can't Dance Tour | — | — | [84] |
September 15, 1992 | Guns N' Roses Metallica | Faith No More | Guns N' Roses/Metallica Stadium Tour | 43,292 / 43,292 | $1,190,530 | Band T-shirt sales were at record levels.[84] |
May 23, 1993 | Paul McCartney | — | The New World Tour | 40,287 / 40,287 | $1,187,680 | [84] |
June 22, 1994 | Pink Floyd | — | Division Bell Tour | — | — | [84] |
December 11, 1994 | The Rolling Stones | Spin Doctors | Voodoo Lounge Tour | 46,519 / 46,519 | $2,176,400 | [84] |
June 22, 1997 | Black Sabbath Ozzy Osbourne Marilyn Manson Pantera and many others | — | Ozzfest | — | — | [84] |
October 29, 1997 | U2 | Smash Mouth | PopMart Tour | 28,724 / 52,000 | $1,471,800 | U2 paid tribute to Minnesota native Prince by playing part of his song "Sexy MF".[84] |
November 25, 1997 | The Rolling Stones | Third Eye Blind | Bridges to Babylon Tour | 46,265 / 46,265 | $2,674,383 | [84] |
May 17, 1998 | George Strait | Tim McGraw | George Strait Country Music Festival | — | — | |
June 24, 2001 | NSYNC | — | PopOdyssey | — | — | |
July 27, 2003 | Metallica | Limp Bizkit Linkin Park Deftones Mudvayne | Summer Sanitarium Tour | — | — |
Other events
- 2002 and 2008 Victory Bowls, the NCCAA National Football Championships.
- Prep Bowl (Minnesota State High School League (MSHSL); state high school football championships) (1982–2013).
- MSHSL football semifinal games (1990–2013)
- MSHSL soccer championships and semifinals (1986–2013).
- High school and small college baseball games through the spring.
- Small college football games in November hosted by Augsburg College. Also other small college football events including the Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference and the Upper Midwest Athletic Conference.
- AMA Motocross Championship (1994–2004, 2008, 2013)
- The Stadium Super Trucks off-road racing series scheduled an event in 2013.[86]
- Other motorsport events.
- Large religious services and gatherings.
- The American Wrestling Association, promoted WrestleRock 86 on April 20, 1986, drawing 23,000.[87] This was one of the AWA's last major shows before they went out of business several years later.
- Rollerdome inline skating around the stadium's concourses[88] and Minnesota Distance Running Association running (exercise programs in the concourses).
- Conventions, such as Twins Fest, golf shows, home and garden expos, and car shows.
- Cultural celebrations, such as Hmong New Year gatherings and the Oromo Jilboo American Games.
- Youth in Music Band Championships
- The Promise Keepers, an all-men's evangelical Christian service.
- The annual Hmong American New Year celebration was held in December over the course of two days.
- Monster Jam.
- The 1991 World Special Olympics Summer Games Opening Ceremonies
Rarezas
Stadium neighborhood
The Metrodome was constructed in an area of downtown Minneapolis known as "Industry Square".[89] Development in the Downtown East neighborhood around Metrodome took many years to materialize. For many years, there were few bars or restaurants nearby where fans could gather, and tailgating was expressly forbidden in most parking areas. The City of Minneapolis was directing the development of the entertainment districts along with Seven Corners in Cedar-Riverside, Hennepin Avenue, and the Warehouse district. The Metrodome existed among several parking areas built upon old rail yards, along with defunct factories and warehouses. The Star Tribune owns several blocks nearby that have remained parking lots. The Metrodome was not connected to the Minneapolis Skyway System, although that had been proposed in 1989 to be completed in time to host Super Bowl XXVI. The Star Tribune properties and the Minneapolis Armory never have been developed and stood between the Metrodome and the rest of Downtown Minneapolis. Only in recent years did redevelopment begin moving Southeast to reach the Metrodome. More restaurants, hotels, and condominiums have been built nearby. The METRO Blue Line light rail connected the Minneapolis entertainment district with the Metrodome and the Airport.
Sight lines
The Metrodome was not a true multi-purpose stadium. Rather, it was built as a football stadium that could convert into a baseball stadium. The seating configuration was almost rectangular in shape. The seats along the four straight sides directly faced their corresponding seats on the opposite side, while the seats in the corners were four quarter-circles.
While this was more than suitable for football, with few exceptions this resulted in poor sightlines for baseball. For instance, the seats directly along the left-field line faced the center field and right field fences. Unlike other major league parks, there were no seats down to field level.[24] Even the closest front-row seats were at least 5 or 6 feet (1.5 or 1.8 m) above the field.
The way that many seats were situated forced some fans to crane their necks to see the area between the pitcher's mound and home plate. Some fans near the foul poles had to turn more than 80°, compared to less than 70° with the original Yankee Stadium or 75° at Camden Yards. For that reason, the seats down the left-field line were typically among the last ones sold; the (less expensive) outfield lower deck seating tended to fill up sooner. Nearly 1,400 seats had obscured or partial visibility to the playing field – some of them due to the right-field upper deck being directly above (and somewhat overhanging) the folded-up football seats behind right field; and some of them due to steel beams in the back rows of the upper deck which are part of the dome's support system.
On the plus side, there was a relatively little foul territory, which is not typical of most domed stadiums. Also, with the infield placed near one corner, the seats near home plate and the dugouts, where most game action occurs, had some of the closest views in Major League Baseball. Seats in these areas were popularly known as "the baseball section". In 2007, some extra rows (normally used only for football) were retained for baseball, in the area behind home plate. The sight lines were also very good in the right field corner area, which faced the infield and was closer to the action than the left field corner.
The Twins stopped selling most of the seats in sections 203–212 of the upper level in 1996. This area was curtained off except during the postseason or on occasions when a sellout was anticipated.
Scheduling conflicts
As part of the deal with Metrodome, the Minnesota Twins had post-season priority over the Gophers in scheduling. If the Twins were in the playoffs with a home series, the baseball game took priority and the Gopher football game had to be moved to a time suitable to allow the grounds crew to convert the playing field and the stands to the football configuration.
The last month of Major League Baseball's regular season often included one or two Saturdays in which the Twins and Gophers used Metrodome on the same day. On those occasions, the Twins game would start at about 11 am local time (TV announcer Dick Bremer sometimes joked that the broadcast was competing with SpongeBob SquarePants). Afterward, the conversion took place and the Gophers football game started at about 6 pm. The University of Minnesota was the only school in the Big Ten that shared a football facility with professional sports teams for an extended period of years.
In 2007, there were two such schedule conflicts, on September 1 and 22. In 2008, there were no conflicts on the regular-season schedule.
Due to the minimum time needed to convert the field, a baseball game that ran long in clock time had to be suspended, and concluded the next day. The only time this happened was on October 2, 2004, when a game between the Twins and Indians reached the end of the 11th inning after 2:30 pm in a tie and resumed the next day.[90][91][92][93]
The Vikings had rights to the Dome over the Twins except for World Series games. In 1987, the Vikings' home date with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers scheduled for the same day as Game 2 of the World Series was moved to Tampa, and the Vikings' game with the Denver Broncos scheduled for the same day as Game 7 was pushed back to the following Monday night.
The Twins' 2009 AL Central division tiebreaker with the Detroit Tigers was played on Tuesday, October 6, 2009. One-game playoffs are normally held the day after the regular season ends (in this case, the season ended on Sunday, October 4), but the Vikings were using Metrodome for Monday Night Football on October 5. The Twins were awarded the right to host the tiebreaker because they won the season series against Detroit.
Record NFL plays
The Metrodome will also be remembered in NFL history as the site of four of the longest NFL touchdowns in history in terms of yardage. From scrimmage, only 15 plays have ever gone the maximum 99 yards for a touchdown in league history. One of the two runs on that list is by Dallas Cowboys running back Tony Dorsett against the Vikings on January 3, 1983 during a Monday Night Football game. One of the 13 such pass plays is Vikings quarterback Gus Frerotte's connection with receiver Bernard Berrian during a game against the Chicago Bears on November 30, 2008.
Because returns can go longer than 99 yards, the Metrodome had also seen the record set for longest return at the maximum possible total of 109 yards. On November 4, 2007, the San Diego Chargers' Antonio Cromartie returned a missed Vikings field goal for a touchdown, a mark that stood unequaled until October 27, 2013, when Minnesota's Cordarrelle Patterson returned the Green Bay Packers' opening kickoff of Sunday Night Football, the maximum distance.
Naming rights
In 2009, Mall of America purchased naming rights for the field at Metrodome. The contract stated that the field would be called "Mall of America Field at Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome" for a three-year period, beginning October 5, 2009, and ending February 28, 2012.[94] The name was still used for the 2012 and 2013 seasons.
Despite possible inference from the signage, the MoA name applied only to the field, not the stadium as a whole. The building remained Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome. The connection between Mall of America and the Metrodome is also notable because Mall of America is built on the site of the former Metropolitan Stadium. The mall and the dome were located about 10 miles (16 km) apart from each other.
Foul "poles"
From the tops of the outfield fences upwards, the baseball foul poles in the Metrodome were unique, in that they were not "poles" at all. Instead, they consisted of a fabric-like material. In left field, the "pole" hung from the roof, down to the top of the left field fence. In right field, the "pole" hung from the bottom of the upper deck to the top of the right field fence. Because the upper deck in right field overhung the playing field slightly, this resulted in the foul pole not being vertical, actually leaning inward slightly toward home plate.[95]
Instalaciones de reemplazo
With the passage of time, Metrodome was thought to be an increasingly poor fit for all three of its major tenants (the Twins, the Vikings and the University of Minnesota Golden Gophers football team). These tenants all said that the Dome was nearing the end of its useful lifespan.
One major complaint was about the concourses, which were considered somewhat narrow by modern standards, making for cramped conditions whenever attendance was anywhere near capacity.[96] During a 2010 Vikings game, Fox Sports' Alex Marvez wrote that the Metrodome's passageways were so cramped that it would be difficult for fans to evacuate in the event of an emergency.[97] Two of the former tenants, the Gophers (football) and Twins, moved out, while the Vikings played their final years there until demolition. The Vikings' 2014 and 2015 seasons were played at the University of Minnesota's TCF Bank Stadium, and U.S. Bank Stadium, built on the Metrodome site, opened in time for the team's 2016 season.
The Twins, the Vikings, and the Gophers all proposed replacements for the Metrodome, and all three were accepted. The first of the three major tenants to move was the Gophers, who opened their new TCF Bank Stadium in September 2009. The next to depart were the Twins, whose new Target Field was completed in time for Opening Day 2010. On May 10, 2012, the Vikings were granted a new stadium by the Minnesota legislators that was built on the Metrodome site, which opened for the 2016 NFL season. Governor Mark Dayton signed the bill on May 14.
Minnesota Twins
The Twins moved to their new ballpark, Target Field, in 2010,[98] after attaining their new stadium with an effort that began in the mid-1990s. Although indoor baseball had critics when Metrodome opened, it was positively regarded by players and fans.[99] By 2001, with Metrodome's peculiarities revealed, and several newer purpose-built Major League Baseball stadiums constructed, an ESPN Page 2 reader poll ranked it as one of the worst Major League Baseball stadiums.[74] Twins management claimed Metrodome generated too little revenue for the Twins to be competitive; specifically, they received no revenue from luxury suite leasing (as those were owned by the Vikings) and only a small percentage of concessions sales. This came to a head in 2001, when the Twins were nearly contracted along with the Montreal Expos, who were also generating insufficient revenue and had a stadium in poor condition.[100] Also, the percentage of season-ticket-quality seats was said to be very low compared to other stadiums. From 2003 through 2009, the Twins had year-to-year leases, and could have moved to another city at any time. However, with no large American markets or new major-league-quality stadiums existing without a current team, it was accepted that the Twins could not profit from a move. The Twins sought a taxpayer subsidy of more than $200 million to assist in construction of the stadium. On January 9, 2005, the Twins went to court to argue that their Metrodome lease should be considered "dead" after the 2005 season. In February, the district court ruled that the Twins' lease was year-to-year and the team could vacate Metrodome at the end of the 2005 season.
In late April 2007, Hennepin County officially took over the future ballpark site (through a form of eminent domain called "quick-take") which had been an ongoing struggle between the county and the land owners. On October 15, 2007, the two sides reached a negotiated settlement of just under $29 million, ending the dispute. As a result, the county noted it would have to cut back on some improvements to the surrounding streetscapes, though it also revealed that the Pohlad family had committed another $15 million for infrastructure.[101]
University of Minnesota Gopher football
The Minnesota Golden Gophers football program began playing in Metrodome for the 1982 season. Attendance was expected to increase over the old Memorial Stadium attendance, especially for late fall games, due to the climate controlled comfort. Initially, average attendance had increased over previous seasons at Memorial Stadium.[79] But, the venue was removed from the traditional on-campus football atmosphere if fans wanted to attend a Gophers football game. Students had to take a bus from the campus to the stadium. The distance from the main campus, along with poor performance by the Gopher football team, caused interest to wane.[102]
The Gophers officially moved back onto campus, to TCF Bank Stadium, for the 2009 football season. The University believed an on-campus stadium would motivate its student base for increased ticket sales, and also would benefit from athletic revenues, not only for the football program, but the non-revenue sports as well. The new stadium reportedly cost less than half of a current-era NFL-style football stadium, and was built on what were former surface parking lots just a few blocks east of the former Memorial Stadium, with the naming rights purchased by TCF Financial Corporation. The University of Minnesota expected to raise more than half the cost of the stadium via private donations. The Gopher Stadium bill was passed by both houses on May 20, 2006, the day before the Twins Stadium bill passed. On May 24, 2006, Governor Pawlenty signed the Gopher bill on the University campus.
Minnesota Vikings
The Vikings initially supported a Superfund site in Arden Hills, but costs of developing infrastructure made the site unworkable.[103] A number of sites in Minneapolis were floated before the team and state settled on a location adjacent to and including the current Metrodome site.[104]
On May 10, 2012, the Minnesota Legislature approved funding for a new Vikings stadium on that site. The project has a budget of $1.027 billion, with the Vikings covering $529 million, the state covering $348 million, and $150 million covered by a hospitality tax in Minneapolis.[105] The bill was signed by Governor Dayton on May 14. The Vikings played in the Metrodome until the end of the 2013 season.[11] The Vikings' temporary home during construction was TCF Bank Stadium.[106][107]
Demolición
With the approval of the new Vikings stadium at the Dome site by the Minnesota legislature, the fate of the Metrodome was sealed. The Vikings played their final game at the Metrodome on December 29, 2013, beating the Detroit Lions 14-13.[108] The following day, a local company began removal of seats for sale to the public and various charities and nonprofits. Individual chairs went for $40 each to charities, $60 each to the public and $80 each for specific seat requests.[109]
The roof was deflated for the final time on January 18.[110][111] On the morning of February 2, 2014 the steel support cables that stretched from end-to-end of stadium that held together the roof were severed, as construction crews set off a simultaneous set of 42 explosive charges that detached the cables from the concrete structure. The general public was not informed about this phase of the demolition process, prompting about a half-dozen phone calls to police from people who wondered what was going on. This was viewed as the final step before the destruction of the concrete bowl of the Metrodome would begin.[112][113] On February 10, 2014, shortly after 9:15 a.m., after more than two months of preliminary work that dated back all the way to the groundbreaking of the new Vikings stadium, demolition of the stadium walls finally began.
Just after 1 p.m. on February 17, 2014, one week after demolition of the stadium bowl had begun, demolition crews were working on taking down the concrete ring beam that encircled to top of the Metrodome, when a portion of the ring beam collapsed out of sequence, bringing an immediate halt to the work. No one was hurt and no equipment was damaged by the collapse.[114] After five days of investigation from structural and demolition experts, it was decided that the remaining portion of the concrete ring beam would be destroyed using controlled explosive charges—virtually the same method that was used to bring down the Metrodome's steel support cables for the roof. This second controlled explosion was a continued deviation from the original plan to not use explosives to destroy the stadium. As it was determined that this was the safest way to bring down the remaining ring beam structure.[115] On February 23, 2014, the remaining ring beam and corners of the Metrodome were brought down with 84 explosive charges of dynamite. This enabled demolition crews to continue with the wrecking ball demolition method that was originally chosen (though the order in which the sections would be brought down were changed as a result of the ring beam implosion), to bring down what was left of the Metrodome. Despite this unexpected setback, Mortenson Construction said that the demolition of the Metrodome and construction of U.S. Bank Stadium were both still on schedule.[116]
On March 15, 2014 the final upper deck bleachers and concrete bleacher-support girders (on the northwest side of the Metrodome) were brought down, taking away any standing remnants of the exterior stadium walls. On April 11, 2014 the final portion of the inner-stadium concrete walls were reduced to rubble, marking the official end of the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome. Demolition of the Metrodome was formally declared complete six days later--a month ahead of schedule—as the final truckload of rubble was loaded up and removed from the new stadium construction site. Officials from Mortenson Construction said the entire demolition job required 4,910 truckloads and 16,000 man hours to complete the job.[4]
Referencias
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- ^ "About Metrodome". Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome. Retrieved November 4, 2006.
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- ^ "Homerdome? It's more like Loserdome now for Twins". Brainerd Dispatch. May 13, 2000. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013.
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- ^ [1] Archived December 29, 2013, at archive.today
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- ^ a b c d Miller, Scott – Metrodome --baseball's historic abomination ... to many Archived March 7, 2012, at the Wayback Machine CBSsports.com, September 2, 2009
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- ^ a b c d e Duchscherer, Kevin; Paul McEnroe, Paul; Kurt, Brown (December 14, 2010). "Can splice fix Dome's slices for Bears game?". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on November 14, 2020. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
- ^ Pat Borzi and Julie Battista, Roof Falls In, Sending the Giants’ Game to Detroit, The New York Times, December 12, 2010, accessed December 13, 2010.
- ^ Pat Borzi, With Their Dome Deflated, the Vikings Still Need a Home, The New York Times, December 14, 2010, Accessed December 14, 2010.
- ^ Green Cathedrals, 1992 edition, p. 57
- ^ "video clip". Retrieved January 30, 2014.
- ^ Zeegers, Madilyn (July 15, 2020). "The Vikings' Metrodome Collapsed Five Times Before They Finally Moved". sportcasting.com. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved December 14, 2020.
- ^ Historical April Snowstorms Archived June 26, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Minnesota Climatology working group, University of Minnesota. Last modified: April 18, 2013,
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- ^ Eichler, Alex (December 13, 2010). "Minnesota Metrodome Caves In Under 17 Inches of Snow". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on September 26, 2020. Retrieved December 14, 2020.
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- ^ Kevin Duchscherer, Crew coming to inspect fallen Dome roof, Star Tribune, December 13, 2010, accessed December 13, 2010.
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- ^ "Metrodome roof repair could disrupt preseason schedule". NFL.com. February 10, 2011.
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- ^ "HHH Metrodome Information". TicketSolutions.com. 2007. Retrieved April 7, 2007.
- ^ Startribune.com
- ^ Court settles Metrodome turf war | vikings.football-news-update.com Archived July 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Taking a last look at fixing the Dome for the Vikings[permanent dead link]. Star Tribune. Paul Levy. July 19, 2007 – "A Metrodome renovation is being studied, although Vikings officials say the site really isn't big enough by today's NFL standards."
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- ^ Miller, Scott – Love Letters: Metrodome will be missed Archived October 15, 2012, at the Wayback Machine CBS Sports, Sept 2009
- ^ Brackin, Dennis – Farewell to Metrodome: Sweet and Sour Sorrow Star Tribune, October 5, 2009,
- ^ Hurst, Matt World Series 2011: The 5 Best Fall Classic Game 6's Ever Bleacher Report, October 28, 2011 Quote: "The 1991 World Series is easily the best World Series ever played, with three games being won in the final at-bat and four coming down to the final pitch. Kirby Puckett's heroics in Game 6 allowed the Twins to stay alive and eventually win Game 7."
- ^ Yellon, Al The Top 10 World Series Games, Including (Of Course) 2011 Game 6 Archived 2013-01-20 at the Wayback Machine. Baseball Nation, October 28, 2011 Quotes: "No. 10: 1991 World Series, Game 6: This is the game where Jack Buck exclaimed, "And we'll see you tomorrow night!" In addition to Puckett's extra-inning heroics, the Twins' bullpen held theBraves scoreless for the last four innings of the game, allowing just three singles, two of which were erased by double plays." "No. 6: 1991 World Series, Game 7: The Senators franchise moved to Minnesota in 1961; 30 years later, the team played two of the most excruciatingly exciting World Series games on consecutive nights. It's the only Series I'm honoring here with a pair of games. This one featured a 10-inning shutout thrown by Minnesota's Jack Morris while the Twins were leaving 12 men on base, finally scoring the game-winner on Gene Larkin's bases-loaded single with one out in the bottom of the 10th."
- ^ The World Series 100th Anniversary – No. 1 1991 Minnesota Twins 4, Atlanta Braves 3 ESPN.com Page 2, 2003.
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- ^ Theiser, Kelly Twins honor, celebrate Puckett's life. Fans, former teammates pay tribute to Minnesota legend[permanent dead link] MLB.com, March 12, 2006
- ^ a b ESPN Page 2 List of Worst Ballparks reader response ESPN.go.com, May 3, 2001. 2. Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome (263 letters, behind number 1, Veteran's Stadium in Philadelphia)
- ^ Neel, Eric – Nothing like a walk in the ballpark ESPN Page 2, September 10, 2003. 24th out of 30
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- ^ Campbell, Dave (August 3, 2007). "Twins back at it, with bridge on minds". USA Today.
- ^ Minnesota Gopher Football Media Guide 2009, University of Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletics. 2009
- ^ a b University of Minnesota Football media guide Archived September 10, 2008, at the Wayback Machine p. 160 (PDF)
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- ^ "2013 Official Stadium Super Trucks schedule". Stadium Super Trucks. April 19, 2013. Archived from the original on October 19, 2013. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
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- ^ Brackin, Dennis – Metrodome? It was when it opened[permanent dead link] Star Tribune, April 2, 2010 The initial reaction to Metrodome was an overwhelmingly positive one, perhaps in part because the Twins played there for the first time just as a blizzard hit the Twin Cities.
- ^ "Expos, Twins Seem Doomed". Los Angeles Times. November 7, 2001. Retrieved October 27, 2019.
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- ^ "Downtown East Stadium FAQs". Archived from the original on May 15, 2012. Retrieved May 10, 2012.
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- ^ [2] Archived August 1, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
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|title=
(help)[dead link] - ^ "Vikings edge Lions in Metrodome finale". ESPN.com. Associated Press. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
- ^ "After last game played, company begins removing Metrodome seats, putting them up for sale". Star Tribune. Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 3, 2014.
- ^ . KARE 11. Associated Press https://archive.is/20140116173730/http://www.kare11.com/story/news/local/2013/12/13/metrodome-roof-deflate/4018693/. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014. Missing or empty
|title=
(help) - ^ Moore, Janet. "It's history: Metrodome roof deflated in 35 minutes this morning". Star Tribune. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
- ^ Sherno, Tim. "Metrodome roof structure demolished with blasts". kstp.com. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
- ^ Explosion at Metrodome was just part of demolition process. Star Tribune. Retrieved on May 12, 2014.
- ^ Johnson, Katherine. "Metrodome Demolition on Hold During Investigation into Fallen Beam". KSTP.com.
- ^ "Metrodome Ring Beam to be Demolished Sunday". Associated Press.
- ^ Stewart, Megan. "Metrodome Demolition Takes Down Concrete Ring". KSTP.com. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved February 24, 2014.
enlaces externos
- Metrodome Dreamscapes - digital ephemera archive
- Ballpark Digest review of Metrodome
- Blog with pictures of 2011 roof
- Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome at Structurae
Preceded by Metropolitan Stadium | Home of the Minnesota Vikings 1982–2013 | Succeeded by TCF Bank Stadium |
Preceded by Metropolitan Stadium | Home of the Minnesota Twins 1982–2009 | Succeeded by Target Field |
Preceded by Memorial Stadium | Home of the Minnesota Gophers 1982–2008 | Succeeded by TCF Bank Stadium |
Preceded by first arena | Home of the Minnesota Timberwolves 1989–1990 | Succeeded by Target Center |
Preceded by Tampa Stadium | Host of Super Bowl XXVI 1992 | Succeeded by Rose Bowl |
Preceded by Candlestick Park | Host of NFC Championship Game 1999 | Succeeded by Trans World Dome |
Preceded by Ernest W. Spangler Stadium Reeves Field | Host of the Victory Bowl 2002 2008 | Succeeded by Reeves Field Francis Field |
Preceded by Candlestick Park | Host of the Major League Baseball All-Star Game 1985 | Succeeded by Astrodome |
Preceded by Hoosier Dome RCA Dome | NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament Finals Venue 1992 2001 | Succeeded by Louisiana Superdome Georgia Dome |