De Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre
  (Redirigido desde Musophagidae )
Saltar a navegación Saltar a búsqueda
"Loerie" vuelve a dirigir aquí. Para la ciudad sudafricana, consulte Loerie, Eastern Cape .

Turacos y familiares
Rango temporal:
Oligoceno - Holoceno ,24–0  Ma Posible registro del Eoceno temprano
Tauraco persa (captive - Birds of Eden).jpg
Guinea turaco ( Tauraco persa ) en el aviario Birds of Eden , Sudáfrica
clasificación cientifica e
Reino:Animalia
Filo:Chordata
Clase:Aves
Clade :Otidimorphae
Pedido:Musophagiformes
Seebohm, 1890
Familia:Lección de Musophagidae
, 1828
Genera
Sinónimos
  • Apopempsidae Brodkorb, 1971b
  • Veflintornithidae Kašin, 1976

Los turacos conforman el ave de la familia Musophagidae ( / ˌ m j ü z oʊ f æ dʒ ɪ d i / "plátano comedores"), que incluye comedores del llantén y go-away-pájaros . En el sur de África, tanto los turacos como las aves desaparecidas se conocen comúnmente como loeries . Son semi-zygodactylous : el cuarto dedo (exterior) se puede cambiar de un lado a otro. El segundo y tercer dedo, que siempre apuntan hacia adelante, están unidos en algunas especies. Los musofágidos a menudo tienen crestas prominentes.y colas largas; los turacos se caracterizan por pigmentos peculiares y únicos que les dan sus plumas verdes y rojas brillantes.

Tradicionalmente, este grupo se ha aliado con los cucos del orden Cuculiformes , pero la taxonomía de Sibley-Ahlquist eleva este grupo a un orden completo de Musophagiformes . Se ha propuesto vincular al hoatzin con las otras aves vivas, [1] pero esto fue luego discutido. [2] Los análisis genéticos recientes han apoyado fuertemente la clasificación de orden de Musophagiformes. [3] [4] [5]

Musophagidae es una de las pocas familias de aves endémicas de África, [6] una de las cuales son las aves ratón , Colliidae. Todas las especies son frugívoras , pero también comen hojas, brotes y flores. Los higos son una parte importante de su dieta. Tienen alas redondeadas y colas largas y patas fuertes, lo que los convierte en malos voladores, pero buenos corredores. [6]

Los turacos son aves arbóreas de tamaño mediano endémicas del África subsahariana , donde viven en bosques , bosques y sabanas .

Son aves gregarias , no migratorias que se mueven en grupos familiares de hasta 10. Muchas especies son ruidosas, destacándose especialmente las aves que se alejan por sus penetrantes llamadas de alarma , que alertan a la otra fauna de la presencia de depredadores ; su nombre común es onomatopeya de este. Los musofágidos construyen grandes nidos de palos en los árboles y ponen 2 o 3 huevos. Los jóvenes nacen con ojos gruesos y abiertos, o casi abiertos. [7]

Morphology[edit]

Female white-bellied go-away-bird, Crinifer leucogaster

Most turacos are medium-sized birds – an exception being the large great blue turaco – with long tails and short, rounded wings. They range in length from 40 to 75 cm (16–30 in). Their flight is weak, but they are strong climbers and are able to move nimbly on branches and through vegetation. Juveniles have claws on the wings that help them climb.[8][9][10] They have a unique foot arrangement, where the fourth toe can be brought around to the back of the foot where it almost touches the first toe, or brought around so that it is near the second and third. In spite of this flexibility the toe is actually usually held at right angles to the axis of the foot.[11]

The plumage of go-away-birds and plantain-eaters is mainly grey and white. The turacos on the other hand are brightly coloured birds, usually blue, green or purple. The green colour in turacos comes from turacoverdin, the only true green pigment in birds known to date. Other "greens" in bird colors result from a yellow pigment such as some carotenoid, combined with the prismatic physical structure of the feather itself which scatters the light in a particular way and giving a blue colour.

Turaco wings contain the red pigment turacin, unlike in other birds where red colour is due to carotenoids. Both pigments are derived from porphyrins and only known from the Musophagidae into the 21st century, but especially the little-researched turacoverdin might have relatives in other birds. The incidence of turacoverdin in relation to habitat is of interest to scientists, being present in forest species but absent in savanna- and acacia-living species.[11]

Little is known about the longevity of wild turacos, but in captivity they are proving to be exceptionally long-lived, easily living to 30 years in captivity. A bird in the Cotswold Wildlife Park collection in England approached its 37th year.[12]

Evolution and systematics[edit]

The fossil genus Veflintornis is known from the Middle Miocene of Grive-Saint-Alban (France). It was established as Apopempsis by Pierce Brodkorb in 1971, but this is pre-empted by Schenkling's 1903 use of the name for some beetles. "Apopempsis" africanus (Early Miocene of Kenya) might also belong there.[13]

Further fossil material of putative musophagids was found in Egypt as well as in Late Oligocene deposits at Gaimersheim in Germany and Middle Miocene deposits at Grive-Saint-Alban[14] and Vieux-Collonges (each in France).[13] While it is not entirely certain that these fossils are indeed of turacos, it nonetheless appears as if the family evolved in the Oligocene of central Europe or perhaps northern Africa, and later on shifted its distribution southwards. The climate of those European regions during the late Paleogene was not too dissimilar to that of (sub)tropical Africa today; the Saharan desert was not yet present and the distance across the Mediterranean was not much more than what it is today. Thus such a move south may well have been a very slow and gradual shifting of a large and continuous range.

Great blue turaco
Corythaeola cristata

The Early Eocene Promusophaga was initially believed to be the oldest record of the turacos; it was eventually reconsidered a distant relative of the ostrich and is now in the ratite family Lithornithidae. Filholornis from the Late Eocene or Early Oligocene of France is occasionally considered a musophagid, but its relationships have always been disputed. It is not often considered a turaco in more recent times and has been synonymised with the presumed gruiform Talantatos, though it is not certain whether this will become widely accepted.[13]

The phylogenetic analysis conducted by Field & Hsiang (2018) indicated that Eocene (Wasatchian) species Foro panarium known from the Fossil Butte Member of the Green River Formation (Wyoming, United States) was a stem-turaco.[15]

Phylogeny[edit]

The IOC World Bird List (version 10.1) recognises 23 species of turaco in six genera.[16] However, a phylogenetic analysis by Perktaş et al (2020) found genus Tauraco polyphyletic and a revised classification has been proposed based on molecular, morphological and biogeographic analysis.[17] This study recognised 33 species-level taxa in seven genera corresponding to the major clades. The following phylogenetic tree is based on this proposal and uses their proposed genus and species names.[17]

 
 
Corythaeolinae
 

Corythaeola cristata (great blue turaco)

 
 
Criniferinae
 
 

Crinifer leucogaster (white-bellied go-away-bird)

 
Crinifer
 

Crinifer piscator (western plantain-eater)

 
 

Crinifer zonurus (eastern plantain-eater)

 
sensu stricto
 
 
 

Crinifer personatus (bare-faced go-away-bird)

 
 

Crinifer concolor (gray go-away-bird)

 
 
(Crinifer sensu lato)[a]
 
Musophaginae
Gallirex[h]
 
 

Gallirex porphyreolophus (southern purple-crested turaco)

 
 

Gallirex chlorochlamys (northern purple-crested turaco)[b]

 
 
 
 

Gallirex kivuensis (Kivu turaco)[b]

 
 

Gallirex johnstoni (Rwenzori turaco)

 
 
 
 
Menelikornis[g]
 

Menelikornis ruspolii (Prince Ruspoli's turaco)

 
 
 

Menelikornis leucotis (white-cheeked turaco)

 
 

Menelikornis donaldsoni (Donaldson's turaco)[b]

 
 
 
 
Musophaga
 
 

Musophaga macrorhynchus (western yellow-billed turaco)

 
 

Musophaga verreauxii (eastern yellow-billed turaco)[b]

 
 
 
 

Musophaga violacea (violet turaco)

 
 

Musophaga rossae (Ross's turaco)

 
 
 
Tauraco
Proturacus[f]
 

Proturacus bannermani (Bannerman's turaco)

 
 
 

Proturacus erythrolophus (red-crested turaco)

 
 

Proturacus leucolophus (white-crested turaco)

 
 
 
Tauraco
 
 

Tauraco emini (eastern black-billed turaco)[c]

 
 

Tauraco hartlaubi (Hartlaub's turaco)

 
 
 

Tauraco persa (Guinea turaco or eastern green turaco)

 
 

Tauraco buffoni (western green turaco)[b]

 
 
 
 
 

Tauraco fischeri (Fischer's turaco)

 
 

Tauraco reichenowi (Reichenow's turaco)[d]

 
 
 
 

Tauraco corythaix (Knysna turaco)

 
 

Tauraco livingstonii (Livingstone's turaco)

 
 
 
 
 
 

Tauraco schuettii (black-billed turaco)

 
 
 

Tauraco chalcolophus (Ngorongoro turaco)[e]

 
 
 

Tauraco schalowi (Schalow's turaco)

 
 
 

Tauraco marungensis (Zambia turaco)[e]

 
 

Tauraco loitanus (Loita turaco)[e]

 
 
 
 
 
sensu stricto
sensu lato
 
 
 
 

Notes:[17]

  1. ^ Broader definition of Crinifer proposed, because Corythaixoides leucogaster is recovered with the Crinifer species rather than the other Corythaixoides species
  2. ^ a b c d e Proposed species split based on phylogenetic species principle.
  3. ^ Elevation of former subspecies to new species proposed because Tauraco schuettii was found to be polyphyletic.
  4. ^ Elevation of former subspecies to new species proposed because Tauraco livingstonii was found to be polyphyletic.
  5. ^ a b c Proposed species split of Tauraco schalowi complex into four species based on phylogenetic species principle.
  6. ^ Proposed recognition of genus Proturacus for a clade of Tauraco bannermani, Tauraco erythrolophus and Tauraco leucolophus.
  7. ^ Proposed genus for clade of former Taurico species
  8. ^ Proposed genus for clade of former Taurico and Ruwenzorornis species

Species[edit]

The species of Musophagidae, arranged in taxonomic sequence and Paleofile.com websites are:[18][19]

Order Musophagiformes Seebohm 1890

  • Genus †Foro Olson, 1992?
    • †F. panarium Olson, 1992
  • Family Musophagidae Lesson 1828 [Apopempsidae Brodkorb, 1971b; Veflintornithidae Kašin, 1976]
    • Genus †Veflintornis Kašin 1976 [Apopempsis Brodkorb 1971 non Schenkling 1903]
      • †V. meini (Ballmann 1969) Kašin 1976 [Musophaga meini Ballmann 1969; Apopempsis meini (Ballmann 1969) Brodkorb 1971]
      • †V. africanus (Harrison 1980) [Musophaga africanus Harrison 1980; Apopempsis africanus (Harrison 1980)]
    • Subfamily Corythaeolinae
      • Genus Corythaeola Heine 1860
        • Great blue turaco, Corythaeola cristata (Vieillot 1816) Heine 1860
    • Subfamily Criniferinae
      • Genus Crinifer
        • Western plantain-eater, Crinifer piscator (Boddaert 1783)
        • Eastern plantain-eater, Crinifer zonurus (Rüppell 1835)
        • White-bellied go-away-bird, Crinifer leucogaster (Rüppell 1842) Roberts 1926
        • Grey go-away-bird, Crinifer concolor
        • Bare-faced go-away-bird, Crinifer personatus
    • Subfamily Musophaginae
      • Genus Gallirex
        • Purple-crested turaco, Gallirex porphyreolophus
        • Rwenzori turaco, Gallirex johnstoni
      • Genus Menelikornis
        • White-cheeked turaco, Menelikornis leucotis (Rüppell 1835)
        • Ruspoli's turaco, Menelikornis ruspolii Salvadori 1896
      • Genus Tauraco
        • Bannerman's turaco, Tauraco bannermani (Bates 1923)
        • White-crested turaco, Tauraco leucolophus (Heuglin 1855)
        • Red-crested turaco, Tauraco erythrolophus (Vieillot 1819)
        • Guinea turaco, Tauraco persa (Linnaeus 1758)
        • Knysna turaco, Tauraco corythaix (Wagler 1827)
        • Livingstone's turaco, Tauraco livingstonii Gray 1864
        • Fischer's turaco, Tauraco fischeri (Reichenow 1878)
        • Black-billed turaco, Tauraco schuettii (Cabanis 1879)
        • Schalow's turaco, Tauraco schalowi (Reichenow 1891)
        • Hartlaub's turaco, Tauraco hartlaubi (Fischer & Reichenow 1884)
        • Yellow-billed turaco, Tauraco macrorhynchus (Fraser 1839)
        • Violet turaco, Tauraco violaceus Isert 1788
        • Ross's turaco, Tauraco rossae Gould 1852

Interaction with humans[edit]

The crimson flight feathers of turacos have been treasured as status symbols to royalty and paramount chiefs all over Africa. They are recorded as being valued by the Swazi and Zulu royal families.[20] British ornithologist Constantine Walter Benson, who collected heavily in Africa, is alleged to have tasted every species he collected; he claimed that turacos tasted the best.[21]

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ Hughes & Baker (1999)
  2. ^ Sorenson et al. (2003)
  3. ^ Ericson, P.G.P.; et al. (2006). "Diversification of Neoaves: integration of molecular sequence data and fossils" (PDF). Biology Letters. 2 (4): 543–547. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0523. PMC 1834003. PMID 17148284. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-03-07.
  4. ^ Hackett, S.J.; et al. (2008). "A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History". Science. 320 (5884): 1763–1768. Bibcode:2008Sci...320.1763H. doi:10.1126/science.1157704. PMID 18583609. S2CID 6472805.
  5. ^ Jarvis, E.D.; et al. (2014). "Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds". Science. 346 (6215): 1320–1331. Bibcode:2014Sci...346.1320J. doi:10.1126/science.1253451. PMC 4405904. PMID 25504713.
  6. ^ a b Holzman, Barbara A. (2008). Tropical forest biomes. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-33840-3. OCLC 470649845.
  7. ^ Marchant, S. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London: Merehurst Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-1-85391-186-6.
  8. ^ Fain, Matthew G. & Houde, Peter (2004). "Parallel radiations in the primary clades of birds" (PDF). Evolution. 58 (11): 2558–2573. doi:10.1554/04-235. PMID 15612298. S2CID 1296408. Retrieved 2016-07-08.
  9. ^ "Violaceous Touraco" (PDF). rosamondgiffordzoo.org. 2010-03-01. Retrieved 2016-07-08.
  10. ^ "TURACO TAG HUSBANDRY MANUAL" (PDF). aviansag.org. 1998-08-18. Retrieved 2016-07-08.
  11. ^ a b Turner, Donald (1997), "Family Musophagidae (Turacos)", in del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.), Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 4, Sandgrouse to Cuckoos, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, pp. 480–508, ISBN 978-84-87334-22-1
  12. ^ Originally from Nigel Hewston, discussed at the ITS AGM in spring 2012 (at the same venue)
  13. ^ a b c Mlíkovský (2002)
  14. ^ "TT 149", a proximal left and a distal right tibiotarsus of a bird similar in size to living Tauraco: Ballmann (1969)
  15. ^ Daniel J. Field; Allison Y. Hsiang (2018). "A North American stem turaco, and the complex biogeographic history of modern birds". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 18 (1): 102. doi:10.1186/s12862-018-1212-3. PMC 6016133. PMID 29936914.
  16. ^ Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P. (eds.). "Family Musophagidae". IOC World Bird List. 10.1. International Ornithological Congress. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  17. ^ a b c Perktaş, Utku; Groth, Jeff G.; Barrowclough, George F. (April 2020). "Phylogeography, Species Limits, Phylogeny, and Classification of the Turacos (Aves: Musophagidae) Based on Mitochondrial and Nuclear DNA Sequences". American Museum Novitates. 2020 (3949): 1–61. doi:10.1206/3949.1. ISSN 0003-0082. S2CID 214763342.
  18. ^ "Taxonomic lists- Aves". Paleofile.com (net, info). Retrieved 30 December 2015.
  19. ^ Çınar, Ümüt (November 2015). "05 → Oᴛɪᴅᴀᴇ: Mᴜsᴏᴘʜᴀɢɪfᴏʀᴍᴇs, Oᴛɪᴅɪfᴏʀᴍᴇs, Cᴜᴄᴜʟɪfᴏʀᴍᴇs, Cᴀᴘʀɪᴍᴜʟɢɪfᴏʀᴍᴇs, Sᴛᴇᴀᴛᴏʀɴɪᴛʜɪfᴏʀᴍᴇs, Nʏᴄᴛɪʙɪɪfᴏʀᴍᴇs, Pᴏᴅᴀʀɢɪfᴏʀᴍᴇs, Aᴘᴏᴅɪfᴏʀᴍᴇs". www.kmoksy.com. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
  20. ^ ITS Magazine, autumn 2003 (20), www.turacos.org
  21. ^ Brewer, David (2018). Birds New to Science: Fifty Years of Avian Discoveries. London: Christopher Helm. p. 105. ISBN 978-1-4729-0628-1.

References[edit]

  • Ballmann, Peter (1969). "Les Oiseaux miocènes de la Grive-Saint-Alban (Isère) [The Miocene birds of Grive-Saint-Alban, Isère]". Geobios. 2: 157–204. doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(69)80005-7. (French with English abstract)
  • Hughes, Janice M.; Baker, Allan J. (1999). "Phylogenetic relationships of the enigmatic hoatzin (Opisthocomus hoazin) resolved using mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences" (PDF). Molecular Biology and Evolution. 16 (9): 1300–1307. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026220. PMID 10486983.
  • International Turaco Society (Magazines 1993–2012), also website 2001, www.turacos.org
  • Mlíkovský, Jirí (2002): Cenozoic Birds of the World, Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press, Prague. ISBN 80-901105-3-8 PDF fulltext
  • Newton, Alfred (1911). "Touracou" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 102. This is based on a now outdated classification, but does provide a detailed description of the morphology of some species.
  • Sorenson, Michael D.; Oneal, Elen; García-Moreno, Jaime; Mindell, David P. (2003). "More Taxa, More Characters: The Hoatzin Problem is Still Unresolved". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 20 (9): 1484–1499. doi:10.1093/molbev/msg157. PMID 12777516. S2CID 24173060. Supplementary Material

External links[edit]

  • International Touraco Society
  • Turaco videos on the Internet Bird Collection