Un taxi compartido (también llamado taxi compartido ) es un modo de transporte que se encuentra entre un taxi y un autobús . Estos vehículos de alquiler suelen ser más pequeños que los autobuses y, por lo general, llevan a los pasajeros por una ruta fija o semi-fija sin horarios, pero parten cuando todos los asientos están ocupados. Pueden detenerse en cualquier lugar para recoger o dejar a sus pasajeros. A menudo se encuentran en países en desarrollo , [1] los vehículos usados como taxis compartidos van desde autos de cuatro asientos hasta minibuses. [2] A menudo son operados por el propietario.
En algunos términos, los taxis compartidos también pueden denominarse taxibuses, ya que desempeñan un papel de taxis en el que el conductor selecciona el destino en lugar de los autobuses enrutados que viajan en una ruta asignada por el operador de tránsito.
El término "transporte informal" de la UITP incluye los taxis compartidos.
Operación
Término
Una ruta de taxi compartida determinada puede comenzar y terminar en ubicaciones centrales fijas, y los puntos de referencia pueden servir como nombres de ruta o terminales de ruta. En algunas ciudades africanas, las rutas se ejecutan entre terminales formales, [3] donde embarcan la mayoría [4] de los pasajeros. [3] En estos lugares, los taxis compartidos esperan una carga completa de pasajeros antes de partir, y los tiempos de espera fuera de las horas pico pueden exceder una hora. [3]
En otros lugares, puede que no haya una terminal formal, con taxis simplemente congregándose en una ubicación central, [5] en su lugar.
Incluso las terminales más formales pueden ser poco más que estacionamientos. [6]
En Sudáfrica, el término "rango" denota un área, construida específicamente para los operadores de taxis por un municipio o ciudad, donde los viajeros pueden comenzar y terminar su viaje. [7]
A lo largo de la ruta
Donde existen, los taxis compartidos brindan servicio en rutas establecidas dentro y, a veces, entre ciudades.
Una vez que un taxi compartido ha recogido a los pasajeros en su terminal, procede a lo largo de una ruta semi-fija donde el conductor puede determinar la ruta real dentro de un área de acuerdo con las condiciones del tráfico. Los conductores se detendrán en cualquier lugar para permitir que los pasajeros desembarquen y, a veces, pueden hacer lo mismo cuando los posibles pasajeros quieran viajar.
Distinciones operativas
Si bien todos los taxis compartidos comparten ciertas características, y muchas versiones regionales exhiben peculiaridades, se pueden delinear algunas distinciones operativas básicas.
Propiedad del vehículo
La mayoría de los taxis compartidos operan bajo uno de dos regímenes. Algunos taxis compartidos son operados por una empresa. Por ejemplo, en Dakar hay flotas propiedad de la empresa de cientos de coches rápidos . [8] En la Unión Soviética , los taxis compartidos, conocidos como marshrutka , eran operados por parques de taxis de propiedad estatal. [9] También hay operadores individuales en muchos países. En África, si bien hay taxis compartidos de la empresa, los propietarios individuales son más comunes. Rara vez poseen más de dos vehículos a la vez, alquilan un minibús a los operadores, quienes pagan el combustible y otros costos de funcionamiento y mantienen los ingresos. [8]
Sindicatos
En algunos lugares, como algunas ciudades africanas y también Hong Kong, los minibuses de taxis compartidos son supervisados por sindicatos, sindicatos o asociaciones de rutas. [10] Estos grupos a menudo funcionan en ausencia de un entorno regulatorio [3] y pueden cobrar cuotas o tarifas a los conductores [11] (como pagos de terminales por uso, [12] a veces de manera ilegal), establecer rutas, [12] administrar terminales y fijar tarifas. [3] La gestión de la terminal puede incluir garantizar que cada vehículo salga con una carga completa de pasajeros. [3] [12]
Debido a que los sindicatos representan a los propietarios, sus esfuerzos regulatorios tienden a favorecer a los operadores en lugar de a los pasajeros, [12] y el mantenimiento de los mismos sindicatos terminales puede costar retrasos y dinero para los pasajeros, además de obligarlos a desembarcar en lugares inconvenientes, en un fenómeno llamado "terminal restricción". [13]
Regulación
En África, la regulación es principalmente algo que concierne al vehículo en sí mismo [14], no a su operador [14] ni a su modo de operación. [ cita requerida ]
En Kenia , la regulación se extiende a los operadores [15] [16] y al modo de operación (como las rutas utilizadas) [ cita requerida ] , así como al vehículo. [17]
A partir de 2008, los minibuses africanos son difíciles de gravar , [11] y pueden operar en un "vacío regulatorio" quizás porque su existencia no es parte de un esquema gubernamental, sino simplemente una respuesta del mercado a una demanda creciente de tales servicios. [8] Los sindicatos de rutas [18] y las asociaciones de operadores [13] a menudo ejercen un control irrestricto, y es posible que las reglas existentes tengan poca aplicación. [18]
Tipos de vehiculo
El taxi compartido es un modo de transporte único , independiente del tipo de vehículo . Minibuses , [11] midibuses , cubiertos camionetas , furgonetas , y camiones ver uso como taxis acciones.
Ciertos tipos de vehículos pueden adaptarse mejor a las condiciones actuales que otros. En muchas ciudades africanas congestionadas por el tráfico, extensas y de baja densidad, los minibuses obtienen beneficios. [11]
En Israel, eran en su mayoría el modelo más grande de Mercedes, propiedad generalmente de árabes, y muy eficientes, con espacio para 7-8 personas y con rutas poco fijas, dejando a un pasajero en una terminal específica o saliendo un poco del camino. para facilitar al pasajero.
Por país
Si bien lleva diferentes nombres y se distingue por las peculiaridades regionales, el taxi compartido es una característica cotidiana de la vida en muchos lugares del mundo.
África
Argelia
En Argelia , los taxis colectivos recorren rutas fijas con su destino mostrado. [19] Los viajes se comparten con otros que se recogen en el camino, [20] y el taxi saldrá solo cuando tenga capacidad para todos los pasajeros que pueda. [21] Mientras que las estaciones, establecen ubicaciones para abordar y desembarcar, [ cita requerida ] existen, [22] [23] los posibles pasajeros señalan a un taxi colectivo cuando quieren un viaje. [19]
Los taxis colectivos que operan entre [24] [25] y dentro de la ciudad, [ cita requerida ] taxis colectivos que viajan entre ciudades pueden llamarse taxis interwilaya . [26]
Junto con todas las formas de transporte público en Argelia, Asuntos Exteriores y Comercio Internacional de Canadá recomiendan no usar estos taxis compartidos. [20] El Departamento de Asuntos Exteriores de Irlanda le pide que utilice los taxis recomendados por un hotel. [27]
República Democrática del Congo
Aquellos en Kinshasa , República Democrática del Congo , (o tal vez solo la gente de Kongo ) pueden llamar a los taxis compartidos fula fula que significa "rápido rápido". [Thompson 1]
En 2008 no existía una autoridad de transporte independiente en la ciudad de Kinshasa [28].
Costa de Marfil
En Costa de Marfil , gbaka es un nombre para los transportes públicos en minibús. [10]
El regulador del transporte en Abidjan , Costa de Marfil , es la Agence de Gestion des Transports Urbains [28] o AGETU. [18]
A partir de 2008, el transporte público de Abidján fue atendido por grandes autobuses y minibuses. [29]
Los sindicatos incluyen UPETCA y SNTMVCI. [10]
Etiopía
Los minibús taxis en Etiopía son uno de los medios de transporte más importantes en las grandes ciudades como Addis Abeba . Son preferidos por la mayoría de la población a los autobuses públicos y taxis más tradicionales porque generalmente son baratos, operan en diversas rutas y están disponibles en abundancia. Todos los minibús taxis en Etiopía tienen un esquema estándar de color azul y blanco, al igual que los taxis de Nueva York son amarillos. Los taxis minibús suelen ser Toyota HiAces , frecuentan las calles. Por lo general, pueden transportar 11 pasajeros, pero siempre tendrán espacio para otro hasta que ese ya no sea el caso. El conductor del minibús tiene un miembro de la tripulación llamado weyala cuyo trabajo es cobrar la tarifa a los pasajeros.
En 2008, el transporte público de explotación pública estaba disponible en Addis Abeba además del proporcionado por los minibuses. [30] Una flota de 350 autobuses grandes puede operar para este propósito, [ cita requerida ] ya que tal número existe. [29] También a partir de 2008, la ciudad carece de una autoridad de transporte independiente, [28] pero existe alguna regulación , como la que controla la entrada al mercado. [13]
Los sindicatos de rutas pueden estar presentes, pero se describen como "varios". [10]
Ghana
En Ghana y los países vecinos, los tro tro son vehículos de alquiler de minibús de propiedad privada [31] [32] [33] que recorren rutas fijas [33] y salen cuando están completamente llenos. [31] [32] Si bien hay estaciones de tro tro , [33] [34] [35] estos taxis compartidos también se pueden abordar en cualquier lugar a lo largo de la ruta. [31] [32] [33]
Operado por un conductor y un revisor , que recolecta dinero, grita el destino y es llamado "compañero", [33] [36] muchos están decorados con consignas y refranes , [36] a menudo religiosos, [31] y pocos operan los domingos. [32] Tro tro son utilizados por el 70% de los viajeros de Ghana . [37] Esta popularidad puede deberse a que en ciudades como Accra solo tenían transporte público básico a excepción de estos pequeños minibuses. [30] Tras la creación del Ejecutivo de Transporte de Pasajeros del Gran Accra, se pusieron en servicio algunos autobuses grandes, principalmente Scanias construidos en Brasil con carrocerías Marcopolo. Se está desarrollando un sistema de Bus Rapid Transit que se inaugurará en noviembre de 2019. [38] La empresa sueca Scania se ha adjudicado el contrato no solo para suministrar los autobuses, sino también la infraestructura. [39]
Un medio de transporte informal, en Ghana están autorizados por el gobierno, pero la industria está autorregulada . [33] En Accra , los sindicatos incluyen GPRTU y PROTOA. [10]
Camerún
Los taxis compartidos existen en Camerún , pero a partir de 2008 los minibuses no se pueden utilizar para este propósito, por ley. [8] Ese mismo año, Douala , Camerún, tampoco tenía una autoridad de transporte independiente. [28]
Burkina Faso
En Uagadugú , capital de Burkina Faso , la función de taxi compartido no la ocupa el minibús tradicional africano. [8]
Egipto
Los taxis compartidos egipcios se conocen generalmente como microbus ( mekrobass ميكروباص o mašrūʿ مشروع , "proyecto"; plural mekrobassāt ميكروباصات o mašarīʿ مشاريع ). Los alejandrinos usan el segundo nombre .
Los microbuses están autorizados por cada gobernación como taxis y, por lo general, son operados de forma privada por sus conductores. Aunque cada gobernación intenta mantener un esquema de pintura consistente para ellos, en la práctica el color de ellos varía enormemente, ya que los esquemas "consistentes" han cambiado de vez en cuando y muchos conductores no se han molestado en volver a pintar sus autos.
Las tarifas varían según la distancia recorrida, aunque estas tarifas son generalmente bien conocidas por quienes viajan en microbús. Las tarifas también dependen de la ciudad. Los pasajeros normalmente pueden tomar microbuses desde cualquier punto a lo largo de la ruta, a menudo con señales de mano bien establecidas que indican el destino del posible pasajero, aunque ciertas áreas tienden a ser paradas de microbuses bien conocidas.
Al igual que el marshrutka de Europa del Este , un microbús típico es una camioneta grande , la mayoría de las veces un Toyota HiAce o su equivalente Jinbei , el Haise , y este último es producido por el Bavarian Auto Manufacturing Group en la ciudad del 6 de octubre en Egipto. También se utilizan furgonetas más pequeñas y autobuses pequeños más grandes.
Kenia (matatu)
En Kenia , [40] [41] [42] matatu son minibuses de propiedad privada [43] , [17] aunque en el pasado se pusieron en servicio camionetas pick-up [40] como estos transportes públicos de Kenia cuya decoración a menudo presenta retratos de el famoso. [16] [44] También aparecen consignas y refranes , [45] algunos religiosos. [44] [45] Además de un conductor, matatu puede ser atendido por un tout, [43] conductor , [15] [46] [47] o portero . [48]
Pueden desplegar rutas establecidas, [49] mostrar esta ruta, [46] correr desde la terminal, [17] [50] correr tanto entre ciudades como dentro de la ciudad, [49] [51] y pueden detenerse a lo largo de dicha ruta para comprar o recolectar dinero de los pasajeros.
En 1999, matatu podría haber sido el único medio de transporte público en Nairobi , Kenya, [43] pero puede que no haya sido así en 2006 [49] y 2008. [30]
El nombre es un coloquialismo swahili , [41] y si fuera conveniente, [ cita requerida ] los pasajeros podrían incluso pagar sus viajes a través de un teléfono celular. [52] La mayoría de la gente cree que el nombre Matatu es swahili porque se usa en todo el país, pero su origen real es del dialecto Kikuyu. Aunque la mayor parte de la historia más antigua de Kenia no está escrita, muchas de las personas nacidas en las décadas de 1940 y 1950 cuentan vívidamente la historia de cómo solían pagar treinta centavos a cualquier destino cuando se introdujeron los taxis compartidos. Una moneda de diez centavos en kikuyu es King'otore, por lo que la tarifa estándar de treinta centavos se convirtió en Mang'otore matatu . [53] En el pasado, los vehículos no eran muchos y viajar en uno era una especie de logro, por lo que era común que la gente charlara con entusiasmo después del viaje y la pregunta "¿ wariha atia?" ( Kikuyu por - ¿cuánto pagaste?) Fue una parte común de la discusión. La respuesta común fue " o matatu " (kikuyu para - sólo 3 monedas de diez centavos), finalmente, el nombre se quedó con el taxi compartido y se extendió a otros idiomas.
Regulación de Kenia
En Kenia , esta industria está regulada , [43] y tales minibuses deben, por ley, estar equipados con cinturones de seguridad [17] y reguladores de velocidad . [15] [17] La regulación actual puede no ser suficiente disuasión para prevenir pequeñas infracciones [46] ya que incluso la decoración puede estar prohibida. [15] Kenia tiene uno de los "controles regulatorios más extensos para la entrada al mercado", [13] y un trabajador matatu puede ser sacado de las calles simplemente por lucir una camisa demasiado ruidosa. [dieciséis]
Mali
En Malí , al menos dos palabras para compartir taxi pueden tener moneda común: sotrama y dourouni . [10]
En 2008, Bamako , Malí, no tiene una autoridad de transporte independiente, [28] pero la actividad de taxis compartidos podría estar sujeta al regulador Direction de la régulation et du contrôle du transport urbain (municipal) o al control de la DRCTU. [18]
Marruecos
En Marruecos , los grandes taxis son el nombre de los taxis grandes, compartidos y sin taxímetro que se utilizan para el transporte entre ciudades. [54] Los grandes taxis son generalmente viejos sedán Mercedes-Benz de tamaño completo y tienen capacidad para seis o más pasajeros. [54]
Nigeria
En Nigeria , tanto los minibuses (llamados danfo [55] ) como los midibuses ( molue ) [10] pueden operar como taxis compartidos. Estas formas de transporte público también pueden denominarse bolekaja , y muchas llevan consignas o refranes . [Thompson 2]
Lagos , Nigeria, tiene un regulador dedicado al transporte, la Agencia de Transporte del Área Metropolitana de Lagos (LAMATA), [28] su competencia probablemente incluye la actividad de taxis compartidos. [ cita requerida ] Fuera de Lagos, la mayoría de las principales ciudades de África tienen sistemas de transporte similares. [56]
Los sindicatos en Lagos pueden incluir el Sindicato Nacional de Trabajadores de la Carretera y el Transporte (NURTW). [10]
Ruanda
Los transportes públicos en minibús en Ruanda pueden denominarse autobuses de montaña, [57] taxis compartidos o twegerane . [10] Este último podría ser fácilmente una palabra que significa "relleno" o "lleno". [57]
A partir de 2020 en Kigali , Ruanda, los sindicatos incluyen RFTC, Kigali Bus Services y Royal Express, todos ellos operando en Kigali, pero cada provincia tiene un par de compañías operando allí también.
Sudáfrica
Más del 60% de los viajeros sudafricanos utilizan taxis minibús compartidos (autobuses de pasajeros de 16 plazas), a veces denominados kombis . [58]
Muchos de estos vehículos no son seguros y no están en condiciones de circular y, a menudo, están peligrosamente sobrecargados. [58]
Antes de 1987, la industria del taxi en Sudáfrica estaba muy regulada y controlada. A los operadores de taxis negros se les negaron los permisos en la era del Apartheid y todas las operaciones de taxi minibús eran, por su propia naturaleza, ilegales. [58]
Después de 1987, la industria se desreguló rápidamente, lo que provocó una afluencia de nuevos operadores de taxis minibús, deseosos de ganar dinero con la gran demanda de este servicio. Los operadores de taxis se unieron para formar asociaciones locales y nacionales. Debido a que la industria estaba en gran parte desregulada y los organismos reguladores oficiales corruptos, [ cita requerida ] estas asociaciones pronto se involucraron en la fijación de precios anticompetitiva y exhibieron tácticas de gánsteres, incluida la contratación de sicarios y la guerra de pandillas total. [59] Durante el apogeo del conflicto, no era raro que los taxistas llevaran escopetas y AK-47 para simplemente disparar a los taxistas rivales y sus pasajeros a la vista. [ cita requerida ]
Actualmente [ ¿cuándo? ] el gobierno sudafricano está intentando formalizar y volver a regular la industria de los minibús taxis fuera de control. Junto con la nueva legislación, el gobierno ha instituido un plan de recapitalización de 7 años para reemplazar los vehículos viejos y no aptos para circular por nuevos minibuses de 18 y 35 plazas. Estos nuevos minibús taxis llevan la bandera de Sudáfrica en el lateral y son notablemente más espaciosos y seguros.
Tanzania
Las minivans (los minibuses pueden ser un término más correcto aquí) se utilizan como vehículos de alquiler y se denominan dala dala en Tanzania . [60] Si bien dala dala puede ejecutar rutas fijas que recogen pasajeros en ubicaciones centrales, también se detendrán a lo largo de la ruta para dejar a alguien o permitir que un posible pasajero aborde. [60] Antes de que los minibuses fueran ampliamente utilizados, el típico dala dala era una camioneta con bancos colocados en la caja del camión . [61]
En Dar es Salaam , el servicio de minibús de gestión pública también puede existir a partir de 2008. [10]
Generalmente dirigido tanto por un conductor como por un conductor , [60] este último se llama mpigadebe , que significa literalmente "una persona que golpea un debe" (un recipiente de hojalata de 4 galones que se usa para transportar gasolina o agua). El nombre hace referencia al hecho de que los conductores a menudo golpean el techo y el costado de la camioneta para atraer clientes y notificar al conductor cuándo debe salir de la estación.
Estos transportes públicos a menudo abarrotados [60] tienen sus rutas asignadas por un regulador de transporte de Tanzania , la Autoridad Reguladora de Transporte de Superficie y Marítimo (SUMATRA), [62] pero también existen sindicatos e incluyen DARCOBOA. [10]
Túnez
Los taxis compartidos en Túnez se llaman louage y siguen rutas fijas o semi-fijas, partiendo de las estaciones cuando están llenas. [63] Por lo general, minibuses o automóviles compactos, [63] aunque algunos louage son camionetas , [64] los pasajeros pueden abordar y desembarcar en cualquier momento durante el viaje. [63]
Corren entre pueblos y dentro de las ciudades. [63]
África occidental - Kia kia
El término kia kia puede usarse en Yorùbáland para referirse a los transportes públicos en minibús y significa "rápido rápido". [Thompson 2]
Asia
porcelana
En China continental, es normal en algunas áreas como la ciudad de Yingkou compartir un taxi regular con otros pasajeros que esperan en la misma ruta. Sin embargo, el pasajero principal tiene derecho a rechazar la recogida.
Hong Kong
Public light buses (Chinese: 公共小型巴士), also known as minibus or maxicab (Chinese: 小巴), run the length and breadth of Hong Kong, through areas which the standard bus lines cannot or do not reach as frequently, quickly or directly.
Typically offering a faster and more efficient transportation solution due to their small size, limited carrying capacity, frequency and diverse range of routes, although they are generally slightly more expensive than standard buses, minibuses carry a maximum of 19 seated passengers. Standing passengers are not allowed.
There are two types of public light minibus, green and red. Both types have a cream-coloured body, the distinguishing feature being the colour of the external roof, and the type of service that the colour denotes: green is like regular transit bus with fixed number, route, schedule and fare (but generally not fixed stops); red is a shared taxi, operating on semi-fixed route unregulated, with the driver waiting for enough passengers to justify leaving, as his income depends on the revenue.
Cyprus
In Cyprus, there are privately owned share taxis that travel to set destinations and board additional passengers en route called service taxis.[65] Travel & Express Intercity Taxi Services is the only licensed shared taxi service in South Cyprus, with more than 20 years.[66]
India
Shared taxis have been operating in Mumbai, India, since the early 1970s. These are point-to-point services that operate during peak hours. During off-peak hours they ply like regular taxis; they can be hailed anywhere on the roads and passengers are charged by the meter. During peak hours they will take a full cab load of passengers to a more or less common destination. The pick-up points are usually fixed, and sometimes (but not always) marked by a sign saying "shared taxis". Cabs typically line up at this point during peak hours.
They sometimes display their general destination on their windscreens, and passengers get in and wait for the cab to fill up. Once full the cab moves off. Fares are fixed and much lower than the metered fare to the same destination, but higher than a bus or train fare.
Such informal arrangements also exist in other Indian cities. Share jeeps are a common form of transportation in the Himalayas, the North Eastern States and elsewhere.[67]
Indonesia
Angkutan Kota (literally "city transport"), abbreviated Angkot or Mikrolet are share taxis in Indonesia widely operating throughout the country usually with microbuses. In some places there were also three-wheelers which are called Bemo (such as autorickshaws based on the Daihatsu Midget) but phased out. The older version of Angkot is called Oplet. The name of this transportation differs from each different province or area in the country. In Jakarta, it is called Angkot, in other parts such as in Sulawesi, the term Mikrolet shortened "Mikro" is more widely used especially in Manado. In Makassar it is called "Pete-Pete", in Malang it is called "Angkota", in Medan it is called "Sudako", in Aceh it is called "Labi-Labi".
It runs accordingly with its exact routes and passengers can stop the van anywhere according to its destination, and is not required to stop at a bus stop or station.
Iran
In Iran a share taxi is usually called "taxi", while a non-share is called "ajans"/اژانس, pronounced [aʒans]. Four passengers share a taxi and sometimes there is no terminus and they wait in the street side and blare their destination to all taxies until one of them stops. These are regular taxies but if somebody wants to get a non-share taxi he can call for an ajans (taxi service) for himself or wait in the street side and say "Darbast" (which means non-share). It means he is not interested in sharing the taxi and is consequently willing to pay more for the privilege.
Minibuses, in the past years, with a capacity of 18 passengers, and nowadays van taxies, with a capacity of 10 passengers are other kinds of share transport in Iran.[68]
Israel
In Hebrew: מונית שירות monit sherut, pl. Hebrew: מוניות שירות moniyot sherut is a word meaning "service taxi". Referring to vans or minibuses[69][70][71] that serve as share taxis in Israel, these can be picked up from anywhere on their route.[69] They follow fixed routes[69][70] (sometimes the same routes as public transport buses[69]) and usually leave from the initial station only when full.[69][72] Moniyot sherut operate both inter[70][73] and intra-city.[70] Payment is often done by passing money to the driver in a "human chain" formed by the passengers seated before. The change (and the receipt, when requested) are returned to the person who paid by the same means. In intra-city routes, where they compete with official buses, the drivers usually coordinate their travel by radio so that they can arrive at the bus station just before public transport buses and take the most passengers.
The Philippines
The most popular means of public transportation in the Philippines as of 2007,[74] jeepneys were originally made out of US military jeeps left over from World War II[75] and are known for their color and flamboyant decoration.[74] Today the jeepneys are built by local body shops from a combination of prefabricated elements (from handful Filipino manufacturers) and improvisation and in most cases equipped with "surplus" or used Japanese SUV or light truck engines, drive train, suspension and steering components (from recycled vehicles in Japan).
They have not changed much since their post-war creation, even in the face of an increased access to pre-made vehicles, such as minibuses.[citation needed] However, due to the government's Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program, Jeepneys and other modes of transportation must comply to the newer Philippine National Standards which is more compliant with international standards.
Older jeepneys have the entrance on the back, and there is space for two people beside the driver (or more if they are small) while the modern jeepneys have to doors on the right side of the vehicle. The back cab of the Jeepney is equipped with two long bench seats along the sides and the people seated closest to the driver are responsible for passing the fare of new passengers forward to the driver and the change back to the passenger. The start and end point of the jeepney route is often a jeepney terminal, where there is a queue system so only one jeepney plying a particular route is filled at a time, and where a person helps the driver to collect fares and fill the vehicles with people, usually to more than comfortable capacity.
Preferring to leave only when full and only stop for a crowd of potential passengers,[76] riders can nonetheless disembark at any time;[77] and while jeepneys ply fixed routes,[74] these may be subject to change over time.[78] New ones may need approval from a Philippine transport regulator.[79] Jeepney stations do exist.[80]
Another share taxi that is also common in the Philippines is the UV Express which uses Compact MPVs and vans as its form factor. These vehicles seat 10-18 people and charges additional 2 Philippine peso per kilometer (as of 2013).
Thailand
Literally "two rows"[citation needed] a songthaew or song thaew[81] (Thai สองแถว, Lao: ສອງແຖວ [sɔ̌ːŋtʰíw]) is a passenger vehicle in Thailand[81] and Laos[82] adapted from a pick-up[82] or a larger truck and used as a share taxi. They are also known as baht buses.
Turkey and Northern Cyprus
In Turkey and Turkish-controlled Northern Cyprus dolmuş (pronounced "dolmush") are share taxis that run on set routes within and between cities.[83] Each of these cars or minibuses displays their particular route on signboards behind the windscreen.[83]
Some cities may only allow dolmuş to pick up and disembark passengers at designated stops, and terminals also exist.[83] The word derives from Turkish for "full" or "stuffed", as these share taxis depart from the terminal only when a sufficient number of passengers have boarded.[84] Visitors to Turkey have been surprised by the speed of dolmuş travel.[85]
These share taxis are also found in Turkish-controlled, Northern Cyprus under the same name.[84] Traveling intra and inter-city, the privately owned minibuses or aging Mercedes stretch limos are overseen by a governance institution; routes are leased and vehicles licensed.[84] Passengers board anywhere along the route (you may have to get the driver to stop if he doesn't honk at you) as well as at termini and official stations.[84] Dolmuş in Turkish-controlled, Northern Cyprus display their routes but don't follow timetables. Instead, they simply appear frequently.[84]
West Bank
Share taxis are often called "ser-vees" (service taxi) in the West Bank. Minibuses are often used in lieu of vans. Ford Transit vans were often a popular vehicle for conversion,[86] resulting in the generic trademark "Ford" and "Fordat"(pl) being used to describe minibuses of various makes, replacing aging Mercedes sedans.[70]
Oceania
New Zealand
In New Zealand the first widespread motor vehicle services were shared taxi services termed service cars; a significant early provider was Aard, operating elongated Hudson Super Sixes.[87] By 1930 there were 597 service cars.[88] Aard was taken over by New Zealand Railways Road Services in 1928.[87] Shared taxis in New Zealand nowadays are referred to as Shuttles or Shuttle vans (see below).
New Zealand - Shuttle bus or van
Shared buses or vans are available in many more developed countries connecting frequent destinations, charging a fixed fee per passenger. The most common case is a connection between an airport and central city locations. These services are often known as shuttles. Such services usually use smaller vehicles than normal buses, and often operate on demand. An air traveller can contact the shuttle company by telephone or Internet, not necessarily in advance; the company will ensure that a shuttle is provided without unreasonable delay. The shuttle will typically connect one airport with several large hotels, or addresses in a specified area of the city. The shuttle offers much of the convenience of a taxi, although taking longer, at a price which is significantly lower for one or two passengers. Scheduled services between an airport and a hotel, usually operated by the hotel, are also called shuttles.
In many cases the shuttle operator takes the risk of there not being enough passengers to make the trip profitable; in others there is a minimum charge when there are not enough passengers.[89]
Usually there are regulations covering vehicles and drivers; for example in New Zealand under NZTA regulations, shuttles are only allowed to have up to eleven passenger seats, and the driver must have a passenger endorsement (P) on their drivers' licence.
Europe
Estonia
Share taxis in Estonia are mostly found in Tallinn, the capital.[citation needed] Called liinitakso, marsruuttakso, taksobuss or mikroautobuss depending on the language spoken, these minibuses run fixed routes and allow passengers to disembark at any time.[90]
Greece
In Athens, Greece most taxis were share taxis,[91] but since the country joined the EU this tradition started to disappear.
Former Soviet Union
Marshrutka[1][92] or marshrutnoe taksi[93] are share taxis found in Eastern Europe[1][92] and the republics of the former Soviet Union.[94] Usually vans,[1] they drive along set routes, usually depart only when all seats are filled,[92][94] and may have higher fares than buses.[1][94] Passengers can board a marshrutka anywhere along its route if there are seats available.[92][94]
Fares are usually paid before the marshrutka leaves,.[94][95] Riders nearer the driver are responsible for handing up the other passengers' fares and passing back change.[94][95]
Lithuania
In Lithuania, share taxis are called maršrutinis taksi.
Netherlands
Besides the conventional deeltaxi, there are treintaxis in some Dutch towns. Operated on behalf of the Netherlands Railways,[citation needed] they run to and from railway stations and the ride is shared with additional passengers picked up along the way.[96] Tickets can be purchased at railway ticket offices or from the cabdriver,[96] but treintaxis must be ordered by phone unless boarding at a railway station.[96]
England
In 2018 Arriva launched shared taxi service Arriva Click in Liverpool and Sittingbourne and Kent Science Park in the United Kingdom.[97]
Northern Ireland
In some towns in Northern Ireland, notably certain districts in Ballymena, Belfast, Derry and Newry, share taxi services operate using Hackney carriages and are called black taxis. These services developed during The Troubles as public bus services were often interrupted due to street rioting. Taxi collectives are closely linked with political groups – those operating in Catholic areas with Sinn Féin, those in Protestant areas with loyalist paramilitaries and their political wings.
Typically, fares approximate to those of Translink operated bus services on the same route. Service frequencies are typically higher than on bus services, especially at peak times, although limited capacities mean that passengers living close to the termini may find it difficult to find a black taxi with seats available in the rush hour.
Switzerland
Major provider of mobility services as MOD Mobility On Demand and/or Collective Taxi in Switzerland are
Telebus Kriens LU since 1994 ... www.telebus.ch
Taxito ... www.taxito.ch
myBuxi ... www.mybuxi.ch
Kollibri by Swiss Postal Bus ... www.kollibri.ch
Pikmi by VBZ Verkehrsbetriebe Zurich ZH, introduced Nov2020 ... www.pikmi.ch
Most providers as TNC Transportation Network Companies run single-source mobility platforms for the service and/or are connected with multi-modal mobility platforms of Public Transit (= Collective Traffic) and city administration / community organization.
North America
Barbados
Most areas of Barbados are served by ZRs, which run in addition to the government-run bus service.
Dominican Republic
In the Dominican Republic, these privately owned vehicles[98] run fixed routes[99][98] with no designated stops, and the ride is shared with other passengers.[99]
Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada advises against traveling in Dominican Republic carros públicos because doing so makes passengers targets for robbery, and because the taxis are known to, "disregard traffic laws, often resulting in serious accidents involving injuries and sometimes death."[100] The US Department of State also warns that using them is hazardous, as passengers often have their pockets picked, and are sometimes robbed by the drivers themselves.[98]
Haiti
Tap taps, gaily painted buses[101][102] or pick-up trucks,[102] and publiques, usually older saloon cars,[103] serve as share taxis in Haiti.
Tap taps are privately owned and beautifully decorated.[101] They follow fixed routes;[104] won't leave until filled with passengers;[102][104] and many feature wild colors, portraits of famous people, and intricate, hand-cut wooden window covers.[101] Often they are painted with religious names or slogans.[Thompson 3] Riders can disembark at any point in the journey.[102][104] Their name refers to "fast motion".[Thompson 4]
The publiques operate on fixed routes and pick up additional passengers all along the way.[103]
While saying not to use any form of public transport in Haiti, the Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada advises against tap tap travel especially.[105] The US State Department also warns travelers not to use tap taps, "because they are often overloaded, mechanically unsound, and driven unsafely."[106]
Saint Lucia
In Saint Lucia, waychehs are a name for minibus public transports using Toyota HiAce.
Canada
In Quebec, share taxis or jitneys are called taxis collectifs[107] (in English "collective taxis"[108]) or transport collectif par taxi[109] (which may be translated in English as "taxibus"[110]) and are operated by subcontractors to the local transit authorities[110][111][112][113] on fixed routes.[citation needed]
In the case of the Montréal the fare is the same as local bus fare, but no cash and transfers are issued or accepted;[114] in case of the STL only bus passes.[111][115] The Réseau de transport de Longueuil accepts regular RTL tickets and all RTL and some Réseau de transport métropolitain TRAM passes.[116]
Guatemala
In Guatemala, ruleteros, minibus share taxis, pick up and discharge passengers along major streets.[117][118]
United States
Jitney is an American English term that originally referred to a vehicle for hire intermediate between a taxi and a bus.[119] It is generally a small-capacity vehicle that follows a rough service route, but it can go slightly out of its way to pick up and drop off passengers. In many US cities (e.g. Pittsburgh and Detroit), the term jitney refers to an unlicensed taxi cab.
The name comes from an archaic, colloquial term for a five-cent piece in the US (the nickel). The common fare for the service when it first came into use was five cents, so the "five-cent cab" or "jitney cab" came to be known for the price charged.
In Rhode Island a jitney license plate is used for all public passenger buses, even for larger ones.
While jitneys became fairly common in many other countries, such as the Philippines, they first appeared in the US and Canada. The first US jitneys ran in 1914 in Los Angeles, California. By 1915, there were 62,000 nationwide. Local regulations, demanded by streetcar companies, killed the jitney in most places. By the end of 1916, only 6,000 jitneys remained.[120] Similarly, in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, in the 1920s, jitneys competed directly with the streetcar monopoly operating along the same routes as the streetcars, but jitneys were charging lower fares.[121] Operators were referred to as "jitney men." They were so successful that the city government banned them at the request of the streetcar operators.
Since the 1973 oil crisis (as well as the mid-20th-century decline in transit service), jitneys have reappeared in some areas of the US, particularly in inner city areas once served by streetcars and private buses. An increase in bus fares usually leads to a significant rise in jitney usage. Liberalization of jitneys is often encouraged by libertarian urban economists, such as University of Chicago's Richard Epstein, Rutgers' James Dunn, and USC's Peter Gordon, as a more "market-friendly" alternative to public transportation. Concerns over fares, insurance liabilities, and passenger safety have kept legislative support for jitneys decidedly tepid. Nevertheless, in New York City and northern New Jersey, jitneys (known as "dollar vans" because of their original price) are regulated.
Miami has the country's most comprehensive jitney network, due to Caribbean influence. In Atlanta jitneys run along Buford Highway.
In Atlantic City the ACJA operates a jitney service that travels the main strip of casinos. One of the routes also services the new cluster of casinos west of Atlantic City proper.
In 2009, the Houston Waves, Houston's first jitney service in 17 years, started running. It has expanded into a network of buses operating within Loop 610 and to all special event venues in Houston.
Carros públicos (literally "public cars") are share taxis in Puerto Rico.[122] In Puerto Rico, carros públicos ply set routes with several passengers sharing the ride[123] and others picked up throughout the journey.[122]
The industry is regulated by the Puerto Rico Public Service Commission.[5]
While these cars do travel inter-city, they may not be available for longer, cross-island travel.[5] Stations may exist in cities, and Puerto Rican carros públicos may congregate in specific places around town.[5]
Mexico
Along with traditional bus and minibus routes in some areas that the regular size buses couldn't fit due to the road and street height and width with small size. but they are regulated in standard minibuses fare depending the state and city of the country.
South America
Argentina
Colectivos operated as share taxis from the late 1920s until the 1950s in Buenos Aires, Argentina when they were integrated into the public transportation system. Vehicles still known as colectivos operate throughout the country, but have long been indistinguishable from buses.[124]
Chile, Peru and Guatemala
Often share taxi routes in Mexico are ad hoc arrangements to fill in gaps in regular public transportation, and many operate inter-city as well as local routes. In many rural areas, they are the only public transportation.
In some cases truck/taxi combination vehicles have evolved to transport light goods as well as passengers. Heavily used share taxi routes often evolve into regulated microbus public transit routes, as has occurred in Mexico City and in Lima.
Taxis colectivos are also found in Perú, Chile, Guatemala, and Argentina, where they are most commonly referred to simply as colectivos, although in some places they have become essentially standard buses.[124]
Servicios basados en tecnología moderna
Paratransit
Modern Paratransit services, also known as demand responsive transport systems in the UK, can provide shared transport services in situations where scheduled services are not viable. Traditionally these services had to be booked a day in advance, but are becoming increasingly responsive using modern communications systems with a central booking system accessed by phone or internet and instant communications with GPS tracked vehicles. Unlike scheduled services the vehicles need not operate on fixed routes of timetables, although they do often have constrained routes.
Some newer taxi share systems now use internet and mobile phone communications for booking and scheduling purposes, with the actual service provided by normal hackney carriage or Private Hire vehicles. Prospective passengers make bookings and supply destination details using SMS or mobile apps to a central server which aggregates these travel requests and creates packages of trips which are then communicated to drivers.
Commercially operated airport shuttle buses
There are many operators of airport shuttle services between Airports and Hotels around the world that operate on flexible routing and timing to offer a service that is both cheaper than a sole-occupancy taxi and also often more convenient that other forms of public transport. The requirement to carry luggage offers an added incentive to use such services over scheduled transport which will normally require a walk from the drop-off location to the final destination. Services from these operators are starting to spread from airports to railway stations and to other locations.
Demand responsive transport
Some operators and/or governments around the world are now offering demand-based shared transport to residents in community with low ridership numbers, which could help maintain the existence of public transport. Operations are predefined according to bookings.
Ver también
- Dollar van
- Dolmuş
- Marshrutka
- Nanny van
- Pesero
- Public light bus (Hong Kong)
Citas
- ^ a b c d e Urban transportation systems: choices for communities (p. 254). Sigurd Grava. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2003. 840 pp. 0071384170, 9780071384179.
- ^ Robert Cervero, Fostering Commercial Transit: Alternatives in Greater Los Angeles, Reason Magazine, September 1992.
- ^ a b c d e f Kumar & Barrett, Stuck in Traffic (2008), p. xiv. Archived 2012-09-17 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ http://themediaonline.co.za/2013/10/ooh-mass-urbanisation-and-the-south-african-taxi-commuter/
- ^ a b c d Q&A nytimes.com, February 21, 1988.
- ^ Kumar & Barrett, Stuck in Traffic (2008), p. 24. Archived 2012-09-17 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ http://joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=60&Itemid=71
- ^ a b c d e Stuck in Traffic; Urban Transport in Africa (p. 8). Archived 2012-09-17 at the Wayback Machine Ajay Kumar & Fanny Barrett. Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic in cooperation with the World Bank, January 2008. Draft Final Report.
- ^ RAF-977DM marshrutnoye taksi, "Avtomobil Na Sluzhbie, No.28, DeAgostini, 2012, ISSN 2223-0440 (in Russian)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Kumar & Barrett, Stuck in Traffic (2008), p. 9. Archived 2012-09-17 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c d Kumar & Barrett, Stuck in Traffic (2008), p. 10. Archived 2012-09-17 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c d Kumar & Barrett, Stuck in Traffic (2008), p. 11.
- ^ a b c d Kumar & Barrett, Stuck in Traffic (2008), p. 17. Archived 2012-09-17 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Kumar & Barrett, Stuck in Traffic (2008), p. xv. Archived 2012-09-17 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c d Nairobi Today: the Paradox of a Fragmented City; Hidden $ Centz: Rolling the Wheels of Nairobi Matatu. Mbugua wa-Mungai. (p. 371). edited by Helene Charton-Bigot, Deyssi Rodriguez-Torres. African Books Collective, 2010. 404 pp. 9987080936, 9789987080939.
- ^ a b c Nairobi Today: the Paradox of a Fragmented City; Hidden $ Centz: Rolling the Wheels of Nairobi Matatu. Mbugua wa-Mungai (p. 376). edited by Helene Charton-Bigot, Deyssi Rodriguez-Torres. African Books Collective, 2010. 404 pp. 9987080936, 9789987080939.
- ^ a b c d e Kenya (p. 383). Tom Parkinson, Max Phillips, Will Gourlay. Lonely Planet, 2006. 352 pp. 1740597435, 9781740597432.
- ^ a b c d Stuck in Traffic; Urban Transport in Africa (p. 15.) Archived 2012-09-17 at the Wayback Machine Ajay Kumar & Fanny Barrett. Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic in cooperation with the World Bank, January 2008. Draft Final Report.
- ^ a b Transport in Algiers: Local transport; Taxi lonelyplanet.com
- ^ a b TRAVEL REPORT Algeria: 9. TRAVEL AND CURRENCY Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada Official Site
- ^ Johathan Oakes, Bradt Travel Guide: Algeria (p. 173). Bradt Travel Guides, 2008. 352 pp. 184162232X, 9781841622323.
- ^ Oakes (2008), Bradt Travel Guide: Algeria (p. 90).
- ^ Oakes (2008), Bradt Travel Guide: Algeria (p. 173).
- ^ Oakes (2008), Bradt Travel Guide: Algeria (p. 125).
- ^ Oakes (2008), Bradt Travel Guide: Algeria (p. 141).
- ^ Oakes (2008), Bradt Travel Guide: Algeria (p. 44).
- ^ Travel Advice: Algeria; Road Safety Irish Department of Foreign Affairs Official Site
- ^ a b c d e f Kumar & Barrett, Stuck in Traffic (2008), p. 14. Archived 2012-09-17 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Kumar & Barrett, Stuck in Traffic (2008), p. xiii. Archived 2012-09-17 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c Stuck in Traffic; Urban Transport in Africa (page 6) Archived 2012-09-17 at the Wayback Machine Ajay Kumar & Fanny Barrett. Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic in cooperation with the World Bank, January 2008. Draft Final Report.
- ^ a b c d TroTro: Transport for the People by the People ghanaweb.com
- ^ a b c d Ghana: The Bradt Travel Guide (p. 69). Philip Briggs. Bradt Travel Guides, 2007. 4th ed. 416 pp. 1841622052, 9781841622057.
- ^ a b c d e f Report from the Field: The Tro-Tro – An Essential Mode of Transport in Accra, Ghana blogs.ei.columbia.edu, 9.29.2010.
- ^ West Africa (p. 347). Anthony Ham. Lonely Planet, 2009. 7th ed. 912 pp. 1741048214, 9781741048216.
- ^ Ghana: The Bradt Travel Guide (p. 113). Philip Briggs. Bradt Travel Guides, 2007. 4th ed. 416 pp. 1841622052, 9781841622057.
- ^ a b TroTro Station ghanaweb.com
- ^ City of Accra, Ghana consultative citizens' report card (page 113) Report No. 55117-GH. The World Bank. 2010/06/01.
- ^ [1]
- ^ [2]
- ^ a b Have You Ever Taken A Matatu? glpinc.org
- ^ a b Nairobi Journal; Take (On) the Minibuses, if You Dare nytimes.com, April 16, 1996.
- ^ Kenya's Taxi Vans Are Packed and Perilous nytimes.com, April 24, 1988
- ^ a b c d In Nairobi, Kenya puts brakes on its runaway success csmonitor.com, June 28, 1999.
- ^ a b Roll over Snoop Dogg, Ocampo is new king of the matatu csmonitor.com, January 29, 2010.
- ^ a b The Way We Live Now: 4-4-99 – How It's Done In Nairobi; Buckle Up, Hold Your Breath, Say a Prayer nytimes.com, April 04, 1999.
- ^ a b c Nairobi Today: the Paradox of a Fragmented City; Hidden $ Centz: Rolling the Wheels of Nairobi Matatu. Mbugua wa-Mungai (p. 367). edited by Helene Charton-Bigot, Deyssi Rodriguez-Torres. African Books Collective, 2010. 404 pp. 9987080936, 9789987080939.
- ^ Lorry rams into matatu killing 12 on the spot standardmedia.co.ke, 19 February 2011
- ^ Nairobi Today: the Paradox of a Fragmented City; Hidden $ Centz: Rolling the Wheels of Nairobi Matatu. Mbugua wa-Mungai. (p. 375). edited by Helene Charton-Bigot, Deyssi Rodriguez-Torres. African Books Collective, 2010. 404 pp. 9987080936, 9789987080939.
- ^ a b c Kenya (p. 382). Tom Parkinson, Max Phillips, Will Gourlay. Lonely Planet, 2006. 352 pp. 1740597435, 9781740597432.
- ^ Nairobi Today: the Paradox of a Fragmented City; Hidden $ Centz: Rolling the Wheels of Nairobi Matatu. Mbugua wa-Mungai. (p. 374), edited by Helene Charton-Bigot, Deyssi Rodriguez-Torres. African Books Collective, 2010. 404 pp. 9987080936, 9789987080939.
- ^ Negotiating social space: East African microenterprises (p. 69). Patrick O. Alila, Poul O. Pedersen. Africa World Press, 2001. 353 pp. 0865439648, 9780865439641.
- ^ Kenya in crisis bbc.co.uk, Monday, 8 January 2007, 15:25 GMT.
- ^ "This is how the name matatu came into being". Daily Nation. Retrieved 2020-01-17.
- ^ a b "Morocco Taxis and Transportation". Heymorocco. Archived from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
- ^ Ajay Kumar & Fanny Barrett, Stuck in Traffic; Urban Transport in Africa (p. xi). Archived 2012-09-17 at the Wayback Machine Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic in cooperation with the World Bank, January 2008. Draft Final Report.
- ^ Lemu, Massa. "Danfo, Molue and the Afropolitan Experience in Emeka Ogbohs Soundscapes". Art & Education. Archived from the original on August 10, 2016. Retrieved September 4, 2016.
- ^ a b No more ‘twegerane’ in commuter Coaster buses newtimes.co.rw, Friday, March 11, 2011.
- ^ a b c "Minibus Taxis and Road Safety". Arrive Alive. Retrieved 2018-09-14.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-02-09. Retrieved 2012-04-04.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ a b c d Thoughts On Dala Dala Buses isteptanzania.wordpress.com, May 29, 2009.
- ^ Travel Guide to Zanzibar zanzibar.org
- ^ Kumar & Barrett, Stuck in Traffic (2008), p. xii. Archived 2012-09-17 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c d Public Transport in Tunisia tunispro.net
- ^ How Green Is the Desert nytimes.com, November 28, 1999.
- ^ Cyprus Vesna Maric. Lonely Planet, 2009. 268 pp. 4th ed. ISBN 9781741048032.
- ^ [3] Christos Karavias, Manager of Παγκύπρια Εταιρεία Υπεραστικών Ταξί.
- ^ Sarina Singh, India, Lonely Planet, 2005.
- ^ mideastyouth
- ^ a b c d e Taxi & "Sherut" Service in Israel tourplanisrael.com
- ^ a b c d e Amelia Thomas, Michael Kohn, Miriam Raphael, Dan Savery Raz, Israel and the Palestinian Territories, p. 431. Lonely Planet, 2010. 468 pp. 6th ed. 1741044561, 9781741044560.
- ^ Frommer's Israel. Robert Ullian. Frommer's, 2010. 544 pp. 0470618205, 9780470618202.
- ^ GUIDE TO 13 MAJOR WAY STATIONS nytimes.com, March 4, 1984.
- ^ INTERNATIONAL ISSUE; Going Abroad Without Going Broke nytimes.com, March 11, 1990.
- ^ a b c "Manila's jeepney pioneer fears the end of the road". Reuters. 2007-11-20. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
- ^ Otsuka, Keijiro; Masao Kikuchi; Yujiro Hayami (January 1986). "Community and Market in Contract Choice: The Jeepney in the Philippines". Economic Development and Cultural Change. 34 (2): 279–98. doi:10.1086/451528. ISSN 0013-0079. JSTOR 1153851. S2CID 155062784.
- ^ Philippines (p. 454). Chris Rowthorn, Greg Bloom. Lonely Planet, 2006. 492 pp. 9th ed. 1741042895, 9781741042894.
- ^ Toughest place to be a Bus Driver (Part 2 of 6) "7:27/10:00" youtube.com. BBC. First broadcast Sun 20 Feb 2011.
- ^ JEEPNEY ROUTES wayblima.com
- ^ City Council pushes for new jeepney route philstar.com, September 06, 2010.
- ^ Philippines (p. 114). Chris Rowthorn, Greg Bloom. Lonely Planet, 2006. 492 pp. 9th ed. 1741042895, 9781741042894.
- ^ a b Island Escape From Bangkok nytimes.com, April 20, 1997.
- ^ a b Side Trips by Frommer's. Luang Namtha & the Far North: Getting There; By Air nytimes.com, "Frommer's content excerpted from Frommer's Southeast Asia, 4th Edition © 2007, Wiley Publishing, Inc".
- ^ a b c Turkish Dolmus Taxi or Minibus turkeytravelplanner.com
- ^ a b c d e Bus Services in North Cyprus Archived 2010-08-23 at the Wayback Machine essentialcyprus.com, January 28, 2009.
- ^ Dolmuş story hurriyetdailynews.com, Tuesday, January 19, 2010.
- ^ Film review: Ford Transit by Maureen Clare Murphy, The Electronic Intifada, 30 May 2004
- ^ a b Alexander Turnbull Library, Map New Zealand, Godwit/Random House, Auckland 2006
- ^ "Kōrero: Coaches and long-distance buses Whārangi 3 – Service cars". Te Ara – The Encyclopedia of New Zealand.
- ^ Airport Transfers. Queenstown.net.nz (2008-10-28). Retrieved on 2013-08-15.
- ^ Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania Carolyn Bain. Lonely Planet, 2009. 456 pp. 5th ed. 1741047706, 9781741047707.
- ^ Gerrard, Mike (2009). National Geographic Traveler Greece (3, illustrated ed.). National Geographic Books. p. 336. ISBN 9781426203961.
- ^ a b c d Marshrutka priyank.com, September 6, 2009.
- ^ THE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH AND LITHUANIAN: TRANSPORT TERMS AND SOME METHODS OF DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE SCIENCE WRITING STRATEGIES BY NON-NATIVE SPEAKERS OF ENGLISH Valerija Marina, Igor Marin, Genovaitė Snuviškienė. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Saulėtekio al. 11, 10223 Vilnius, Lithuania. September 2009 (p. 221).
- ^ a b c d e f St. Petersburg Marshrutka saint-petersburg.com
- ^ a b Marshrutka moscow.info
- ^ a b c Transport in The Netherlands: Train; Treintaxi lonelyplanet.com
- ^ "Uber-style bus service planned for city". BBC News. 26 June 2018.
- ^ a b c Dominican Republic: Country Specific Information; Crime US Department of State Official Site
- ^ a b Dominican Republic Transportation: Carro Publicos dr1.com
- ^ TRAVEL REPORT: Dominican Republic; 9. TRAVEL AND CURRENCY Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada Official Site.
- ^ a b c Haiti's 'Tap Tap' Bus Art Flourishes After Quake PBS Newshour, March 30, 2010.
- ^ a b c d Haiti: Tap-taps traveladventures.org
- ^ a b Transport in Port-au-Prince: Local transport; Taxi lonelyplanet.com
- ^ a b c My Haiti Picture for today : Tap-Tap katianovetsaintlot.blogspot.com, February 9, 2010.
- ^ TRAVEL REPORT Haiti: 9. Travel and Currency Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada Official Site
- ^ Travel Warning: Haiti US Department of State Official Site, January 20, 2011
- ^ STL – Taxis – Liste des circuits de taxis.
- ^ STL – Taxis – Liste des circuits de taxis.
- ^ Le transport collectif par taxi
- ^ a b Taxibus service
- ^ a b STL – Taxis – Liste des circuits de taxis.
- ^ Taxibus service – Aldo distribution centre in Saint-Laurent
- ^ Taxibus service – Lachine
- ^ [4] Archived September 24, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ [5] Archived June 22, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Service Table.
- ^ Guatemala: Local Transportation ediplomat.com, 6/8/2004.
- ^ "Ruleteros regresan por falta de buses en barrios", Prensa Libre.
- ^ Page, Walter Hines; Page, Arthur Wilson (April 1915). "The March Of Events: The Jitney". The World's Work: A History of Our Time. XXIX: 618. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
- ^ Eckert, Ross D.; Hilton, George W. (March 1972). "The Jitneys". Journal of Law and Economics. Chicago: The University of Chicago. 15 (2): 293–325. doi:10.1086/466738. JSTOR 724795. S2CID 222327593.
- ^ Report of Dr. Adam Shortt, commissioner investigating the economic conditions and operations of the British Columbia Electric Railway Company and subsidiary companies, and to decide definitely as to the possibility of street car service being maintained in competition with the jitneys, publ. BC Electric Railway Company Limited, Vancouver, 1917
- ^ a b On becoming Nuyoricans Angela Anselmo, Alma Rubal-Lopez. Peter Lang, 2005. 172 pp. 0820455202, 9780820455204.
- ^ PUERTO RICO'S QUIET EDGE nytimes.com, March 31, 1985.
- ^ a b The design evolution of the colectivo. Article with much information and many photographs accessed 10 April 2010. (in Spanish)
Obras citadas
- ^ Thompson, p. 39.
- ^ a b Thompson, Robert Farris (Spring 1996). "Tap-Tap, Fula-Fula, Kíá-Kíá: The Haitian Bus in Atlantic Perspective". African Arts. 29 (2 Special Issue: Arts of Vodou): 41. doi:10.2307/3337365. JSTOR 3337365.
- ^ Thompson, pp. 37, 38, 44, 45.
- ^ Thompson, p. 36.
enlaces externos
Media related to Share taxis at Wikimedia Commons
Media related to Share taxis at Wikimedia Commons